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Functional Interactomes of the Ebola Virus Polymerase Identified by Proximity Proteomics 2 in the Context of Viral Replication

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Functional Interactomes of the Ebola Virus Polymerase Identified by Proximity Proteomics 2 in the Context of Viral Replication bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.20.453153; this version posted July 21, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Functional interactomes of the Ebola virus polymerase identified by proximity proteomics 2 in the context of viral replication 3 Jingru Fang1,2, Colette Pietzsch3,4, George Tsaprailis5, Gogce Crynen6, Kelvin Frank Cho7, Alice 4 Y. Ting8,9, Alexander Bukreyev3,4,10*, Juan Carlos de la Torre2*, Erica Ollmann Saphire1* 5 1La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037 6 2Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla CA 92037 7 3Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550 8 4Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550 9 5Proteomics Core, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458 10 6Bioinformatics and Statistics Core, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458 11 7Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 12 8Department of Genetics, Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Stanford 13 University, Stanford, CA 94305 14 9Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158 15 10 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 16 TX 77550 17 Correspondence: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 18 Lead contact: [email protected] 19 SUMMARY 20 Ebola virus (EBOV) critically depends on the viral polymerase to replicate and transcribe the viral 21 RNA genome. To examine whether interactions between EBOV polymerase and cellular and viral 22 factors affect distinct viral RNA synthesis events, we applied proximity proteomics to define the 23 cellular interactome of EBOV polymerase, under conditions that recapitulate viral transcription and 24 replication. We engineered EBOV polymerase tagged with the split-biotin ligase split-TurboID, 25 which successfully biotinylated the proximal proteome while retaining polymerase activity. We 26 further analyzed the interactomes in an siRNA-based, functional screen and uncovered 35 host 27 factors, which, when depleted, affect EBOV infection. We validated one host factor, eukaryotic 28 peptide chain release factor subunit 3a (eRF3a/GSPT1), which we show physically and functionally 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.20.453153; this version posted July 21, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 29 associates with EBOV polymerase to facilitate viral transcription termination. Our work 30 demonstrates the utility of proximity proteomics to capture the functional host-interactome of the 31 EBOV polymerase and to illuminate host-dependent regulations of viral RNA synthesis. 32 33 INTRODUCTION 34 Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the Filoviridae family in the order of Mononegavirales. 35 Several ebolaviruses cause sporadic outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever disease that are 36 unpredictable in timing and location and are associated with high mortality. The 2013-2016 37 epidemic emerged far from the location of any previously known EBOV outbreak, entered urban 38 populations, and caused over 11,000 deaths. EBOV re-emerged in 2018 and again in 2020 and 39 2021 (WHO). Survivors of EBOV infections can experience long-term sequelae (Adekanmbi et al., 40 2021; Eghrari et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2019), and may harbor virus in immune-privileged sites, posing 41 a risk of transmitting the virus months to years after recovery. Inmazeb, an EBOV-specific 42 monoclonal antibody cocktail, is currently the only FDA-approved treatment for people infected with 43 EBOV. There are no small molecule therapies to combat EBOV infections. Small molecule 44 antivirals have fewer obstacles associated with cost and delivery and can suppress viral replication 45 in immune-privileged sites. 46 The EBOV genome is a single-stranded, negative-sense, multicistronic RNA molecule that 47 encodes 7 viral genes. The largest gene, L, is the catalytic subunit of the EBOV viral RNA- 48 dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is essential for replication and expression of the viral 49 RNA genome. L and the viral polymerase cofactor VP35 together form the functional polymerase 50 that acts on the EBOV genome. The viral RNA genome (vRNA) is coated by the viral nucleoprotein 51 (NP), and in concert with the associated RdRp, form the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP). 