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Richness and Similarity of Helminth Communities of the Freshwater Fish Profundulus Punctatus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico

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Richness and Similarity of Helminth Communities of the Freshwater Fish Profundulus Punctatus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 1129-1138, 2014 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.41776 Richness and similarity of helminth communities of the freshwater fish Profundulus punctatus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico Riqueza y similitud de comunidades de helmintos del pez dulceacuícola Profundulus punctatus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) en Oaxaca, México Carlos Daniel Pinacho-Pinacho1 , Ma. de los Ángeles Pérez-Ruiz1, Ana L. Sereno-Uribe2, Martín García- Varela2 and Emilio Martínez-Ramírez3 1Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apartado postal 70-153, 04510 México D.F., Mexico. 2Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apartado postal 70-153, 04510 México D.F., Mexico. 3Departamento de Investigación, Área de Acuacultura, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Hornos Núm. 1003, Col. Noche Buena, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, 71230 Oaxaca, Mexico. [email protected] Abstract. The helminth parasite fauna of Profundulus punctatus in 7 localities from Oaxaca State, Mexico, was studied. A total of 132 fish were analyzed. Fourteen helminth taxa were recorded, including 9 digeneans (Paracreptotrema blancoi, Paracreptotrema profundulusi, Phyllodistomum sp., Culuwiya cf. cichlidorum, Clinostomum sp., Diplostomidae gen. sp., Posthodiplostomum minimum, Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) felippei and Centrocestus formosanus), 2 monogeneans (Gyrodactylus sp. and Salsuginus sp.), and 3 nematodes (Spinitectus humbertoi, Rhabdochona salgadoi, and Eustrongylides sp.). Helminth parasite communities showed low values of richness (14 species) and diversity (Shannon–Wiener and Brillouin indices ranged between 0.359 to 2.083 and 0.358 to 2.042 bits/ind.) in the 7 localities, and some were dominated by 3 helminth species (Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) felippei, Centrocestus formosanus, and Rhabdochona salgadoi). With the current data, we concluded that P. punctatus is parasitized by a particular group of helminth species (e. g., Paracreptotrema blancoi, Paracreptotrema profundulusi, Spinitectus humbertoi, and Rhabdochona salgadoi) exclusive to this fish family that are not shared with other Central American fish species. Key words: species richness, community diversity. Resumen. Se estudió la helmintofauna de Profundulus punctatus de 7 localidades del estado de Oaxaca, México. Se examinó un total de 132 peces. El registro helmintológico de este pez consta de 14 taxa de helmintos, los cuales incluyen 9 taxa de digéneos (Paracreptotrema blancoi, Paracreptotrema profundulusi, Phyllodistomum sp., Culuwiya cf. cichlidorum, Clinostomum sp., Diplostomidae gen. sp., Posthodiplostomum minimum, Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) felippei y Centrocestus formosanus), 2 taxa de monogéneos (Gyrodactylus sp. y Salsuginus sp.) y 3 taxa de nemátodos (Spinitectus humbertoi, Rhabdochona salgadoi y Eustrongylides sp.). Las comunidades de helmintos mostraron bajos valores de riqueza (14 especies) y diversidad (índices de Shannon–Wiener y Brillouin mostraron valores entre 0.359 a 2.083 y 0.358 a 2.042 bits/ind.) en las 7 localidades y algunas de estas fueron dominadas por 3 especies de helmintos (esto es, Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) felippei, Centrocestus formosanus y Rhabdochona salgadoi). Nuestros datos sugieren que Profundulus punctatus es parasitado por un grupo particular de helmintos (esto es, Paracreptotrema blancoi, Paracreptotrema profundulusi, Spinitectus humbertoi y Rhabdochona salgadoi) especies exclusivas de esta familia de peces y al parecer no se encuentran en otras especies de peces de Centroamérica. Palabras clave: riqueza de especies, diversidad de la comunidad. Introduction 2005; Doadrio et al., 1999; Matamoros and Schaeffer, 2010). This group shows low levels of richness with 7 Members of Profundulidae Hoedeman and Bronner are known species classified in a single genus (Profundulus distributed along the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean slopes of Hubbs) and all their members represent an endemic lineage, southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras (Miller, 1955, that probably inhabited this region since the Pliocene and perhaps even the Miocene (Miller, 1955; Doadrio et al., 1999; González-Diaz et al., 2005; Nelson, 2006; Frose and Recibido: 09 septiembre 2013; aceptado: 21 mayo 2014 Pauly, 2010; Matamoros and Schaeffer, 2010). 1130 Pinacho-Pinacho et al.