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Transassoc 1/2003/3 Contents 1-2/2003 Sommaire Editorial par André Onkelinx page 3 General introduction Knowledge organisation and a new world polity: the rise and fall and rise of the ideas of Paul Otlet by Boyd Rayward page 4 Savoir et décrire Knowing and describing L’architecture du savoir. Une recherche sur le Mundaneum et les précurseurs européens de l’Internet par Charles van den Heuvel, Boyd Rayward et Pieter Uyttenhove page 16 Ordo ab chaos. Classer est la plus haute opération de l’esprit par Jean-François Fuëg page 29 Fonder le monde, fonder le savoir du monde ou la double utopie d’Otlet par Paul Ghils page 36 Classer le monde et son savoir Classifying knowledge and the world La postérité d’Otlet dans le domaine de la documentation par Stéphanie Manfroid page 49 L’homme qui voulait classer le monde par Françoise Levie page 53 La Cité mondiale The World City Les relations entre Otlet et Genève par Catherine Courtiau page 60 Transnational Associations Associations transnationales 1 Convergences et divergences : de Le Corbusier à Otto Neurath par Giuliano Gresleri page 72 The Language of the World Museum: Otto Neurath, Paul Otlet, Le Corbusier by Nader Vossoughian page 82 L’anticipation de l’hypertexte An anticipation of the hypertext De l’hypetexte à l’expertexte, ou du savoir au savoir-faire par Jean-Luc Guérin et Yannick Marchand page 94 Paul Otlet’s 100-year hypertext conundrum? by Anthony Judge page 107 Hier et demain Yesterday and Tomorrow Document Raymond Rodgers’ Man in the Telesphere by Ted Gemberling page 112 Document Discours de Robert Fenaux adressé à la Fédération internationale de documentation à l’occasion de son 80e anniversaire page 115 *** Book reviews/Bibliographie page 119 Association News Vie associative page 125 New international organisations Nouvelles organisations internationales page 126 2 Editorial par André Onkelinx* es événements dramatiques de ces dernières Mais le non-respect des principes de base des semaines nous interpellent tous, quel que Nations Unies en matière de sécurité, la violence L soit notre rôle au sein de la communauté des injures proférées, le caractère fascisant de la internationale. conduite des affaires pour certains Etats nous Et Paul Otlet, dont nous célébrons aujour- amènent à souhaiter un changement d’attitude d’hui la mémoire, aurait sans doute, s’il avait radical dans la conduite des affaires, loin du encore été parmi nous, dit sa consternation, son “choc des civilisations” dont on a coutume de indignation devant ce déferlement de violences nous menacer. qui sèment à nouveau terreur et désolation dans Les Nations Unies doivent rester au coeur de les territoires du Proche-Orient. l’action internationale, particulièrement dans le C’est le sentiment d’échec qui paraît le plus domaine de la paix et de la sécurité. dominant devant cette nouvelle tragédie : A la fin des années trente, le jour où la Société • échec de la négociation internationale qui n’a des Nations n’a plus été à même d’apporter son pu éviter le recours à cette guerre annoncée, concours aux efforts de règlement des diffé- • échec de la mise en application de plusieurs rends, nous sommes entrés de plain-pied dans la principes inscrits, à l’issue de négociations seconde guerre mondiale. souvent laborieuses, dans des instruments de Peut-être, comme première étape - outre les droit international (tels Charte des Nations tâches de reconstruction des régions dévastées Unies, Conventions de Genève, Droit de La par le conflit actuel - un “code de conduite Haye...), internationale” à l’adresse des Etats pourrait-il • échec également de l’utilisation bénéfique des être élaboré, sous les auspices des Nations Unies. extraordinaires moyens de communication Il pourrait préconiser une approche plus modes- dont dispose notre époque. te, plus modérée de la part des dirigeants dans la Paul Otlet, loin de baisser les bras, aurait, dans défense des intérêts de leurs peuples. La toléran- son approche systématique des relations interna- ce, la patience, l’écoute et le respect des autres tionales, tenté de tirer la leçon des présents évé- communautés, le non-recours à des conflits nements pour reprendre, patiemment, avec inégaux ou à l’humiliation, pourraient égale- tenacité, la recherche des moyens de réactiver le ment y figurer. dialogue international, loin des accusations, des Les 50 premières années des Nations Unies nous injures, des rumeurs. ont apporté des instruments fondamentaux sur les Aujourd’hui, le débat sur la conduite des droits de l’homme ou le droit humanitaire. affaires mondiales n’est plus uniquement l’apa- Pourquoi les premières années du 21è siècle ne nage des dirigeants des Etats. Lorsqu’il s’agit de nous apporteraient-elles pas une amorce de la paix et du devenir du monde, chacun cherche codification des règles de comportement et des à faire valoir ses vues, à crier ses angoisses. devoirs des Etats, à la lumière des développe- L’Union des associations internationales, qui ments actuels de la