DOCSLIB.ORG

The Judiciary of the Kingdom of Bhutan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Judiciary of the Kingdom of Bhutan The Judiciary of the Kingdom of Bhutan THE JUDICIARY OF THE KINGDOM OF BHUTAN HISTORICAL BACKGROUND - The Bhutanese legal system has a long traditional background, primarily based on Buddhist natural law and Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal’s Code from early 17th century. The first comprehensive codified laws known as the Thrimzhung Chhenmo or the Supreme Law was enacted by the National Assembly during the Third Druk Gyalpo, His Majesty Jigme Dorji Wangchuck’s reign. MISSION, POLICIES & OBJECTIVES - The Judiciary aims to safeguard, uphold, and administer Justice fairly and independently without fear, favour, or undue delay in accordance with the Rule of Law to inspire trust and confidence and to enhance access to Justice. INDEPENDENCE - Among others, the independence of the Judiciary is manifested through: (a) Separation of judicial power from the apex to the lowest court; (b) Collective independence (the concept of non-interference, jurisdictional monopoly, transfer jurisdiction, control over judicial administration); (c) Institutional and financial independence; (d) Personnel independence (qualification, selection and training, conditions of services, suspension, removal and disciplinary measures. Security of tenure and protection from arbitrary removal from office); (e) Decentralization of all personnel administration and financial operations to respective courts; and (f) Distinctive court building, distinct kabney and court seal. JURISDICTION The Royal Court of Justice The judicial authority of Bhutan is vested in the Royal Courts of Justice comprising the Supreme Court, the High Court, the Dzongkhag Court and the Dungkhag Court. Other courts and tribunals will be established from time to time by the Druk Gyalpo on the recommendation of the National Judicial Commission. Additional Benches are established in some Dzongkhags and Dungkhags with higher caseload. Judicial Review Te the power to review any official act that is contrary to the provisions of the Constitution or any other law of the land is with the Supreme Court and the High Court. Appellate Authority The Supreme Court is the highest appellate authority to review, reverse and overrule any order, decision or judgment of any court or tribunal. The Supreme Court and the High Court have the power to issue, suo moto or when moved by an appropriate proceeding for the enforcement of rights conferred by the Constitution, directions, orders or writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate. JUSTICES, JUDGES AND OFFICERS Justices of the Supreme Court The Supreme Court comprises of the Chief Justice of Bhutan and four other justices. The Chief Justice of Bhutan is from among justices of the Supreme Court or from among eminent jurists. The justices are from among justices of the High Court or from among eminent jurists. The Chief Justice and the justices are appointed by His Majesty the Druk Gyalpo, by warrant under His hand and seal, in consultation with the National Judicial Commission. The term of office for the Chief Justice of Bhutan is five years or until attaining the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier and for the justices of the Supreme Court is ten years or until attaining the age of sixty- five years, whichever is earlier. Justices of the High Court The High Court comprises of a Chief Justice and eight other justices. The justices of the High Court are appointed from among judges of the Dzongkhag or from among eminent jurists by His Majesty, by warrant under His hand and seal, on the recommendation of the National Judicial Commission. The term of office for the Chief Justice and the justices of the High Court is ten years or until attaining the age of sixty years, whichever is earlier. Judges of the Dzongkhag Court A Dzongkhag Court comprises of one judge or more depending upon the number of Benches. The judges of the Dzongkhag Courts are appointed by His Majesty by warrant under His hand and seal on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of Bhutan as per the nomination by the Royal Judicial Service Council from among persons with Bachelors of Law degree and Post Graduate Diploma in National Law who served as a judge of a Dungkhag Court or as Drangpon Rabjam. Judges of the Dungkhag Court A Dungkhag Court comprises of one judge or more depending upon the number of Benches. The judges of the Dungkhag courts are appointed by the Chief Justice of Bhutan from among persons with Bachelors of Law degree and Post Graduate Diploma in National Law, who served as a Registrar of a court for four or more years in succession or seven or more years as an advocate in succession. Registrars and Bench Clerks Each Bench has a number of bench clerks and is headed by a Registrar. The Registrar is a person with Bachelors of law degree and Post Graduate Diploma in National Law. The Bench Clerks are trained officers from the Royal Institute of Management. >> Courtroom of the larger bench, High Court JUDICIAL PROCESS Trial System The Bhutanese