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Southern District Sdf Review DRAFT SOUTHERN DISTRICT BASELINE AND ANALYSIS REPORT 2019 – STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT Draft Southern District Baseline and Analysis Report 2019 State of the Environment DRAFT Version 1.1 28 November 2019 Page 1 of 34 DRAFT SOUTHERN DISTRICT BASELINE AND ANALYSIS REPORT 2019 – STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT B. STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT Page 2 of 34 DRAFT SOUTHERN DISTRICT BASELINE AND ANALYSIS REPORT 2019 – STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 1 NATURAL AND HERITAGE ENVIRONMENT The following section outlines the key environmental and heritage trends and spatial implications that have been identified for the District based on the Strategic Environmental Assessment, the City of Cape Town’s State of the Environment Reports, the attributes for the district and other relevant policy documentation. Status Quo, Trends and Patterns 1.1.1 Topography The Southern District encompasses most of the Cape Peninsula, a narrow, rocky peninsula that juts out approximately 75 km into the Atlantic Ocean at the south-western extremity of the African continent. The Cape Peninsula has a varied and dramatic terrain, dominated by the spectacular Cape Peninsula mountain chain, a 56 km long spine of mountains that extends from Table Mountain in the north (in the Table Bay District) and terminates spectacularly at the famous Cape Point in the south1. The Peninsula was once an island, but about sixty million years ago it was joined to the mainland by the emergence from the sea of the sandy area now known as the Cape Flats. The landscape of the Peninsula has been shaped by prolonged erosion that has removed large parts of the once continuous Table Mountain Group sandstones, leaving high residual mountain ridges. Where faults occur in the rock, natural erosion has cut across and displaced the upper rock layers, resulting in the formation of deep ravines and gorges carved out down the flanks of the remaining mountains. Numerous small rivers and streams drain the mountains, both to the east and west of the Peninsula. Some of the larger rivers include the Disa River, which drains into Hout Bay, Schusters River, which drains into Schusters Bay at Scarborough, Else River that drains into Else Bay at Glencairn and Silvermine River that drains into Fish Hoek Bay near Clovelly. Some of these rivers form extensive wetlands and some vleis in low-lying areas, especially around Noordhoek and in southern Peninsula. As a result of the mountainous character of the Peninsula, only a few roads link the eastern and western seaboards: Constantia nek links the Southern Suburbs with Hout Bay through a small break in the mountains and then down the Disa River gorge; further south, Ou Kaapse Weg traverses the Silvermine Mountains to connect Tokai with Sun Valley/Noordhoek. The southern section of the Peninsula becomes somewhat flatter and more roads crisscross the Peninsula towards Cape Point. The Cape Peninsula Mountains drop very dramatically into the sea along the western coastline of the Peninsula. Most of the western coastline is dominated by steep cliffs, well-illustrated on the famous Chapman’s Peak drive that links Noordhoek and Hout Bay. The cliffs are interspersed with dramatic promontories, such as the Karbonkelberg that overlooks Hout Bay and the famous Cape of Good Hope2, situated just north-west of Cape Point. Small white sandy beaches have formed in a few protected bays, such as Dias Beach below the Cape of Good Hope and the famous Llandudno beach, but in addition to this, long expanses of white sandy beaches are also present at Noordhoek and near Scarborough. An extensive wave-cut platform is present on the promontory south of Kommetjie, marked by the Slangkop lighthouse. The eastern coastline is somewhat less dramatic, with a more gradual descent down to the warmer waters of False Bay. The shoreline is very rocky, with mainly small secluded beaches that are often pebbly or quite shelly, although Fish Hoek beach and Long Beach at Simonstown are more extensive sandy beaches. The large spheroidal granite boulders that characterise the Cape 1 Contrary to popular belief, Cape Point is not the southernmost point of the African continent; this is in fact located at Cape Agulhas, some 250km southeast of Cape Town. 2 The first explorer to round this Cape was Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, and he named it ‘Cabo Tormentoso’ or the ‘Cape of Storms’. Early seafarers believed that once they had passed this point, the worst of their journey was over, and the Cape was later renamed the ‘Cape of Good Hope’ as a result. Page 3 of 34 DRAFT SOUTHERN DISTRICT BASELINE AND ANALYSIS REPORT 2019 – STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT Peninsula are present along some of the coastline here, especially around Boulders Beach and Simon’s Town. Biodiversity The CoCT falls within a unique and globally significant biodiversity hotspot. The City’s biodiversity is a valuable part of its heritage and is an important driver of tourism, economic growth, building ecological resilience and social upliftment in the City and for the country as a whole. Page 4 of 34 