- Helminth communities in Profundulus punctatus In Mexico, the freshwater fish species of Profundulus River, Pochutla (15º50’14.2” N, 96º19’30.8” W, altitude (Teleostei: Profundulidae) inhabit the hydrological 199 m) (n= 7). basins of the southern part of the country; the previous In each locality, fish were caught by electrofishing, helminthological record for these fishes comprises the transported live to a laboratory, and necropsied adult nematodes Spinitectus humbertoi Mandujano- immediately after capture. All the external surfaces, Caspeta and Moravec, 2000; Rhabdochona salgadoi viscera, and musculature of each host were examined Caspeta-Mandujano and Moravec, 2000; and Spinitectus under a stereomicroscope; all the helminths were counted mariaisabelae Caspeta-Mandujano, Cabañas-Carranza in situ. Digenean larvae, monogeneans, and nematodes and Salgado-Maldonado, 2007, all found in the intestine of were fixed in hot 4% neutral formalin. Some monogeneans Profundulus labialis and P. punctatus (Caspeta-Mandujano were mounted in ammonium picrate (Ergens, 1969), and and Moravec, 2000; Caspeta-Mandujano et al., 2007); mounted unstained in Gray-Wess fixative (Vidal-Martínez the metacercariae of Clinostomum sp., the larvae of the et al., 2001) for study of sclerotized structures. Digeneans nematodes Contracaecum sp. and Eustrongylides sp., and and monogeneans used for morphological studies of whole the adult cestode Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, mounts were stained with Mayer’s paracarmine, dehydrated 1934 recorded from P. punctatus, P. labialis, and the using a graded alcohol series, cleared in methyl salicylate, endangered fish P. hildebrandi (Salgado-Maldonado et al., and mounted in Canada balsam. Nematodes were cleared 2011a; Velázquez-Velázquez et al., 2011). In addition, a with glycerine for light microscopy and stored in 70% new species of digenean, Paracreptotrema profundulusi ethanol. Voucher specimens of each helminth species Salgado-Maldonado, Caspeta-Manduajano and Martínez- were deposited in the Colección Nacional de Helmintos Ramírez, 2011, was described from P. punctatus and P. (CNHE), Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional balsanus from Oaxaca, Mexico (Salgado-Maldonado et Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico. Prevalence al., 2011b). However, the helminth fauna of Profundulus (% infected), mean intensity of infection (number of is far from complete due to their wide distribution range parasites per parasitized fish), and mean abundance were in Mexico; therefore, in the current research a total of 132 used as proposed by Bush et al. (1997). fish belonging Profundulus punctatus were collected in Community structure. Analyses were carried out at 7 localities from Oaxaca State, Mexico with the aims of the component community level (Holmes and Price, (1) presenting the helminthological record in this area of 1986) i.e., considering all helminth species in the sample distribution, in terms of taxonomic composition and (2) of P. punctatus in each particular site of collection. To describing for the first time the richness and diversity of determine if sample size was sufficient to produce an helminth communities in P. punctatus by examining the accurate estimate of the pool of parasites in each sampled similarity among the structures in fishes from all these locality, a species accumulation curve and the species localities. Materials and methods Localities and sampling. The nomenclature for host species follows Martínez-Ramírez et al. (2004) and Doadrio et al. (1999). A total of 132 fish specimens from 7 localities in Oaxaca were examined for the presence of helminth parasites between March 2007 and March 2010 (Table 1, Fig. 1): 1) La Soledad Carrizo River, Santiago Tetepec (16º25’00.4” N, 97º40’12.9” W, altitude 733 m) (n= 25); 2) San José de las Flores River, Santiago Jamiltepec (16º24’21.5” N, 97º44’22.6” W, altitude 619 m) (n= 20); 3) Santa Cruz Flores Magón River, Santiago Jamiltepec (16º21’06.1” N, 97º45’38.3” W, altitude 275 m) (n= 18); 4) Pichuaca River, Santiago Jocotepec (16º05’34.2” N, 97º24’18.1” W, altitude 139 m) (n= 22); 5) La Reforma Figure 1. Sampling sites of specimens of Profundulus punctatus River, San Juan Lachao, Manialtepec (16º8’33.5” N, collected in 7 localities from Oaxaca, México. 1, La Soledad 97º8’41.6” W, altitude 517 m) (n= 20); 6) Pueblo Viejo Carrizo River; 2, San José de las Flores River; 3, Santa Cruz River, San Gabriel Mixtepec (16º06’22.3” N, 97º03’47.8” Flores Magón River; 4, Pichuaca River; 5, La Reforma River; 6, W, altitude 522 m) (n= 20), and 7) Santa María Huatulco Pueblo Viejo River; 7, Santa María Huatulco River. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 1129-1138, 2014 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.41776 Table 1. Helminth parasites collected in Profundulus punctatus from 7 localities from Oaxaca, Mexico. Parasite, number of hosts examined (N), prevalence (P), mean intensity (MI), and abundance (A), i= introduced Parasite Infection site Locality N Date P MI±SD A±SD (%) Adult Trematoda Family Allocreadiidae Looss, 1902 Paracreptotrema blancoi Choudhury, Pérez-Ponce de Intestine 1. La Soledad Carrizo River 25 Sep-09 8 1 (±0)
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