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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929; repr. 1993), 49–50. 2. Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 21–22, provides a list of feudal words and phrases in use by the British during the war; Stefan Goebel, The Great War and Medieval Memory: War, Remembrance and Medievalism in Britain and Germany, 1914–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), compares medievalism in Great Britain and Germany. 3. Kenneth S. Zagacki, “Rhetoric, Redemption, and Reconciliation: a Study of Twentieth Century Postwar Rhetoric,” PhD diss. (University of Texas at Austin, 1986), 5. 4. I am using Cynthia Enloe’s definition of patriarchy in her book The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 4–6. 5. “AHR Conversation: On Transnational History,” American Historical Review 111, no. 5 (December 2006): 1441–64; Vera Mackie, “Review of Rumi Yasutake Transnational Women’s Activism: The United States, Japan, and Japanese Immigrant Communities in California, 1859–1920,” in Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000 9, no. 3 (September 2005), http:// www.binghamton.edu/womhist/reviewmackie.htm (accessed July 18, 2007). 6. David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 229; Susanne Rouette, Sozialpolitik als Geschlechterpolitik: Die Regulierung der Frauenarbeit nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg (Frankfurt: Campus, 1993), 7–8; Jeffrey S. Reznick offers the same argument about Britain in Healing the Nation: Soldiers and the Culture of Care-giving in 179 180 Notes Britain During the Great War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), 9; Henry F. May, The End of American Innocence: A Study of the First Years of Our Own Time, 1912–1917 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1959), 393–97. 7. Sheila Meintjes, Anu Pillay, and Meredeth Turshen, “There is No Aftermath for Women,” in The Aftermath: Women in Post-Conflict Transformation, ed. Meintjes, Pillay, and Turshen (London: Zed Books, 2002), 4. 8. Keith L. Nelson, Victors Divided: America and the Allies in Germany, 1918–1923 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). 9. Sally Marks, The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918–1933 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1976; repr. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003); Klaus Schwabe, Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and Peacemaking, 1918–1919: Missionary Diplomacy and the Realities of Power, trans. Rita Kimber and Robert Kimber (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985). 10. Norman Rich, The Age of Nationalism and Reform, 1850–1890, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), xiv, 101–44. 11. Shelley Anderson, “Women’s Many Roles in Reconciliation,” in People Building Peace: 35 Inspiring Stories from Around the World, ed. European Centre for Conflict Prevention (Maastricht: European Centre for Conflict Prevention, 1999), 230–36. 12. Aristophanes, Lysistrata/The Acharnians the Clouds, trans. Alan H. Sommerstein (New York: Penguin Classics, 1974), 227–29. 13. Maurice Rickards, Posters of the First World War (New York: Walker, 1968), 114–35. 14. Rafael Scheck, “Women against Versailles: Maternalism and Nationalism of Female Bourgeois Politicians in the Early Weimar Republic,” German Studies Review 22, no. 1 (February 1999): 21–22. 15. Jane Addams, Peace and Bread in Time of War, ed. Blance Wiesen Cook (New York: Garland, 1972). 208; Alice Hamilton and Jane Addams, “After the Lean Years: Impressions of Food Conditions in Germany When Peace was Signed,” Survey (September 6, 1919): 793–97. 16. Karen Hagemann, “Home/Front: The Military, Violence and Gender Relations in the Age of the World Wars,” in Home/Front: The Military, War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany, ed. Hagemann and Stefanie Schüler-Springorum (London: Berg, 2002), 2, analyzes the ways in which the traditional categories of “home” and “front” perpetuated the privileging of male soldiers and the marginalization of women; chapter 1 of the present volume addresses the cate- gories of “victor” and “vanquished,” and specifically the U.S.’s placement within those categories (Germany’s placement is discussed in chapters 3 and 5); for histories that do not question the victor-vanquished binary, see Arno J. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (New York: Knopf, 1967), in which the author dis- cusses the victors and the armistice (53–89), and the vanquished and the Notes 181 armistice (90–116); and Paul Kecskemeti, Strategic Surrender: The Politics of Victory and Defeat (New York: Atheneum, 1964). 17. Eric J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 131. 