This is anopenaccess article undertheCCBY-NC-SAThis Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Peer Review under the responsability of Manuscript June accepted: 26,2020 Corrected manuscript received: June 26,2020 Manuscript received: May 25,2020 org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 Mexicana, 72(3),A180720.http://dx.doi. mining: Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica copper Columbian gold mining to modern and mineral exploration in : From Pre- mining Redwood, S.D., of history 2020,The How tocitethisarticle: [email protected] * Corresponding author:(S. D. Redwood) Panama. 0832-0757, World Trade Center, , 1 Stewart D. la mineríamodernodecobre La historia de la minería y la exploración minera en Panamá: De la minería de oro precolombina a to moderncoppermining The historyof mining and mineral exploration in Panama:From Pre-Columbian gold mining license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Consulting Geologist, Economic P.O. Box Redwood 1,* Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Spanish colonial mining, exploration methods. manganese,bauxite, pre-Columbian mining, Keywords: copper, gold, porphyry Epithermal newdeposits. there ishighpotentialfor thediscovery of explorationstill immatureis the country in and level of Panama started production copper deposit in2019.The in 2020)andMolejon (2009-2014), and the Cobre (1990-1998), Santa Rosa (1995-1999 with restart planned old mines. Gold mines were developed at of alteration zones andreexamination lithogeochemistry of was not analyzed in the stream sediment surveys, were price rise. maindiscovery The methods for gold,which foreign companies, whichstarted response in to thegold gold and copper mines since1985bymodern national and and current period is the exploration and development of was marine black sandsfor iron ore fifth (1971-1972). The rapidly by drilling. only minedeveloped The inthisperiod copper were streamsampling, sedimentandsoil followed deposits.exploration The techniques for the discovery of andbauxite golddeposits deposits, epithermal porphyry Petaquilla (Cobre Panama,well 1968),as several as other at copper deposits Cerroporphyry Colorado (1957) and the giant vateresulted enterprise. This in the discovery of Nations andthe Panamanian government, aswell as pri from out mainly by 1956 to 1982, carried the United systematic, regional geochemical exploration programs copper discoveries porphyry and period was the era of Gold ceased mining during World War Two. fourth The gold veinsfrom andplacers,mining andmanganese 1871. period up to ~1942 was characterizedThis by miningof Panama in 1903. the Republic of of and the formation the alliance, 1821 tobecomepart in of Republican period following from independence to that date in the Americas. third The period was the Santo de Canagoldmine, the most important gold mine the Espíritu Darien in ~1665andled to the discovery of and Central Veraguas goldfields. to Attention returned Veraguas Veraguas, Southern (Concepción), Coclé out throughout Veraguas over the next to the century in 1519andNata in 1522.From here, expeditions set Darien then movinging inNorthern west to Panama settlement can be mapped from Spanishrecords, start gold rushes, conquestand of pattern 1501-1821. The by Europeans duringthe Spanish colonialperiod from to bemined the Americas on the mainland of country together with copper for alloying. Panama wasthe first Veraguas, Darien and Dariengoldfields, Coclé, Northern goldtook place from placer and vein inthe deposits of goldmetalwork fromfully fledged Colombia. Mining of Current Era at ~100CEto1501,following the introduced the from goldmining near the start of lumbian period of can be divided into five periods. wasthe pre-Co first The Mt) resulting in a rich miningheritage. mining history The gold (~984 t), and copper (~32 mineral endowment of ~1900 years. Panama hasastrong times over a period of environment in the New World from prehistoric to modern miningina tropical, island arc the evolution of study of miningandexploration inPanamaa case is of history The ABSTRACT - - - /72(3)A1807202020 ducción de la metalurgia de oroducción de la metalurgia desde Colombia. en toda regla inicio de la Era~100 EC-1501después Comúndela intro fue elperíodo precolombino de extracción de oro desde cerca el La historia minera se puededividir en cinco períodos. El primero cobre (~32 Mt), lo que resulta en unrico patrimonio minero. Panamá tiene unafuertedotación mineral de oro (~984t)y durante un período de ~1900 años.hasta los tiempos modernos tropical Mundo desde la prehistoria de arco insular en elNuevo de la minería en unambiente estudio de caso de la evolución La historia de la minería y la exploración en Panamá es un RESUMEN de exploración. colonial española, lombina, minería técnicas cobre, manganeso, bauxita, minería preco Palabrasde pórfido clave: oro epitermal, depósitos.de nuevos aún inmaduro un alto potencial para yexiste el descubrimiento comenzó a producir de exploración del país es en 2019. El nivel de cobre Cobrey eldepósito Molejón (2009-2014), Panamá Santa Rosa con reinicio(1995-1999 planificado2020) y en El Remance(1990-1998), en Las minas deoro sedesarrollaron de las zonas de alteraciónde las yelreexamen antiguas minas. fueronlos estudios la de sedimentos litogeoquímica de la corriente, cipales métodos de descubrimiento de oro, que nose analizaron en comenzaron enrespuesta al aumento del precio del oro. Los prin desde 1985 por parte de compañías nacionales y extranjeras, que de oro ycobre de minas modernas la exploración y desarrollo Elquinto (1971-1972). yactual período es mineral de hierro marinas para este períodoen de arenas fue negras desarrollada muestreo desedimentos y suelos, yla perforación. La única mina técnicas de exploración para el descubrimiento de cobre fueron el de bauxita. Las y depósitos de pórfido, de oro epitermal depósitos y Petaquilla (Cobre Panamá, 1968), así como en otros depósitos Colorado de pórfido de cobre(1957) depósitos gigantes en Cerro la empresa privada. Esto resultó en eldescubrimiento de los panameño, así por como laspor Naciones Unidas y el gobierno a cabo principalmente desde 1956 hasta 1982, llevados regional cobre sistemáticos de exploración ylos programas geoquímica cuarto período fue la era de los descubrimientos de pórfidos de Mundial. El minería Guerra de oro cesó durante la Segunda y placeres de oro, y la minería de manganeso desde 1871. La Este período hasta ~1942 secaracterizó por la mineríadevetas de la República de PanamáColombia, y la formación en 1903. parte de la alianza deGran de España en 1821para formar período el período fue republicano después de laindependencia oro másimportante hasta esa fechalas en Américas. Eltercer al descubrimiento de Espíritu Santo de Cana, laminade llevo centro deVeraguas. a Darién en ~1665 y La atención regresó auríferos de Veraguas sur de Veraguas, (Concepción), Coclé y el partieron por Veraguas durante el próximo siglo en los distritos Panamá 1519 yNatá 1522. Desdeaquí, en en las expediciones avanzando hacia el oestehasta el nortedeDariényluego en españoles,a partir de los registros se puede mapear comenzando El patrón delafiebredel oro, laconquista y elasentamiento europeos durante elperíodo colonial español de 1501-1821. por país los en elcontinentede las Américas en ser explotado Norte con cobrey Darién, junto para alear. Panamá elprimer fue los distritos en auríferosy vetas deVeraguas, Coclé, Darién del La extracción de oro se realizóde placer a partir de depósitos 1 - - -

The history of mining in Panama ABSTRACT The history of mining in Panama INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction Figure 1 2 2 (Carles, 1962; Mérida, 1973; Castillero Calvo, approximately 1900 years over a time period of World from times prehistoric timestomodern mininginthe New the evolution of case study of mining inPanama is a fascinating of history The for agriculture such as northern Veraguasfor such agriculture asnorthern and manent settlement in areas that were unsuitable detail. Interestingly, not all gold rushes led to per that drovebe reconstructed conquestcan some in gold rushes well as newtechnology. of pattern The and introduced newmanpower from Africaas built technology on the indigenous goldmining most important goldproducers. Spaniards The history,in gold rush the andPanamaone of was Europeans.the greatest Spanishconquestwas The the Americas to be mined by of mainland country first the was Panama Coventry,2012). and liams to be made such asthat at El Cañoin2010(Wil Peru, and newarchaeological discoveries continue to rival those of had spectacular gold adornments golden chieftains the Spanish conquest.The of 1400 years old at the time inthe orderindustry of already hadathrivingindigenousgold mining country 2008, 2004,2019;Méndez,2013).The / / Digitalelevation modelof Panamashowing thenamesof maintopographicfeatures, cities and towns (mapbyS.Redwood). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 /72(3)A1807202020 - - /72(3)A1807202020 giant copper deposit has started has productiongiant copper deposit inone first the and 1985, since place taken has mining gold and copper exploration and modern ment of innewmetallogenic belts.deposits develop The per and golddeposits, includingtwo giant copper manynew cop leading to the discoverycountry of virtually the whole the systematic exploration of the twentieth and saw century of the second half the late 19 World War Two, in mining began andmanganese continued through the republican period up until uprisings.and Indian Vein andplacer gold mining in part, also, to pirate raids onthe remote mines Darien, resulting intheir abandonment, anddue company press releases and financial reports, financial and releases press company and miningliterature, historical newspapers, published archaeological, historical, geological (Redwood,the based on is history 2020c).The Panama of the mineral deposits description of Panama.paper It is acompanion to the geological miningandmineral exploration in of history Latin America. the largest copper producers in Panama oneof mines inthe world, the biggest which willmake of h oenpro fexploration in began period of modern The The objective of this paper is to describethe paper this is objectiveThe of th century. - - Panama 2. Explorationandmininghistoryof Figure 2 Papers, AmericanHeritage Center, Universityof com), andcompany archives (Thayer Lindslay technicalreports published onSedar (www.sedar. Canadian Securities Administrators’ NI43-101 tC n 8 u(16Mz,o which doc Mt Cuand984 tAu (31.6Moz), of the isthmusabout 32 is duction plusresources) of 1985 tothepresent. gold and copper exploration and mining from modern 1956 to 1982; and 5) the development of coveries and regional exploration programs from copper dis porphyry from1871; 4)the periodof gold mining, mining 1821-1942,andmanganese mining, 1501-1821; 3)the Republican period of gold CE-1501; 2) the Spanish colonialperiod of gold mining, ~100 1) the pre-Columbian period of 2): 1, Figures (Table 1, periods historical five into Explorationin Panama andmining canbe divided experience inPanama. exploration well as theauthor’sof quarter century Wyoming; National The Archives, London),as Location mapoftheprincipalmineral andofPanama(mapbyS.Redwood). deposits prospects The total metal endowmentThe (historical pro Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - - - 3.1. OVERVIEW 3. Pre-Columbianmining ewe h aacvlzto fMesoamerica between the Maya civilization of Panama Area situated was in theIntermediate gold producer hasbeenunderestimated. clear is that Panama’shistorical importance asa Panama’s share was about 6.9 Moz Au (213t). It this proportiontotal indicates toEmmons’ that and Cauca with37%)(Restrepo, 1952).Applying the production (after Antioquia with 38% 14% of province inColombia from 1537 to 1890 with the thirdama was important most gold producing Moz Au (1,524 t) (Emmons, 1937, p. 256). Pan America from 1493to 1934 withanestimated 49 tion, as the number one gold producer in South the period in ques included Panama for mostof theWorld of which there are no records. In the thehistoricalgoldproduction for mate muchof underesti figures These 2020c). (Redwood, 2019 Moz) and copper production wasnegligible until umented gold production wasabout 96.5 t (3.1 /72(3)A1807202020 , Emmons ranked Colombia, which, Emmons / 72(3)A1807202020 Gold Deposits Gold Deposits 3 3 - - -

EXPLORATION AND MINING The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIA MINING The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING Table 1.Summaryofthehistorymining and exploration inPanama. 4 4 ~1675 1985 1956 / ~100 / 2009 2005 1995 1993 1991- 199 1969- 1971 1969 1965- 1927- 1904 1899 1888 1850 1608 1603 1599 1559 1510 1502 1501- ~100 CE ~100 ~1665 ~1620 Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Dates Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín 2020 2019 2017 201 2013 2003 1999 1989 1964 1963 1957 1917 1903 1871 1821 1703 1522 1519 1501 0 ------2000s 1960s

- 1998 1982 1974 1942 1821 2014 2011 1999 2005 1998 1972 1976 1914 1902 1926 1855 1619 1605 1604 1589 1526 1503 1501 1727 6

Planned restart of Santa Rosa gold mine. production. started mine copper Panama Cobre Quema. Cerro at mine gold oxide for submitted study Environmental opened. expansion Canal Panama First Quantum Minerals Ltd bought lnmet and the Cobre Panama project. operation. in mine gold Molejon bid Colorado Cerro 2011. construction Petaquilla project reactivated, ownership consolidated by lnmet and name changed to Cobre Panama. Panama Canal returned to Panama by US. Santa Rosa gold mine in production as the first open pit mine in Panama. Cerro Colorado explored again with price. copper low to due suspended Petaquilla explored again by a Canadian consortium of Minnova/lnmet, Adrian and Teck, with a new feasibility study, but operation. in mine gold underground Remance USinvasionPanama of restoredemocracy.to companies. foreign by Cu Auand for Exploration time. the at economic not were they but companies foreign by deposits Resource definition and feasibility studies carried out of Cer Fe for mined sands black Marine discov Cu porphyry Chorcha Cerro ( UNDPmineral reconnaissance programs. Discovered Cerro Quema Cu anomaly New mining law. reconnaissancepro Governmentmining governmentauthorityofera ofcreated,and start andforeign aid company. private a by discovered deposit copper porphyry Colorado Cerro Bauxite exploration in Chiriqui and Veraguas. ~1945 between Companyclosed war. the by 1942 in suspended mining Gold mines in the Central Veraguas Gold Belt, and Margaja. Restructured as the Panama Corporation (Canada) Ltd in 1932. 1927 England, Ltd, Corporation Panama boom. staking claim a to led and Antioquia of Code Mining old replaced Code New Mining Panamanian Panama Canal built. Colomb from independence on founded Panama of Republic Panama.and Colombia DayWarin Thousand The reopened. mine gold Cana de Santo Espiritu belt. Dios Nombrede the in began mining Manganese Panama Railroad built, the first tra ( Colombia Gran or Colombia of Republic the of part as Spain from Independence discovered. veins gold new Capira High grade Espiritu Santo de Cana gold mine in Darien mined. Alluvial gold mining in Darien started with founding of El Real de Santa Mar Central Veraguas Gold Belt discovered, San Franc NuestraSe Cocle gold belt conquered. Nueva Lisboa established on Rio Cocle del Norte then moved to Rio Belen. Mari de Juan San Concepcion (Turluru) placer and veins mined in Veraguas. NataCaballeroslosde founded. mi Gold founded. City Panama SantaMar discovery of Veraguas and Veraguas gold district, and visited Indian gold mines. Rodrigo de Bastidas discovery of eastern Panama (San Blas) Peru de Spanish colonial era and gold rush in Tierra Firme and . Itwas called the of Panama y Reyno deposits. vein and placer from mining copper minor and gold Indigenous Colombia. from introduced metalwork Gold 1968), Palmilla Palmilla 1968), 1830 Terra Firme (1538 Firme Terra

(1542 - 1861), United States of Colombia Colombia of States United 1861), í ñ a de la Antigua del Darien founded. founded. Darien del Antigua la de a - 1739) and then the Viceroyalty of New(1739 Granadaof Viceroyalty the then and 1739) ora de la Regla (Montijo) placer gold mined. gold placer (Montijo) Regla la de ora (

ato (Azuero) placer gold mined. gold placer (Azuero) ato 1969), Rio Pito Pito Rio 1969),

grams, 1965 grams, prepared,

- 1751) and the Comandancia General de Tierra Firme (1751 Firme Tierra de General Comandancia the and 1751) http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720

but project cancelled due to Indian opposition. Indian to due cancelled project but ned in Panama district from 1520 at Rio Pequeni, Rio Puente, Gracias a Dios and other places. other and Dios a Gracias Puente, Rio Pequeni, Rio at 1520 from Panamadistrict in ned - 1991.

Gold mined in the district from 1523. -

( Ti at Gorgona at Ti

1970) and lpeti lpeti and 1970) ns

ered in a regional stream sediment survey by Asarco, but did not drill. not did but Asarco, by survey sediment stream regional a in ered a new feasibility study. feasibility new a - continental railroad in the Americas. the in railroad continental

-

( 1931 explored large concessions for vein and placer gold and developed severa developed and gold placer and vein for concessions large explored 1931 1861

Period 4 Porphyry Copper Discoveries Copper Porphyry 4 Period

-

Gold mined until 1524, at Acla from 1520, and at Rio Pito. 1886) and Republic of Colombia Colombia of Republic and 1886) - Bonaby Hierro Panama, Japanesea

Period 2 Spanish Colonial Spanish 2 Period d Perion /72(3)A1807202020 ( /72(3)A1807202020

isco de la Montana founded by 1623. by founded Montana la de isco Period 1 Pre- 1 Period 1971).

Period 3 Republic 3 Period

5 ModernMining 5

Events

ro Colorado ( Colorado ro . ia.

Columbian -

1821).

1969- Restarted construction in 2014. in construction Restarted

- í 1951. a on the Rio Tuira. Rio the on a 1982) and Petaquilla Petaquilla and 1982) ( ( ( - 1967), and Cu porphyries at Petaquilla at porphyries Cu and 1967), 1886 1821- 1821). It was part of the Viceroyalty of of Viceroyalty the of part was It 1821).

