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Draft Environmental Report on Ghana Item Type text; Book; Report Authors Turner, Sandra J.; University of Arizona. Arid Lands Information Center. Publisher U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat, Department of State (Washington, D.C.) Download date 27/09/2021 07:28:25 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228234 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT ON GHANA prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 National Park Service Contract No. CX- 0001 -0 -0003 with U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat Department of State Washington, D.C. October 1980 SUMMARY The environmental problems of Ghana center around intensive land use practices. Expanding patterns of vegetation change and environmental degradation are decreasing the carrying capacity of the land for both livestock and human populations. The effects of intensive resource utilization are exacerbated by expanding human needs and economic insta- bility, which cause hardship to much of the population. The major environmental problems faced by Ghana at present are: 1. Soil damage and loss resulting from overgrazing, agricul- tural practices and forest degradation. Continued pressure on the soil resource is increasing the rate of soil loss and is reducing fertility. Rangelands, agricultural lands and forest lands are seriously endangered. 2. Deforestation and desertification resulting from the whole system of degrading land use practices and harsh climate, including the overharvesting of trees for fuel. 3. Inadequate and hazardous water supplies resulting from climatic and geologic conditions coupled with water use practices which promote the spread of communicable disease. 4. Increasing industrial pollution resulting from resource development without environmental safeguards or planning. Ghana is outlining a strategy to address these problems while developing available natural resources. Attempts are being made to upgrade the standard of living for the population and many development programs will have direct environmental benefits. Sandra J. Turner Compiler Draft Environmental Report on Ghana Table of Contents Summary 1.0 Preface 1 2.0 Introduction 2 2.1 Geography 2 2.1.1 Boundaries and Division 2.1.2 Geographic Regions 2.1.3 Climate 2.2 Population 10 3.0 Natural Resources 14 3.1 Soils 14 3.1.1 Introdution 3.1.2 Soil Zones 3.1.3 Classification 3.1.4 Soil Use 3.2 Water Resources 20 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Precipitation 3.2.3 Surface Water 3.2.3.1The River Basins 3.2.3.2 Water Quality and Quantity 3.2.3.3 Use of Surface Water 3.2.3.4 Surface Water and Health 3.2.4 Groundwater 3.2.4.1 Groundwater Occurrences 3.2.4.2 Groundwater Movement 3.2.4.3 Groundwater Quality 3.2.4.4 Use of Groundwater 3.2.5 Coastal Water 3.3 Flora 34 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Natural Vegetation 3.4 Wildlife and Protected Areas 43 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Protected Areas 3.4.2.1Mole National Park 3.4.2.2 Digya National Park 3.4.2.3 Bui National Park 3.4.2.4 Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve 3.4.2.5 Bia National Park 3.4.2.6 Owabi Wildlife Sanctuary 3.4.2.7Bomfobiri Wildlife Sanctuary 3.4.2.8 Gbele Game Production Reserve 3.4.2.9 Kolor Game Production Reserve 3.4.2.10 Kalakpa Game Production Reserve or Strict Nature Reserve 3.4.2.11 Shai Hills Game Production Reserve 3.4.2.12 Nini -Suhien National Park and adjacent Ankasa Game Production Reserve 3.4.2.13 Bia West and Bia South 3.4.2.14 Proposed National Parks 3.4.3 Other Important Habitat 3.5 Minerals and Energy 50 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Economic Minerals 3.5.3 Energy 4.0 Environmental Problems 54 4.1 Interactive Problems 54 4.1.1Agriculture and Livestock 4.1.2 Deforestation 4.1.3 Water 4.1.4 Health 4.2 Remedial Measures and Government Policy 62 Literature Cited 67 Appendix I Population 73 Appendix II Economics 85 Appendix III Climate 95 Appendix IV Environmental Legislation 101 Appendix V Government Structure 107 Ghana 4 á T ,.;??ER '! , . 4Po p Ouessa ó- Diébougou Bawku ,Navrongoq, BolgatangàYr - Zuarun s `aws,... ,..,.# ra d ; J \ v' .--±" `4" 1 ` r Sansanné -I i i . 5 Mango \ ...).-r--51.) !Walewale \ , LP' r c_ ; Wa ' 3-Y + 1 ... `( 1 I I ' 4-I!on; \ ! Savelugu Lama-Kara, ;Tamale endi 1 ¡Sawla A Bafilo4 '-`Bassari ) if 'eBole -ji Sokodé Bimhìl 'r c~ . ti. /..t...) // ,ga`' i\/ 1 \\ t Salaga t-"- +\ `a, ` t l i + . t t Blitta ~\ ` \\ , Yell 74 i l sBamboi , t } I ?Kintampo ,'.--.//r t ) ìs ' t j ,Wenchi{ -i, P ,' -.`-Jji: ' ,:w._ .° + Techiman ,' Berekum ,^-r .,. // .'^J, -..`/ ~ ,. Sunyani ; 1\ Cake Vpta ,' Hohoe r t , ^`¡Ala d Mampong Kpí<ndu I? ;r X.