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Reconsidering the Emergence of the Gay Novel in English and German James P Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press e-Books Purdue University Press Spring 3-15-2016 Reconsidering the Emergence of the Gay Novel in English and German James P. Wilper University of Westminster, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_ebooks Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, German Literature Commons, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies Commons, Literature in English, British Isles Commons, and the Literature in English, North America Commons Recommended Citation Wilper, James P., Reconsidering the Emergence of the Gay Novel in English and German (2016). Purdue University Press. (Knowledge Unlatched Open Access Edition.) This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Reconsidering the Emergence of the Gay Novel in English and German Comparative Cultural Studies Series Editor: Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven Comparative cultural studies is a contextual approach to the study of culture in a global and intercultural context. It works with a plurality of methods and approaches. The theoretical and methodological framework of comparative cultural studies is built on tenets borrowed from the discipline of comparative literature, the field of cultural studies, and from a range of thought traditions including literary and culture theory, (radical) constructivism, com- munication theories, and systems theories. In comparative cultural studies the focus is on theory and method as well as application. The monograph series of Books in Comparative Cultural Studies publishes single-authored and thematic collected volumes of new scholar- ship. Manuscripts of books are invited for publication in the series in fields of the study of culture, literature, the arts, media studies, communication studies, the history of ideas, and related disciplines of the humanities and social sciences to the series editor in a word attach- ment via email at <[email protected]>. The series is affiliated with CLCWeb: Compara- tive Literature and Culture (ISSN 1481-4374), the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access quarterly published by Purdue University Press at <http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb>. Volumes in the Purdue series of Books in Comparative Cultural Studies include <http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies> James Patrick Wilper, Reconsidering the Emergence of the Gay Novel in English and German Li Guo, Women’s Tanci Fiction in Late Imperial and Early Twentieth-Century China Arianna Dagnino, Transcultural Writers and Novels in the Age of Global Mobility Elke Sturm-Trigonakis, Comparative Cultural Studies and the New Weltliteratur Lauren Rule Maxwell, Romantic Revisions in Novels from the Americas Liisa Steinby, Kundera and Modernity Text and Image in Modern European Culture, Ed. Natasha Grigorian, Thomas Baldwin, and Margaret Rigaud-Drayton Sheng-mei Ma, Asian Diaspora and East-West Modernity Irene Marques, Transnational Discourses on Class, Gender, and Cultural Identity Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies, Ed. Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek and Louise O. Vasvári Hui Zou, A Jesuit Garden in Beijing and Early Modern Chinese Culture Yi Zheng, From Burke and Wordsworth to the Modern Sublime in Chinese Literature Agata Anna Lisiak, Urban Cultures in (Post)Colonial Central Europe Representing Humanity in an Age of Terror, Ed. Sophia A. McClennen and Henry James Morello Michael Goddard, Gombrowicz, Polish Modernism, and the Subversion of Form Shakespeare in Hollywood, Asia, and Cyberspace, Ed. Alexander C.Y. Huang and Charles S. Ross Gustav Shpet’s Contribution to Philosophy and Cultural Theory, Ed. Galin Tihanov Comparative Central European Holocaust Studies, Ed. Louise O. Vasvári and Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek Marko Juvan, History and Poetics of Intertextuality Thomas O. Beebee, Nation and Region in Modern American and European Fiction Paolo Bartoloni, On the Cultures of Exile, Translation, and Writing Justyna Sempruch, Fantasies of Gender and the Witch in Feminist Theory and Literature Kimberly Chabot Davis, Postmodern Texts and Emotional Audiences Philippe Codde, The Jewish American Novel Deborah Streifford Reisinger, Crime and Media in Contemporary France Reconsidering the Emergence of the Gay Novel in English and German James Patrick Wilper Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2016 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file at the Library of Congress. Print ISBN: 978-1-55753-731-7 ePDF ISBN: 978-1-61249-417-3 ePUB ISBN: 978-1-61249-421-0 Cover image: Punch’s Fancy Portraits, No. 37. By Edward Linley Sambourne. Punch Magazine, 1881. Via Thinkstock, by Getty Images. To Benjamin Contents Acknowledgments ix Note on Translations xi Introduction 1 Part 1: Religion and Law Chapter 1 Sin and Crime 15 Part 2: Greek Love Chapter 2 Transcending Greek Love 51 Chapter 3 The "Manly love of comrades" 71 Part 3: Science and Sex Chapter 