- - Panamanian joint venture. joint Panamanian supported mineral exploration mineral supported -

1903). 1830), Republic of New Granadaof Republic 1830),

( Started 1971-

1980) copper 1980)

mine

l

El Candil. 15,ToroBravo. 16,Espavé,Guarare (Map byS.Redwood). 14, Peña. La 13, Juan Calderon. Finca Hatillo, El 12, Miraflores. 11, Cañaza. LaIndio. 10, El 9, Caño.El 8, Conte. Sitio 7, Sancho.Rancho 6, in approximatechronological order from oldesttoyoungest): 1,ElCafetal. 2,LaIndia. 3, Las Huacas.4,Cerro JuanDíaz.5,PlayaVenado. Gonzalez Island (sourceand (after workshop Cooke Archaeologicalsiteswithgoldartefacts for agate). quartz vein).4.LaMula-West(quarry-workshop 5,Chagres (quarry-workshop for agate). for chalcedony).6,PlayaDon Bernardo, Pedro 2,Laguna2013): 1,CasitadePiedra La (stonecollection). Yeguada (quarries-workshops involcanicrock). 3,Nieto (quarry-workshop on sites ofquarrying, miningsites and(Pearson,2003; Dickau relatedactivities 3-5areprobably SpanishColonial.Archaeological Au). 4,DO-22,RioBotija forveinAu).Sites (placerAu).5,DO-14,RioMestizo (adits references (Griggs,1998;Mayo orarchaeologicalsites Figure 3 into Panama from Colombia,specifically the fron fully-fledged introduced was sense,archaeological metal-working technology, inthe ormetallurgy the CommonEra.Gold near the beginning of 2019). Cooke or caciques inmultiple chiefdoms (Cooke, 2005; pre-Columbian were period. These ruled bychiefs the and Gran Chiriqui for the last 2,000 years of three cultural areas, GranDarien,Coclé group languages. Panamabeen dividedinto has Chibchan orChocoan present-day of speakers the ethnic and linguistic group, of ancestors the Cueva It was inhabited mainly by people of Palaeoindian times (12,000-11,200 cal BCE). thePleistocene in Panamathe endof since of There has been continuous humanoccupation the Central Andes. and the Inca civilization of Mapofpre-Columbian mining and metalworkinPanama,withthemaingoldfields outlined. Goldmineswithhistorical The first gold artefacts are found inPanama found are artefacts gold first The et al ., 2019;CookeandSánchez , Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 et al ., 2007):1,Turlurú. 2,Cerro Cebollal. 3,DO-6and DO-7,RioPetaquilla(placer - et al al 4C; Cooke andSánchez Herrera, 1998; Cooke the child at 1700calBP (135-380 calCE)(Figure pit atary Cerro Juan Díazdated onatooth from found inamortu goldornaments fragments of byring worn ayoung child associated with several contextualized dated metal artefact isa copper et al to 4 Panamanian metalwork perhaps asearly asthe 2 goldat this time. Localstylistic traits appear in of amanians started both miningandmetal-working the Caribbean lowlands. It isassumed that Pan from those with blended influences (Quimbaya) Urabá,where Andean of tier area around the Gulf (Figures 4Aand4B;Lothrop, 1937), Cerro Juan dated by at pottery 750-950 calCEat Sitio Conte gold artifacts from nine sites inCentral Panama May 2020,9July 2020).There isarich of legacy ., 2013;Cooke ., 2003;R.Cooke, communication, personal 31 th ., 2003, 2011; Bray centuries CE.(Cooke andBray, 1985;Cooke /72(3)A1807202020 et al / 72(3)A1807202020 ., 2016;Martin et al et al ., 2003,Table1,numbered et al ., 2021). The oldest ., 2021). The ., 2016;Cooke et al 5 5 nd et ., - -

The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING Majé, Darien(imagebyRichard Cookeand reproduced withhispermission). reproduced withpermission of RichardCooke;datacourtesyof Nicole Smith-Guzmán). D)Open-workcastgoldfrogfound on the Rio from to1700±40cal.BP(135-380CE)(Cookeand theseptum. AtoothfromthechildwasAMS-dated SánchezHerrera, 1998;image and fourraccoon ( to Conte, ~700-900CE.21.6x22.9cm.Brooklyn Museum, New York, Museum Expedition 1931,MuseumFund, Collection 33.448.12(photo 33.448.6 (photo BrooklynMuseum, reproduced under CreativeCommons-BY). B)Plaqueof hammered goldwithcrocodiledeity,Sitio ExpeditionMuseum Fund,York,Brooklyn Collection MuseumNew Museum,cm. 1931, x 10.2 10.2 CE. ~700-1,000 Conte, fangs,Sitio Figure 4 unidentified bluestone),and 74perforated caninesofwhich57belonged topuma ( dog-shaped 31 with along 6-7 is theoldestcontextualizedfound datedmetalartefact inPanama.Found inTomb16,Operation 3,inassociationwithachildaged Brooklyn Museum, reproduced underCommons-BY). CreativeC)Copper ring, Cerro JuanDíaz(cataloguenumber M-015),5.5cm.This 6 6 been divided stylistically into anInitial Group (200- (Lothrop,tumbaga goldmetalwork 1937).The has copper-gold alloy known as well asmany objects of Herrera, 1998) and a copper chisel at Sitio Conte, as at Cerro Juan Díaz(Figure 4C;Cooke and Sánchez artefacts such asthe copper ring already referred to Montijo (Figure 3).There are alsoafew copper of Panama, andaround the Gulf of the Gulf part of which are located around Bay inthe western and Rancho Sancho (Cooke Juan Calderón, La Cañaza, Las Huacas, Miraflores, 2015; Williams andCoventry, 2012),ElIndio, Finca El Caño(Mayo andMayo, 2013; Mayo andCarles, Venado (Lothrop, 1956;Smith-Guzmán Díaz (Cooke and Sánchez Herrera, 1998),Playa / / Examples of archaeological metalwork from burial sites in Panama. A) Embossed gold disk with humanandfelineEmbossedgold diskwith face in Panama.A) burialfromsites metalwork Examplesarchaeological of Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Procyon lotor Spondylus ). The teeth probably formed a necklace. The copper ringprobably formedanecklace. wassuspended). Theteeth by twistedcottonstring et al images, two polished stone bars, perforated longitudinally (one is agate and the other an other the and agate (one is longitudinallyperforated bars, polishedstone two images, http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 ,20) oto ., 2003),mostof et al , 2021), /72(3)A1807202020 /72(3)A1807202020 Bray PanamaStyle in western (Cooke and Bray, 1985; Style incentral Panama, and the Veraguas-Chiriqui phased out by(Figure 4D),wasgradually the Conte figureshuman and animal cast largelyof consisting Group,Sitio Conte andElCaño. International The atpottery well-known archaeological sites such as 4A and4B) are very to designssimilar painted on the early Spanish chronicles; Figures “patenas” of embossed onhighcarat hammered plaques (the example, the Conte Style isnamed because designs each other. Regionalism isevident throughout. For divisions but rather groups andstyles blend into and later styles. sequence does not have This rigid Group550 CE),anInternational (550-1000 CE) et al Puma concolor ., 2021). ), 12 to ocelot ( ), 12toocelot Leopdardus pardalis ), place gradually overplace gradually more from than a century the conquest, which took people at the time of out bybeing carried was gold mining indigenous 1937; Cooke probably raw material for goldsmithing (Lothrop, and goldwere foundother in graves, andwere copper per” in grave 3 (Lothrop, 1937). Ingots of cop copper ore” ingrave 1 and“three lumps of Conte graves where it was recorded as “oxidized per ore for metal-workingfoundwas at the Sitio thecopper.) Cop quartz duetothe malleability of were impossible to split even after breaking the cobblesRepublic; inthe Dominican the cobbles author sawnative was riverquartz in copperin or native copper. (Aunique exception which the its cropping out at the surface ascopper oxides must have been mined in situ from copperdepos is nottransported in rivers like placer gold and used occasionally in pure copper artefacts. Copper al Oviedo, 1526;Colón,1571;Jane, 1930;Cooke described inearly(Fernández Spanishaccounts de Gold wasminedfrom andveins placer deposits as Quema, Los Ñoposand Quebrada Barro. Inthe (Los Santos and Veraguas provinces) such asCerro small copper-goldAzuero prospects southern in (Don Juan) and Pesé (El Guácimo); andseveral ero (Herrera) near Ocú (Río Tinto), Las Minas Azu innorthern smallcopper deposits cluster of Montijo, recorded asearly as1560;a of the Gulf Soná peninsula near Filipina, onthe southeastern (Terry, 1956);acopper-gold mine at Trota, near La Vigui, Cobre andTabasará, the Ríos of the headwaters copper occurrencesin goldfield, Veraguas the where native (Linn copper occurs of west the to Lagoon Chiriqui inthe cordilleracopper deposits south of located; the Cerro Colorado and Cerro Chorcha giant Petaquilla the (Cobre Panama) are copper deposits where goldfield Coclé the being ones copper,several the principal possible sources of both from alluvial and vein deposits. There are (FigureDarien and others 3). Goldwasmined ing the Turlurú Darien, mine), Coclé, Northern (includ of goldfields the in 1501-1603, ., 2003).Copper was often alloyed with gold and Contact period Spanish documentsshow that et al ., 2003). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 et al ., 1981a); et - - - - - COLUMBIAN QUARRIES ANDMINES 3.2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCEFORPRE- bre, Veraguas) in the Central Cordillera, where quartz outcrop; 2)aroundLake LaYeguada (Calo in four places: 1) at Nieto, near Pesé (Herrera) on a identified been have sites quarry-workshop lithic ama (Figure 3). Palaeoindian (11,500-10,000 BP) at severaland quarrying bian mining sites inPan archaeologicalThere is evidence for pre-Colum deposits, andalsointheMajérange(Figure 2). SanBlas, RíoPito and Acandicopper Eastern the in in theDarienMountains copper deposits are there goldfields, Darien and Darien Northern the medial grooves, twoand apestle to mortars which would have had wooden hafts secured to grooved hammers hammers, three fragments of at Cerro Cebollal (LP-134) twocomprising large mining tools were found inone cavern or “mine” as well as hammered excavations inniches. Stone results characteristicin curvedsmooth, walls(Figure 5), which excavation rock for fire-setting of theseexcavations(2007). Fourshow evidence of the El Caño site by Mayo in the hills north of Pintada La near identified were rocks volcanic in or onthebeach. gathering weathered-out agate pebbles inthe soil frombeen quarried the basalts, or collected by al Island archipelago (Martín ramic human settlement yet identified on the Pearl BeachPedroon the oldestPrece GonzálezIsland, cultural debris atBernardo Don accumulation of 6,200 and5,600calBP. were These found at an the Pearl Islandstomakestonetoolsbetween 2013). agate were worked (Pearson,2003; Cooke Paritaon Bay (Chitré, Herrera) where veinsof found;and 4)at LaMula-West quarry-workshop quarry-workshopfor making chalcedony tools was (,Río Chagres Panama) where alarge rocks;3) at a locality near Lake Alajuela on the volcanic in identified were quarry-workshops ten ., 2016). The agate vesicles., 2016).The andveins couldhave Seven small possible ancient mine excavations Agate was exploited from basaltsat a site in /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 et al ., 2016; Cooke et al et al 7 7 et ., - - - - .

The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING (D). The minemayhave exploited gold,jarosite forpigment, oragate.(PhotographsRedwood, 31 March2009). byStewart andin fractures alongthe contact andjarositepyrite lava andunderlying alteration toquartz, clay, a rhyolite ofargillic weak tuff, with contact the along are The excavations excavation. for setting fire of result the be may walls curved The smooth, CE. 700-1000 period the Sánchez Hérrera, 2007).Stonemining hammers, twomortars and apestlewere excavatedhere of associatedwithConte-styleceramics Figure 5 8 8 ceramics, during the Late and again Ceramic A at 3,000-800 BCE, based on Monagrillo-style occupied duringthe Early Ceramic A period first was rockshelter Cebollal Cerro The 1994). (Craddock similar to those described from Mexico andChile rockcrush (Mayo rmagooia xmnto fCerro Cebollal From ageological examination of Cooke, 2011). 700-1,000 CE in chronology of 700-850 CE (Sánchez Hérrera, 2007; period of the Late Ceramic A of the Conte-style pottery miningactivityisrelatedHérrera, 2007). The to which contained the mining artefacts (Sánchez Cortezo-Mendozain the styleceramicsstratum Cooke, 2011),based on Conte and chronology of to Cperiod atthe 700-1,300CE(700-1,550in / / Apossiblepre-Columbian mineworking and rockshelteratCerro Cebollal (siteCR-134)near La Pintada (Mayo Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín et al ., 2002;LaNiece, 1998;Rovira, et al ., 2007). The hammers are hammers ., 2007).The http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 /72(3)A1807202020 /72(3)A1807202020 include quartz crystals, pyrite, chalcedony, bladed ceramic period (Dickau to between 4,800-4,000 cal. BP in the Late Pre Casita dePiedra near Boquete (Chiriqui), dated excavated from apreceramic rockshelter at itself. nearby, although nonewere observed inthe mine pyrite, oragate veinlets which are abundant of or jarosite by for pigment, formed the oxidation in fractures.may “mine” have The exploited gold, to quartz,clayand pyrite alongthecontactand alteration argillic weak with tuff, ash underlying a rhyolitic lava with an the low contact of angle by the author, the excavations were made along quartz with jarosite, and a modified dacite cyl dacite modified a and jarosite, with quartz An unusual find of a cache of 12 stones was stones 12 of cache a of find unusual An et al ., 2013). The stones ., 2013). The et al ., 2007; - - ARTEFACTS 3.3. GEOCHEMICALCOMPOSITIONOFGOLD Triangularof (Harrison and Au-Ag-Cucompared plot Beaubien, withColombian objects. 2010). Au, Agand Cu were normalized to100% afterremoving trace Febefore A) Histograms plotting. of thecontentofAu, Agand Cu.B) Figure 6 Museum at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mas the PeabodyAu, AgandCu by Samuel Lothrop of and 45qualitativeanalyses were analyses madefor Sitioobjects is Conte, where 41spectroscopic gold of the composition studybeen made of has onlyarchaeologicalThe site where asystematic colonial period. (1998). They are described below inthe Spanish Griggs by goldfield Coclé the in Panama) (Cobre adits onquartz veins were discovered at Petaquilla a healerorshaman. stones oncebelonged to a ritual specialist, such as thatunusual suggested these stones;the authors collector certainly had ageologist’sThe eye for in the isthmusmining by about three millenia. mineralization. However, the site pre-dates gold andporphyry-style associated with epithermal- rocks, veins andmineralsthat are commonly of inder. Remarkably, the specimens are mostof Analyses of Au, Ag and Cu by pXRF of 189 gold objects from Panama in the Smithsonian Museums Collections in Washington. Collections Smithsonian Museums in the Panama from objects gold 189 of pXRF andCu by Ag Au, of Analyses Finally, three placer gold minesitesandtwo Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - h teswr a,a no n ic fore.were the others abar, aningotandapiece of one manufacturedwith only object, a chisel, while which it was added to make an alloy; 7) Cu objects, impurity, from witha gap 4.5-11.0% Cu above Cu upto4.5%Cu,which heconsidered tobean 5) Au objectswithnoCu;6)Au objectswithlow Cu) considered tobeimported due tothe style; Ag up to 22.5% Ag(43.7-88.0% Au, 1.0-42.9% Au, 0.49-80.8% Cu); 4) Au-Cu objects with high objects withhighAgupto 14.8% (12.0-99.0% 5.0% (39.6-97.6% Au, 3.8-57.5%Cu);3)Au-Cu 79.2% Cu); 2) Au-Cu objects with low Ag up to 1) Au-Cu objects withnoAg(9.9-76.4% Au, 21.5- divided the results into seven groupswhich were: sachusetts(Lothrop,the 1930s in 1937).Lothrop Smithsonian Museums Collections in WashingtonSmithsonian Museums all Panamanian gold artefacts in the was made of sources, as well asrecognizing Au-Cu alloys. or types ore different be to content Cu and Ag in differences the considered Lothrop Colombia. of which alsohadahighAgcontent, whichtypical is to bemanufactured locallyexcept for onegroup, theobjectswere considered style,Based on all of More recently, asystematic analytical study /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 9 9