vie internationale ? oeuvre, depuis 1910, à la promotion de l’inter- L’Union des associations internationales est nationalisme, a inscrit, comme premier objet, disposée à coopérer à la réussite de pareille entre- dans ses statuts : “Concourir à un ordre universel prise, en apportant le concours de ses bases de fondé sur des principes de dignité humaine, de soli- données, fruit de ses recherches et des multiples darité des peuples et de libre communication”. Elle études conduites depuis sa création en 1907. poursuivra, cela va de soi, ses activités tradition- nelles de documentation, de recherche, d’études 1er avril 2003 au service de l’associationnisme international. *Secrétaire géneral de l’Union des associations internationales (UAI) Associations transnationales 1-2/2003, 3 3 General introduction Knowledge organisation and a new world polity: the rise and fall and rise of the ideas of Paul Otlet by W. Boyd Rayward* *Research Professor, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of “Dreams are true while they last, and do we not live in dreams?” Illinois at Urbana- Tennyson, the Higher Pantheism Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820-6211, ph: 217 - 244- 9741;fax: 217 244 - About organisations difficult and obstructive as he grew old. His 3302 ideas and the extraordinary institutional 2. See W. Boyd Rayward, he story of Otlet (1868-1944) and Henri arrangements in which they had finally come to The Universe of Information: the Work of La Fontaine (1854-1943) and their organi- be expressed, the Palais Mondial or Mundaneum, Paul Otlet for T sations is a fascinating one, much told and seemed grandiose, unfocused and passé.6 In the Documentation and retold. The first of the organisations was the early 1930s there was a quietly dramatic struggle International Organsation. Moscow: Published for the International Institute and Office of to remove the International Institute of International Federation Bibliography (1895), its tools, repertories, collec- Bibliography, transformed eventually into the for Documentation by the tions (bibliographical, iconographic and docu- International Federation for Documentation, All-Union Institute for mentary)2 and its satellite institutes: Institut from this institutional complex and from under Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI) of international de photographie, 1905; Biblio- what was considered to be the dead hand of the the USSR Academy of thèque collective des sociétés savantes, 1906; and past - effectively the hand of the still very much Sciences, 1975, Ch III Musée de la presse, 1907.3 The Office central des alive but ageing Otlet. From about 1924 with Foundation of the IIB, Ch associations internationales, 1907, became the the first relatively brief part-expulsion of the V the Universal Decimal Classification, Ch VI the secretariat of the Union of International Palais Mondial from the Palais du Universal Bibliographic Associations created in Brussels following an Cinquantenaire the other major component, the Repertory. enormous conference organised by Otlet and La Union of International Associations, was to 3. Rayward, Fontaine and held under Royal patronage in became moribund. It was revived after the Universe….Ch VII the 4 Development of the 1910 on the occasion of the Brussels World Fair. Second World War when both its founders, International Office and In that same year the International Museum was Otlet and his lifelong colleague and friend Institute of Bibliography formed with collections derived largely from the Henri La Fontaine, were dead.7 The quarters 4. Rayward, Universe…Ch VIII The Union of exhibits at the World Fair. This set of organisa- occupied by the Palais Mondial in the Palais du International Associations tions was effectively completed for Otlet by the Cinquantenaire were closed completely by the 5. Rayward, Universe…Ch creation in 1920 of a International Summer Government in 1934 but, just as war broke out X the Palais Mondial, and pp. 226, 239 and 254 for School. Otlet and his colleagues called this some- in 1939, the City authorities of Brussels offered the Université what misleadingly a Université internationale. It Otlet new quarters in the Parc Léopold. He Internationale met only on three occasions – in September called this the Mundaneum and what remained and pp 226, 1920, August-September 1921, and August of the collections and records of the Palais 6. Rayward, Universe….Ch XI L’Affaire 1922. Beginning in 1910, a transformation not Mondial were to remain there until the early du Palais Mondial completed until 1919 after the hiatus of the War, 1970s. 7. Rayward, these organisations were brought together physi- Otlet died in 1944, at the age of 76, just as Universe,…Ch XIII cally in a huge installation to which Otlet gave Brussels was being liberated. He left behind a Change, New Directions, and Ch XLV Last Decades the name Palais Mondial, later Mundaneum, in corps of disciples, Les Amis du Palais Mondial, 8.
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