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November 2001 Delivery System for Subsequent Radio in This Issue the Feasibility of Collaring Caprinae Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group November 2001 delivery system for subsequent radio In this issue The feasibility of collaring. Radio telemetry is arguably the best method for collecting the kinds of Editorial ...............…….......... 1 immobilizing & radio- detailed ecological data on argali that we Immobilizing Argali…........... 1 collaring free-ranging require. Research Report Argali Sheep (Ovis ammon) Ecotoursim and Nubian Ibex ….. 3 in Mongolia Study Site Our work was conducted in Ikh Nartiin Argali in Tadjikistan ................ 4 Chuluun Nature Reserve (Ikh Nart) in Argali in the Tien Shan........... 5 Introduction November of 2000. Ikh Nart was Abstracts .............................. 6 Argali (Ovis ammon) inhabit the established in 1996 to protect 43,740 ha of Conservation News mountains, inter-mountain valleys, rolling open valleys and large maze-like rocky hills, and rocky outcrops of Mongolia Urial & pet trade ...................…. 7 outcroppings in northwestern Dornogobi (Amgalanbaatar and Reading 2000). Little Aimag (Myagmarsuren 2000). The region Recent Publications …......... 8 is known about any of the aspects of the is a high upland (~1,200 m) covered by Mountain ungulate conference.... 9 life of this giant sheep, as few studies semi-arid steppe vegetation. Permanent have been conducted (Sukhbat 1978, cold-water springs are available in some Editorial Amgalanbaatar 1993, Luschekina 1994, of the several shallow valleys draining the Mallon et al. 1997, Reading et al. 1997). reserve. Climate is strongly continental This might be considered an “Argali There are mounting pressures on wildlife and arid, characterised by cold winters (to Issue”, with 4 reports on these wild sheep; in Mongolia from natural resources -40 °C), dry, windy springs, and relatively one on capturing and collaring argali in extraction, unmanaged hunting, poaching, wet, hot summers (to 35 °C). Precipitation Mongolia, two on the status of various and incursions into habitat from rapidly is low and seasonal, with most falling in subspecies in some of the Central Asian increasing livestock herds (Mallon et al. the summer. The flora and fauna are states, and a Ph.D. abstract on argali 1997, Reading et al. 1998, 1999). As a representative of the semi-arid regions of genetics and conservation. result, argali populations are declining Central Asia, with a mix of desert and rd The second notice for the 3 World throughout Mongolia, but especially in the steppe species referred to as the Mandal Conference on Mountain Ungulates to be western Altai Mountains (Shiirevdamba et Gobi by Gunin et al. (1999). held in June 2002, in Spain, is attached, al. 1997). Currently, argali are listed as a threatened species by the Mongolian and and includes an application form. Details Methods U.S. governments, as well as by the about the conference can also be found on Our field project group consisted of two World Conservation Union (IUCN) the CSG website Americans (biologist and veterinarian) (Nowak 1993, Baillie and Groombridge Notice: This will be the last newsletter from the Denver Zoological Foundation 1996, Shiirevdamba et al. 1997). of 2001. I have only 1 new article for next and six Mongolian scientists (biologists, Studies of argali life history, habitat year (on Simen National park - home of botanists, and driver) from the Argali utilization, movement patterns, population Walie ibex), so this will be the last for Wildlife Research Center, the Mongolian ecology, and feeding are required for some time. If you wish to keep the Academy of Sciences, and the Mongolian Mongolia to develop sound conservation newsletter please 1) send articles for National University. We lacked access to management programs for argali. consideration and 2) send citation details helicopters or net guns, and baiting had However, argali are a shy, elusive, and on recent publications on Caprinae. This not been successful with this species, so cursorial sheep that have never been way, we keep the newsletter alive, and we elected to use dart guns and stalking successfully immobilized in the wild for help members without ready access to by foot. We selected a remote delivery radio-collaring. We undertook this project library facilities with international system developed by Pneu-Dart® Inc. for in an attempt to address this problem by journals. the project. We used a model 193SS rifle evaluating the feasibility of safely David Shackleton and a 2 ml .50 calibre type C dart with a capturing argali sheep with a remote Editor 1½ inch gelatine collared needle. The rifle 1 uses a .22 calibre brass power load to fire period for argali, so rams had herded determined by the jell-like state of her the dart from the rifle. The power loads ewes into large groups. bone marrow and lack of body fat. Dozens come in different strengths. The dart We spotted potential targets from a of other argali (N=25), primarily older contains a charge in the tailpiece that