legal system is based on the adversarial principle (Bardo Thoedrel or the judgement of the dead – Garun Puran) of procedure with some elements of the inquisitorial system. The court takes no sides and judge act as an umpire to the case. The onus propandi or the burden to prove beyond reasonable doubt lies upon the prosecutor in a criminal case. In civil cases, the plaintiff has to prove the case by a fair preponderance of credible evidence. Friendly Court Cases are adjudicated expeditiously, fairly and inexpensively through established judicial processes: (a) Where to seek justice? The distinctive site of the court building is a visual landmark depicting the house of justice. (b) How accessible is the court? A complaint can be filed by either an aggrieved person or family member. (c) Who to contact? One stop window of the Registry of a court is the first contact point. Every court has a Registrar specifically dealing with complaints and registration of cases. (d) When to contact? The parties can contact the Registrar of the court during office hours. (e) What is the process of hearing? Once the case is instituted, hearing is set in motion uninterruptedly. Due Process and Fair Trial All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to a fair trial and public hearing by an independent court. The stages of the judicial process encompass registration of a complaint in the Registry => Production before Judge => Show Cause => Miscellaneous Hearing => Preliminary Hearing =>Opening Statement => Rebuttals => Evidence =>Witnesses=> Independent Testimony =>Exhibit => Cross Examinations =>Judicial Investigation => Closing Statement => Judgment. The process enhanced submission of facts and issues methodologically, systematically and exhaustively. This process ensures discipline in arguments, exhaustiveness of hearing, time of reflection, documentary records and serves as a self-checklist. It eliminates repetitive arguments, psychological intimidation and delaying tactics. It has both static and dynamic impact on information. The exhaustive stages of hearing are essential but cases may be stopped at any stage on a motion for a summary judgment, out of court settlement (negotiated settlement) and withdrawal of cases. The process is in pursuit of the truth and facts which strengthen due process and the rule of law. Court Fees The Court fee at the Supreme Court and High Court is Nu. 100/- and at the Dzongkhag and Dungkhag Courts is Nu. 50/- for each party. Hearing Calendar Hearing procedure is a series of logical steps that requires chronological sequence and its implementation translates into results and actions. A maximum of five hearings is scheduled in a day. Consequently, the judges and bench clerks are not overburdened with too many cases in a day ensuring proper time management. Hearing calendar ensures the accountability of the judge and the concerned bench clerk to the public. Daily hearing calendar can be downloaded from the Judiciary Website. Undue Delays The court does not consider a motion for adjournment or stay of proceedings sine die except in accordance with the Civil and Criminal Procedure Code to avoid frequent and unwarranted adjournments, to deliver timely justice, and to make the process inexpensive. The judge manages the court docket by setting a schedule for filing of various submissions, hearings, and other necessary events, and authorizes adjournments only upon showing good cause. The court is mandated to convene the preliminary hearing within 10 days of registration in criminal cases and within 108 days in civil cases. Time Limitation Efficient legal system and prompt action will redress the wrong and deter the perpetrators of crime. Individual bench clerk is responsible for processing the cases, so that the cases are decided within twelve months. The pending cases beyond twelve months are submitted to the Chief Justice of Bhutan. Quality of Justice It is the perpetual quest of the Judiciary to deliver the best quality judgment and to make courts user-friendly. Decisions are posted in the Judiciary website for transparency. Moreover, this enhances consistency and public understanding. Mentioning the name of the judge along with the decision will serve as an incentive to judges, who take pride in thoughtful legal analysis and create a healthy sense of competition and desire to maintain excellent track record. Rule of Law Rule of law is imperative in our Constitution, derived from cultural, spiritual and legal heritage of Bhutan. Decisions are reached strictly in accordance with the law without any private or public consideration. Judgment The judgment encompasses the detailed information of the parties, background of the case, detailed charges in the criminal cases, date and number of hearings conducted, court findings including evidences and detailed arguments of the parties, summary of the court findings, ratio decidendi and the court order. Appeal After a competent court has awarded the judgment, the parties has ten days of time (excluding public holidays) for appeal to the next higher court.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effective Legal and Practical Measures in Combating Corruption