52 Following cell entry, EBOV delivers its vRNP into the host cell cytoplasm where viral replication 53 and transcription take place. Transcription of vRNA by the EBOV polymerase initiates at a single 54 promoter located at the 3'-end of the genome, and discontinuously proceeds through the 55 multicistronic viral genome, stopping at each gene end (GE) signal, which are conserved across all 56 gene borders. At each GE, EBOV polymerase can either reinitiate transcription at the adjacent 57 gene start (GS) signal of the downstream gene, or dissociate and return to the same 3' viral 58 promoter element to initiate a new round of transcription. Thus, EBOV polymerase synthesizes 59 mostly monocistronic viral mRNAs that are present in a progressively decreasing amounts relative 60 to the distance from the promoter due to the transcription attenuation at each gene border. The 61 resulting viral mRNAs can then be translated into viral proteins and sustain progression of the 62 EBOV life cycle. The EBOV polymerase can also adopt a replicase mode, using vRNA as a 63 template to produce a full-length complementary strand (complementary RNA; cRNA), which in 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.20.453153; this version posted July 21, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 64 turn serves as a template for synthesis of large amounts of NP-coated, progeny viral genomes 65 (Mühlberger, 2007). 66 The underlying mechanisms by which EBOV executes transcriptase and replicase activities 67 are not fully understood, partly due to a lack of structural insight for the full-length EBOV 68 polymerase. For RdRps of other negative-strand RNA viruses for which structural information is 69 available, coordination of multiple domains with distinct enzymatic functions and conformational 70 rearrangement of different domains can endow the viral polymerase with different functions (Te 71 Velthuis et al., 2021). Viral trans-factors can also facilitate function switching (Fearns and Collins, 72 1999; Muhlberger et al., 1999). For instance, the EBOV transcription factor VP30 can recognize 73 non-coding, cis-regulatory sequences within the viral genome and contribute to transcriptase 74 activity of EBOV polymerase (Biedenkopf et al., 2013; Biedenkopf et al., 2016). 75 Here, we asked what role cellular factors might play in modulating distinct steps of viral RNA 76 synthesis mediated by the EBOV polymerase. A previous study examined cellular factors that 77 interact with the EBOV polymerase, but the results were based on over-expression of L in the 78 absence of other needed viral cofactors (Takahashi et al., 2013), which may not have captured the 79 complete functional polymerase interactome. We applied recently developed proximity labeling 80 technologies (Reference) to characterize the cellular interactomes of EBOV polymerase in the 81 context of viral RNA synthesis in living cells. We identified 43 high-confidence candidate interactors 82 of EBOV polymerase in the presence of VP30, and 21 interactors that associate with EBOV 83 polymerase in the absence of VP30. Using a high-content imaging-based siRNA screen with 84 human hepatocyte Huh7 cells infected with authentic EBOV under BSL-4 containment, we 85 confirmed that most of these 21 hits play a functional role in EBOV infection. We focused on one 86 functional interactor, eukaryotic peptide chain release factor subunit 3a (eRF3a/GSPT1), and 87 determined that it physically and functionally associates with the EBOV polymerase. Our results 88 suggest that at early stages of EBOV infection, GSPT1 has an antiviral effect, but at later stages of 89 infection, EBOV hijacks GSPT1 to support viral transcription termination. Our work uncovered a 90 network of host factors that interact with EBOV polymerase and functionally participate in the EBOV 91 life cycle. Further characterization of these host factors can provide new insights into EBOV 92 replication and illuminate novel therapeutic targets for small molecule antiviral development or drug 93 repurposing. 94 95 RESULTS 96 Generating a functional EBOV polymerase with proximity labeling activity. We selected 97 TurboID, an engineered promiscuous biotin ligase that is optimized for biotinylation of exposed 98 lysine residues on proteins within a ~10 nm radius (Branon et al., 2018). Since the EBOV 99 polymerase (EBOV_pol) requires both L and VP35 proteins to function, we used the split-TurboID 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.20.453153; this version posted July 21, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 100 system, which was engineered from full-length TurboID to produce two inactive fragments (Cho et 101 al., 2020), sN- and sC-TurboID, that when brought together via protein-protein interactions, 102 reconstitute full-length TurboID and its biotin ligase activity. To construct EBOV L-sNTurboID, we 103 inserted sNTurboID into a predicted flexible loop region in EBOV L, a site that can tolerate insertion 104 of mCherry (Hoenen et al., 2012).
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