The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING 10 10 and themajoritycontainCu(Figure 6).Manyhave forAll objectscontainAu interpretation. andAg, 189objects copper corrosion,to leave of analyses 29 were rejected for unreliable pXRF data such as reliable provenance, afurther rejected forof lack 309objects, 91were bien (2010).From atotal of byportable XRF (pXRF)byand Beau Harrison However, the copper objects and Au-Cu alloys ores. different indicates also and gold in impurity than electrum. Copper can alsooccurasanatural native gold rather collection indicates the use of mostobjectsinthe Smithsonian low Agcontent of such asIreland ( by geochemistry more recently in other countries ore,as of concluded by Lothrop (1937) and asdemonstrated sources different reflect may content theAg of Variations deposits. different between Au:Ag varies more ratio than20%Ag).The of with alloy Au-Ag a natural as (defined electrum Agwithnative Au or natural occurrence of the objects canbeexplained bythe common of 2020). communication,(R. Beaubien, personal 29 May the results isawaited analyses, andpublication of about 1700 pXRF expandedwas toatotal of made locally. Panamanian The Goldwork study gold objects were evidence that the majority of betweenand a gap 5-25% Cu, which isstrong comparison, have a higher average Ag content a Au-rich surface. Colombiananalyses, The in Au-Cu alloys to producecan bedepletion-gilded increases hardnessand improves the casting. The the alloy lowers tumbaga the melting point, form coppertogold additionof up to 100%Cu.The with castobjectswhich have 0-50%Cuandsome 40%Cu,compared 0-5% Cuandamaximum of objects. Hammered objectshave amedianof higher Cu in cast There is a clear correlation of second group has more than 8% Ag and no Cu. Au andAu-Cu inwhich Agisanimpurity. The of objects in Ag 0-8% from has which group first objectsbelong to the Au-Ag majorityof plot. The up to22%.There areoutliers two groupingsa on 4-6% and detected. Silver has amedianvalue of Fe, but no other elements weretrace amounts of / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín rmagooia on fview,From the Ag content a geological point of e . g . Chapman et al http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 ., 2006). The ., 2006).The /72(3)A1807202020 - /72(3)A1807202020 3.4. VERAGUAS GOLDFIELD ataogtecato “Veragua” Fourthon his east along the coast of gold mining,and trading goldsmithing as hesailed for Christopher Columbus saw ample evidence of Nocete the gold ( sources of identifying the placer gold with the objective of mapping, andisotopestocompare withvein and mineralogy, electron microprobe analyses, X-ray more other techniquessuch inclusion as investigation and theuseof warrants study of field This cating that out for mining wasalsocarried copper. clearly show that Cu wasusedto make alloysindi whole province. not indigenous, andthe name was applied to the water),Aguas (green although thisisSpanishand agua”, which wasprobably derived from Verdes the plates. He recorded the native name as “Ver wheretold hewas theygot their gold andmade which refers to gold trade) including “Veragua” where he did great trade” (he usesthe word “towns or trade” great of “towns five were there del Norte?). Betweenand “Cubiga” “Guaiga” Calovébora?), Veragua (RíoCoclé and “Cubiga” he traded another 19 goldplates, “Cobrara”(Río gold plates, the Río “Cateva” or “Catiba”, where (RíoChiriqui?), where“Guaiga” he traded 16 “Aburema” (Chiriqui Lagoon),hesailed east to people wearing goldplates. After sailing to 4B) and a gold eagle. He was to see many more whomwore goldplates (Figure people,of some he encountered twenty canoesmannedbynaked “Carabaro”or “Carambaru”, Bocasdel Toro), Almirante in BayColón Island (“Zerabora”, (Indochina,“Ciamba” actually Veraguas). At in the the provincegold mines of told of was 1930; Castillero Reyes, 1950). two daysfourin Hispaniola than in years”(Jane, first the in gold VeraguasawI greaterevidence of Cooke 1561; Colón, 1571; Jane, 1930:Cedeño, 2002; (Casas, production full in were goldfields Coclé Voyage 1502, showingin that the Veraguas and At “Cariay” (Puerto ),he Limón, et al et al ,20) ewoeta i hsln f., 2003).Hewrote thatthis landof “in ., 2018). e . g . Chapman et al ., 2006; rescate - -

his enemy, andthat aman within hisown territory show distant mines which belonged to one who was had given these Indians, hadcommanded them to who [chief] Quibian the that learned I Afterwards them. lages, saying where there were more orless of days’ journey, andthey named the towns andvil towards the west the mines extended for twenty saying that there wasgoldeverywhere andthat allroundcountry asfarthe eye couldreach, to avery lofty hillandfrom it showed them the mines. Indians, The who went with them, led them 1 Spanishleague = 5.573km],they found many into the interior. At five leagues’ distance [~28 km; while the raincontinued, I sent seventy men ashore Fourth Voyage in Veraguas, which he described inhis his brother Bartholomew to visit anative gold mine Americas, Santa Maríade Belén. Columbus sent first the the European settlement onthe mainlandof established he where (Belén), “Yebra” the Río anchored histhree shipsinthe mouth of Retrete, west inJanuary he returned 1503and “Puerto de Bastimientos” (Nombre de Dios)and After sailingto east to“Bel Puerto” (Portobello), hywle oradahl leagues [~25 theykm] and walked four and a half Quibián where they stayed for a day. next The day leagues [~8.4 half km] to the the village cacique of the Río Belén, andsailed upriver for one and a from km] [~5.5 league one Veragua, Río the to and DiegoMéndez de Segura took 68menby sea Based on these accounts, Bartholomew Columbus Indias and Bartholomewin delasCasas raphyby Fernandoson, his Colón(Colón, 1571), [lads].” them grumets them were andmost of sailors the majority of them hadnever seen gold; seen mines andmostof these men hadever quantity isgreat, for none of in the four for hours which they stayed there. The came backwith the goldthat they hadcollected brotherMy with these people, returned andall boats went to the place where he hadhisvillage. the Indians, hisservants, andwitnesses to this. The could carry, whenever he wished. Ibear with me might collect inten days asmuch goldasachild A more detailed account isgivenbiog inhis gives averysimilar account(Casas, 1561). (ae 90:“ntesxho February, (Jane, 1930):“Onthe sixth of Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 Historia de las Letter of the the Letter of - - 3.5. COCLÉGOLDFIELD about half an state deep [1.7 m]; they are very very are they us 75of m]; skilled at getting the goldout; agroup of [1.7 deep state an half about mines thatdeep belonged to the same two Indians, rivers, which we crossed 39times; we found many mines; it is difficult with mountainous many terrain the to km] [~45 leagues 8 is “it wrote: expedition, Veragua, which werenot thoseof closer. belonged to theenemychieftan Urirá and were Afterwardsto thesky”. thatthey themines learned the trees, which reached from amongthe roots of arrival, each one had collected gold two of hours leagues [~8.4 half km] to the mines where, “within the followingday they walked another one anda near a riverslept which they crossed 44times. On f get gl] rd” ewe “uia and “Guaiga” between trade” [gold] great of along the Veraguas coast, and observed five “towns ited by Columbus in1502ashe sailed eastwards vis places the of one was goldfields, Coclé the of (Río Coclé del Norte?), at“Cubiga” the east end utation (Castillero Calvo, 1967a;Jopling, 1994). alreadywell knownto the Spaniards by their rep the Veraguas 1558-1560 and were of goldfields of prior to the Spanish conquest indigenous miners were cepción, being minedby documentedas Tururú Con andTururí), near the later townof mine (Cooke that they were actually near to the famous Turlurú and the Río Concepción west into the valley of thatin 1977,suggested they may have crossed alluvial gold. Richard Cooke, who visitedthe area colluvial gold or weathered vein gold, rather than the indicatestrees” country inmountainous of theroots among “gold of description The field. the Río Veraguas, alarge gold which were part of gold minesinthe cordillera in the upper part of the river and the accounts describe indigenous of 318). p. (Navarette, 1922, fine.” very is gold the … tools of kind any without g] 13.8 to [9.2 castellanos 3 or went to the mines andinone day we extracted 2 Diego de Porras, clerk andaccountant onthe The TurlurúThe mines (also written as Turlurí, were mines The from ~42-45 km the mouth /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 et al ., 2003). 11 11 - - - -

The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING 3.6. NORTHERN DARIEN GOLDFIELD CC0 1.0Universal PublicDomainDedication). from Bry (1595).Held and digitized bytheBritish Library and uploaded toFlickrCommons. Reproduced under theCreativeCommons Figure 7 12 12 conquered the region in1603-1605(Castillero mining presumably continued until the Spanish 1522-1526, andindigenous tribes in indigenous inthe Coclé regiongold deposits were mined by 1930). Spanishdocumentsrecord that alluvial gold mining(Casas, 1561;Colón,1571;Jane, of mention specific no makes he although “Cubiga”, (Mena García, 2011;Blas Aritio, 2012)(Figure 7). 20January 1513 a letter to the Spanish Kingof in described by Balboa de first were Nuñez Vasco Panama until1855,nowColombia), in Chocó, of the Río Atrato (part Urabá at the mouth of of Gulf gua del Darien onthe Río Tanela, which the enters the Darien mountains near Santa María la Anti side of richThe placer gold mines onthe northern ling, 1994;AriasandGriggs, 2004). Calvo,1969; Jop 1967c,2004,2019;Wleklinski, / / 16 Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín th century goldmining inLa Española from Guinea withslaves being supervised by Spaniards.(Engraving byTheodor deBry http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 /72(3)A1807202020 - - /72(3)A1807202020 have and Pocorosa, gold”, Comogre where “there Careta, where there were “certain rivers that of to describe the provinces to the west () Juan (Atrato) in present-day Colombia, he went on describing exploration for gold along the Río San therebeen seen, Ithink has areAfter some…” the west by thismountainrange no river with gold downthe coasttowards the west; fromVillathis to from thisVilla, mountain range returns … This km] [11 leagues two to up is that range mountain a discovered and thirty that have gold come out of is gold in great quantity, twenty rivers have been there are many very rich minesdiscovered, there Darien insomedetail: this province“In deposits of alluvialgold Balboa described thedistribution of gold mines. and the inference is that these were indigenous Santa Maria la Antigua years after the founding of is noteworthy that he described mines onlythree gold”(Blas Aritio, 2012). It are very rich rivers of Dedication). de Oro,early16 Figure 8 ae ntedt,tedsrpini rbbyo Based onthe date, the probablydescription is of the West Indies of mining methodsinPanama in his Oro withPedrarias in 1513,described native gold overseer forwho goldmining cametoCastilla de eni xase,i theybelieve the reward will vein isexhausted, if con tinue working at the level they they discover it until the gold, find do they if But place. new a they discontinue mining inthat area and move to have not discovered gold before reaching the rock, they all washing the dirt, they strikesolidrock.If before.dirt as they This continue untilgradually, they dig down the same distance and wash the find they not gold within that area they follow the vein, if If area. that of dirt loose the all wash or two they deeper spans. withoutdigging Then one or ten feet; then theydig down adistanceof eight the ground over a square of the surface of clear place, the Indians clean away everything on mining methodsonveins andinstreams. locate one withinten leagues”. Hedescribed gold could I that but mine gold a find to me ask could there are many rich gold mines, andthat no one over Castilla del Oro, which Firme, is inTierra as an“I can affirm eyewitness”, he wrote, “that all the Santa Maria la Antigua gold mines (Figure 8). Indians washing goldwithwooden Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, the King’s I the lode or veinlocated is on asavanna or “If th century. (Fernández deOviedo, 1526.Reproduced under theCreativeCommonsCC01.0UniversalPublic Domain (Fernández de Oviedo, 1526). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 bateas Natural History Natural History orgoldpanswithhandles probablyatSantaMarialaAntiguadelDarieninCastilla - atta a h ancanlo aua e fpart thatthe wasmainchannel or natural bed of the rocksand inthe in thehollowsof and cracks gold mayminers) be found between the rocksand out’ meanstoexhaust the water in the language of and water been dry bailed has is out (for ‘tobail stream is diverted from itsbed and after the bed a a streamgold in follows.as is current of The Oviedo, 1526). (Fernández de operation.” the repeat to refilled is theplaced pan.That goldis asideandthe pan of been washed out, the gold remains inthe bottom basin andalmostasdeep. After all the earth has are concave and about the same size as a barber’s pans the pan. These gold it settles to the bottom of there is anyis poured out with the water, andif waterwants. theIndian Graduallytheearth of andthere the pan onlythe amount again, enters they dipupa little water, skillfullypouring it out They hold the bank withtheir feet up totheir knees inthe water. ally by women sitonthe (Figure washers 9). “The claim for himself.” (Fernández deOviedo, 1526). that mine, but adjoining it anyone can strike out a Onlythe discovererdeposit. can remove gold from the bytion naturally the extent is determined of the excava merit such. length and widthof The Tescn anro working or mining secondmannerof “The taken tostreams dirt was The for panning, usu /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 batea by the two handlesorends, 13 13 - -

The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING The history of mining in Panama PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING 3.7. DARIEN GOLDFIELD edition, p. 106 at Internetedition, p.106at Archive https://archive.org).https://archive.org/details/dellenauigationi03ramu/page/n7/mode/2up the pay-dirt ina described byFernández deOviedo (1526)withtwomendigging auriferous sediment from theriver,twomen(here onlyone)carrying Figure 9 14 14 at ElReal in 1665(Castillero Calvo, 2004,2019). the Spaniards1663 beforein theystarted mining goldinthe riverswas already known to presence of Pacificfromthe discovery The Aritio, (Blas 2014). return the upper Río Chuqunaque in1513onhis chieftains, inparticular Tubanamá, when crossing the gold metalwork obtained by Balboa from the pre-Columbianmined in evidencedtimes as by were goldfield Darien the in deposits placer The 1526). great andusefultreasure.”(Fernández deOviedo, In other places thiscopperwould beregarded asa not cared about it up to now anddonot mine it. and each day more is found. But the people have the Indies, in many the islands andthe mainland of parts of found been have copper grade fine of per. Regarding copper mines, “…large quantities in it.”(Fernández deOviedo, 1526). gold is found is good and rich a large quantity of the stream beds the stream. At times when one of / / Indians washing goldinwooden Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín He then described how the Indians gilded cop batea de servicio , and awomanwashing goldinatwo-handled bateas http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 probablyinLa Española, early16 /72(3)A1807202020 - /72(3)A1807202020 3.8. BATEAS from undergroundhowever, mines; the Spanish the 16 (1556, p. 156-157) described bateas in Europe in demia Españolafavors the latter origin. Agricola 1996;Galeote,(Hernández, 2016);theReal Aca was notrecorded in Spain until the 18 the NewWorldwidely usedin was the term but Taino or Spanish-Arabic origin,for as 1510,isof a wooden bowl, recorded in the Antilles as early 2009). Linguistsdebate whether the word 2,000 BCE-250 CE; Langenscheidt,cal Erawas from the Preclassical MediumEra (the Preclassi in the archaeological record inMexico dating Wooden and ceramic examples have been found “tray”but the original Spanish text is “batea”. not specific.The English translation uses the word that it was anIndianminingmethod although it is beforeers the Spanish arrival:account suggests his Caribbean andMesoamerica byindigenous min used today (Figure 10), was probably usedinthe dez de Oviedo (1526) (Figures 8and 9), and still The batea batea th century but century they were ore used to carry th . (Ramusio,Vol.III, 1556,p.127;imagefrom 1606 century. Theyareworking inthesamewayas orgoldpandescribed above byFernán th century century batea - - - - , 4.1. OVERVIEW 4. TheSpanishcolonialperiodmining Blas (Guna Yala) as far as El Retrete (Escribanos, dor Rodrigo de Bastidas who sailed west along San Panama wasdiscovered by the Spanish conquista from LaEspañola. tries such asMexico and,by inference, Panama origin, itmayhave been introduced toother coun Taino the batea of is box.that Hesuggests if without the other technologies such asthe sluice the Lusitanian bowl wasintroduced to the Antilles pointed As out by West (1952), it is unlikelythat up goldfromsluice boxes 1556,p. (Agricola, 325). Spain) to clean nia (Portugal and adjacent parts of small wooden bowls inLusita described the use of pay dirt tothewashers. Agricola used tocarry de Oviedo (1526) also described alueus for the original Latin Agricola word translation of term Columbusin the visited indigenousgoldmines foundgold deposits onthe isthmus. Bartholomew Castille in Spainandthe abundance of dom of Castilla de Oro (Golden Castille) after the King (the also named Spanish Main)was Firme Tierra explorationof boom.Indeed, the new territory was characterized by a major gold rush and 11). Pacificthe trail to the (Figure atport a of start the 2017) andAcla(GunaYala) in 1515,the latter as Darien in 1510(now Chocó, Colombia; Sarcina, (Colón) in 1510,Santa Dios Maria laAntiguadel at Santa Maria de Belén in 1503, Nombre de the Americas were established in the mainland of settlements European first The section. previous visited indigenousgoldmines, asdescribed in the and El Retrete. At Veraguas he obtained gold and del Toro, Veraguas and Colón as far as Portobello Bocas 1502-1503 who sailedeast along the coast of bus onhisFourth Voyage to the New World in Santa Isabel) in 1501,andbyChristopher Colum The Spanishcolonialperiod fromThe 1501-1821 , or batea was introduced in the Hoover English alveus , meaning a trough. Fernández Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 bateas de servicio bateas de servicio - - - - - Stewart Redwood, 25JanuaryStewart 2012). and Mesoamerica before theSpanisharrival. (Photographs by batea batea Cruz mineontheRioMagdalena, Bolivar, Colombia.In B)the Figure 10 wasprobablyused byindigenous miners in theCaribbean isbeing usedtoclean up theconcentrate fromasluice.The exchange and presents from the Indians, and3) presentes” whichgold obtained was bytrade, obtained fromwas raids, 2)“oro derescates y 1) “oro which de cabalgadas” Firme): de Tierra (Real Firme Royal Tierra Hacienda Treasury of goldobtained inthree ways, asrecorded by the of Oro produced(about 435,000ounces) 13,518kg yearsafter the conquest(1514-1526), Castilla de la Antigua in Darien (Blas Aritio, 2012). In the first the rich gold mines inthe rivers near Santa María about King Spanish the to wrote 1513, in Pacific VascoNuñez deBalboa, who discovered the River Veraguas in 1503(Colon, 1571;Jane, 1930). Wooden, two-handled /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 bateas in use today at the Santa inusetodayat 15 15