    139TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS’ PAPERS EFFECTIVE LEGAL AND PRACTICAL MEASURES IN COMBATING CORRUPTION Tshering Namgyel* I. INTRODUCTION Corruption is a disease that is common in every country. However it varies from country to country depending upon the system of government, level of economic development, policy of the government and culture of the society. Although corruption is not seen in on an unmanageable scale it is prevalent Bhutan in all forms and at various levels, be it in government or the corporate and private sectors. Transparency International has placed Bhutan at number 46 amongst 180 countries in the Corruption Perception Index (CPI).1 With the transition of the government to constitutional parliamentary democracy, His Majesty the Fourth King felt it very important to prevent and eliminate corruption from the very beginning of his reign and decreed the establishment of an Anti-corruption Commission (ACC) on 31 December, 2006. Accordingly on 4 January, 2007 the ACC office was set up specifically as an agency to clean up corruption in Bhutan. Since its inception, the ACC has been actively involved in tracing corruption and bringing perpetrators to task, besides carrying out preventive and educational programmes. It has mainly devoted itself to developing baseline information on corruption; investigating cases; simplifying public delivery systems and asset declaration; education and advocacy on corruption; and studying the forms, causes and consequences of corruption.2 II. POLICIES AND INITIATIVES OF THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT His Majesty the Fourth King’s development philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH) has been enshrined in the constitution as the goal and pursuit of the government.3 In order to pursue this noble goal, anti-corruption measures are adopted through the policies of good governance by encouraging efficiency, accountability and transparency.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Its Impacts on Traditional Dispute Resolution in Bhutan
    Washington University Journal of Law & Policy Volume 63 New Directions in Domestic and International Dispute Resolution 2020 Formalizing the Informal: Development and its Impacts on Traditional Dispute Resolution in Bhutan Stephan Sonnenberg Seoul National University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons Recommended Citation Stephan Sonnenberg, Formalizing the Informal: Development and its Impacts on Traditional Dispute Resolution in Bhutan, 63 WASH. U. J. L. & POL’Y 143 (2020), https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol63/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Journal of Law & Policy by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FORMALIZING THE INFORMAL: DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACTS ON TRADITIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN BHUTAN Stephan Sonnenberg* INTRODUCTION Bhutan is a small landlocked country with less than a million inhabitants, wedged between the two most populous nations on earth, India and China.1 It is known for its stunning Himalayan mountain ranges and its national development philosophy of pursuing “Gross National Happiness” (GNH).2 This paper argues, however, that Bhutan should also be known for its rich heritage of traditional dispute resolution. That system kept the peace in Bhutanese villages for centuries: the product of Bhutan’s unique history and its deep (primarily Buddhist) spiritual heritage. Sadly, these traditions are today at risk of extinction, victims—it is argued below—of Bhutan’s extraordinary process of modernization.
    [Show full text]
  • Monday Morning on the Plane to Paro; Oct 22
    Monday Morning on the plane to Paro; Oct 22 Last night we flew into Bangkok, arriving at 5:30 (with a one hour time change from HK, so now we were only 12 hours different than home). We made our way through customs and immigration (remembering the last time we did this we had to wait for Phyllis to prove she did not have Yellow Fever). We stepped outside to catch the shuttle to the airport hotel and were hit with a wall of heat. My glasses fogged up. I had forgotten the heat/humidity of Thailand. We spent the night at the Novotel, a large (really large) airport hotel, where Andy and I had stayed once before. The lobby is beautiful in the Thai style, with trees and sculptures of lotus flowers. We went to our room, and by 8:00 were fast asleep. Good thing as we had to get up at 3:00 (AM!!) to catch our morning flight to Bhutan. We had our breakfast buffet (which opens at 3:30 – lots of travelers here with early morning flights) and shuttled back to the airport to check in with Druk Air, the Royal Bhutan Airline. (Druk in Bhutanese means Thunder Dragon). There were surprising a lot of people there for 4:30 in the morning. We checked in and asked for a window seat as Alvin told us the view flying into Paro was amazing. I asked the agent specifically not to be sitting on the wing. We were driven by bus to the plane. And guess where we ended up sitting? On the wing.
