Volker 2010 Phd Deciding ... Uality.Pdf

Leentje Volker In the past few years the image of tender procedures in Deciding which Dutch public clients selected an architect has been dominated by distressing newspaper headlines. Architects fear that the current tender culture will harm the quality of about Design Quality our built environment due to a potential lack of diversity, Value judgements and decision making in the creativity and innovation in architectural design. Due to potential risks clients often allow legal requirements to selection of architects by public clients under overrule their actual wishes. This PhD research addresses the origin of the problems as currently experienced by public European tendering regulations commissioning clients in architect selection and proposes Deciding about Design Quality pragmatic implications for future practice. It is therefore of interest for commissioning clients, management consultants, policy makers and legal advisors but also for designers and researchers in the field of architecture and decision making. Based on four empirical cases the author shows that during architect selection the rational legal requirements clash with the psychological process of decision making. Decision makers only start to make sense of the proposed designs once they are confronted with the alternatives. It is therefore about Design Quality almost impossible for clients to design a selection procedure and announce the criteria and weighting factors up front, as required by procurement law. The scientific underpinning of the findings is found in four theoretical perspectives on value judgements in design and the latest decision theories in which sensemaking, emotion, intuition, and expertise play prominent roles. The thesis proposes fifteen factors for a successful design of a tender procedure to select an architect. It also offers recommendations for change of the current Dutch practice. Deciding Sidestone ISBN 978-90-8890-053-2 Sidestone Press ISBN: 978-90-8890-053-2 Bestelnummer: SSP58000001 Leentje Volker 693118694 9 789088 900532 Deciding about Design Quality Sidestone Press Deciding about Design Quality Value judgements and decision making in the selection of architects by public clients under European tendering regulations PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft op gezag van de Rector Magniﬁcus prof. ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 24 augustus om 12:30 uur door Leentje VOLKER Techniek en Maatschappij ingenieur geboren te Arnhem. Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren: Prof.ir. H. de Jonge Prof.dr. K. Lauche Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magniﬁcus, voorzitter Prof.ir. H. de Jonge, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Prof.dr. K. Lauche, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Prof.mr.dr. M.A.B. Chao-Duivis, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof.dr. A.R.J. Dainty, Loughborough University Dr. J.L. Heintz, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof.dr. H.A. Mieg, Humboldt Universität Berlin Prof.ir. W. Patijn, Technische Universiteit Delft © 2010 Leentje Volker Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com Sidestone registration number: SSP58000001 ISBN 978-90-8890-053-2 Photographs cover: Louvre Pyramid, Paris Cover design: K. Wentink, Sidestone Press Lay-out: P.C. van Woerdekom, Sidestone Press Full page illustrations: Henk Dekker 1) The Rock (2009), Amsterdam - Erick van Egeraat; 2) Addition Jewish Museum (1999), Berlin - Daniel Libeskind; 3) Tate Modern (1947, 1963, 2000), London - Sir Gilles Gilbert Scott, Herzog & de Meuron (conversion to museum); 4) ING Group Headquarters (2002), Amsterdam - Meyer & Van Schooten; 5) City Hall and Central Library (1995), The Hague - Richard Meier; 6) Reichstag building (1894, 1990), Berlin - Paul Wallot, Sir Norman Foster (addition & reconstruction); 7) Stadsschouwburg (1918, 2008), Haarlem - J.A.G. van der Steur, Erick van Egeraat (addition & renovation); 8) Louvre Pyramid (1989), Paris - I.M. Pei; 9) Te Papa Tongarewa (1998), Wellington - Jasmax Architects. Contents Preface XI 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The selection of architects 1 1.2 Research focus 3 1.3 Knowledge gaps and scientific challenges 5 1.4 Research questions 9 1.5 Research approach 10 1.6 Audience 11 1.7 Outline of the thesis 12 2 Assessing quality and value in design 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Quality in the built environment (architectural design approach) 15 2.2.1 Interpretation of architectural design quality 16 2.2.2 Assessment of design quality 19 2.3 Design perception and affect (cognitive approach) 22 2.3.1 Characteristics of the design perception 23 2.3.2 Implications for design of the built