PRE-COLUMBIAN MINING / THE The history of mining in Panama SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD MINING The history of mining in Panama SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD MINING discovery oftherichEspírituSantodeCanagold minein~1675(MapbyS.Redwood). throughout Veraguas inseveralgoldrushesoverthenextcentury. Thefinal goldrushreturned easttotheDarien and led tothe andDarien. goldmining Settlement movedwesttoPanamain1519and Natá in1522,and thenradiatednorthwards and westwards arrows and Despite thediscoveryof theVeraguas dates. goldfieldin1502-03,theinitialSpanishgoldrushof1510waseastern other mentionedare shown deposits onFigure inthetext 2.Thepattern ofgoldrushes,conquestandisshown byred settlement deposits; gold shownthe important are andsomeof Spaniards the foundation.minedgoldfieldsby principalof The date their with Figure 11 16 16 iin f icvr n oqeto discovery andconquest of ditions of García, 2011). Panama was the base for the expe was discovered there in 1523(Jopling, 1994;Mena center (Carles,as anagricultural 1969),andgold Panama City the interior west of fertile plains of establishedwas shortly thereafter in 1522 inthe NatáCaballeros de los (Coclé) town2011). The of Panama from1520 (Jopling, 1994;MenaGarcía, several locationsbetween Nombreand deDios Calvo,mined at 2004,2019).Alluvialgoldwas in1559(Castillero Concepción doned infavor of continuedgold mining ataban Aclauntilitwas 1524, whileabandoned in Maria laAntiguawas Camino Real (Royal Road) trail (Figure 11).Santa Nombre de Dios by the the Caribbean port of to wasconnected which 1519, in Pacific the on was theDarien Panama the new cityof in 1513, abandoned in favor of Ocean) (Pacific Sea Calvo, 2004, 2008,2019;MenaGarcía, 2011). “oroor goldfrom de minas” (Castilleromines / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Following theSouth Balboa’s discovery of MapofSpanishcolonialmining inPanama,1501-1821.TheprincipalSpanishtownsand citiesrelatedtomining areshown http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 /72(3)A1807202020 - - /72(3)A1807202020 around San Francisco de la Montaña, established out inthe Central Veraguasbeen carried GoldBelt the RíoCoclé del Norte. to have Mining appears Nueva Lisboawasfounded near the mouth of of gold belt was conquered in1603-1605 andthe town 1619 (Castillero Calvo, 1967b, Coclé 2008). The Nuestra Señora de laRegla near Montijo in1608- ival or Mariato) in 1599-1604, and the lost town of at San Juan de Mariato (now called Llano de Cat Soná. Short lived goldminingcampswere founded Montijos near present day of Pedro) onthe Gulf was established at the RíoTabarabá (now RíoSan the 1550s to 1580s and access to the South Sea AzueroThe andSoná peninsulas were settled in and 1559,respectively, which was mined until 1589. in the Veraguas GoldBelt in1558 orConcepción towns were established at andTurlurú Concepción (Figure the country 11).Mining the interior of Panama itself. the colonization of (1522-1529) and Peru (1526-1532), which slowed From Nata, colonization spread west through - 4.3. DARIEN PLACER GOLDFIELD 4.2. NORTHERN DARIEN PLACER GOLDFIELD were first described by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa in a Panama until 1855, now inChocó,Colombia), theRíoAtrato (part of Uraba at themouthof of gua del Darien onthe Río Tanela, on the Gulf the Darien mountains near Santa María la Anti side of richThe placer gold mines onthe northern although there were earlier mines there. later discovery wasthe Capiragolddistrict in1703, (Restrepo, 1886,1888;Castillero Calvo, 2008).A region, led to its abandonment for about 170years eral miners, together with Indianuprisingsinthe the mine killed sev until 1727, when a collapse of discovered yet inthe . It wasmined mine before wasthe richest 1680. This gold mine the Espíritu Santo de Canagold the discovery of the placer golddeposits, which led upstream to El Real de Santa Mariaonthe RíoTuira to exploit of founding the with Pacific the of way by ~1665 Panama to the Darien ineastern in ing returned slaves. Goldmin 1640-1680 due to ashortage of before 1623,until 1640.Miningdeclined from otadmnn ono ElReal de Santa Maria fort town and mining of worked bythe Spaniards about 1665 whenin the first were deposits The 1972b). UN, 1933,1975; Tuira and Chuqunaque (Sheridan, 1926; Oller, Pacific the SanMiguel and Ríos from of the Gulf byway of accessed were and (Marea), Tuira,Marraganti, Balsas(Tucuti) andBagre Mountains onthe Ríos Chuqunaque, Tuquesa, the Darien are located in the major riverswest of goldfield Darien the in deposits placer The mined ontheRíoPito(MenaGarcía, 2011). 2011; Castillero Calvo,also 2004,2019).Goldwas in 1559(MesaGarcía,gold minesat Concepción the new favorabandoned in until Aclawas of recordedwas continued in1524,andgoldmining atMisas Aclain1520,andthe Trepadera mine Aritio, 2012).Gold was discovered at Puerto de town wasabandoned (Mena García, 2011;Blas by the Spaniards from 1514until 1524 when the letter 1513 andwerein King to theSpanish mined Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - - - Mining was carried out forMining wascarried only three months a Calabashes.” or Gourds in up “bottle[d] was gold to leave “theGoldclean from Ore or Filth”.The and a“Load-stone” (magnet) waspassedover it ground withamortar, thenspread out onpaper to concentrate the sand, which, after drying, was the Tuira, in 1681,using“little Wooden Dishes” Darien, possibly part of a river in the southeastern Tucuti (Restrepo, 1886). Troncoso, andTayecúa, Bagre the districtof in famous 17 The before 1680 (Dampier, 1909). 1697;Lach-Szyrma, the Espíritu Santo de Cana mine the discovery of was founded onthe Río Tuira, andled upriver to Earth andDust.” solid, butnot so have Crevices andPores fullof thatso theyare Lumps might dividethem. These bigger. But these they were forced to beat in pieces, and he told me that there were Lumps a great deal (whoto Captain Harris took120pounds there), I have seenaLumpasbigHen’sEgg, brought theynaturally there. grew between the Rocks, asif wedged Lumps great find often together,they up Mines, For, besideswhat Gold andSand they take Instruments for the Slaves to work inthe Gold Iron Crowsand Pickaxes. were These dance of and Wine, Flour andabun with agreat deal of Tradesmen,mer, tookit,hefoundof it all sorts in the for For when Captain Harris, of the Nephew built. Since that time it has grown considerable. entrance to the South Seas, it being then newly Coxon, at their andCapt. Sharp Capt. Harris Capt. by 1680] [in taken Townwas This Maria. the Gold Mines here, Santa built the Townof of Discoveryfirst their upon ~1677], is it whichcase publication in although it may refer to the date of [~1665, ago years 20 about Spaniards, the it, of South-side the on Tuira], or Maria, Santa [Río 1697): “AboutLeagues sixfrom the River’sMouth described by William Dampier in 1685(Dampier, by buccaneer the English in1684as Captain Harris Santa Maria(Joyce, 1934). in the rainy season,andthe gold was taken to year season,for in the dry the rivers were too deep Lionel Waferin describedSpanishgold mining The alluvial gold mines atThe El Real were raided /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 th cnuymnso the district were minesof century 17 17 - -

The history of mining in Panama SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD MINING The history of mining in Panama SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD MINING 4.5. SANTA RITA A 4.4. PANAMA GOLDFIELDS 18 18 argni ao rbtr fthe Río Tuquesa amajortributary of Marraganti, km long with Spanish mine workings onthe Río Low, 1931);the Mother Lode veins more than3 in the early 17 at La Marea on the Río Marea which wasmined gold historically. includetheElPablo These vein Vein inthe Darien were deposits also mined for ennso large from stone mortars “indige remnants of mining: described evidence for three periods of the Caribbean coast to the north. Woodring (1957) Bahia (Mines Bay)de las Minas on the name of the streams that gave drain the hill. These rise to (Colón Province), withalluvial gold in quartz-sulfide in thetownof veinletsCerro on Santa Rita eastof occurs mineralization Gold Coma, 1961;Gutiérrez, 1999). recently by localsinthe 1940s to 1960s (Reverte 2019). Goldwasminedat Bique periodically, most Bique, Cerro(Castillero Cabra, Arraijan Calvo, ;atChagres; Vaca and at de Monte (Arraijan?); the Río Juan Díaz,Pedregal; near a tributary of (11 km) from Panama; in the Río María Prieta, leagues two (unidentified), Bartolomé San brada the 17 mined in and gold was district) in the Spanishera, as describedbelow; tury. Gold was also mined at Emperador (Ancón 1583, where mining continued until the 17 wereNew mines discovered onthe Río Pequeni in the two cities(Jopling, 1994;MenaGarcía, 2011). Dios gold district, an unidentified locality between (now under Lago Alajuela); and at the Gracias a at the Río Chagres; Pequení bridge, a tributary of with the Puente Admirable or La Puente natural trail: gold mines are recorded on the Río Puente, weredistrict). These on ornear the Camino Real Nombreand Panama de Dios from 1520(Chilibre Alluvial gold was mined at several locations between the early 20 mine onthe Río Tuquesa, which were mined in (Sheridan, 1926); and veins at the San Francisco / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín th century (Oller, century 1933). u DEPOSIT th century (Lach-Szyrma, 1909; (Lach-Szyrma, century th http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 century at century Que th cen /72(3)A1807202020 - - - /72(3)A1807202020 4.6. NATÁ-PENONOMÉ GOLDFIELDS 4.7. VERAGUAS (CONCEPCIÓN)GOLDFIELD Turbez near Natá, and Quebrada de Cervantes García,at 2011).Goldmines and theRío Chucú after the town wasfounded (Jopling, 1994;Mena Gold wasdiscovered near Natá in 1523shortly period (Figure 12). byWoodring (1957),ormaybe from the Spanish pre-Columbian mining, as suggested evidence of 1984). Grindingstonesfound at the site maybe period and the earliest reference1751 (Webster, is mines wereadits”. The worked in the Spanish French boiler with the date 1883; and“modern nous operations”;caved adits associated with a Calvo, 1967a). by Diego de Albítez in the late 1520s (Castillero being mine Turlurú the reach to expedition first Several expeditions unsuccessful were made, the century.mined by the Spaniards for another half 1571; Jane, 1930),the areanot colonized was or visit to the Veraguas gold mines in1503(Colón, being the Margaja mine. Following Columbus’ veins which were also mined,the best known gold is derivedFé district. The from epithermal district, also known or Santa asthe Concepción the Veraguas gold the Central Cordillera of of side and the Caribbean lowlands onthe northern VeraguasConcepción, and Belén in the foothills occuronthe Ríos ,Placer gold deposits in the1930s(Lothrop, 1937). the Río Grande de Coclé on the upper ods part of 2019). Alluvialgold was minedby hydraulic meth in Coclé between 1606-1631 (Castillero Calvo, weregold mines worked intheRíoSanta Elena (887 oz.)lanos (Castillero Calvo, 2019).Several goldper year, andthe Spaniards6,000 castel of the Indians mined 20,000castellanos (2,958 oz.) extracted; gold was 18 quintales (28,800 oz.) of Penonomé,Miguel de Toabré, where north of ero Calvo,also minednear 2019).Goldwas San in a report by Juan de Valencia in1669(Castill four leagues from(22 km) Natá were mentioned - - - 2020). Spanish colonialperiods. (Thanks toIdaHerrera forshowing methestoneson her property. Photographs Stewart Redwood,February wereandmortar (B).Thestonemillsmayeither for befrom rockthestoneinconcave twopolestorotate thepre-Columbian or top and oneinthebottom.Thecentralhole wentthrough thestoneand wastofeed oreto thegrinding bowl.Thelateralholes ontop Figure 12 n rdcdattlo 20434psso gold of 2,014,324pesos and produced atotal of and 2,000slavesmore than100Spanishminers district was mined fromcepción 1559-1589 with 1967a, 1967b, Con 2008; Wleklinski,1969).The at the river mouth (Jopling, 1994; Castillero Calvo, Barrera, and Real in1559 Concepción de Minas at the gold minesbetween Santiago the Ríos and in 1558,Santiago de Turlurú (or Turlurí) in 1558 Santa Fé Vásquez. Heestablished the townsof Veraguas1558-1560 by in conquest of Francisco ducer inthe mid tolate 16 an important Spanish goldpro districtwas The Grinding stonesor stonemillsattheSantaRitagoldmine,Sabanitas, Colón.A)Thegrinding stoneshavethreeholes inthe Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín th century following century the http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - - mining on the Río Belén mining in 1566(Castillero Calvo, 1952; Castillero Calvo, 2004,2019). Río NechiAntioquia, Nuevain Granada(West, to newly discovered gold mines at Zaragoza onthe wereflocked when1589 miners in the abandoned from attacks by pirates and Coclé Indians, and suffered mines Concepción The 1967b). Calvo, (606 kg,pesos 19,485oz.) in1576(Castillero 140,617 deposits, with peak annual production of 4.31 g) in 30years from alluvial andquartz vein (about 8,680 kgor 279,000 ounces;1 pesoweighed h ono LaTrinidad wasfounded for gold townThe of /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 19 19

The history of mining in Panama SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD MINING The history of mining in Panama SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD MINING 4.8. SOUTHERNVERAGUAS GOLDFIELDS 20 20 (Restrepo, 1886). gold plundered(3.5-4.0 kg) of 7or8pounds Veraguas and (Concepción) sacked the town of pirates,Vauclein Moisés andPedro elPicardo, from the 17 ción in1629-1640, andcontinued intermittently at out again Concep carried 1967b). Miningwas Spaniardstwoin the 16 in gold rushes minor Veraguas southern andwere exploited byof the Azueroriversin the western andSoná peninsulas (Jopling, 1994,p. 10). gold” fine and copper with gold purity low both in that province there are Indians andgold mines, that: port “That needs toberepopulated because 1560 report on The Filipina (1571-1589)later was established nearby. La Montijo. Spanish town The of of the Gulf had aSpanishport located on the Río Caté on was achiefdom that was conquered in ~1526 and sula asearly as1560(Jopling, 1994,p. 10). Trota the Soná penin Trota part of in the southeastern A copper-gold described atmine was the townof ounces) (Wleklinski,1969). gold (3,215-32,150 have yielded 100-1000 kg of the gravel was minedover 30years andwould of by the deposit the UN estimated that 10-20% of over 400 tunnelsdugbelow the basalt. Evaluation wasminedin1559-1589 by deposit The meansof ridge between the Santiago Ríos and Barrera. aboveand about40m thepresent valleythe on valley covered by a young basalt flow 8-10 m thick whichdeposit inanold an alluvial deposit was from the Cocuyo-Guinea placer gold deep-lead theproductionthe Veraguas in gold belt was of Azuero Project Mining 1969). Part(Wleklinski, the by United Nations in1965-1969 as part of Juan de Meriato (or Mariato, now called Llano de San (Azuero around Massif), the mining town of Guanete and RíoQuebro inthe hills of gold rush tookplace in 1599-1604 between the Río first The 2019). 2008, 2004, 1967c, Calvo, tillero asthe regioncentury was settled (Figure 11) (Cas / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Small placer gold deposits occurinseveralSmall placer gold deposits VeraguasThe evaluated golddistrictwas th century tothisday. century In1667,two h ie fVeragua Mines of The http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 stated th -17 th /72(3)A1807202020 - - - /72(3)A1807202020

4.9. COCLÉPLACER GOLDFIELD 2019) which wasprobably colluvial gold related to Soná in the 17 gold nearby.also found Goldwas onahillnear 1629 byfrom who miners mined for Concepción (Castillero Calvo, 1967c,2004,2008,2019). Nuestra Señora de la Regla was founded town of Pablo) near Montijo in1608-1619, where the lost on the was Río Tabarabá (now called the Río San district wasworked in1638and1772. again kg, 4,434oz.). Alluvial gold in the Río Torio inthis gold(137.9 of 32,000pesos produced atotal of the Azuero peninsula.It sideof on the western Catival or Mariato), in a district about 30 kmlong tified in the Petaquilla area of the Coclé goldfield Coclé the of area the Petaquilla in tified and fouron quartz smallmines veins were iden Calvo, 1967c,2008). theRíoChiquero (Castillero milla, atributaryof Palma which wasfounded in1619 onthe Río Pal La centeredgold rushwas onthetown mining of Coclé del Norte (Griggs, 2005).Another Spanish veins at San AntonioandSanta Lucia onthe Río There wereon alsohistoricalSpanishgoldmines 1969; Jopling, 1994;AriasandGriggs, 2004). (Castillero Calvo,2004, 2019;Wleklinski, 1967c, pesos (436 kg, 14,024ounces)between 1604-1607 Belén, before the of being abandoned. Gold production was101,212 mouth the to finally and later movedthe RíoBelén on toplacer gold mines its exact locationnow is townunknown. was The the Río Coclé del Norte, although the mouth of Nueva Lisboa near the short-lived mining town of conquered the region in 1603-1605 and founded Veraguas,Governor Juan of López de Sequeira, by Spanish indigenoustribes in 1522-1526. The the Cocléregionin weregold deposits mined 2005). Spanishdocumentsrecord that alluvial ColónProvince(Figures 2,11;Griggs, trict of Toabré and Coclé del Norte in the Dis Donoso Chiquero,Ríos Petaquilla, Caimito, SanJuan, the Coclé district are the auriferousThe rivers of golddeposit. the Sonáporphyry Nuestra Señora delasPalmasfounded was by new placer discovery second gold mining The he rhelgclstso placer mining Three archaeological sites of th century (Castillero century Calvo, 2004, - - - rockgrew,mound witharetaining wall toprevent pushed backinrepeated operations, and the waste side andthe gravelexcavated facewas terrace or cobblesgold pan.The were stackedonthe other flowing water, and then cleaned up with a batea or in the sluice where the gold was concentrated by the gold-bearing sand andgravel were dumped the gravel terrace, nel was dugalong the base of as described by West (1952). A ditch or sluice chan ground sluicing, with the placer mining method of mounds, anda trench. mounds are The consistent and pebbles that are well-stacked in the two largest cobbles mounds of DO-6, of and consists south of close to the Río Petaquilla, whichabout is400m stacked cobbles ~1 m high.Site DO-7 is located neatly irregular sides, of andthewallsare formed 9mby 6m,with bles and pebbles with anarea of cob alevel mound of of It consists copper deposit. the Colina Petaquilla, and about NW of 1.5 km the Río Caribbean coast on a tributary stream of the bian or colonial. Site DO-6 is ~15 km southof whether theyfound are to determine pre-Colum colonial age although no cultural artefacts were of by them tobe (1998, 2005).Heinterpreted Griggs eepoal u opopc o fmine gold. were probably dug to prospect for of veins with drusy quartz, and they is onepithermal 1998) near the Molejon gold deposit. The first adit found above the Río Mestizo (site DO-14, Griggs, 1952). mayhave been introduced from Hispaniola (West, used inColombiafrom early colonialtimes, and technique wasprobably pit placering, which was about 90 mby 55m(Griggs, mining 1998).The of andsix the stream in anarea circular pits oneither side of the stream to parallel trenches five are There the Botija copper deposit. ija, just north of the Río Bot on Quebrada Daniel, a tributary of in theOldWorld. Americas.techniquealso anancient mining Itwas the spread by toother parts of Spanishminers inColombia and waslaterindigenous miners He considered that it was developed by prehistoric the main placer mining method incolonial times. collapse. According to West, ground sluicingwas Two smalladits3.5mand1.7longwere the coast Site DO-28 islocated 22 kmsouthof Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - - - - 4.10. CENTRALVERAGUAS GOLDBELT 4.11. ESPÍRITUSANTA DECANA GOLDMINE fabout 40kmE-W by 20kmwide (Wleklinski, of goldvein covering deposits epithermal anarea Central VeraguasThe GoldBelt isa belt of 1994; Griggs, 2005). from raiders Nicaragua in 1765(Castillero Calvo, San Antonio minewassackedby MiskitoIndian with anadit and asmalldamat Santa Lucia. The 2005). Bothsiteshave pits, millingstonesanddeep probablyoperated until the18 Lucia (LP-25) on the Río Coclé del Norte and were were foundat (site LP-21) San Antonio and Santa Twoquartz-gold on veinsmines Spanish historical located close tothe Colombian border in the Pirre important historical gold mine inPanama. It is originally as Santa Cruz de Cana, was the most Espíritu Santo goldmineatThe Cana,known mid-16 the in established first been havingafter, shortly Minas goldmines, and wasrefounded the nearby Santa Rosa andCerro Las covery of dis founded in1767,which the date suggests of San Francisco Javier de Cañazas(Cañazas)was Remance (Castillero Calvo, 2004,2008,2019). Aguacatal (or Aguacate), abandoned in 1777, and discovered inthe belt in the mid-18 werebian age (Wleklinski, 1969). New deposits early Spanish orpre-Colum considered to be of Santa Rosa gold mines, hasopen-cut workings gold mine, located between the Remance and near San Francisco. San Pedrito The the oldest mines is Gold Belt until 1640.One of out in the Central VeraguasMining was carried are not mentioned inearly Spanish accounts. pre-Columbian era orinthe 16 mines donot appear to have been worked inthe the mines ispoorly known. The but of the history a miningsettlement before 1623(Carles, 1969) San Francisco de laMontaña wasfounded as of were golddeposits mined after the town thermal 1969; Nelson, 2001;Folk, 2004b).Numerous epi th century. /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 th th century (Griggs, century century asthey century th century at century 21 21 - - -

