Il Turismo Nella Repubblica Di Moldavia

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Il Turismo Nella Repubblica Di Moldavia Corso di Laurea magistrale in Economia e Management Sviluppo interculturale dei sistemi turistici Tesi di Laurea Il Turismo nella Repubblica di Moldavia Relatore Prof. VAN DER BORG Jan Laureanda Veronica Dacu Matricola 865417 Anno Accademico 2020/2021 Indice ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Introduzione Capitolo I La storia e la geografia del turismo nella Repubblica di Moldavia 1.1 Dati generali: storia, geografia, clima e visto in Moldavia p. 1 1.2 La storia del turismo in Moldavia p. 6 1.2.1 La nozione del turismo e del turista p. 6 1.2.2 Le tappe del turismo moldavo p. 10 1.3 Il potenziale e le risorse turistiche in Moldavia p. 20 1.3.1 Il potenziale turistico naturale p. 20 1.3.2 Il potenziale turistico antropico p. 27 1.4 Il quadro legislativo per le risorse turistiche p. 36 Capitolo II I tipi del turismo, le zone e gli itinerari turistici nella Repubblica di Moldavia 2.1 I tipi del turismo e le forme motivazionale nella Repubblica Moldava p. 45 2.2 Le zone turistiche nella Repubblica Moldava p. 55 2.3 Gli itinerari turistici nella Repubblica di Moldavia p. 63 Capitolo III Destination management e l’industria del turismo in Moldavia 3.1 Le dimensioni e le funzioni del fenomeno turistico p. 71 3.2 Strumenti di management della destinazione: il meccanismo di mappatura territoriale p. 74 3.3 L’istituzionalizzazione e la governance del turismo p. 76 3.3.1 Le agenzie di turismo e i tour operator p. 87 3.3.2 L’industria del turismo direttamente ed indirettamente coinvolta nel settore: le strutture di alloggio, i trasporti, l’alimentazione pubblica, il commercio al dettaglio e i servizi complementari p. 94 Capitolo IV Strategie di management e marketing. Problemi e prospettive del turismo in Moldavia 4.1 Il sistema del management e del marketing strategico riguardante lo sviluppo dei sistemi turistici nella Repubblica di Moldavia p. 107 4.1.1 La Strategia di sviluppo del “Turismo-2020” p. 108 4.1.2 La Strategia per lo sviluppo sostenibile “Turismo-2025” p. 114 4.2 L’impatto, il ruolo e il peso del turismo nella Repubblica di Moldavia p. 123 4.2.1 Il collocamento internazionale della Repubblica Moldava a seconda degli indicatori di competitività p. 128 4.3 Problemi e prospettive del turismo in Moldavia p. 133 4.3.1 Prospettive in materia del turismo secondo la matrice SWOT p. 137 4.4 L’impatto del Covid-19 sull’industria del turismo in Moldavia p. 142 Conclusioni p. 146 Abbreviazioni p. 149 Bibliografia p. 150 Sitografia p. 157 Appendice p. 165 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduzione La mia Terra Natale: dove ho trascorso l’infanzia, la frontiera d’Europa, terra di contadini, di enormi cantine vinicole, le più grandi al mondo, di distese terreni fertili ricchi di flora e fauna e comunque ad oggi terra poco conosciuta e sottovalutata - la Moldova . Lo scopo della mia ricerca consiste nel riportare lo studio delle dinamiche turistiche in RM, cercando attraverso dati statistici e nozioni tecniche di descrivere l’evoluzione turistica, l’organizzazione e lo sviluppo delle sue autorità statali competenti. La tesi è suddivisa in quattro capitoli, a loro volta suddivisi in paragrafi e sottoparagrafi. Il primo capitolo “La storia e la geografia del turismo nella Repubblica Moldava” riporta la storia dei nostri antenati e narra delle vicissitudini che hanno formato la Moldavia d’oggi, come situazione geografica e culturale-storica. Percorso di storia percorribile fisicamente attraverso le sue “tappe del turismo”. Inoltre verrà menzionata anche la materia tecnica legislativa che permette l’organizzazione e la regolamentazione delle nuove frontiere turistiche. Il secondo capitolo “I tipi del turismo, le zone e gli itinerari turistici nella Repubblica di Moldavia” descrive le attività svolte o che possono essere sperimentati sul territorio moldavo. Il terzo capitolo “Destination management e l’industria del turismo in Moldavia” si suddivide in due categorie inerenti alla destination management come base intellettuale e strategica e il supporto materiale risultato dall’intervento istituzionale governativo, non governativo e privato. Bensì, riflettono i sistemi turistici interconnessi con il settore primario. Il quarto capitolo “Strategie di management e marketing. Problemi e prospettive del turismo in Moldavia” prevede la spiegazione delle strategie adottate nel corso degli ultimi anni e la loro efficacia espressa in termini d’impatto, ruolo e peso sull’economia del Paese. Il capitolo descrive la posizione internazionale comparata ad altre economie a in riferimento ai loro indicatori di competitività in materia di ambiente favorevole d’affari, le risorse naturali e culturali, l’infrastruttura, le politiche e le condizioni che favoriscono il turismo. Si affrontano le problematiche e le opportunità del turismo in Moldavia secondo alla matrice SWOT, modello che viene proposto dalle istituzioni di alto livello nella gestione del settore. Infine non viene tralasciata la situazione pandemica