environment 25 2.4 Product experience and emotion (interaction approach) 26 2.4.1 Origin of product experience 27 2.4.2 Implications for architectural design 28 2.5 Value systems in design (process approach) 30 2.5.1 The concept of value 30 2.5.2 Applications in design and construction 33 2.6 Integration and implications 34 3 Judgement and decision making 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Three generations of decision theory 42 3.2.1 Early models of decision theory 42 3.2.2 First generation of decision theories 44 3.2.3 Second generation of decision theories 46 3.3 Rationality versus intuition 50 3.3.1 Towards a definition of intuition 50 3.3.2 Factors of influence on the use of intuition 52 3.4 Individual decision making in organisations 53 3.4.1 Cognitive processes 53 3.4.2 Sensemaking 56 3.4.3 Factors of influence on cognitive processes 58 3.4.4 Affect, mood and emotion 60 3.5 Decision making in groups 62 3.5.1 Cognitive and social processes 62 3.5.2 Effects of group decision making 63 3.5.3 Expert teams 66 3.6 Conclusion 67 4 The context of architect selections 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 The political context 71 4.2.1 Decision structure of public commissioning bodies 72 Box 1: Public administration in the Netherlands 74 4.2.2 Participation and stakeholder involvement 76 4.3 The context of design and construction 78 4.3.1 The concept of design competitions 78 4.3.2 Partner selection in construction 84 4.4 The legal context 86 4.4.1 EU Procurement law 86 4.4.2 The Dutch interpretation of procurement law 91 4.5 The economical context 94 4.5.1 Dutch market potential 95 4.5.2 Tenders for architect selection in the Netherlands 96 4.6 Current practice in the Netherlands 100 4.6.1 Perceptions and expectations 100 4.6.2 Models and guidelines 104 4.7 Conclusion 107 5 Theoretical framework 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Proposed success factors for a tender design 112 5.2.1 Reading the decision task 112 5.2.2 Searching for a match between aims, ambitions, needs, and opportunities 117 5.2.3 Writing the decision process 120 5.2.4 Aggregating different kinds of value judgements 125 5.2.5 Justifying against different rationalities 130 5.3 Research design 133 6 Three empirical tender cases – cross case analysis 139 6.1 Introduction and research questions 139 6.2 Research methodology 139 6.3 Framework for data analysis 141 6.4 Case descriptions 142 6.4.1 A pragmatic process: A School with Sports facility 142 6.4.2 A democratic process: A City Hall with Library 145 6.4.3 A political process: A Provincial Government Office 149 6.5 Findings about actors 151 6.5.1 Steering committee 152 6.5.2 Project team 153 6.5.3 Jury panel 154 6.6 Findings about project characteristics 155 6.6.1 Project characteristics 155 6.6.2 Client governance 156 6.6.3 Social context of stakeholders 158 6.6.4 Project management 160 6.7 Findings about the tender design 161 6.7.1 Tender brief 162 6.7.2 Process procedure 167 6.7.3 Stakeholder involvement 176 6.7.4 Process of decision making 182 6.8 Reflection 192 7 Process design - a competition case and validation 195 7.1 Introduction and research questions 195 7.2 Research methodology 195 7.3 Case characteristics 198 7.3.1 Description of the context 198 7.3.2 Description of actors 200 7.3.3 Case description 201 7.4 Competition design 206 7.4.1 Competition brief 206 7.4.2 Process procedure 211 7.4.3 Stakeholder involvement 220 7.4.4 Decision procedure 224 7.5 Discussion 238 7.5.1 Case reflection 238 7.5.2 Findings in the context of procurement law 240 7.6 Validation of findings 241 8 Conclusion, recommendations and reflection 247 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 Conclusion 247 8.2.1 Five sensemaking processes contributing to an interplay of rationalities 247 8.2.2 Reading the decision task 250 8.2.3 Searching for a match between aims, ambitions, needs and opportunities 253 8.2.4 Writing the decision process 255 8.2.5 Aggregating different kinds of value judgements 260 8.2.6 Justifying against different rationalities 263 8.3 Recommendations 265 8.3.1 Recommendations for the design of a tender 266 8.3.2 Suggestion for change in Dutch tender practice 268 8.4 Reflection on the research approach 270 8.4.1 Research tradition 270 8.4.2 Research methods 270 8.4.3 Case selection 271 8.4.4 Generalisation of the results 272 8.4.5 Scientific relevance 273 8.5 Future research 275 References 281 Publications related to this research 305 Summary 307 Samenvatting 313 Acknowledgements 321 Curriculum Vitae 323 Preface “If you please--draw me a sheep!” […. ] So then I made a drawing. […] My friend smiled gently and indulgently. “You see yourself,” he said, “that this is not a sheep. This is a ram.

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