distance with binoculars and spotting rams (N=17) and young animals (N=6) explodes upon impact, driving the plunger scopes. We used a range finder to were also found dead of starvation on the forward and discharging the drug into determine our distance from potential study site during the next few months, as muscle. targets to facilitate estimating the required were several ibex (N=6; Capra sibirica), Anaesthetic darts and reversals were delivery strength. Two team members Mongolian gazelle (N=9; Procapra prepared in advance for an average sized would stalk the animals, while others gutturosa), goitered gazelle (N=1; Gazella female sheep. For anaesthesia we used a functioned as observers from good subgutturosa), and livestock (N=74) . mixture of 4 mg of the opioid carfentanil vantage points. The second stalker helped Mongolia experienced the worst winter in citrate (Wildnil™, Wildlife carry equipment and could get to an decades, with extremely cold temperatures Pharmaceuticals Inc.), 50 mg of the α-2 immobilized animal quickly to facilitate (to –50º C) and relatively heavy snow. In adrenergic agonist xylazine (Cervizine™, rapid processing. The observers watched addition, “dzud” conditions prevailed over Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Inc.), and 100 the stalk, communicating by radio, to much of the country, including the study mg of the dissociative anaesthetic provide directions and were in vantage site. A dzud occurs when autumn snow ketamine (lyophilized by a compounding points to better follow darted animals. partially melts and then freezes, forming a pharmacist and reconstituted at 200 This was important, as we were concerned thick ice coating over the vegetation of an mg/ml). that a successfully darted ewe could area, preventing foraging by ungulates. The darted argali was repositioned from disappear into the rocks and valleys, lateral recumbency to sternal recumbency preventing us from locating her; which Discussion as soon as possible to avoid bloating and could be fatal. This project demonstrated that it is respiratory compromise. We also applied possible to safely dart and immobilize a a hood to cover the eyes. We administered Results free-ranging argali sheep with the 100 mg doxapram hydrochloride We stalked several argali and fired 4 equipment we employed. A better time to (Dopram®V) intravenously (i.v.) to shots before hitting an animal. Initially we dart argali may be late summer through stimulate cardiovascular and respiratory used a scope on the rifle sighted in at 50 early fall; after the heat of mid-summer, systems. The carfentanil was reversed meters, but after the 4 missed shots we but before the rut while the sheep are still approximately 30 minutes following determined that targeting with the scope dispersed into smaller groups of two to immobilization with 100 mg of naltrexone was too difficult to adjust for distances three animals and are still in prime hydrochloride administered i.v. and 400 varying from 20 to 75 meters. After condition. In November, group sizes were mg administered intramuscularly removing the scope we were immediately as large as 72 sheep, increasing the (Trexonil™, Wildlife Pharmaceuticals successful using an open sight. We darted difficulty of stalking. In addition, warmer Inc.), and the xylazine was reversed with an approximately 45 kg female yearling (~ temperatures would allow darts to be 15 mg of yohimbine hydrochloride 18-month-old) argali from a distance of stored in the rifle, reducing the time it administered i.v. (Antagonil™, Wildlife 28 meters. The dart struck the animal in takes to prepare for shooting. On at least 3 Pharmaceuticals Inc.). The recommended the muscles of the caudal-lateral right occasions we lost possible darting dose of naltrexone is 100 mg per 1 mg of thigh. The sheep travelled approximately opportunities when sheep moved slowly carfentanil. We opted to give an additional 250 meters in about 5 minutes, stopping out of range as we removed darts from the 100 mg naltrexone to minimize the often to look back, before she was fully cooler and loaded them into the gun. In possibility of re-narcotization later. It is immobilized. We radio collared the sheep addition, we often “jumped” animals at recommended to give yohimbine at a rate with a traditional transmitter. close range that we had not observed of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. Since we did Simultaneously, we collected biological earlier. On 2 or 3 instances these animals not know in advance the size of the sheep samples (blood, hair, and faeces) and a stopped for a few seconds after running we would immobilize, we prepared for an number of body measurements. The entire only 30± meters. A loaded rifle may have animal that might weigh as much as 136 process took approximately 30 minutes. permitted us to get a shot off. kg. The sheep was successfully reversed Despite our difficulties, we were able to The feasibility study was conducted in within about 1-2 minutes. The argali approach to within about 25 meters of the early part of November, 2000.
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