    [Show full text]
  • Bhutan's Political Transition –
    Spotlight South Asia Paper Nr. 2: Bhutan’s Political Transition – Between Ethnic Conflict and Democracy Author: Dr. Siegried Wolf (Heidelberg) ISSN 2195-2787 1 SSA ist eine regelmäßig erscheinende Analyse- Reihe mit einem Fokus auf aktuelle politische Ereignisse und Situationen Südasien betreffend. Die Reihe soll Einblicke schaffen, Situationen erklären und Politikempfehlungen geben. SSA is a frequently published analysis series with a focus on current political events and situations concerning South Asia. The series should present insights, explain situations and give policy recommendations. APSA (Angewandte Politikwissenschaft Südasiens) ist ein auf Forschungsförderung und wissenschaftliche Beratung ausgelegter Stiftungsfonds im Bereich der Politikwissenschaft Südasiens. APSA (Applied Political Science of South Asia) is a foundation aiming at promoting science and scientific consultancy in the realm of political science of South Asia. Die Meinungen in dieser Ausgabe sind einzig die der Autoren und werden sich nicht von APSA zu eigen gemacht. The views expressed in this paper are solely the views of the authors and are not in any way owned by APSA. Impressum: APSA Im Neuehnheimer Feld 330 D-69120 Heidelberg [email protected] www.apsa.info 2 Acknowledgment: The author is grateful to the South Asia Democratic Forum (SADF), Brussels for the extended support on this report. 3 Bhutan ’ s Political Transition – Between Ethnic Conflict and Democracy Until recently Bhutan (Drukyul - Land of the Thunder Dragon) did not fit into the story of the global triumph of democracy. Not only the way it came into existence but also the manner in which it was interpreted made the process of democratization exceptional. As a land- locked country which is bordered on the north by Tibet in China and on the south by the Indian states Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, it was a late starter in the process of state-building.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents Joint Sitting
    Table of Contents Joint Sitting ............................................................................ 1 1. The Child Adoption Bill of Bhutan 2012 ............................ 1 2. Sales Tax, Customs and Excise Duty (Amendment) Bill of Bhutan, 2011 ...................................................................... 8 3. Public Finance (Amendment) Bill of Bhutan, 2011 .......... 13 4. Election (Amendment) Bill of Bhutan 2012 ..................... 22 5. Election (Amendment) Bill of Bhutan 2012 ..................... 24 6. Tobacco Control (Amendment) Bill of Bhutan 2012 ........ 26 National Assembly………………………………………..….31 1. Consumer Protection Bill of Bhutan, 2011 ....................... 31 2. Tobacco Control (Amendment) Bill of Bhutan 2011 ........ 40 3. Education City Bill of Bhutan, 2011................................. 42 4. Disaster Management Bill of Bhutan, 2011 ...................... 49 5. Druk Gyalpo’s Relief Fund Bill, 2011 .............................. 63 6. RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands ................................. 67 JOINT SITTING 1. THE CHILD ADOPTION BILL OF BHUTAN 2012 Hon Speaker in his opening address to the Joint Sitting said that the Joint Sitting was convened in accordance with Article 13 (8) of the Constitution to discuss the disputed Bills. He said that the 1) Child Adoption Bill of Bhutan, 2) Sales Tax, Customs and Excise Duty (Amendment) Bill of Bhutan, 3) Public Finance (Amendment) Bill of Bhutan and Election (Amendment) Bill of Bhutan were discussed in both the Houses but during the deliberation the members could not reach to consensus on some sections of the Bill. The Adoption Bill of Bhutan 2011 was first deliberated in National Council during the 6th session, dated 29/11/2010 and 02/12/2010. It was then transmitted to the National Assembly in accordance with Article 13(5) of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan along with 73 amendments including 8 new sections.
    [Show full text]
  • COIS Report Template Version 04 2006
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT BHUTAN 6 AUGUST 2010 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE BHUTAN 6 AUGUST 2010 Contents Preface Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 1.01 Map ................................................................................................ …… 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................. 2.01 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................... 3.01 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ....................................................................... 4.01 Useful sources for further information....................................... 4.02 5. CONSTITUTION ...................................................................................... 5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM ................................................................................ 6.01 Human Rights 7. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 7.01 8. SECURITY FORCES................................................................................. 8.01 9. MILITARY SERVICE................................................................................. 9.01 10. JUDICIARY........................................................................................... 10.01 Organisation ................................................................................. 10.01
