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Introduced Species and the Issue of Animal Welfare.Pdf 'I A.S. Chamove et al. -Deep Woodchip Litter Original Article M Hutchins et al. -Introduced Species Original Article for Dairy Purposes, Technical Bulletin Isolation and Identification of Food Those who must make decisions about the fate of introduced species need to No. 17. HMSO, London. Poisoning Organisms, Society of Appli­ seek a balance between the rights of the individual animals and preserving the viabili­ Markowitz, H. and Woodworth, G. (1978) ed Bacteriology Technical series No. ty of whole ecosystems. One important consideration is that, although the control of Experimental analysis and control of 17. Academic Press, London (in press). exotic animal populations may adversely affect individual sentient beings, inaction group behavior. In: Markowitz, H. and Murphy, D.E. (1976) Enrichment and oc­ may cause widespread suffering to many species and consequent loss of biological Stevens, V.J ., eds., Behavior of Captive cupational devices for orangutans and diversity. Wild Animals. Nelson-Hall, Chicago, chimpanzees. lnt Zoo News 23: 24-26. IL. Olesiuk, O.M., Snoyenbos, G.H. and Smy­ Zusammenfassung McGrew, W.C. (1981) Social and cognitive ser, C.F. (1971) Inhibitory effects of used capabilities of nonhuman primates: les­ litter on Salmonella typhimurium trans­ Eine heftige Debatte betraf kUrzlich das Thema der Kontrolle oder Eliminierung sons from the wild to captivity. lnt j mission in the chicken. Avian Dis 15:118- von eingefUhrten oder "exotischen" Tieren auf Land in offentlichem (US) Besitz. Die Study Anim Prob 2:138-149. 124. EinfUhrung von Tierarten, ob beabsichtigt oder unbeabsichtigt, scheint ein unverme­ Meyer-Holzapfel, M. (1968) Abnormal be­ Snoeyenbos, G.H. (1967) An epidemiologi­ indliches Resultat menschlicher Aktivitaten zu sein, doch rufen sie sowohl wirtschaft­ havior in zoo animals. In: Fox, M.W., cal study of salmonellosis in chickens, liche wie oekologische Probleme hervor. Schatzungsweise hatten Uber neunzig Pro­ ed., Abnormal Behavior in Animals. W. A vi an Dis 11 :653-667. zent dieser EinfUhrungen in gewisser Hinsicht eine schadliche Wirkung. Eine Kontrolle B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Tucker, J.F. (1967) Survival of salmonellae von Exoten kann erreicht werden durch Abriegelung, Erschiessen, Vergiften, Wiede­ Meynell, G.G. and Meynell, E. (1970) in built-up litter for housing of rearing reinfUhrung von heimischen Raubtieren. EinfUhrung von Krankheitserregern, Fang und Theory and Practice in Experimental Bac­ and laying fowls. Br Vet j 123:92-103. Entfernen, sowie Geburtenkontrolle. teriology. Cambridge University Press, Turnbull, P.C.B. and Snoyenbos, G.H. Diejenigen, welche die Entscheidung Uber das Schicksal eingefUhrter Tierarten London, U.K. (1973) The roles of ammonia, water acti­ treffen, mussen fur ein Gleichgewicht sorgen zwischen den Rechten der einzelnen Morgan-Jones, S.C. (1982) A method of vity, and pH in the salmonellacidal ef­ Tiere und der Erhaltung der Lebensfahigkeit des gesamten Oekosystems. Obwohl enumerating salmonellas in poultry envi­ fect of long-used poultry litter. Poult die Kontrolle exotischer Tierpopulationen sich schadlich auf einzelne empfindsame ronments. In: Corry, J.K.L., Roberts, D. Sci 12:72-86. Lebewesen auswirken kann, ist es wichtig daran zu denken, dass lnaktivitat ungeheures and Smith, D.C., eds., Methods for the Leid fUr viele Tierarten bedeuten und demzufolge den Verlust der biologischen Viel­ falt hervorrufen kann. Introduction detail, paying particular attention to the There has been considerable con­ interests of animal welfare/animal rights Introduced Species and the Issue troversy over attempts to control or elim­ advocates. Our discussion will focus on inate introduced or "exotic" animals on introduced mammals, because these an­ of Animal Welfare federally managed lands in the United imals, since they are both sentient and ap­ States. Some resource managers and con­ pealing, comprise the principal focus of servationists argue that exotic animal animal welfare/animal rights concerns. Michael Hutchins, Victoria Stevens and Natasha Atkins populations should be controlled, since they cause considerable habitat disrup­ Origins of Exotic Species tion, prey on or compete with native Recently, considerable debate has been heard about the control or elimination fauna, and alter natural ecosystems. This One of the many ways in which hu­ of introduced or "exotic" animals on publicly held U.S. lands. Species introductions, view has been hotly contested by some mans alter their environment is by trans­ whether intentional or unintentional, seem to be an inevitable result of human activi­ animal welfare and animal rights organi­ porting organisms across natural barriers ties, but they may result in both economic and ecological