DRAFT SOUTHERN DISTRICT BASELINE AND ANALYSIS REPORT 2019 – STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT The City of Cape Town falls within the extreme south-west of the Cape Floral Region (CFR), the smallest but richest for its size of the six plant kingdoms in the world. The biodiversity of the CFR is of international significance. The fynbos biome comprises some of the remaining tracts of some of South Africa’s rarest vegetation types, namely Sand Fybos and Renosterveld. Approximately 70% of the plant species found in the CFR are found nowhere else on earth. Eighteen different terrestrial national vegetation types3 and three azonal vegetation types4 occur within the City of Cape Town. Twelve of these are considered Critically Endangered, two are Endangered, three are Vulnerable and the remaining four are Least Threatened (DEAT 2009). The conservation status of each of the vegetation types discussed above is shown in Table below. Four of the vegetation types that occur in the Southern District occur only within the City of Cape Town and are considered Endangered or Critically Endangered. Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands are also Critically Endangered. Table XX: Conservation status of national vegetation types occurring in the Southern District Historic Current area % area National* National Vegetation within within within Conserved within CoCT (km2) Conservation Ecosystem types CoCT CoCT CoCT target (%) Status (km2) (km2) Cape Winelands 39 37.5 24 9 30 Vulnerable Shale Fynbos** Southern Least Afrotemperate 3 0.4 3 3 34 Threatened Forest Peninsula Sandstone 219 100 213 173 30 Endangered Fynbos Peninsula Critically 91 100 39 28 30 Granite Fynbos Endangered Cape Flats Critically 544 100 85 5 30 Sand Fynbos Endangered Hangklip Sand 33 41.8 19 14 30 Fynbos Endangered Cape Flats Dune 400 100 191 28 24 Endangered Strandveld Cape Lowland Critically Freshwater ?15 15 11 8 24 Endangered Wetland *As set by the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (as % of historical extent). **Incorporating Peninsula Shale Fynbos Source: Adapted from LAB, 2008 and CoCT 2009 Biodiversity Network report. The national vegetation types that occur within the Southern District in the City of Cape Town are: 1. Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos (incorporates Peninsula Shale Fynbos); 2. Southern Afrotemperate Forest; 3. Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos; 4. Peninsula Granite Fynbos (North and South subtypes); 5. Cape Flats Sand Fynbos; 6. Hangklip Sand Fynbos; 7. Cape Flats Dune Strandveld (incorporates Cape Seashore Vegetation); and 8. Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland. 3 As defined by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). 4 Wetland vegetation types, including along rivers, in pans and in salt marshes, and seashore vegetation. Page 5 of 34 DRAFT SOUTHERN DISTRICT BASELINE AND ANALYSIS REPORT 2019 – STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT A brief description of each of these vegetation types is provided below: Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos (incorporating Peninsula Shale Fynbos) occurs in the Southern District on recent, non-aeolian colluvium (derived from Malmesbury Shales) on the steep north-eastern slopes of Table Mountain (Devil’s Peak), above the M3. This vegetation type consists of dense, moderately tall shrubland with proteoid fynbos dominating (Rebelo et al. 2006). The vegetation is relatively well-conserved but considered Vulnerable. Southern Afrotemperate Forest occurs in small patches in the Table Mountain National Park and the Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden. Only about 0.4% of this vegetation type occurs within the boundaries of the City of Cape Town with most occurring in the southern Cape. This vegetation consists of tall, multilayered afrotemperate forests dominated by yellowwoods, stinkwood, etc. with a well-developed shrub understorey and herb layers. Virtually all of this vegetation type occurring in Cape Town is conserved and nationally it is Least Threatened. Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos is endemic to the CoCT and found on gentle to steep slopes across the entire Cape Peninsula on sandstone or mudstone of the Table Mountain Group. The vegetation is a moderately dense, tall proteoid shrubland over a dense, moderately tall ericoid shrubland, consisting of mostly proteoid, ericaceous and restioid fynbos with some asteraceous fynbos. The vegetation type is extremely rich in species that are endemic (146 known species) and/or Red Listed (65 known species). About 82% of this vegetation is conserved in the TMNP, although it is considered one of the top three vegetation types vulnerable to the impacts of urban expansion as a result of an increase in population density (Rouget et al., 2004). The vegetation is considered Endangered owing to the high density of Red List threatened plant species. Peninsula Granite Fynbos is endemic to the CoCT. The vegetation type occurs on deep, loamy, sandy soils derived from the Cape Granite Suite on the steep to gentle, lower slopes (below the sandstone slopes) of the Table Mountain range on the Cape Peninsula (at altitudes of 0-450m).
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