The history of mining in Panama SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD MINING The history of mining in Panama SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD MINING Table 2.ThehistoryoftheEspírituSantodeCanagoldmine. 22 22 discovered byCapitán Antonio deLandeche and Espíritu Santo mine was Cana. The km north of Santa Maria was founded on the Río Tuira, 40 ElReal de 1665 when the fort townand mining of the Darien of goldfields, were first worked in about (Restrepo, 1888; Redwood, 2020c). over 1,000 g/t Moz), much of at bonanzagrades resources)plus estimated is to beabout59t(1.9 Massif. total gold endowment The (production / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín The placer deposits inthe Tucuti placer deposits The district, part

1985- 1964- 1932- 1927- 1914- 1893- 1887- 1727- 1995- ~ 1970s 1970s Year 1992 1980 1912 1907 1907 1907 1887 1883 1880 1877 1727 1702 1684 1680 1665 1996 1993 1675

1 1966 1964 1932 1926 1907 1892 1880 1997 988

Mining banned in the Darien National Park. National Darien the in banned Mining ANCON optioned project to Link Mineral Ventures Ltd., Toronto to earn 80%. Panama.ANCON, NGO by bought IXTAPA Africa. South of Fields Gold by Evaluated North at holes 40 4 Drilled Panama). de Company(Freeport Exploration Freeport to Optioned Sociedad de lnversiones IXTAPA S.A. awarded the St. Joe Minerals exploration. holes. 16 Drilled exploration. Inc. Western Gulf Texas explored. company) Hochschild (Mauricio Group Mintrade No activity. San Cerro on target mineable bulk Evaluated Ltd. PanamaCorporation The by Explored mined. and Arias TomasDon creditor by Acquired stopped. Mining km 50 mostly French capital. and CompanyLtd., Mining Gold Darien The nameformed, same Newcompanywith bankrupt. Companywent Mining Gold Darien The profitably. mined and rediscovered Mine Santo Espiritu Installed20 aMine. Rey El the Mined Sold to the Darien Gold Mining Company Ltd., Manchester. Compaby Staked mine. the reopen to CompanyAmericantried Wells The company. French the for Concession Wyse the whoobtained engineer French the Wyse, Bonaparte Napoleon Lucien No activity. Espiritu 1724. 1712, in raids Nathaniel Davis, an English buccaneer, raided the Espiritu Santo mine. Further pirate Captain Harris, an English buccaneer, raided the El Real mine. fromCana, which was Captain Sharpe, an English buccaneer, raided Santa Maria for gold that was brought Esp Tucuti. Rio on mined gold placer founded, Maria Santa de Real El i Jose. ritu Santo de Cana discovered and mined by Spaniards. by mined and discovered Cana de Santo ritu - long, narrow gauge (0.6 m) railway built from Boca de Cupe to mine. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 Santo de Cana mine closed due to collapse and Indian uprising. Indian and collapse to due closed mine Cana de Santo

ñ Mine. ía

Minera del Darien, Bogota. Darien, del Minera

already in full operation. full in already

canal in 1878, visited the mine and claimed it for the the for it claimed and mine the visited 1878, in canal

/72(3)A1807202020 /72(3)A1807202020 Owners and Events and Owners - stamp mill. 1685; Esquemeling, golden Treasure 1911): “This Cana mine. Basil Ringrose wrote (Exquemelin, obtain the gold that was brought down from the raided Santa Maria to tain Bartholomew Sharpe buccaneerswas in1680when English under Cap 1886; Joyce, first 1934). referenceThe to the mine by pirates in 1702,1712 and1724(Restrepo, in 1680and1684,the Cana mine wasraided 1727. Santa Maria was captured by pirates English workedwas bythe Spaniards from before 1680to - 1,200

hole soil auguring program. auguring soil hole

concession.

,

6

00 m 00

in in - and lodged in Housesbuilt at the Mine for that Bricks of then ‘tis washed, made up into the form Mine isbrought tothe Mill, whichit small, grinds the Rock, which after it is dug out of mixture of a a sortof it is to go;the Oare theydig outof into the Hill farther than anyone would venture Thirty Yards [27.4 m] deep, and several Caves run a great Hill, above “… the Mineisonthe side of the mine (Davis,was 1702): the first description of about 900 housesandone church.account His Cana, which they in1702,had burned town of 1712 and1724.Nathaniel Davisreported that the Santa Mariafrom theMountains.” or thrice everyyear, twice tofetch whatbrought Goldis to thence from sent is that [boat], Bark a Gold,which thencetoPanamacarried was in of late, orelse we hadmet with three hundred weight was much worse. For we came only three daystoo World. …Butasbadaplace as itwas, ourfortune the Western all these partsof Indies, or, at least, of the where are thought to be the richest Minesof Santa Maria, from the neighboring Mountains, thisRiver unto cometh down another branch of massacre and liveduntil with friendlyIndians for Nicaragua wood, where he survived an Indian to Jamaica to Darien to look andthen returned from the Scottish Darien colony in1698,went Robert Allen, aScotsmerchant who deserted (Restrepo, 1886, 1888;Woakes, 1895,1899). and it was reported to have employed 200 miners 60m, had ashaftandfour levels of to adepth Santo de Canashowed that the Spanish mine goldinfour days. kg) of 9 oz. 49lbs (about 24.6 pirates extracted a total of Day.” The a than less in kg] 2.8 [about Ounces nine and weight pound five made we work; they GoldeveryDay Theymake agreat quantityof with it’s till there remainspure intermixed Gold. the Drossor somerocky Part where cleared of Houses, then it is washedasecondtime, andso cheated. After shorttime lain some inthose it has tain and a Governour to see that the King isnot purpose, over which aGuardset, withaCap is English pirates raided English the Cana minein1702, nte ebro the 1702 expedition was Another member of Espíritu rediscovery nineteenth century The of Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - - 4.12. CERRO NEGRO A (Alsop, 1986). than amonthwithgoodBooty.”in less our sloops to Canaandreturned took the townof mines and the River Choco and us marcht from ye mouth of prevailed to accompanywith 60Indians us. 560of Spanish West to them and Indies. IJoyned myself an expedition Her Maty’s against Enemies inthe Jamaica and were designed on the Governour of from commissiones had that Subjects [Majesty’s] HerMaty’s these and found about 600 menof Sloops were on that Coast I gott on board of byat length informed them that nineEnglish the expedition. “Being report showsthe size of joining the 1702 raiding party (Alsop, 1986).His Chitré (Herrera) is said to have been the first first the been have Spanish silver mine inthe Americas inthe early to said is (Herrera) Chitré CerroThe Negro mine, about NW of 20 km until 1778,andthefrequent pirate raids. pacified not was which 1726-1727, in Darien the miners,well as in insurrection the indigenous as two the shaftresulting inthe death of collapse of kg (1,562,000ounces)(Restrepo, 1886,1888). gold in the period Spanishwhich isabout 48,600 the mine produced more than 30millionpesosof ounces) (Restrepo,estimated 1886,1888).Itis that gold(about 1,648 kgor52,000 of million pesos more than1 sources gave annual production of 2,300kg(74,000ounces).Some production of castellanos (460.0 kg or 14,790 ounces)givingtotal other sources say the tax was ashigh100,000 about 1,866 kg(60,000ounces);while that year of kg or12,130ounces)indicating total production for King’s royal fifth tax was 82,000 castellanos (377.0 gold. In 1708,it was reported that the ounces) of contain 120-600 lbs (55.2-276.0 kg or 775-8,874 goldwere encounteredto said 2019). Pockets of to only 7,000inPanama City(Castillero Calvo, 20,000,compared reported to have apopulation of at thetime.1712, theDarienprovince By was mine by producer far the biggest in the Americas 0.13% or1,330g/t (Restrepo, 1888),made the The high gold grade, high The estimated to have been The mine wasabandoned in1727 due to the The /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 u -A g PROSPECT 23 23

The history of mining in Panama SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD MINING The history of mining in Panama SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD MINING 4.15. TISINGAL(LAESTRELLA) LOST GOLD MINE 4.14. CAPIRAGOLDDISTRICT 4.13. ELGALLO A 24 24 source isinsomedoubt. this no known mintinNatá and sothe veracity of Natá (Riddell, 1927). However,townof there was 16 Toro orLimón(Costa Rica). Carles (1969) wrote Chiriqui, Bocas del somewhere in the provincesof or LaEstrellagold mine called Tisingal located alost16 Therea legend is of 2012). these discoveries (Proctor,him of 2010;Karrer, Panamá, to notify the Audiencia of President of Terra and Firme the Province of General of Dávila Bravo de Laguna,Governor andCaptain wrote on2November 1703to DonFernando king Capira. The also discovered in the town of also mentioned that nine other goldmines were Capira,and the port of Panamá, to the south of eleven sites located three leagues (17km)from goldat anew source of the discovery of him of wrote 1703 to inform to King Philip V on 11 April Panamá, the Cathedral of Arguelles, Bishopof were discovered by the Spaniards. Fray Juan de mining at Capira until 1703 when gold veins tillero Calvo, 1973;Mérida,1995). gold settlement) locatedwas in that(Cas vicinity” as “ChirúandChame, andCapira (a patrimonial 1522 when the neighboring towns were described Natá by the Spaniardsin the townof founding of pre-Columbian times and is documented in the and CerroEspino) mined in Campana.Itwas between about15km San Martin(El a zone of by quartz veinsis formed several over epithermal Capira gold district in PanamaThe West Province in diameter onthe hill-top (Riddell, 1927). hole oropen pit about 45m was mined inaglory described asa16 ElGallo goldmine atThe LasMinas(Herrera) is / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín th However, there isnoother reference to gold century, andthe silver coined at a mintat the u -A g -P th b century Spanish mine which century MINE th http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 to17 th century century /72(3)A1807202020 - /72(3)A1807202020 5.1. OVERVIEW 5. TheRepublicanperiodmining 1910). Many expeditions were organized to search razedwas andthe Spaniards were killed(Brown, during anIndianrevolt in 1611when the town 2001). Another legend is that mine washidden Sixaola area in Bocasdel Toro or Limón (Denyer, the mineinTalamanca Cordillera the Río in near the mine(Brown,1910), whereas place others Estrella, which wasfounded in1601supposedly (1910) also gave the location de la asConcepción de la Estrella BrownConcepción (La Concepción). named LaEstrella, near Volcán deChiriquior search goldmine, forTisingal the legendary also the Río Sixaola, in 1587to Panamanian side of de Talamanca, alongabandonedtownon the that a Spanishexpedition set out from Santiago ama. Manganese mining began in the Nombre mining began de ama. Manganese foreignersstayed Panin outmining andcarried the and the French canal (1881-1889). Manyof the Panama Railroad (1850-1855) construction of gold rush (1848-1855), and came for the ifornia who crossedthe isthmus on their wayto the Cal foreigners, including many andengineers, miners 19 the of companies. in the second half Mininggrew capital came from American-registered mining of companies (Fischer,stock lesser amount 1975).A capital in English-registered free-standing, joint- 19 World Warof Two.new development A the in about 1942 when gold mining stopped as aresult by smallscale vein and placer gold mining until in thisperiodMining was characterized formed. Panama was until 1903, when the Republic of Colombia the Republic of part of and formed Panama from becameindependent 1821 Spain in reliable maps. larly namedplacesanda lack of exaggeration togetherover with confusion simi Denyer (2001) concludedthat the legends are an have accounts different dates, conflicting and The and 19 for the mine in Costa Rica andPanama in the 18 th th cnuywt h ria f ag ubro alarge number of withthe arrival of century and French English of influx the was century th centuries (Brown, 1910; Denyer, 2001). th - - - Figure 13 Veraguas belt in the late 19 several gold mines were opened in the Central the Cana gold mine wasreopened in 1887-1926, district Dios in1871(Simon,1914;Oller, 1933), ohelME opn fNew York,Rothwell M.E. & Company owner of London inPanama District (1880s); and H. of pany Limited; LaPlata Mining Company Ltd. Company;ganese Veraguas The Mining Com Quartz Mining Company;the Caribbean Man Santiago Gold MiningCompany; the Colombian Londonat Cana (1887-1914); the Companyof Bogota at Cana;the Darien GoldMining of included the Compañia Mineradel Darién tury companies working inPanama inthe late 19 oneormore individuals. Mining in the name of companies, andthe rest were tered in the name of were for manganese. Fifty-eight titles were regis for mercury, one was for gold-silver-lead, and 66 four were for silver, three were for copper, onewas these, 369were for gold,bothalluvial and lode, between 1887 and1898.Of mine titles granted the Colombian period (Posada, 1898).It lists 444 near the endof industry the mining of snapshot Azuero (Figureern 13). and severalwere mines small exploited north in h aaaCt ietr f1898gives a PanamaThe City Directory of Mapof Republican eragoldand manganese mining inPanama,1821-1942(MapbyS.Redwood). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín th toearly 20 http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 th centuries, th cen - - - - - companythe period Panamawas in this Corpora in Veraguas most important until about 1936. The lowed by a Panamanian company until 1926, and continuedat gold mining Canauntil 1912, fol led to aboominclaimstaking.companies English by anewPanamanian miningcodein1917and Colombia from 1887(Fischer, 1975),wasreplaced 1864,which wasmade law for the whole of of code oldAntioquianmining 1904 to1914.The ama Canal was built by the U.S. government from fromon independence Colombia, and the Pan Panama was created in 1903 bia, the Republic of 1898-1902, whichravaged Panama andColom else inknown abouttheseothersmallmines. copper ore at El Guácimo, inthe 1950s, nothing highgrade asmallamountof fromof mining veincury mine wasat Porvenir, Gorgona. Apart the same district at El Gallo, LasMinas. mer The (Posada, gold-silver-lead 1898). The mine was in Ocú; DonJuan, LasMinas;andEl Guácimo, Pesé Azuero peninsula()at RíoTinto, (Posada, 1898;Fischer, 1975). El Capitán gold veinnear minesPortobello (1902) claimsto the Santa María, Santa Catarina and of Following Day the CivilWarThousand of copper mines were The located in the northern /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 25 25 - - - - -