18. Jay Winter, Remembering War: The Great War Between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 136; Winter himself borrows the term from Carol Gluck. Chapter 1 1. This pattern can be traced in the only monograph written of the American occupation after the First World War, Keith L. Nelson’s Victors Divided: America and the Allies in Germany, 1918–1923 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). There are numerous primary sources including Philip H. Bagby, The American Representation in Germany, 1920–1921, vols. 1 and 2 (Coblenz: United States Army, American Forces in Germany, 1922); Henry T. Allen, My Rhineland Journal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1923); Joseph T. Dickman, The Great Crusade: a Narrative of the World War (New York, London: D. Appleton, 1927); Center for Military History, United States Army in the World War, 1917–1919: American Occupation of Germany, vol. 11 (Washington: G.P.O., 1948); Truman Smith, The American Military Government of Occupied Germany, 1918–1920: Report of the Officer in Charge of Civil Affairs, Third Army and American Forces in Germany (Washington: G.P.O., 1943); Otto Peters, ed., Kampf um den Rhein: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Rheinlandes und seiner Fremdherrschaft, 1918–1930 (Mainz: Mainzer Verlagsanstalt, 1930). Other book-length studies include C. Paul Vincent, The Politics of Hunger: the Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915–1919 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985); Alfred E. Cornebise, The Amaroc News: the Daily Newspaper of the American Forces in Occupied German 1919–1923 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1981). Although we know little about the sexual behavior of U.S. troops in occupied Iraq beginning in 2003, at least parts of the same patriarchal pattern were repeated when two Florida National Guard soldiers disobeyed an anti- fraternization order and married Iraqi women; Iraqi men threatened the women—but not their American grooms—for their disloyalty to their people, according to reports; Larry Kaplow, “2 Soldiers Defy Order, Marry Baghdad Women,” Chicago Tribune, August 28, 2003, 8; more than 1,500 American sol- diers have asked to bring home Iraqi fiancées or spouses since the war began, according to Julie Sullivan, “Joined by Love and War,” Sunday Oregonian, July 23, 2006, A1. 2. Akira Iriye, “The United States as an Occupier,” Reviews in American History 16, no. 1 (1988): 72; John Willoughby, “The Sexual Behavior of American GIs During the Early Years of the Occupation of Germany,” Journal of Military History 62, no. 1 (1998): 174; a revised version of Willoughby’s article appears 182 Notes in his book Remaking the Conquering Heroes: The Social and Geopolitical Impact of the Post-War American Occupation of Germany (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 29–47; little information exists on soldiers’ homosexual activity during or after the First World War, except accusations of the rape of German boys by French colonial soldiers by Germans during the “black horror on the Rhine.” See Keith L. Nelson, Victors Divided, 177–78, and Chapter 2 of this volume; Under the Yoke of Foreign Rule: Sufferings of the Rhineland Population (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1923), 1:4. 3. J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security (New York: Columbia University Press), 19. 4. Nelson, Victors Divided, 4. 5. Center for Military History, United States Army in the World War, 204. 6. Cynthia Enloe, The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 4, 5–6; Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 31. 7. David M. Edelstein, “Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail,” International Security 29 (2004): 53–54. 8. Susanne Rouette, Sozialpoltik als Geschlechterpolitik: Die Regulierung der Frauenarbeit nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg (Frankfurt: Campus, 1993), 33–36; Susan R. Grayzel, Women’s Identities at War: Gender, Motherhood, and Politics in Britain and France During the First World War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 245; Sheila Meintjes, Anu Pillay, and Meredeth Turshen, “There is No Aftermath for Women,” in The Aftermath: Women in Post-Conflict Transformation, ed. Sheila Meintjes, Anu Pillay, and Meredeth Turshen (London: Zed Books, 2002), 9. 9. Nelson, Victors Divided, 202. 10. Ibid., 75–76, 100. 11. Conan Fischer, The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–24 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 20. 12. Sally Marks, The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918–1933 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1976; repr. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 3. 13. Nelson, Victors Divided, 23. 14. Ibid., 53–55, 33. 15. Vincent, Politics of Hunger, 80. 16. David G. Williamson, The British in Germany, 1918–1933: The Reluctant Occupiers (New York: Berg, 1991), 48, 49, 58–59. 17. Quoted in Vincent, Politics of Hunger, 80. 18. Ibid., 110–13. 19. Nelson, Victors Divided, 30. 20. Dickman, Great Crusade, 201–2. 21. Stars and Stripes, February 22, 1918, 4; Ibid., March 15, 1918, 1; Dickman, Great Crusade, 243; for a different account of the U.S. Army’s occupation of the Molsberg castle, see Berton Braley, “Buddy Bosses the Boche,” Sunset 42 Notes 183 (July 1919): 45–46.
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