- ,i , Palimé `1 r'' Efiduasi ,{ '-Abengou : 6awsoe /` _ / YNuatia ' -Kv(masü t Konongo_ , a. - . Nkawkaw Antoakroml , ,) f./ ' l,i: ¡ ! Bibianit `Jr°Bekwai r ; `-. Tsévié ) kannmho sr Oúnsu Dam % ' t t Awaso s buiei!' ' ti' f Kadé V Lomé ó unkwa },. 1 - w/ Keta p :/ 2r Oda / ; / /" f ' \., , Accr ems Aboisso i } r ,Swe Tashi Winneba o 50 100 Miles Cape Coast { Half Assail 0 50 100 Kilometers ekondi Takoradi Cape Three Points 502718 9.77 (5421531 Lambert Contornai Protection Railroad Standard parallels 8° and 32° Scale I .3.450.000 Road Airport Appendix VI Organizations with Environmental Interests/ 111 Responsibilities Appendix VII Dams Existing and Under Study 133 Appendix VIII Current U.S. AID Projects in Ghana 137 Bibliography 157 1.0 Preface This draft environmental report is the result of an eight -week review of information available in the United States on the natural resources and environment of Ghana. This is the first step in the process of developing an environmental profile for use by the U.S. Agency for International Development and Ghana government officials. The next step in this process should be a field study which would evaluate the information contained herein, obtain additional information, define issues, problems, and priorities, and provide direction for future efforts to deal with the management, conservation, and rehabilitation of the environment and natural resources. The information and interpretations presented in this report are prelim- inary in nature and are not intended to attain the detail and accuracy needed for development planning. This study represents a cooperative effort by the entire staff of the Arid Lands Information Center, but the primary focus, research, and writing were done by Sandra Turner. The cooperation of personnel at AID, the Library of Congress, the National Park Service, and the University of Arizona is gratefully acknowledged. 1 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Geography 2.1.1 Boundaries and Division1 The Republic of Ghana lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of Africa just a few degrees north of the equator. It is situated between the Republic of Togo on the east, the Ivory Coast on the west and the Republic of Upper Volta on the north and northwest. The country lies entirely in the tropics, just north of the point at which the Greenwich prime meridian intersects the equator. Land boundaries of 2285 km. and 239 km. of coastline enclose 253,538 sq. km.(92,100 sq. mi.) in a rectangle approximatelythe size of Oregon. Administratively Ghana is divided into eight major regions. A ninth region, the Greater Accra Area, administers only the capital city of Accra and its immediate surroundings. The regions are further subdivided into 58 districts and 267 local administration units. 2.1.2 Geographic Regions ?/ About half of Ghana is less than 150 meters above sea level. The highest elevation of 880 meters is located in a low mountain range along the eastern border. Five major geographic regions can be distinguished, as indicated on the accompanying map (Fig. 2) . Low Plains The low plains are subdivided into the coastal savanna, the Volta delta and the Akan lowlands. The coastal savanna forms a narrow strip along the shore of the Gulf of Guinea from Tukoradi in the west, where it is approximately five miles wide, to the border of Togo in the east, where the savanna has turned inland behind the Volta Delta and can be as wide as 80 km. The narrow band of savanna along the coast to the west is lagoon -fringed, undulating country of grass and shrubs. In this area there are a number of large commercial centers. Agriculture is practiced away from the coastline; however the infestation of tsetse fly makes the area unsafe for cattle. Toward the northeast where the savanna lies at 1Source: Chantler, C. 1971. Kaplan, I. et al. 1971. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 1980 U.S. Department of State. 1978. 2 Source: Boateng, E. A. 1966. Church, R. J. H. 1974. Kaplan, I. et al. 1971. 2 Figure 1. Map of Ghana Showing Administration Units N O R T H E R N -1\ ONO-AHAFU Keecracn a _---«- -- Source: Chantier. 1971. 3 Figure 2. Geographic Regions. of Ghana Si 11 If 01 (i ! , ff 1...i««...1 ..../. ............. .. ......¡¡-}}, ... .. / ...... ... ................................. i ' MGM MANS í ` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 I \ voLaASN a 1 s o. _ e 1 n:: ! % ) A .. ; I S reo« 1 [.... cC4"7.11%. orlO.... : ..... I, Iwo Off // .O.., o . AN I O S i / 1 / ' :::::<iG::Ç Snit . 0. 4«. «.= ` A . a ' ::: /// ::...k, / ¡ ` 1 / / / \` '¡II ///// ' P'. ` ::'' ,.OyIVOIIO = tt ^^ I)*fC .i1 , /.1w:;' J i 0 O ©i '''' 1 t.- g 2; LOW PLAINS " . LOW ( . ,LO.J+a .s. ...1.Iwis..... C... : s.....« ..wr... n«..Yob.w Ow. 40^ - .. n.n ,'',' .SM.NO LAMM..i. .l.w. ,:.! ..01 ..w.«r.100O34.615 = 5 ¡© I OOf10l - Ma.
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