problems: It has been estim­ zations, which have objected to the propos­ to dispersal. By definition, exotic animals ated that over 90 percent of all such introductions have been harmful in some respect. ed methods of control, especially those are those that do not occur naturally, Control of exotics can be accomplished through containment, shooting, poisoning, that involve harrassment or killing. In either presently or historically, in a parti­ reintroduction of native predators, introduction of disease organisms, live capture some instances, such as the case of the cular ecosystem. An introduction is de­ and removal, and reproductive inhibition. Grand Canyon burros, differences of opin­ fined as the release, escape, or establish­ ion have led to long and costly court bat­ ment of an exotic animal into a natural Michael Hutchins is at the Department of Psychology Nl-25, Animal Behavior Program, University of Wash­ tles (Laycock, 197 4; Reiger, 1980; Stocker, ecosystem. Introductions can be differenti­ ington, Seattle, Washington 98195. Victoria Stevens is at the School of Forest Resources, Wildlife Sciences 1980). The purpose of this paper is to ex­ ated into two basic types: purposeful Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195. Natasha Atkins is a wildlife biologist in and accidental (Courtney, 1978). Palo Alto, California 94301. amine the introduced species issue in more 318 /NT f STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3{4) 1982 319 'I A.S. Chamove et al. -Deep Woodchip Litter Original Article M Hutchins et al. -Introduced Species Original Article for Dairy Purposes, Technical Bulletin Isolation and Identification of Food Those who must make decisions about the fate of introduced species need to No. 17. HMSO, London. Poisoning Organisms, Society of Appli­ seek a balance between the rights of the individual animals and preserving the viabili­ Markowitz, H. and Woodworth, G. (1978) ed Bacteriology Technical series No. ty of whole ecosystems. One important consideration is that, although the control of Experimental analysis and control of 17. Academic Press, London (in press). exotic animal populations may adversely affect individual sentient beings, inaction group behavior. In: Markowitz, H. and Murphy, D.E. (1976) Enrichment and oc­ may cause widespread suffering to many species and consequent loss of biological Stevens, V.J ., eds., Behavior of Captive cupational devices for orangutans and diversity. Wild Animals. Nelson-Hall, Chicago, chimpanzees. lnt Zoo News 23: 24-26. IL. Olesiuk, O.M., Snoyenbos, G.H. and Smy­ Zusammenfassung McGrew, W.C. (1981) Social and cognitive ser, C.F. (1971) Inhibitory effects of used capabilities of nonhuman primates: les­ litter on Salmonella typhimurium trans­ Eine heftige Debatte betraf kUrzlich das Thema der Kontrolle oder Eliminierung sons from the wild to captivity. lnt j mission in the chicken. Avian Dis 15:118- von eingefUhrten oder "exotischen" Tieren auf Land in offentlichem (US) Besitz. Die Study Anim Prob 2:138-149. 124. EinfUhrung von Tierarten, ob beabsichtigt oder unbeabsichtigt, scheint ein unverme­ Meyer-Holzapfel, M. (1968) Abnormal be­ Snoeyenbos, G.H. (1967) An epidemiologi­ indliches Resultat menschlicher Aktivitaten zu sein, doch rufen sie sowohl wirtschaft­ havior in zoo animals. In: Fox, M.W., cal study of salmonellosis in chickens, liche wie oekologische Probleme hervor. Schatzungsweise hatten Uber neunzig Pro­ ed., Abnormal Behavior in Animals. W. A vi an Dis 11 :653-667. zent dieser EinfUhrungen in gewisser Hinsicht eine schadliche Wirkung. Eine Kontrolle B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Tucker, J.F. (1967) Survival of salmonellae von Exoten kann erreicht werden durch Abriegelung, Erschiessen, Vergiften, Wiede­ Meynell, G.G. and Meynell, E. (1970) in built-up litter for housing of rearing reinfUhrung von heimischen Raubtieren. EinfUhrung von Krankheitserregern, Fang und Theory and Practice in Experimental Bac­ and laying fowls. Br Vet j 123:92-103. Entfernen, sowie Geburtenkontrolle. teriology. Cambridge University Press, Turnbull, P.C.B. and Snoyenbos, G.H. Diejenigen, welche die Entscheidung Uber das Schicksal eingefUhrter Tierarten London, U.K. (1973) The roles of ammonia, water acti­ treffen, mussen fur ein Gleichgewicht sorgen zwischen den Rechten der einzelnen Morgan-Jones, S.C. (1982) A method of vity, and pH in the salmonellacidal ef­ Tiere und der Erhaltung der Lebensfahigkeit des gesamten Oekosystems. Obwohl enumerating salmonellas in poultry envi­ fect of long-used poultry litter. Poult die Kontrolle exotischer Tierpopulationen sich schadlich auf einzelne empfindsame ronments. In: Corry, J.K.L., Roberts, D. Sci 12:72-86. Lebewesen auswirken kann, ist es wichtig daran zu denken, dass lnaktivitat ungeheures and Smith, D.C., eds., Methods for the Leid
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