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Thesis Greek Colonial Expansion THESIS GREEK COLONIAL EXPANSION: IMPACTS ON ILLYRIAN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES Submitted by Jennifer Wright Department of Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2016 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Ann Magennis Mary Van Buren Michael Lacy Copyright by Jennifer Wright 2016 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT GREEK COLONIAL EXPANSION: IMPACTS ON ILLYRIAN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES As countries conquer and colonize new territories, their level of exploitation tends to coincide with how indigenous populations are used. However, this level of exploitation is wholly dependent upon local technology and colonial policies. Colonial research in the Americas indicates that after the colonial conquest, native inhabitants’ lives were impacted negatively due to changes in health and diet (Klaus et al., 2009; Larsen, 1987; 1994; Larsen et al., 2001). I hypothesize that a similar situation may have taken place during the Hellenistic expansion into Illyria (modern Albania). This research will test the null hypothesis that physical activity levels, as evidenced by osteoarthritis in human skeletons, remained constant at Epidamnus, and Apollonia, Albania during Greek colonial expansion (620 BCE-229 BCE). To test this hypothesis, I examined skeletal remains for severity and prevalence of osteoarthritis among ancient Illyrians and their Corinthian colonizers. In an effort to test these differences between pre- and post-colonial populations a comparison is made between males and females. In addition, adults were differentiated from one another by age groups consisting of Young adults (18-34), Middle-age adults (35-49), and Older adults (50+). These skeletal remains come from precolonial sites that include Lofkënd, Corinth, and Apollonia, along with the postcolonial sites of Corinth, Apollonian, and Epidamnus. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I want to start off by thanking my advisor Ann Magennis for her insight, support, and guidance throughout this paper, and my progress through graduate school. I would also like to express my gratitude towards both of my committee members, Mary Van Buren and Michael Lacy who helped with the development of this thesis by offering both advice and support. A big thank you goes to Britney Kyle who first brought the knowledge and understanding of bioarchaeology to my attention, and chose to become my mentor while I was as an undergrad at the University of Northern Colorado (UNC). A group of us went with her to Durrës, Albania in order to gather osteological data. This sample later became the basis for both my undergraduate McNair project and this thesis. In addition, Britney also permitted me access to her PhD dissertation data which enabled me to develop this osteoarthritis research project. Throughout this process I had the invaluable support of friends and family. I would particularly like to show appreciation towards my parents, children, grandchildren, and cousin for their support, love, and being a necessary diversion throughout both my undergraduate and graduate school years. Last of all, but definitely not least of all, I want to recognize all the friends I have made along the way both at UNC and CSU. Your chats, advice, and most importantly your rallying cry have kept me fueled in my effort to complete this thesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 RESEARCH QUESTION ........................................................................................................... 3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS ..................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2: COLONIZATION .................................................................................................... 8 BIOCULTURAL IMPACTS OF COLONIZATION IN SPANISH FLORIDA ............................. 9 EARLY GREEK COLONIZATION ..............................................................................................11 ILLYRIAN CULTURE ................................................................................................................. 14 BURIAL MOUNDS ................................................................................................................. 18 Lofkënd ................................................................................................................................. 20 CORINTHIAN COLONIZATION ............................................................................................... 21 Epidamnus............................................................................................................................. 25 Apollonia............................................................................................................................... 26 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 27 CHAPTER 3: OSTEOARTHRITIS .............................................................................................. 29 A CASE STUDY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CHANGES AT TOMBOS, NUBIA ................... 32 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF OSTEOARTHRITIS ...................................... 34 iv SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 35 CHAPTER 4: SKELETAL MATERIALS AND METHODS USED FOR SCORING OSTEOARTHRITIS ..................................................................................................................... 37 Lofkënd ................................................................................................................................. 38 Corinth .................................................................................................................................. 38 Epidamnus............................................................................................................................. 38 Apollonia............................................................................................................................... 39 METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 40 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER 5: OSTEOARTHRITIS IN INDIVIDUALS FROM THE COLONIAL SITES OF LOFKËND, CORINTH, EPIDAMNUS, AND APOLLONIA. .................................................... 44 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 47 COMPARISON BETWEEN SEXES ....................................................................................... 47 COMPARISON OF AGE GROUPS ......................................................................................... 48 COMPARISON OF JOINTS .................................................................................................... 49 Hip......................................................................................................................................... 51 Thoracic Vertebrae................................................................................................................ 52 Temporomandibular Joint ..................................................................................................... 52 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 53 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................... 56 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 59 FUTURE RESEARCH ............................................................................................................. 60 v REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................................................. 61 Appendix A ................................................................................................................................... 68 Appendix B ................................................................................................................................... 71 Appendix C ................................................................................................................................... 74 Lofkënd Burial data .................................................................................................................. 74 Corinth Burial Data ..................................................................................................................
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