The history of mining in Panama THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD MINING The history of mining in Panama THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD MINING 5.2. ESPÍRITUSANTO DECANA GOLDMINE replaced byasteam launchin1897whichreduced the journey to24hours. taken to ElReal, lower downontheTuira River.Transport fromPanamatoElReal wasbysmallschooners which took7days,until machinery. A50kmlong muletrailled fromhere tothemine,and wasreplaced by anarrow gauge railwayin1907.Passengers were andcarryingcargocanoesnavigation for river of head the near was This River. Tuira de Cupéonthe Boca The IndianF) villageat mine. Santo minewasrediscovered and dewateredin1894.Theydatefrom theearly 18 foundEspíritu werepumping whenthe water for in diameter m 3.65 about Spanish woodentread-wheels old Five D) mine. Santo Espíritu from theminetoplant.B)TheHeenan Engine Shaft attheEspíritu Santomine.C)TheMaisounabe Shaft and 40-stampmillatthe (photographs fromWoakes, 1899,1923).A)Overviewofthelargemining campor town at Cana.The roofed bridgecarried atramway Figure 14 26 26 and Bastimiento (Bocas del Toro) (Sheridan, 1926; the Canal Zone), Veraguas,(west Ocú,Chiriqui of explorationin Darien,Rodriguez concessions company wasactive from 1925-1932 with large Cavan andLord Melchett. The were the Earl of can Elliott Alves, andcounted among itsdirectors managed London, by Dun chairman tion Ltd. of for almost two centuries, is a remarkable story gold mineinthe 1890s, after beingabandoned the Espíritu Santo de Cana rediscoveryThe of was wound upsometime between 1945 and1951. non-essential during World War company 2. The was stopped inthe allied countries in1942as try 1940), andcontinueduntil the goldminingindus Montreal in 1932(Hull, ration (Canada) Ltd. of restructured1933). Itwas asthe Panama Corpo Riddell, 1927; Low, 1931;Norton, 1932; Oller, / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Photographs oftheCanagoldminebetween1892 and 1907takenbyErnest Woakeswhen he wastheminemanager http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 /72(3)A1807202020 - - - /72(3)A1807202020 nel Edis the of Artists’ Rifle Volunteers, and Arthur directors included Lord Charles Beresford, Colo Heenan and Froude Ltd., and whose English of the industrialist Richard Hammersley Heenan Manchester,in which England, managed bywas Company Ltd., an Anglo-French company based He sold it in 1887it to the Darien Gold Mining Bogota Minera delDarienin to stakethemine. the Compañía 1888, 1952).In1883heformed Colombia forbook his later a government minister, who isbest known Vicente Restrepo, aColombianmetallurgist and the fabled, rich gold mine aroused the interest of (Table of 2; Figureaccounts Spanish 14).The Espíritu Santo Mine, where it found five wooden five found it where Mine, Santo Espíritu In 1892-1894 it rediscovered and reopened the Rey Mine(or North Mine) but with poorresults. 1888; Woakes, 1923).It initially mined the El Smith andCoventryLtd. (Restrepo, Coventryof th century. E)ThestampmillattheEspíritu Santo , first published in 1884 (Restrepo, 1886, (Restrepo, 1884 in published first , td f h odadSle ie f Minesof Gold and Silver The A Study of - Griggs, pers. comm.,19April2009). attheElFormón mine A similarsteampump asillustratedbyMéndezon theRioBelen,Veraguas alsoexists golddistrict, (2013) (John 2009 byDr.GlynDawson,Chicagoand published withhispermission. ThankstoJeremy Martin, London foridentifying thelocomotives. the shaft and railwaycarriagesatthesite.D)AdvertisementbyFraser&Chalmers forasimilarsteamengine. Photographs takenin steam-powered pumping engine manufactured byFraser &Chalmers,Limited atErith, Kent,England. There arealsowinchdrums from Thelargerrailway locomotives. enginein light nearBerlin, (A)is30to40hp, aspecialist Potsdam, and thesmaller one(B)is20hp. C)A gauge railwayfrom Boca deCupéin1907.Theywere manufactured tothemine built Drewitz in byOrenstein&KoppelofGermany at Figure 15 the Tuira River to the mine in1907; the steam navigation on from Boca deCupé at the limit of ests.long narrow50 km A railwaygauge builtwas Co. Ltd.,but wascontrolled bythe French inter with the same name, Darien Gold Mining The A newcompany in1907 set upinEngland was Fischer, 1975). 23.3%between 1892 and1903(Rippy,of 1953; the company paid an average annual dividend profitablebecame mine This severalfor and years turies (Figure 14D;Woakes, 1895, 1899,1923). mine, preserved under water for almost two cen treadmills, usedby the Spaniards to dewater the However, the company went bankrupt in 1907. Theindustrialheritage of theCanamine.A,B)Twoabandoned from the50kmlong,steam locomotives 60cmnarrow light Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - - sequently, thePanama Ltd.explored Corporation (4,424 kg)by142,236 ounces Oller (1933). Sub 45-70 g/t, and forrecorded 1900-1907itwas as ounces (7,168kg)by Tower of (1963) at grades production from 1895-1910 was given as 230,443 1926. The period, andthemine closedin this it is notknownhow much gold was produced in Panama, but thenewRepublic of (1903-1904) of the Provisional Government Junta of the members creditors, Tomás Don Arias, who hadbeen one of the bankrupt andit was acquired in 1914by oneof from the mine became 1908-1912. Once again site (Figure restructured 15).The companymined locomotives andwagonscanstill be seen at the /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 27 27 -

The history of mining in Panama THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD MINING The history of mining in Panama THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD MINING 5.3. DARIEN PLACER GOLDFIELD 28 28 a type of deposit that deposit would not be economic to a type of as opposedto an alluvial or gold vein-type deposit, bulk mineable hard-rock inPanama,gold deposit a of evaluation the of instance first the was This g/t Au, with potential for 11Mt(Foster, 1939). 1.8Mtat 1 1927-1932 andestimated reserves of Cerro San José asabulk mineable gold target in to minetheTuquesa bythe 1930s in a German gold(Stranahan, 1941). Attempts were made of yd $1.043 per cubic yard (927 mg/ with a value of yards 155millioncubic (119 Mm resources of estimated In 1941the Isthmian Corporation gold(Sheridan, 1926). 160 t(3.36-5.15Moz) of 871 mg/yd $0.72-$0.98 yardper cubic (640- with avalue of yards 184millioncubic (140 Mm resources of drilling andwereand churn estimated to contain Panama Ltd in 1928-1931by Corporation pitting dredges.were placer deposits The evaluated bythe suitable for mining by and bucket-wheel dragline the river were described as the lower part of of bly the largest in Panama andthe broad reaches gold(Low, 1931;Hull,1940). (669 kg)of $35per ounce) containingabout 21,500 ounces of (163 mg/yd yards(3.1 cubicMm 4.1 million of reserves defined the Río Sabalo,tary near Tucutí, in 1928-1931, Ltd on the Río BalsasanditstribuCorporation drilling by1957). Pitting and churn the Panama ounces (432.2 kg) in1934(Roberts and Irving, 13,895 (161.7 kg)ayearounces with apeakof exports from1931-1941 averagedDarien in 5,200 in1941(Stranahan, 1941).Gold Corporation 1926; Low, 1931, Hull,1940) and by the Isthmian the by Panama Ltd in 1928-1931(Sheridan, Corporation evaluated were goldfield placer Darien the Sabalo (or Tucuti)of placer gold deposits Tuquesa, Ríos The Chuqunaque, Balsaand in thegoldprice1980s. until the strong century rise mine for another half / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín 3 The RíoTuquesaThe are placer deposits proba or 1206 mg/m 3 ihavleo 18.36centsper cubic yard ) with a value of 3 3 or747-1143mg/m or216mg/m 3 ) containing 143t (4.6 Moz) 3 at the then gold price 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 ) containing104- 3 3 /72(3)A1807202020 - - /72(3)A1807202020 ) ) 5.5. VERAGUAS GOLDFIELD 5.4. CHEPOPLACER GOLDFIELD eevso 150millioncubicyards (115Mm reserves of estimated In 1941,the Isthmian Corporation near El Llano wasdescribed by Oller (1933). Mamoni. Alluvial onthe gold Río Bayanomining is placer gold on the Ríos Terable, Bayano and Panama City, district, east of In the Chepo there 1971 (UN, 1972b). Caribbean drainage, were evaluated by UNDP in River1979. The Pito placer gold deposits,the on out bywas carried Tuquesa Mining S.A. in1971- bydredge.a suction mostrecent The evaluation company withasmalldrag-line, andinthe 1950s 0.80 mvein width (Hull,1940; Wleklinski, 1969). 130.0 g/t over samples gave an average of grade It wasevaluated by UNDP in1967and18check 2,722 g/t over 2.5mvein width (1934mine plan). than 1,000g/tAu withamaximum sample of levels upto 177mlong. more Ore shoots graded tons (26,239 ore.metric tons) The of mine had five copper from 28,923 427,169 lb(194metric tons) of silver and gold,20,269ounces (630kg)of kg) of in 1933-1936 and produced 30,094ounces (936 lease from the Panama (Canada)Ltd Corporation tiago. It was mined by Veraguas Mines Ltd. on the RíoSan the Cocuyo goldplacer district of of part the upper in Mine Margaja the is goldfield New York Times, 5August 1882). done onthem during the coming season (The by Señor Cisneros would andothers have work the Veraguas Company, andthe properties owned ownedgaja, by Señor Fabrega, the of new claims reported 1882 itwas In that the oldveinsat Mar artisanalminers. large number of Mamoni that was being mined at the time by a overin terraces in length 20kmonthe upper Río 1941). SGI(1991a) studied a placer gold deposit Pintuko(Stranahan, Terable and the townof m at 35c per cubic yard (311 mg/yd 3 ), containing 46t(1.5Moz), between the Río The best knownThe vein inthe Veraguas deposit 3 or 400 mg/ 3 - - ) 5.6. CENTRALVERAGUAS GOLDBELT mittently since themid-18 Au, 3.1%Pband4.3%Zn. g/t 14.0 grading tons 11,000 of reserve a defined It discovered vein theLaBlanca-La Cuelga and by the Panama Ltd. in 1926-1932. Corporation (Low, 1931;Oller, 1933). and the PanamaLtd (1927-1932) Corporation Glasgow (founded 1897), ing Company Ltd. of Mining Company (1891-1897), the Veraguas Min Company (1888-1889), the Colombian Quartz early 20 the Central Veraguas gold belt is the late 19 Several exploredBritish companies andminedin on the River Belén by Taylor (1852). veins were described at Minadel Rey (orPalenque) in 1965-1969 (Wleklinski, 1969).Quartz-gold 1928-1931 (Low, 1931),andby the UN program was evaluated by the Panama Ltd in Corporation Cocuyo-GuineaThe placer golddeposit deep-lead and recovered “several veryrespectable (The bars” working mills arrastra using the oldCañasamines reported that Messrs. Schuber and Farraud were to recorded first have been minedin the late 1800s. In1882itwas were Cañazas near deposits in 1938. and trenches, andanattempt wasmade to mine it Panama Ltd. in 1927-1932 with adits Corporation (Star andHerald,Panama, 21August 1931). Hatillos andRemanceAugustmade in was 1931 20,287ounces(631 kg) from Los shipment of Low,1927; gold first The 1969). Wleklinski, 1931; 5,332 and27,124ounces(166 to 844 kg)(Riddell, or 70,000 tonsat 10.7 g/t Au to produce between Ltd.whichCorporation produced either 14,000 1931 andmined in 1931-1932 by the Panama 5,183 ounces(161 kg). It was explored in 1925- Company mined 15,500 tonsat 10.5 g/t Au for (3,732 kg).Inabout 1900, theVeraguas Mining about 120,000 ounces known gold production of The RemanceThe wasminedinter gold deposit Los HatillosThe gold mine was developed The Santa RosaThe andAlto de la Mina gold San PedritoThe gold mine wasexplored by the th centuries, namelythe Santiago Mining Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín th century with total century http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 th and - - 5.7. SANTA RITA GOLDMINE 5.8. EMPERADORGOLDDEPOSIT Griffin, and were owned by Porfirio Meléndez byPorfirio owned were and Griffin, reopened in 1882by and Messrs. Thorington mines were 1857).The and 1857(Harrison, 1829 (Lloyd, 1829) Colón, are shown onmapsof oldSanta Rita gold mines near Sabaneta, The early 1900s. Cañazas,mine workings has which date fromthe CerroThe Au LasMinas north of 3km deposit, Rosa wasminedin1935-1940 (Wleklinski, 1969). the Panama in1927-1932, and Santa Corporation mined onasmallscalebyAlto de laMinawas New YorkTimes, 5August1882). 1882;Anon, total goldproduction isunknown but was small. the land inthe Canal Zone. The expropriation of from the U.S. Government in1914-1919for latter to claim compensationtried unsuccessfully Company(~1900-1919) (Redwood, 2020b). The and the Plantation andMining Ohio(1889-~1900), Gold MiningCompany of Mercier and Co. (1886-1889), the Colombian Companyador Mining (1882-1886), the Societé Pasiga River Mining Company (1876), the Emper 1860-1900 byseveral companies includingthe from out in Spanish times and again carried about district (Table 3; Redwood, 2020b). Mining was respectively, Emperador (Empire) the former in the Panama Canal) and the Río Chagres part of the Río Obispo(now (Gold Creek), tributaries of the Río Sardinilla andQuebrada de Oro parts of quartz veins inthe upper inthe Emperador deposit Gold was mined from and epithermal placers 1979-1982. the government-funded Gold Project in as part of magnetic survey,ter-borne trenching anddrilling out exploration at Santa Rita including ahelicop General de Recursos Minerales (DGRM) carried remains in1957(Woodring, Dirección 1957).The Woodring and the mine described the geology isnotknown.1898); the subsequent history (Posada, the century from 1889until the end of /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 29 29 - -

The history of mining in Panama THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD MINING The history of mining in Panama THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD MINING 5.9. CAPIRAGOLDDISTRICT Table 3.ThehistoryoftheEmperador goldmine. 30 30 f h ititb en fashaft andtwo under the district by meansof of the Buho vein at Cerro part Buho, inthe southern district. Theymined at LaTrinidad goldmineon the small lode claims to consolidate of ownership and UnionCarbide Group, which boughtall the owned byin turn, the U.S. Vanadium Company Panaminas Inc.that was, S.A., of asubsidiary de Campana Minas Ltd.andLas Corporation trict ownedwas from 1927-1951 bythe Panama early 20 out bywas carried multiple owners inthe 18 late 20 veins inthe from 1703until the out fromGold mining wascarried epithermal / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín 1 early to 16th 17th century 17th 1914- 1891- 1886- 8th C 8th 1890s? 1860s Year 1957 1883 1883 1882 1876 1875 1 1870

th 873 century (Table century 4). Small scale vein mining r entu 1919 1892 1893 th

centuries (Mérida, ca1995). The dis centuries (Mérida, ca1995).The

y

The remains of the mine were described as old adits, machinery and rails. and machinery adits, old as described were mine the of remains The land of lo for compensation for claim a presented Duncan, Mr. by represented Company, Oro de QuebradaThe agriculture. in invested Company and Mining and Plantation Oro de Quebrada nameto its changed Companylater Mining Gold Colombian The mineceased later it 1892 In 1891. in operations Installeda Duncantransferredclaims the newlytheto formed Th 1893. Societe the Mercier, Veta Basil Burns Duncan (aka Charles H. Burns) obtained a half interest in the Sardinilla wereformer de Quebrada Bernardo Mercier became owner of the Emperador Company property. Itapplied for the Sardinilla found. coin Charles H. Burns and 46 others arrested in Emperador on suspicion of theft of $ was Singer. C. Henry by Denver from capital with up set Colombia Companyof Mining Emperador fr mine the Companyobtained Mining River Pasiga The machinery. installed who Wurlitzer Mr. to 1878 in it Sold Chiquita. Sardinilla granted Campbell and Furth Messrs. William Thompson and a Philadelphia company set up a 5 stamp mill at Sardinilla. Sardinilla Chiquita granted to William Nelson and 3 other Americans. mine. Dug Rediscovered by William Thompson, a Panama Railroad conductor. He formed a company to work the Goldwas mined nearVenta Cruces,de probably reference aEmperador. to Spaniards. the by Mined

murdered in a bar at Emperador in 1882.

fromPanamathe Railroad. They were released without chargemonths. 3after 1886

to the Canal Zone to the U.S. Government.

-

1891- 1893 Madre claims from the Emperador Mining Co. in 1886 and formed a partnership with with partnership a formed and 1886 in Co. Mining Emperador the from Madreclaims 1893

a ditch from the upper Chagres river to Quebrada de Oro for hydraulic mining. hydraulic for Oro de Quebrada to river Chagres upper the from ditch a

employees of the French Canal Company.Canal French the of employees http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 Oroclaim 1892 Huntington Centrifugal Rock Crusher powered by a steam engine and started started and engine steam a by powered Crusher Rock Centrifugal Huntington 1892 operation.

Mercier Mercier

in 1883 and was granted title in 1884,

&

th installed a Dodge Rock Breaker. There is more no news after 1892. to Co /72(3)A1807202020 - - /72(3)A1807202020 . He obtained the mining rights to 11 concessions between 1889 and 1889 between concessions 11 to rights mining the Heobtained .

Owners and Events and Owners

wide. SGI evaluated five veins in detail (Brenda, detail in veins five evaluated SGI wide. alteration up to30m 1,500 mlong withzones of upto18g/tAuwith grades overin azone 1.2m veins 13 identified It 1991a). (SGI, 1988-1990 in out exploration carried atInternational Capira at 5 g/t Au (SGI, 1991a). Swedish Geological t 200,000t at 7 g/t Au, andprobable of115,000 reserves of reserves proven defined and 1988 La Trinidad explored the La Trinidad minefrom Petro-Panama S.A. in1980.Compañía Minera S.A.1978, and in from 1968-1973, Texasgulf nia S.A. (Canadian Javelin Ltd.) and Panaminas 12.8 g/tgold. reserves in1941were given as53,300t grading ground levels ore in 1930-1942(SGI, 1991a).The

The Capira laterdistrict was The explored byPavo e Colombian Gold Mining Company of Ohio. Ohio. Company of Mining Gold Colombian e om Messrs. Furth and Thompson.and Furth omMessrs.

and staked other claims. Mercier and others others and Mercier claims. other staked and

50,000 of U.S. Navy gold Navygold U.S. of 50,000

The gold was never never was gold The - Quebrada de Oro and Oro de Quebrada

Singer Singer The - ss

- BELT 5.10. MANGANESEMINING INTHENOMBREDEDIOS Table 4.ThehistoryoftheCapiragolddistrict. - 18th of high prices, and then intermittently until the high prices, andthen intermittently of World1871 until after the First War, asaresult inthe Nombre de Diosbelt fromout intermittently mining and explorationManganese were carried Panama. by CapiraDoradaS.A. of Since 1991,Capira andCacao have been explored 0.02to 2.21 g/t Au. chip sampleswithvalues of 1991a). Follow upexploration by SGI included 89 with quartzveinlets (SGI, withlow goldgrades of alteration zone a large identified which 1990 the regional geochemical surveyby SGI in1988- evaluated was and 1940s.1930s deposit The by by the Panama (Canada) Ltd. inthe Corporation 2.3 g/tAu. 1.2 mat veins, of and Flor and a best intersection and 7diamonddrill holes (641.5m)onthe Brenda Flor, Dani,MadridandSuecia), with trenching 1930s 1988- The veinsThe at Cacao were mined at La Florida 1991- 1988- 1968- 1951- 1930- 1927- 1917- 1882- 1848- 19th 19th Year 1980 1978 1910 1880 1850 1703 1522