COVID-19 e i suoi effetti descritti dalle ricerche delle Università nazionali e i dati forniti dall’Ufficio Nazionale di Statistica. Infine viene trattato il quadro generale e le relative conclusioni, le quali sono da ritenersi rilevanti ed incisive per una scelta politica e gestionale futura efficace. "La Bessarabia sopravvivrà finché la ameremo fino alle lacrime!" Grigore Vieru Capitolo I La storia e la geografia del turismo nella Repubblica Moldava 1.1 Dati generali: storia, geografia, clima e visto in Moldavia La Moldavia o Moldova in rumeno, fu parte dell’Impero Romano negli anni 106-270 d.C. e fu in seguito invasa da diverse nazioni come i Magiari, Unni, Slavi, Avari, Bulgari, Tartari e Mongoli. Nel 1359 sotto il regno del voievoda Bogdan I la Moldavia si dichiarò indipendente all’Ungheria e fu istituito il Principato di Moldavia (illustrato in giallo nella Figura 1) situato tra i monti Carpazi e il fiume Dnestr o Nistro (in rumeno Nistru ). Negli anni 1457-1504 il Principato fu inglobato sotto il regno di Ștefan Cel Mare (in italiano “Stefano il Grande”) dove vide un periodo di fioritura. Nel 1484 la Bessarabia storica che si trova a nord del Danubio e tra i fiumi Prut e Nistro viene conquistata dall’Impero ottomano che poi negli anni 1775 l’Impero austriaco occupò la parte nord-occidentale chiamata Bucovina e negli anni 1812 l’Impero Russo occupò la metà orientale del principato che noi oggi conosciamo come Moldavia, oltre al versante nord-est del Danubio e Mar Nero che oggi fa parte dell’Ucraina. Figura 1. Mappa della Romania Grande con i territori del Principato di Moldavia (1359 - 1859) in giallo. Fonte: Wikipedia 1 Nel 1859, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, il principe di Moldavia e Valacchia, unì la parte occidentale del principato di Moldavia e la Valacchia così formando il Regno di Romania. Successivamente, nel 1878 con il Trattato di Berlino, la Romania fu costretta a cedere di nuovo il sud della Bessarabia all’Impero Russo. L’Impero mirava alle potenzialità agricole del territorio rinomate per prodotti quali: cereali, tabacco, vigne, bestiame, ecc. e alla costruzione di città destinate al popolo russo. Dopo la prima guerra mondiale (1914-1918) la Romania riconquistò la Bessarabia, Bucovina e Transilvania unendole al Regno di Romania. Nel giugno del 1940 a seguito del Patto Molotov - Ribbentrop o Stalin e Hitler, le armate russe occuparono la Bessarabia ma anche la Bucovina e il territorio di Herța . Con l’appoggio della Russia sovietica l’Ucraina si prese il territorio di Herța , la Bucovina settentrionale e tutta la costa est fino al delta del Danubio compreso lo sbocco al mare e quindi la Cetatea Alba (in italiano “Il Castello Bianco”). La parte restante, la Moldavia d’oggi, diventa Repubblica Socialista Sovietica Moldava. Nel 1941 la Romania tentò di riprendere la Moldavia e Bucovina, ma dal 20 agosto del 1944 a seguito del trattato di pace con la Russia e Germania questi territori furono riconquistati dall’Armata Russa chiamata anche Armata Rossa. Nel 1988 ci fu una manifestazione a Chișinău dove si chiedette la sostituzione della lingua russa con la lingua rumena che venne adottata il 31 agosto 1989. Tutt’oggi si festeggia in Moldavia “La Nostra Lingua ” dichiarata festa nazionale di interesse storico e turistico. Nel 1991 dopo le elezioni che furono vinte dal Frontul Popular (in italiano Il Fronte Popolare ) si costituì il primo governo e così il 27 agosto del medesimo anno, la “Repubblica Socialista Sovietica Moldava” diventa “Repubblica di Moldavia” indipendente. Da allora si festeggia ogni anno L’Anniversario dell’indipendenza della Repubblica di Moldavia. Il 2 marzo 1992 la Repubblica Moldava aderisce all’Organizzazione Mondiale delle Nazioni Unite e il 29 luglio 1994 adotta la Costituzione. Tra i principali avvenimenti dopo l’indipendenza si enumera anche la liberalizzazione del visto con l’Unione Europea il 28 aprile 2014 e la firma dell’accordo di associazione con l’UE. 2 La Moldova, situata nel sud-est Europa, confina al nord-est e sud con l’Ucraina ed a ovest con la Romania e con l’uscita al Mar Nero tramite il fiume Nistro e Delta Danubio. Si estende per circa 33 843 km2 tra il fiume Prut che confina con la Romania e il fiume Nistro che delimita la Transnistria, territorio semi-autonomo ma politicamente moldavo. La popolazione della Transnistria è di origine russa e ucraina e adotta come lingua ufficiale regionale il russo. Inoltre, il territorio si pronuncia tramite la sua banconota ufficiale nominata - rublo transnistriano - che è diverso dal rublo russo e le monete fatte di alluminio - copechi. Il secondo ed ultimo territorio semi-autonomo è la Găgăuzia abitata da una popolazione turca e bulgara insediata tra gli anni 1812-1846. Parlano la lingua ufficiale regionale gagauza (vedi la divisione territoriale all’Appendice A). Oltre alle 2 regioni semi-autonome sopracitate, la Moldavia viene divisa in 32 distretti chiamati in rumeno raion (al plurale raioane) e 3 municipalità: Chișinău , la capitale della Moldavia, Bălți e Bender.
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