    [Show full text]
  • Information for New Admission 2020
    KHESAR GYALPO UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES OF BHUTAN FACULTY OF NURSING AND PUBLIC HEALTH THIMPHU: BHUTAN Information for New Admission 2020 The selected students for the following programs in the Faculty of Nursing and Public Health (FNPH), Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan(KGUMSB) 2020 are required to furnish the following at the time of reporting: Programs: 1. BSc.Clinical Counseling 2. BSc. Nursing (Nested Diploma in GNM) 3. Diploma in Community Health and Medical Technology 4. EMT (Inservice) Reporting Date: Due to COVID-19 Pandemic reporting date will be announced later depending upon the government directives. Note: Following documents/items are required to be produced at the time of reporting without which your admission may be denied: Documents to be submitted: Uniform Sample 1. Class X & XII Original mark sheet & photo copy 2. Citizen ID card photo copy 3. Recent passport size Photo (2) Hostel Requirements for Boarders: 4. Legal Stamps (2) S.No. Items No. 5. Institute development fund Nu.900 (3 years program) 1 Sickle 1 Nu. 1200 (4 years program) 2 Koti 1 6. Security money deposit (refundable): 3 Bucket 1 Nu. 3000 (3 years program) Nu. 4000 (4 years program) 4 Mug, plate and spoon 1 each 5 Broom (hard and soft) 1 each General Requirements: 1. Mathra Gho for boys (1 No.) 6 Mattress 1 2. Lagay or Tego for boys (2 Nos.) 7 Pillow with cover 1 Blanket or quilt with 3. Mathra Kira for girls (1 No.) 8 1 4. Navy blue Tego for girls (2 No.) cover 5. White Wonju for girls (2 No.) 9 Bed sheet 2 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Service Statistics 2017
    CIVIL SERVICE STATISTICS DECEMBER 2017 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Part I - Overview of the Report General 2 Civil Servants by Position Category and Position Level 2 Civil Servants by Employment Type 2 Civil Servants by Agency 3 Civil Servants by Dzongkhag 3 Civil Servants by Major Occupational Groups 3 Civil Servants by Gender 4 Civil Servants by Age Groups 4 Recruitment 4 Promotion 4 Separation 5 Regular Civil Servants by Qualification 5 Long-term Training 5 Secondment 5 Extra-Ordinary Leave 5 Volunteers 6 Part II – Detailed Statistics 7 General 7 Table 1: Summary 7 Table 2: Proportion of Civil Servants to Population 7 Table 3: Civil Servants by Position Category & Years of Service 8 Table 4: Royal Civil Service Award 2016 – Summary 8 Graph 1: Civil Service Staffing Trend from 1990 to 2017 9 Civil Servants by Position Category and Position Level Graph 2: Civil Servants by Position Category in Percentage 10 Graph 3: Civil Servants by Position Category from 2013 to 2017 10 Civil Servants by Employment Type Table 5: Civil Servants by Position Category and Employment Type 11 Table 6: Civil Servants by Working Agency and Employment Type 13 Table 7: Civil Servants by Parent Agency and Employment Type 17 Civil Servants by Agency Table 8: Civil Servants by Working Agency and Position Level 20 Table 9: Civil Servants by Parent Agency and Position Level 26 Table 10: Contract Employees by Working Agency and Position Category 30 Civil Service Statistics | i Table11: Civil Service Growth by Agency 33 Table 12: Progressive Growth of Civil Service strength by Parent Agency 35 Civil Servants by Dzongkhags Location Table 13: Civil Servants under Dzongkhag/Thromde Adm.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations CEDAW/C/BTN/CO/7/Add.1
    United Nations CEDAW/C/BTN/CO/7/Add.1 Convention on the Elimination Distr.: General 7 May 2013 of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Original: English English, French, and Spanish only ADVANCE UNEDITED VERSION Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of Bhutan, adopted by the Committee at its forty-fourth session (20 July – 7 August 2009) Addendum Information provided by Bhutan on the follow-up to the concluding observations of the Committee* * In accordance with the information transmitted to States parties regarding the processing of their reports, the present document was not edited. GE.13- CEDAW/C/BTN/CO/7/Add.1 Progress Report on Para 18 and Para 20 of the concluding observations of the CEDAW Committee Royal Government of Bhutan Progress report on Para 18 of the Concluding Observations The Committee requests that the State party implement, as a matter of urgency, sustained policies aimed at the promotion of women‟s full, active and equal participation in decision- making in all areas of public and political life. In particular, the Committee encourages the State party to review criteria required for certain positions when such requirements turn into obstacles or barriers to women‟s access to decision-making. It also recommends the use of temporary measures according to article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and in the Committee‟s general recommendations Nos. 25 and 23. The Committee further recommends the implementation of awareness-raising activities about the importance of women‟s participation in decision-making positions during the current transition of society as a whole, including in its remote and rural areas 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Portrait of a Leader
