LA VIE POLITIQUE EN IRAN DURANT LA 1Ère MOITIE DU Xxème SIECLE

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LA VIE POLITIQUE EN IRAN DURANT LA 1Ère MOITIE DU Xxème SIECLE LA VIE POLITIQUE EN IRAN DURANT LA 1ère MOITIE DU XXème SIECLE Encyclopedie Sociale Abbassi Edition ACAFI Volume 50 1 TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION 1ère PARTIE : LA PREMIERE EPOQUE DE LA PENSEE REVOLUTIONNAIRE EN IRAN (1905-1940) Chapitre premier : La révolution constitutionnelle I – L’ère de l’abandon 1 – Le règne de NASSER OD DINE SCHAH 2 – Le règne de MOZAFFAR OD DINE SCHAH II – La révolution russe de 1905 et la révolution persane 1 – La révolution russe de 1905 2 – La révolution persane 3 – La fin de la monarchie absolutiste Chapitre deuxième : L’organisation politique de la Perse et le Madjlesse I – Le deuxième Madjlesse 1 – Les groupes politiques 2 – Les actions du deuxième Madjlesse II – L’occupation anglo russe et la première guerre mondiale 1 – L’influence anglo-russe 2 – La première guerre mondiale 3 – L’Iran et la Révolution de 1917 4 – La situation politique entre 1917 et 1920 Chapitre troisième : La république du Guilan et le soulèvement en Azerbaïdjan I – Le soulèvement de KHIABANI en Azerbaïdjan 1 – Les origines du mouvement 2 – Le manifeste de Tabriz 3 – Quand l’Azerbaïdjan devient Azadistan 4 – La poursuite de la rébellion 5 – Les influences étrangères et le mouvement de Tabriz 6 – Victoire et chute des démocrates de Tabriz 7 - Epilogue II – La république de Guilan 1 – Le mouvement Jangali 2 – La république et le « front uni ». 3 – Le congrès du Parti Communiste Perse 4 – Le pouvoir communiste au Guilan 5 – Le congrès des « peuples de l’Orient » 2 6 – La fin de la République du Guilan 7 – Le traité du 26 février 1921 8 – Epilogue II ème PARTIE : LA CHUTE DE LA DYNASTIE DES GHADJARS ET LE REGNE DE REZA SCHAH (1921 – 1941) Chapitre premier : La chute de la dynastie des Ghadjars et l’avènement des Pahlavi I – Le coup d’état de REZA KHAN 1 – Les britanniques et les changements politiques 2 – Les hommes nouveaux 3 – Le coup d’état 4 – Le gouvernement TABATABAI II – La destitution des Ghadjars 1 – La vie politique après Tabatabai 2 – L’avènement des Pahlavi Chapitre deuxième : Les changements économiques et sociaux I – La modernisation de l’Economie 1 – La réforme des finances 2 – La réforme de l’agriculture 3 – La réforme de l’industrie 4 – La réforme du commerce extérieur 5 – La modernisation des moyens de communication 6 – La modernisation des villes 11- Les changements sociaux 1 – Les réformes pour l’hygiène et la santé publiques 2 – La réforme du système éducatif 111- Les réformes de l’administration, de la justice et des armées 1 – La réforme administrative 2 – La réforme du système juridique 3 – L’unification de l’Armée Chapitre troisième : La vie politique et le déclin de l’activité Communiste I – Considérations générales sur le règne de REZA SCHAH 1 – Une dictature 2 – Le pouvoir personnel 3 – En guise de bilan II – Le parti communiste persan (P.C.P.) 1 – La doctrine du Communisme international sous le règne de REZA SCHAH 2 – Le déclin du Parti Communiste Persan 3 3 – Le deuxième congrès du Parti Communiste Persan 4 – Les derniers jours du Parti Communiste Persan III – Le cercle marxiste du docteur ERANI 1 – Le renouveau du communisme en Iran 2 – La naissance du parti TOUDEH III ème PARTIE : LA RESTAURATION DE LA DEMOCRATIE ET LA POLITIQUE NATIONALISTE (1941-1953) Chapitre premier : L’avènement de Mohammed REZA SCHAH PAHLAVI I – Mohammed REZA SCHAH PAHLAVI et la démocratie 1 – La libération du régime 2 – La nouvelle politique étrangère 3 – Le 13ème madjlesse II – La politique du pays 1 – La situation en 1941 2 – Les partis politiques 3 – Les relations entre le madjlesse et les gouvernements Chapitre deuxième : Les partis politiques et la crise du pétrole I – Le parti TOUDEH 1 – Rappel sur la situation socio-politique en 1941 2 – L’organisation du parti TOUDEH 3 – La lutte contre le fascisme 4 – La La réorganisations des syndicats 5 – La première conférence provinciale 6 – Le rayonnement du Parti TOUDEH 7 – Le front des libertés 8 – Les élections au quatorzième Madjlesse 9 – Le premier congrès du parti Toudeh 10 – Le parti Toudeh et le Madjlesse 11 – Le parti ERADEH-MELLI 1- Les origines du parti ERADEH MELLI 2- L’organisation du parti Eradeh-melli 3- Les démarches du parti Eradeh-Melli 4- Le programme du Parti Eradeh-Melli 5- La fin du parti Eradeh-Melli III – La crise du Pétrole 1 – Les concessions demandées par les Occidentaux 2 – Les concessions demandées par les Soviétiques 3 – La campagne de presse soviétique ; l’action Toudeh 4 4 – Le gouvernement Bayat et le Toudeh 5 – Les explications du parti Toudeh Chapitre troisième : Les mouvements autonomistes du Kurdistan et d’Azerbaïdjan I – L’affaire d’Azerbaïdjan 1 – Le parti démocrate d’Azarbaïdjan 2 – Les institutions de la république autonome d’Azerbaïdjan 3 – L’affaire d’Azarbaïdjan et le madjlesse d’Iran II- Les évènements du Kurdistan 1 – Le contexte politique et le « Kumleh » 2 – Le parti démocrate du Kurdistan 3 – Le premier gouvernement autonome du Kurdistan III – Le dénouement de la crise 1 – La recommandation du Conseil de sécurité 2 – Le premier gouver,nement GHAVAM 3 – L’accord du 13 juin 1946 4 – L’entrée des leaders du Toudeh dans le gouvernement 5 – Les explications du parti Toudeh Chapitre quatrième : la guerre du pétrole et l’apparition d’un Nouvelle ère dans l’histoire de l’Iran I – La naissance du front national 1 – La vie politique sous le 15ème Madjlesse 2 – Le Front national et les autres partis 3 – La volonté de réforme du Schah 4 – Le gouvernement Ali RAZMARA II – La planification de l’économie et le temps des nationalisations 1 – L’appel de Mossadegh 2 – La renaissance du parti Toudeh 3 – La crise pétrolière III – Le coup d’Etat, puis la chute de Mossadegh 1 – Le coup d’état 2 – La chute de Mossadegh Conclusion 5 LA VIE POLITIQUE EN IRAN DURANT LA PREMIERE MOITIE DU XX SIECLE 6 INTRODUCTION 7 Il est assez paradoxal de constater combien les facteurs qui ont régi la vie politique et sociale en Iran au cours de la première moitié du présent siècle se sont affirmés selon une permanence que l’on retrouve, pour certains à des degrés moindres encore aujourd’hui. D’ordre physique, économique, religieux ou social, ces facteurs ont été à l’origine de tous les bouleversements internes et de tous les conflits internationaux dans lesquels l’Iran était parti prenante. Les facteurs d’ordre physique ou géopolitique résultent des frontières même du pays. Bordé au Nord par L’U.R.S.S. et à l’est par les Indes, l’Iran n’a pu que subir les affrontements russo-britanniques qui visaient pour les britanniques à couper aux russes la route des Indes et pour les Russes, à maintenir une séparation avec les anglais. Cette rivalité aboutit à un partage de l’Iran en zones d’influence, zones d’où furent extraites durant des décennies et à peu de frais, les richesses naturelles du pays. Cette entreprise de pillage systématique se déroula bien souvent avec l’accord des gouvernements successifs et est à l’origine des facteurs économiques. Le pillage ainsi réalisé priva le pays des ressources élémentaires indispensables à son développement, l’abandonnant de ce fait, dans une prédominance agricole archaïque peuplée dans sa majeure partie d’analphabètes. Le paysage socio-économique était enfin quadrillé par une classe dirigeante puissante constituée de gros propriétaires fonciers et de marchand régnant en véritables féodaux sur le peuple de paysans laborieux. 8 Ajoutons à ces nombreux facteurs l’emprise considérable dont disposait ou dispose encore sur l’ensemble des activités du pays le monde religieux. Tout ne fut pas changé par REZA SCHAH qui marqua pourtant profondément de son empreinte les vingt années de sa vie consacrées à la tête de l’Iran. Avec lui naquirent l’industrialisation et l’organisation administrative du pays ; l’armée fut unifiée et le système éducatif repensé ; des routes et des voies ferrées furent construites et les femmes libérées de leur voile…. La seconde guerre mondiale vint mettre fin à cette vaste entreprise de rénovation, l’Iran de par sa position géographique et le sous-équipement de son armée devenant la proie des exigences stratégiques du conflit. Avec l’avènement de MOHAMMAD REZA SCHAH s’annonça une ère résolument tournée vers le monde moderne où humanisme, développement et progrès social définissaient la Révolution à faire. Le nouveau SCHAH, peu expérimenté au départ, dut se débattre au milieu de la classe politique désormais organisée en « partis », le plus important étant le TOUDEH dont l’appartenance au bloc communiste n’était un secret pour personne. Les divers événements qui ont constitué l’histoire de l’Iran au cours de la première moitié de ce siècle ont été longuement évoqués dans cette étude. La méthode d’analyse utilisée est chronologique ; nous avons associé les divers schahs à l’actualité historique, insistant sur tel ou tel moment fondamental pour l’évolution du pays. C’est ainsi qu’une part importante de notre travail est consacrée à 9 l’évolution de la pensée révolutionnaire dont le rôle a été très souvent déterminant du fait du voisinage soviétique. La démarche qui a dominé notre étude résulte de trois questions que nous nous sommes dès le départ posées. Tout d’abord, quelles ont été les conditions qu’ont permis à des provinces iraniennes de se transformer à deux reprises en Républiques soviétiques (Azerbaïdjan et Guilan, puis Azerbaïdjan et Kurdistan) ? Cette question suppose une deuxième question, à savoir, comment se fait-il qu’un pays, tel que défini ci-dessus, a pu résister aux assauts des communistes voisins ? Au-delà de ces questions sur les conditions d’établissement de la pensée et de l’organisation communiste, il convenait de se demander dans quelles mesures les religions, les traditions et les coutumes peuvent constituer un moyen d’assurer le nationalisme ou un rempart devant les nouvelles idéologies ? C’est ce que nous nous sommes proposé.
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