4 The Highest Being Drawn Down into Decadence 91 Chapter 5 Health, Masculinity, and the Third Sex 115 Part 4: Wild about Oscar Wilde? Chapter 6 A Tough Act to Follow: Homosexuality in Fiction after Oscar Wilde 137 Chapter 7 Das Bildnis des Oskar Wilde 153 Afterword 171 Works Cited 177 Index 199 Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the debt I owe to Heike Bauer and Joanne Leal, for their guidance and encouragement, as well as that I owe to Robert Gillet and Gregory Woods, whose input was essential to bringing this project to fruition. I would like to thank my partner, Benjamin Nikolay, for his unending support (financial and otherwise) and unfailing patience. And, last but by no means least, I want to express my gratitude to Purdue Uni- versity Press and the entire editorial team for enabling me to make this contribution to the scholarly discourse, and special thanks to the Comparative Cultural Studies Series Editor Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek and to Production Editor Dianna Gilroy for their assistance and suggestions. ix Note on Translations I have used published translations of German texts when possible; when no such translation exists, translations are my own. xi Introduction Responding to a question about "the Love that dare not speak its name" while on trial in April 1895, Oscar Wilde defended same-sex passions from the witness box, citing Lord Alfred Douglas's poem "Two Loves" (1894) (Douglas 297). Although this love might not have dared to speak its name in the face of pervasive social and legal condemnation, it was not for lack of options. Rather, in Wilde's time and in the decades following, names for same-sex love abounded. As scholars and historians of sexuality and homosexuality have shown, the nineteenth century saw the emergence of competing taxonomical and conceptual structures for same-sex desire and sexu- ality. Concerning the subject of homosexuality, nowhere were the discursive links stronger than between the German- and English-speaking worlds, which took the form of renewed interest in Western traditions of Greek love, the influence of Ger- man sexological research into homosexuality on English sexual-reform efforts, and the impact of Oscar Wilde's trials and conviction for acts of "gross indecency" (i.e., sex acts) with other men upon German writers and homosexual subcultures. This dynamic discursive environment provides the backdrop to the first novels explicitly dealing with love and desire between men. This study reconsiders the "gay" or homosexual novel in German and Eng- lish. As Gregory Woods writes, "towards the end of the nineteenth century, at very roughly the same time that the existence of 'the homosexual' as a distinct type of individual was being definitely established, the novel started to take over from po- etry as the best place in which accessibly to express the quotidian realities of homo- sexual lives" (A History of Gay Literature 136). This shift from poetry to the novel, Woods suggests, was part of larger social and cultural trends and the development of the novel as an art form and as "the pre-eminent 'social' literary medium of the bourgeois-capitalist era" (136). Late nineteenth-century sexological investigation into same-sex sexuality might have played a role. Harry Oosterhuis posits that the self-narration undertaken by homosexual men and women for sexologists, such as the Austrian psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing, utilized the literary genre of the autobiography: "Krafft-Ebing's case histories can be viewed as a specific version of the modern (auto)biographical genre as it originated in the eighteenth century and came to full development in the nineteenth century" (Stepchildren of Nature 216). 1 2 Introduction It is possible that these nonfictional narratives of gay lives led to fictional ones. Al- though this would be an interesting question, it is not the aim of this study, though, to offer an answer as to why this move from poetry to the novel took place, but rather to explore the themes common to these works. Claude Summers defines gay fiction as "the fictional representation of male homosexuals by gay male and lesbian writers; the evolution of conceptions about homosexual identity; and the construction, perpetuation, revision, and deconstruc- tion of fictions (including stereotypes and defamations) about homosexuality and homosexuals" (Gay Fictions 11). Summers gave this definition in 1990, and yet, for the purposes of this study, it still has mileage. Of course, here I limit it to the novel— and for that matter so does Summers, who discusses mostly novels and a few short stories. Hence, I use a broad definition of the gay novel: it is the genre composed of novels in which men who recognized their same-sex desire (regardless of whether they would ascribe to this or a similar term) gave voice to that desire. It explores the development of identities based on same-sex desire, which have fed into modern gay identities, and it is particularly poised to challenge stereotypes and (mis)conceptions about homosexuals.
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