    Portrait of a Leader Portrait of a Leader Through the Looking-Glass of His Majesty’s Decrees Mieko Nishimizu The Centre for Bhutan Studies Portrait of a Leader Through the Looking-Glass of His Majesty’s Decrees Copyright © The Centre for Bhutan Studies, 2008 First Published 2008 ISBN 99936-14-43-2 The Centre for Bhutan Studies Post Box No. 1111 Thimphu, Bhutan Phone: 975-2-321005, 321111,335870, 335871, 335872 Fax: 975-2-321001 e-mail: [email protected] www.bhutanstudies.org.bt To Three Precious Jewels of the Thunder Dragon, His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuck, Druk Gyalpo IV, His Majesty Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, Druk Gyalpo V and The People of Bhutan, of whom Druk Gyalpo IV has said, “In Bhutan, whether it is the external fence or the internal wealth, it is our people.” The Author of Gross National Happiness, His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the Fourth Druk Gyalpo of the Royal Kingdom of Bhutan CONTENTS Preface xi 2 ENVISIONING THE FUTURE 1 To the Director of Health 6 2 To Special Commission 7 3 To Punakha Dratshang 8 4 To the Thrompon, Thimphu City Corporation 9 5 To the Planning Commission 10 6 To the Dzongdas, Gups, Chimis and the People 13 7 To the Home Minister 15 18 JUSTICE BORN OF HUMILITY 8 Kadoen Ghapa (Charter C, issued to the Judiciary) 22 9 Kadoen Ghapa Ka (Charter C.a, issued to the Judiciary) 25 10 Kadoen Ngapa (Chapter 5, issued to the Judiciary) 28 11 Charter pertaining to land 30 12 Charter (issued to Tshering) 31 13 To the Judges of High Court 33 14 To the Home Minister 36 15 Appointment of the Judges 37 16 To
    [Show full text]
  • Parcel-Based Geo-Information System: Concepts and Guidelines
    Parcel-based Geo-Information System: Concepts and Guidelines Arbind Man Tuladhar Parcel-based Geo-Information System: Concepts and Guidelines Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr.ir. J.T. Fokkema, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 11 oktober 2004 om 10.30 uur door Arbind Man TULADHAR, Master of Science in Photogrammetry, International Institute for Aerospace Surveys and Earth Sciences (ITC), Enschede geboren te Kathmandu, Nepal Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promoteren: Prof.dr.ir. M.J.M. Bogaerts Prof.ir. P. van der Molen Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voozitter Prof.dr.ir. M.J.M. Bogaerts, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof.ir. P. van der Molen, Kadaster en ITC Prof.dr.ir. P.J.M. van Oosterom, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof.dr. I. Masser, ITC en Universiteit Utrecht Prof.mr.ir. J.L.G. Henssen, ITC Dr. M. Radwan, ITC Mr.dr.ir. J.A. Zevenbergen, Technische Universiteit Delft Published and distributed by: ITC Printing Department, Enschede ITC Dissertation Series No. 115 CIP- Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag ISBN: 90 6164 224 8 © 2004 by A. M. Tuladhar All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by the copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any other form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the Netherlands Preface Topics on building and operating geo-information systems in an organisation environment have attracted me since the beginning of the 1970s.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report, 2018
    “Law is not confined to the courts or the legislatures that draft them. Law is like the air that every person breathes at every moment. Its presence is unnoticed but its absence will be lethal. We must respect law and law must be upheld without question just as we do not question the need to breathe.” st - His Majesty the Druk Gyalpo’s address to the National Judicial Conference on 21 July, 2010. ANNUAL REPORT 2018 | i “Mirror and Vajra” as office logo has religious and temporal or secular significance, historical bearing and legal relevance. The mirror symbolizes transparency, which reveals everything and reflects the actual deeds of a person irrespective of his/her representation. It is believed that Guru Rinpoche had used the Vajra to tame the devils. Analogically, Vajra symbolizes the indestructible, firmness and unwavering nature of law to tame the demonic forces and wrong doers. The caption “Seek Truth & Ensure Justice” below the pictorial logo signifies that the function of the Office of the Attorney General is to seek truth in every dispute/case and ensure that justice is sought through due process of law and lawful conduct of the State. The black colour in the background of the logo symbolizes the power of the authority to act. ANNUAL REPORT 2018 | ii TABLE OF CONTENT Attorney General’s Review 1 Vision 5 Mission & Values 6 Organization Chart 7 1. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 7 1.1 Prosecution and Litigation Division (PLD) 7 1.2 Property and Judgment Enforcement Section (PJES) 23 1.3 Media and Information Services 23 1.4 Library Section 24 2.
    [Show full text]