- 1990s C 1940s 2020 1990 1973 1968 1942 1951 1930 1897 1858 enturies

Capira Dorada S.A., Panama exploration of Capira and Cacao. Swedish Geological A. B. regional exploration and drilling. Compania Minera La Trinidad explored La Trinidad Petro exploration. Texasgulf Pavonia S.A. (Canadian Javelin Ltd) exploration. No activity. Panama Corporation mined La Florida at Cacao. mine. Trinidad the at vein Buho the Mined 1939. turn owned by U.S. Vanadium Corporation and Union Carbide Group) JV bought all the claims 1927 EnglandrationLtd,Corpo Panama andLasMinas Campanade S.A.(subsidiary(?)Panaminas of in Inc. staked. claims 108 Morales. Eusebio Dr. by represented Bogota, in formed Esperanza La Mina Dichosa,Sonora,La Aguafuerte. Ten mines staked called La Batea, Mina Del Oro, Maria, La Colombiana, Mina Rica, La Dificil, Liberal, Au.oz 3775 produced Jos by staked Capira de Mina de Real El Cifuente. Salomon Valde Daniel by mine Trinidad La of north staked Bogotana La Mina 1850 in MarManuel by mined Cacao in Minas las de Trinidad Small scale vein mining. Newveinsdiscovered Capirain district. - Pre Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín Columbian mining in Capira referred to in founding of Nata. -

Panama S.A. (PETROPASA) exploration. S.A. Panama

and 1858. and http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720

é

Ram

Owners and Events and Owners o fWest Virginia1892 andbuilt in Co.formed was of by 1898 (Oller, Caribbean 1933).The Manganese in1889,and66mining claimswereagain staked out at Viento Friostarted 1871-1875. Mining in the RíoBoqueron to the Hyatt No. 1and2mines. zoneCarano mines). The continues to the SE along and Soledad in the east (the Soledad, Concepción Blaque andLaMesa mines and prospects) and Mangue de Indio, Panama orVentura, Machita, pects), RíoFató inthe middle (the Monstroncosa, Maria-Defense, June andMarianamines andpros aredeposits Cerro Viejo in the west (the America, Nombre de Diosto Viento Frio where the principal the ore. district issouth of mainmanganese The blocks andboulder trainsdue to the hardness of large outcrop residual deposits 1957). The orform 20 kmwide (Simon, 1914;Sears, 1919;Simons, 75kmlength E-W by Río Boqueron inazone of from MariaChiquita to San Blas, andsouth to the 2000s (Table Nombre 5).The de Diosbelt extends ó n Riveros and Agust and Riveros n

Small scale manganese mining was first carried mine. í a de la Victoria y Urbina. Produced 5712 oz Au oz 5712 Produced Urbina. y Victoria la de a

/72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020

í previously mine The Riveros. n é

y Valdé y

s, Cirilo Escobar and Escobar Cirilo s,

-

31 31

-

The history of mining in Panama THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD MINING The history of mining in Panama THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD MINING Table 5.ThehistoryoftheNombre deDios–VientoFriomanganese mines. 32 32

in 1916-1919 andproduced 21,310 longtons They the Soledad deposit. were mined km west of San Blas, about 40 of the Gulf endof the western Panamabeen mined in are at Bayat Mandinga 2008-2010. Global Min-Metal S.A. outexplorationcarried in 45-55% Mn per month. Mostrecently, tons of 5,000metric years withplanned production of Viejo from and Soledad deposits 1993 for several Caribbean Mining Company minedthe Cerro isnotknown although indetail. the history The throughoutworked the 20 intermittently ore mines were at manganese each The deposit. highgrade for 15,000tons(13,600metric tons) of tle ore,(1919) estimated although Sears potential few yearslater. Hyatt The producedmines verylit River Boqueron in1920,but it was abandoned a Nombreto the Hyatt deDios No. 2mineonthe Co.Manganese built a narrow-gauge railwayfrom a rubber cutter in 1915,andthe Hyatt Panama Hyatt1914). The were deposits discovered by ore inthe same period (Simon, metric tons) of Soledad, produced 12,000tons(10,900 north of mine, Concepción (Simon, 1914).The about 3 km was replaced by the Panama Colombia Company Day War theThousand andthecompany result of 1902, however theoperationa abandoned as was 53.7% Mnbetween ore 1895- manganese grading high grade 40,000 tons (36,300 metric tons) of Viento Frio, in 1895. It shipped about south of Nombre de Dios, to the Soledad mine, north of a narrow-gauge railwayfrom Playa de Damas, / / 1895- Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín The only other manganese deposits to have deposits only other manganese The 1889- 1871- 2008- Year 1993 1920 1915 1902

1902 1898 1875 2010

Exploration by Global Min- Global by Exploration 45- 5 planned at years several for Soledad and Viejo Cerro Companymined Mining Caribbean The Dide a built PanamaManganeseCo. Hyatt The cutter. rubber a by discovered were deposits Hyatt The Company. Colombia Panama the by Replaced Concepci nearby TheDamas. de Playa to railway gauge Viriginia West ManganeseCo., Caribbean The manganese. for staked claims mining 66 Frio. Viento at mining Manganese 55%Mn per o s, but it did not produce much. produce not did it but s, http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 month. th

century century Metal S.A. /72(3)A1807202020 - /72(3)A1807202020

6.1. OVERVIEW porphyry copperdiscoveryera 6. Theregionalexplorationand narrow Owners and Events and Owners

ica (Simons, 1957). The Island deposit occurs ona ica (Simons, occurs Island deposit 1957). The and 40-50%sil (19,260 tonnes)with25-30%Mn 1975) under President Ernesto de la Guardia 1975) under President Ernesto which known deposits in 1957(Quirós, began of mineral exploration andevaluation of ment policy agovern tion programs. were These the result of 1956, andcontinued with major regional explora bauxite and copper exploration in the start of copper discoveries from with 1956to 1982 began regional exploration and porphyry period of The have thesedeposits beenmined. of 1972, with5shallow drill holes (UN, 1972a). None by the DGRM andthe UNDP program in1964- a 1942visit.Two other prospects were explored pects were described by(1957) based on Simons the pros Bahia Honda(Riddell, 1927). Three of Matilde and several hundredtonnes at thousand ore manganese at tial for several million tonnesof Ltd.in1927whichCorporation estimated poten Veraguas. belt was discovered The bythe Panama Montijoin of between Atalaya andthe Gulf 1895-1902 period(Simon,1914). ore manganese in the tons (20,999tonnes) of Bay andViento Frio deposits. It produced 23,000 small islandnear the coast between the Mandinga

mined 36,300 tof 53.7% Mn at the Soledad mine. Narrow - gauge A second belt of manganese prospects manganese occurs belt A second of

ó

railway from the Hyatt No. 2 mine to Nombre n mine produced 10,900 t. 10,900 produced mine n

, 000 t 000

at

- - - - - New York, agency newlyformed aninternational Nations Development Programme (UNDP) of up were out in 1965to 1974by carried the United stream sediment exploration programs and follow the USA. Regional the Alliance for Progress of LandandWater funded by Cadastral Project of the Rural out in 1963to 1965 aspart of carried first regional government exploration program was Panamain western from 1956until the 1960s. The made by Americanminingcompaniesfor bauxite Commerce in1970. andIndustry Resourcesof (DGRM)underthe new Ministry Mineral ARM became the General Directorate of change. The is now antiquated and inneed of to this day. 1964 mining law The isstill valid but out the path for the Panamanian mining industry Roberto policiesset Chiari (1960-1964). These President in 1964 during the administration of lawmining approvedwas 1963 andbecamelaw in Agriculture, Commerce and Industry.of Anew the Ministry created in 1963underthe auspices of the authority, mining Mineral Resources Administration (ARM),was first The (1956-1960). in 1971(Figure 16). A stream sediment survey copper prospect1970; andthe Ipeti porphyry copper prospectsPito and San Blas porphyry in copper prospectmilla porphyry in1969;the Río not recognized for another two decades;the Pal in1967,although the gold potential was deposit gold-copper per at the Cerro Quema epithermal Panama)1968; cop in copper deposit porphyry the Petaquilla (Cobre resulted in the discoveryof regionalThese programs were veryand successful Toronto. out bycarried was Huntec Limited of the project, a regional aeromagnetic survey part of Giudice andRecchi, 1969;Wleklinski,1969).As 1969a, 1969b, 1972a, 1972b, 1972c,1981;del Coiba from 1973to 1974 (UN, 1968, the Island of ProjectMining Phase IIIinLasPalmas, Sonáand from 1969to 1972; and3)the the Pirre Massif and del Toro,San Blas, theMajéMassif eastern to 1969; 2) the Mining Project Phase II inBocas in the Azuero Peninsula andVeraguas from 1966 three phases: 1) the Phase I Azuero MiningProject projectpart The ARM/DGRM. eventually ran to in 1965,together with the government counter The first regional exploration programs were programs exploration regional first The Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - - - amanian jointventure (1971-1972), which ended Panama byHierro Panama S.A., aJapanese-Pan of forsands iron ore and titanium inthe Gulf marine black this period was the exploitation of at thetimeandprojects were terminated. price meant that were the deposits not economic major copper mining industry, but the low copper it was anticipated that Panama would develop a 1982 andthe Petaquilla in1971-1980and deposit ticipation at the Cerro in1969- Colorado deposit undertaken by foreign were companies withstate par studies feasibility and definition Resource the Cerro Chorcha copper prospect. porphyry by a major mining company, Asarco, discovered out atcarried the sametime in Chiriquiprovince 91.Oeo the contentious that issues was the 1991). One of phy and economy away from the canal (Gjording, geogra both in diversification a as and Panama, western developments for the poorer ’s debt, aspotentially important economic Torrijos (1968-1981) who saw them asasolution to General Omar to Panama duringthe presidency of great political importance Cerro Colorado, were of al updatedwas at 1:100,000scalein1980(Stewart Zone at 1:75,000scalebyWoodring (1957),which Canal of the geology detailed map andmemoirof Panama by Terry (1956), and a of on the geology memoir first the werein maps previousgeological only 1:250,000 scale in 1991 (DGRM, 1991). The geological atmaps updated 1995,andasetof in Panama at 1:500,000 scale in 1976,which was of in Colón(SGI,1991a). de lasMinas, Hatillo, Santa Rosa) andSanta Rita the Central Veraguas gold district (Remance, Alto that trenched and drilled several gold projects in Darien, followed by the Gold Project (1979-1982) Experimental Project (1975-1977) at RíoMoguein for gold fromgrams 1975to1982,namelythe out government-fundedcarried exploration pro mineral exploration program,itself the DGRM (Quirós, 1962,1975;SGI,1991a). prematurely when the loading was wreckeddock ., 1980;Woodring, 1982). The only miningprojectThe to enter production in The DGRM publishedThe a new geological map theUNDP Following of thetermination The twoThe majorcopper projects, Petaquilla and /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 33 33 et - - - -

THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION AND The history of mining in Panama PORPHYRY COPPER DISCOVERY ERA THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION AND The history of mining in Panama PORPHYRY COPPER DISCOVERY ERA IRON OREDEPOSITS 6.2. CHIRIQUI-VERAGUAS LATERITIC BAUXITE AND Figure 16 34 34 described byRiddell also evaluated (1927), was first plateau, Mesa) la de Alto El Veraguas(or de Santiago,the Meseta on westabout 20km of lateritic1986). A ironore prospect at La Mesa, Recchi,Ferenčić,and 1969; Patterson1971; Patterson,1967; Quirós, 1962,1975;del Giudice 40% Al grading bauxite 70Mst(64Mt)of estimated resourcesof Aluminum Company.(Alcoa) andKaiser They America companies, the Aluminum Companyof to the 1960s by two major American aluminum ama, were discovered and evaluated from 1956 and Tolé and David Pan inChiriquiwestern long belt km between Las Palmas inVeraguas Chiriquibauxite deposits,The locateda 145 in famous Torrijos-Carter 1977. Treaties of inthe the century canal by the USAat the end of the same period Torrijos of negotiated the return ated mines between 1969 and1974.Duringthe Chile, Zaire andZambiaexpropri countries of was invogue, andthe majorcopper producing project. wasthe period when This nationalization the government insisted onmajority control of / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Mapof themodernminesand mineraldiscoveries of deposit Panama,1956-2020 (MapbyS.Redwood). 2 O 3 and6%SiO http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 2 (Wilmot, 1960; et al ., /72(3)A1807202020 - - /72(3)A1807202020 6.3. CERRO COLORADO PORPHYRY C in Panama, contacted Terry in1955to ask about Cerro Coloradoin1957. led tothediscovery of wasfollowed1981a). This up by a prospector and Felix” (Terry, 1956;Texasgulf, 1978; Linn RíoSan …near the head of sulphide deposits in which hewrote low-grade as “copper …occurs lish this find until his 1956 memoir about Panama, malachite-stainedgreen rock,but he didnotpub and observed a quartz vein with chalcopyrite and ogist, traversed the cordillera 1936 on foot in April Toro toDavid” hewrote 1865,p. (Bidwell, 336). [San Felix], and near the road going from Boca del 1859. “There are copper-mines near San Feles New Granada dated report by the Government of “ book FRGS, theBritishVice-ConsulPanama, in his in reported in the area in 1865 by Charles T. Bidwell, first were veins Copper 6). Table 2; (Figure ama Pan western located in the Central Cordillera of is Cerro copper deposit The Colorado porphyry havethese deposits beenexploited. during thisperiod (del Giudice, 1965). None of Joe (José) a Yugoslavian Zarn, prospector living Robert A. Terry, a Sinclair Oil Company geol h shu fPanama Isthmus of The ”, quoting from”, a u DEPOSIT et al ., - - - art, 1957). On8March1957, Stewart and Andres (Heckadon-Moreno,galena 2012a,2012b, Stew seen by Terry, barites and aswell as other veins of February 1957,when hefound the malachite veins joined thenext expeditionvacation duringhis in a companywith equal shares each,and Stewart 2012b, Pinel and Stewart formed 2012c). Zarn, pany (Stewart, 1991; Heckadon-Moreno, 2012a, the Panama Canal Com Geologist of the Chief samples were shown to Robert (Bob) H. Stewart, native copper (Linn piece of copper minerals, includingaplate-sized ples of the area described by Terry andcollected sam on the third expedition in July 1956.They found successful were they trips, two first the on Indians San Felix. backby After being turned the of dition, made several expeditions from the village Serrano,Luis Terry’sguide from the 1936 expe Pinel, a Panamanian businessman,Joe and Zarn 1956; Linn the Río San Felix (Terry, of the upper headwaters al letter to Mr.personal Joe cited by Zarn, Linn the copper showings(Terry, the location of 1955, government andwonby Canadian Javelin Lim in1968. Acompetitivedeposit bid washeld by the thePetaquillacopper porphyry the discoveryof concession expired (Linn nies inthe project but wereand the unsuccessful tried for several yearsto interest compa mining obtained an explorationand concession and Zarn 1957; Texasgulf, 1978; Linn between 0.05and0.5%Cu(Stewart, with agrade (91 millionmetrictons) least 100 millionshort tons (1,220 mby 91mby 365m),andcontained at 4,000 feet long, 300feet wide and1,200feet deep copper sulphidemineralizationlow-grade were second visitandestimated that the of dimensions Stewart mapped and sampledthe outcrops ona (Linn mountain called Cerro Colorado (Red Mountain) name, andfollowed these up the river to the steep rockswhich gave the Río Colorado (Red River) its art observed the reddish iron oxide stains onthe massive chalcopyrite in the Río Escopeta. Stew Molina, aGuaymiIndian, found aboulder of ., 1981a).Terryindicated that the areain was Interest in Cerro Colorado was revived by et al ., 1981a;Heckadon-Moreno, 2012c). et al 91) ihtebcigo Pablo , 1981a).Withof the backing Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín et al ., 1981a). et al http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 et al ., 1981a). Pinel ., 1981a). The ., 1981a). The et ------announced a maiden resource of 2,000 Mt grading 2,000Mtgrading announced amaidenresource of (Linn copper deposit Colorado was amajorporphyry the leached capping andto indicate that Cerro drill rigs. Drill hole no. 43 was the first to penetrate 17). Subsequently they diamond bought in bigger drilled with small, portable Winkie drills (Figure were holes first mule. and byThe foot access with aroad, considering the remoteness andlackof being awarded the contract, especially months of noteworthythat theystarted drilling withinthree and November 1974.Theyand itis acted quickly drilling between February 1971 out 45,000 mof Pavoniasubsidiary S.A. Canadian Javelin carried km Montreal in November 1970, anda750 ited of osrcino aport,smelter and anacidplant. of construction concentrates, with the to give 759,000tonnes of waste ore and 86 Mt of 27 Mt of production of study planned for the annual Texasgulf 1978. The sampling, andafeasibilitystudycompleted was in drivenlong adit was 52 holes),a458m in for bulk out in1975-1976(12,402m carried Drilling was held by Empresa de Cobre Cerro Colorado S.A. equity onacontributing basis. project The was project manager whileretained CODEMIN 80% Cerro Colorado and wasthe had 20%equity of a contract signed inFebruarywas 1976.Texasgulf the USA, and joint Inc.of venture with Texasgulf Desarrollo Minero Cerro Colorado) negotiated a de CODEMIN(Corporación copper corporation later paid$23.6millionincompensation. drew from the project in March 1975andwere government wanting51%,andthe company with themine, the ment’sshare intheparticipation of unable to reach about the govern anagreement Kynoch Metals. However, Canadian Javelin was nese miningcompaniesandsmelters, andBritish operator, C. Itoh & Company representing Japa Javelin aconsortiumwithNoranda as the formed be recoverable by openpit mining. Canadian 0.25%Cu,with1billiontonnesestimated to of grade cut-off provena probableCu at and 0.65% stated that the resource was 1.7billion tonnes at $560 million (Hargreaves, 1974). Linn 0.6% Cuandplansto develop amineat a costof In 1975the Panamanian Government’s new 2 explorationwas awarded concession to its et al ., 1981a). In July., 1981a).In 1973 Canadian Javelin /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 et al . (1991a) 35 35 - - -

THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION AND The history of mining in Panama PORPHYRY COPPER DISCOVERY ERA THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION AND The history of mining in Panama PORPHYRY COPPER DISCOVERY ERA now inthepossession ofhis neighborKarman, mineengineer. inPanama, Robert February 1971.The photographs are from analbum madebythelateJohn C. Doyle,Chief ExecutiveOfficer ofCanadian Javelin,and a portableWinkie drillbyStanStewart(driller) in February 1971.D)Anativehut or bohioserved asthefirst coreshack atEscopeta, Kittredge issecond fromtheright.B)Cerro ColoradoinNovember 1970before anytrailsweremade.C)Drill hole no. 1was drilled with TylerGeologist November 1970. Monte, del Boca at expeditionmules Geological with A). in 1957. discovered was deposit the after years Figure 17 36 36 40 million tonne-per-year concentrator near the May 1980 and January considered 1981.This a 33 holes andmade a pre-feasibility study between drillingin to 51%.RTZof out11,562m carried CODEMIN, which reduced CODEMIN’sequity the project and from Texasgulf don bought 49% of ai err,GnrlMngro CODEMIN, Dario Herrera, General Manager of was Ruben first The (Gjording,1991). project the two keypeople halted zone, when the deaths of a secondadit for bulk samplinginthe primary the feasibility study includingapilot plant and $3.2 billion. Negotiations were in progress for at estimated was cost capital The Pacific. the on theRíoSanta Lucia Punta Yurre inthemouthof mine site and a282,000tonne-per-year smelter at / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín nMy18 í it icLd RZ fLon In May 1980RíoTinto Zinc Ltd. (RTZ) of Thefirst drilling oftheCerro Coloradoporphyrycopper deposit wascarried outbyCanadianJavelinLimited in1971,15 http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 /72(3)A1807202020 - /72(3)A1807202020 eido exploration isdescribed by Gjording period of first this throughout located, is project the land Indians, Buglé) the Guaymi(Ngäbe onwhose the project to CODEMIN. relationship The of was wound up, andthe revertedownership to the Empresa de Cobre de Cerro Colorado S.A. project, the of value carried the off RTZwrote next decade from June 1982 until 1993, when project was put oncare and maintenance for the project hadlostitschampionPanama. in The the dayhe died. Negotiations continued but the RTZ, wasdue to meet with TorrijosCEO of on on 31Julycrash 1981.Sir Alistair Frame, the General Omar Torrijos inaplane the death of natural causes.was followed This by who died of (1991). C 6.4. PETAQUILLA (COBREPANAMA) PORPHYRY Table 6.ThehistoryoftheCerro Colorado copperdeposit. u -M Cu in33samples at Botija, and 1042ppm Cu in 860ppm Cu and125ppm Mo, andanaverage of 2,000 ppm and 12ppmMo, maximum values of (6.23 km stream 623hectares extensive sediment anomalies over an area of defined sampling The 1970). the field by UN geologist Artemio Metti (Ferenčić, in discovered first was mineralization copper and out in January sediments wascarried grained 1967 fine of sampling sediment Stream 1991). Huhta, (TableFerenčić,1969 7; 1970; and 1966 between the Phase IAzueroProject Mining out carried of Nations Development Programme in 1968, part sediment geochemistry survey by the United originally, wasdiscovered bya regional stream PetaquillaThe as it was called deposit, porphyry o -A u 1998- 1996- 1982- 1980- 1975- 1971- -A Year 2012 2011 2005 2001 1998 1997 1994 1993 1975 1975 1974 1970 1969 1957 1956 1956 1936 1863 1859 g DEPOSIT 2001 1997 1993 1982 1980 1974 2 ihvle fgreater than 500 ppmCu ) with values of

CODEMIN disbanded. CODEMIN Bidconcessioncancelled, cancelledand became Minerala Reserve. CODEMIN regained project and prepared for a public tender. Aurbecame owner PanaCobre.of project. the optioned Toronto, Inc., Resources Aur Feasibi - Pre holes. 69 min 11,696 drilled PanaCobre PanaCobre. acquire to option Inc. Resources Tiomin PanaCobreSA, Panama concession agreement. wound RTZ project on care and maintenance. feasibility Rio Tinto Zinc Ltd., London feasibility USA Texasgulf, Governmentformed Corporacion Desarollode Minero Cerro Colorado (CODEMIN). Canadian Javelin withdrew after being unable to reach an agreement for the mining rights. Metal Canadian Javelin formed a mining consortium with Noranda, C. ltoh holes. 90 in mdrilling 45,000 Javelin; Canadian by Exploration Canad Colorado. Cerro for auction Government Robert H. Stewart discovered Cerro Colorado with Zarn and Pinel. Terr Robert Terry, Sinclair Oil, discovered copper mineralization Report quoted in a book by the British Vice NewGranada. of Government the by reported veins Copper Joe Zarn, Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín feasibilitystudyKvaernarby Metals. y's find published in "A Geological Reconnaissance of Panama". of Reconnaissance Geological "A in published find y's s. ian Javelin Limited, Montreal awarded exploration concession.

lity study by Kvaernar Metals.

up. Pablo Pinel

http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720

study. study. -

CODEMIN JV 20 JV CODEMIN JV company Empresa de Cobre Cerro Colorado SA. Colorado Cerro Cobre de Empresacompany JV and LuisSerranolocatedTerry'coppe

-

CODEMIN JV, 49 JV, CODEMIN

- 80%. Drilled 12,402 m in 52 holes, drove 458 drove holes, 52 min 12,402 Drilled 80%.

RTZ withdre RTZ

Owners and Events and Owners - Consul, Charles Bidwell. a ftheBotija and Petaquilla (Colina) deposits. of was is told by original discovery Huhta (1991). The history discovery the and (1970) Ferenčićby was publication first The 1968). Kents, 1969a; 1968, threedescribed in UNDP technicalreports (UN, New York discovery 1968.The on 30 April was simultaneous pressconferences Panama in and discovery(Huhta, 1991).The announced atwas werenicians Sres D.Rosas Luna,A. Vegaand M. JussiHuhta (Finland), andthe Panamanian tech Kjell Anzelius (Sweden), D. del Giudice (Italy) and Petaquilla. UNdiscovery The team geologists were the Río in the Río Botija and in a tributary of of strong indications copper type mineralizationporphyry were found the field, in days few first to makedrainage photos base maps. Within the waiting for cloud-free to take conditions aerial out until 13Februarynot carried was 1968while 38 samplesat Petaquilla (Kents, 1968).Follow up - 51%. Drilled 11,562 m in 33 holes, made a pre madea holes, 33 min 11,562 Drilled 51%.

w 1993. Empresa de Cobre Cerro Colorado SA Colorado Cerro Cobre de Empresa 1993. w

/72(3)A1807202020

/ 72(3)A1807202020 .

r

discovery. Maiden resource 1973. resource Maiden

&

Co., and British Kynoch

m adit, made a

- 37 37 -

THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION AND The history of mining in Panama PORPHYRY COPPER DISCOVERY ERA THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION AND The history of mining in Panama PORPHYRY COPPER DISCOVERY ERA Chief Geologist at Inmet’sat PyhäsalmiMine, FinlandChief Geologist for tracking downthephotos. Jussi Huhta,Finland and published courtesy ofhiswidowIrja Huhta, formerly achemistwiththeproject.Thanks toTimoMäki,former BBS-1 diamond drill rigwasused byUNtodrill 10deeper holes (total1,960m)from drill padscleared onjungle ridges.Photographs by and June 1969.AWinkie diamond drillwas used todrill27short holes (total834m)up to30mdeep. D)Ahelicopter-supported, Boyles in afleet ofdug-out canoes ( with bluecopper oxidesinastreamattheBotijadeposit, 1968.B) Fieldsupplies being brought totheprojectbyRiverPetaquilla outcrop discovery an unknownandthe team, manat discovery the one ofcamera), (facing the Finnish geochemist a Huhta, Jussi A) Figure 18 38 38 (total 2,799 m) ontheBotija, Petaquilla (Colina), Winkie drill holes and 10longer diamond holes followed upthe discoveryin 1968-69with27short ization (Kents, 1968;Awmack, UNDP 1992). The which are associated with copper mineral both of and linear zones rich inhydrothermal magnetite, magnetite-destructive alteration indicated areas of ppm Mo, and vertical field magnetic surveys which greater than 400 ppm Cu and 25 soil anomalies of large several identified which sampling soil out 200 line-km of Subsequently UNDP carried / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Thediscoveryof thePetaquilla(Cobreby UnitedNations’ Panama)porphyrycopper Azuero deposit Miningin 1968. Project cayucos ). C) The first drill holes on the Petaquilla project were carrieddrill holes). C)Thefirst outbyUNbetweenOctober onthePetaquilla project 1968 http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 /72(3)A1807202020 - /72(3)A1807202020 members were members and Smelting Mining Co., Mitsui (initially seven) Japanese copper companies whose Tokyo, three Co. Ltd. (PMRD) of a consortium of 1971 by Panama Mineral Resources Development national tender for the project that was won in (Figure 18). the hole (Kents, 1968) m to 65.9mat the end of from 0.94%Cuand0.028%Mo grading 12.6 m hole, drill 53.3 first The 1992). Botija, at returned Vega (Valle Grande) and Medioareas (Awmack, The PanamanianThe government made an inter - 6.6. RÍOPITO, EASTERNSANBLASPORPHYRY BELT 6.5. CERRO CHORCHA PORPHYRY C fCerro Colorado (Table 8). Copper mineraliza of Panama, western west 37km tral Cordillera of inthe Cen locatedterrain mountainous in rugged CerroThe ChorchaCu-Au porphyry is deposit prices (Awmack, 1992;Speidel dropped the project in 1980due to low copper production. PMRD of the government for terms negotiationsunsuccessful were out with carried two years the feasibility study wasupdated, and next the Over 1977). (PMRD, Cu) 0.5% (cut-off 0.69% Cu 277 Mt grading mineable reserves of 0.56% Cu and 0.010% Mo (cut-off 0.3% Cu), and 493 Mt grading in1977 with a total of deposits bility study wasmade on the Petaquilla and Botija 1977. Amaiden resource estimate and pre-feasi (Colina), Medio and Vega (Valle Grande) in 1971- and 51longdiamondholesat Botija, Petaquilla 48 shortWinkiein 14,159m holes drill program of mapping at Botija and Petaquilla (Colina), and a Metal Corp., out geological 20%. PMRDcarried Dowa50%, The MiningCo., 30%andMitsubishi porphyries were named, from NW to SE, Nava prospects in aNW-trending beltlong.75 km The Cu-Mo Cu, MoandZnanomalies andporphyry out in1969-1971 foundBlas carried multiple San part of the southeastern sediment surveyof United NationsThe Phase II regional stream and abandonedtheproject (Folk, 2005). theagreement concession to improve of the terms Asarco planned to drill in 1976,but was unable 600mbythe GuariviaraZone.in 300 m area of mineralization >0.2% Cu by trenching over an By 1976Asarco copper hadoutlined porphyry theUNDPAzuero Project. the cordillera west of Petaquilla Asarco in 1968. The program covered the UNDP discovery of of the success result of presumedis that thisprograminitiated was as a stream sediment sampling program in 1969.It Asarco Inc.,Tucson,Arizona by of aregionalary Canada Ltd., a subsidi Exploration Company of tion was discovered at Cerro Chorcha by Asarco Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 et al u -A ., 2001). u DEPOSIT - - - - - 6.7. CANA GOLDDEPOSIT none have drilled. the Río Pito district in the 1980s-2000s, but of out reconnaissancecarried visitsand exploration INGEOMINAS in 1975-1976. Several companies was discovered afewyears later by the UN and CuprospectAcandi porphyry inColombia which low out. Río Pito is closeto the upwascarried were described by UN (1972a, 1972b) but no fol drilling. Navagandi, Mulatupo andRíoPatikan g/t Au and4.04g/t Ag based on trenches and 2.12 297,300tgrading the Palacios breccia of 1972c, 1981). UN made a resource estimate at out in 1970-1972 (UN,was carried 1972a,1972b, exploration programdrilling diamond including Pito was the strongest anomaly and a follow up Mulatupo,gandi, Río Patikan and Río Pito. Río National Park in1996. banned inthe (Durán, 1998). Miningwas Darien requirements earn-in in 1996, but the joint venture ended in dispute these fulfilled Ventures and makingcertain cash payments. LinkMineral 80% by out certain exploration carrying programs Toronto in1995-1997, which couldearn Ltd. of optioned theprojectMineral Ventures toLink valid,the mining concession and soANCON order commitments in tomaintain a number of project. However, itdiscovered that there were sterilizing the S.A.1993 withtheintention of in fromconcession Sociedad de InversionesIXTAPA environmental organization ANCON bought the anomalies >1 ppm Au (Table Panamanian 2). The auguring program in 1992 and defined several soil South Africawhich outa1,200holesoil carried Trever, 1989); St. Joe Minerals; and Gold Fields of ing 13.7g/tAu, andCerro SanJosé (Tippett and grad ounces 108,000 about a resourcedefined of 4,600 m in1985-1988 at the North Mine, and Exploration Companywhich drilled 40 holesfor which drilled 16 holes on Cerro San José; Freeport Westernin 1964-1966; TexasGulf inthe 1970s, 1996 by several companies includingHochschild gold in the period between 1964- epithermal in 1926,wasexplored for copper and porphyry where Cana deposit, The gold mining ceased /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 39 39 - -

THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION AND The history of mining in Panama PORPHYRY COPPER DISCOVERY ERA THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION AND The history of mining in Panama PORPHYRY COPPER DISCOVERY ERA 6.8. RÍOMOGUEGOLDPROSPECT Table 7.ThehistoryoftheCobrePanama(Petaquilla)copper mine. 40 40 2007- 2006- 1998- 1990- 1980- 1971- 1968- í ou n17 rbbyb h rsneo Río Mogue in 1974probably by the presence of in the Darien. Mineralization wasdiscovered at the Rivers Marea Mogue and Taimatí (or Bagre), of in the headwaters located Massif in the Bagre gold prospect is Río Mogue epithermal The / Year / 2019 2017 2014 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2011 2011 2010 2009 2008 2008 2007 2005 2003 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1993 1993 1992 1988 1968 Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín 2018 2008 2003 1992 1988 1980 1969

Mine production started. production Mine MPSA,KORESQuantum90% of 10%. First give to Nikko LS Exit First Quantum restarted construction with new plan. First QuantumMinerals started. construction Mine Franco Nevada acquired an interest in the precious metals stream. lnme KPMC proceed. to development allowing approved Assessment) Impact Social ESIA(Environmental Cu Balboa construction. mine approved board lnmet 20%. earn to KORES)option Corporation, Resources Korea and Inc. Copper KPMCNikko (LS Corp. Panama Mining Korea (MPSA). S.A. Panama Minera to changed namecompany Operating Panama. Cobre de Mina to changed name Project (ex (ex ComincoTeck m). (191,478 holes 883 MPSAdrilled Petaquilla Copper Ltd drilled 308 holes (30,383 m). Feasibility study up Petaquilla Law. DevelopmentPlan whereby Molejonof startthe Gold infrastructure work was recognized Projecttheasunder start gold Molejon Project reactivated. Dormant due to low Cu price. 0.09 Cu, 0.50% at Mt 1,115 of reserves mineable with Simons by study feasibility Updated m). (8,099 holes 43 drilled Teck Petaquilla Contract Law No. 9. Holding company Mine 0.493% at Mt 1,461 of reserves mineable with Wright Daniel Fluor by study Feasibility m). (26,837 holes 124 drilled Teck Metall 0.12 Feasibility study by Kilborn on Petaquilla (Colina) and Botija deposits with mineable reserves of 579 Mt at 0.52% Cu, Corpora Teck Minnova 52%. Adrian 48%, Minnova Ownership Panama. MinAmericaCorporation, from GeoRecursos bought Adrian Minnova GeoRecursos. 80% from earned Inc. Minnova Staked by GeoRecursos International S.A., Panama. Dormant. Maiden companies (Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co., Dowa Mining Co., Mitsubishi Metal Corp.). Drilled 99 holes (14,159 m). Panama Mineral Resources Development Co. Ltd. (PMRD), Tokyo, a consortium of 3 (initially 7) Japanese copper UNDP drilled DiscoveredUNDPby regionalby stream sediment geochemistry. - Adrian) 26%. lnmet bought out bought lnmet 26%. Adrian)

t board made production decision. production made board t g/t Au, 0.155% MoS2.0.155% Au, g/t MoS20.014% Au, g/t Mining

exercise resource493of Cu, 0.11 g/t Au, 0.015% MoS2.0.015% Au, g/t 0.11 Cu,

acquired by option to Adrian Resources Inc. to earn 32% total. 32%total. earn to Inc. Resources Adrian to option

- Au discovery. Maiden resource in 2012. in resource Maiden discovery. Au

tion option to earn 26% from Adrian and became operator. 2,799 deposit transferred to Petaquilla Minerals Ltd (ex Ltd Minerals Petaquilla to transferred deposit b

d ecame lnmet

option -

Teck) vested its interest. Ownership became lnmet 48%, Teck Cominco 26%, Petaquilla Copper Petaquilla 26%,Cominco Teck 48%, becamelnmet Ownership interest. its vested Teck) dated. m Metall

in andbeca Mt at 0.56% Cu and 0.010% Mo at Petaquilla and Botija, and pre and Botija, and Petaquilla Moat 0.010% and Cu 0.56% at Mt Ltd.

3

7 http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720

holes. Mining b Mining

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the partners to own 100%.own to partners the lnmet

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e of d Panama ra Petaquillara S.A.(MPSA) formed. 80% ofMPSA. MPSA. Adrian drilled 396 holes (75,991 m). (75,991 holes 396 drilled Adrian Au,at including1.5m 36.48g/tAu;at 12.5m 4.04 holes. bestintervals The were 37.5mat 2.11g/t diamond drilling in 31 short holes and 5 longer out 994.9 m of Experimental. DGRM carried Minerales (DGRM) under the Panama Proyecto 1975-1978 bythe Dirección General de Recursos artisanal placer gold mining.explored Itwas in

- company AdrianResources). Government accepted Newthe

remai ned Minnova - feasibility study 1977. study feasibility

(Panama)

Inc.

6.10. CERRO QUEMA EPITHERMAL A 6.9. IPETIPORPHYRY C Table 8.ThehistoryoftheCerro Chorcha copper deposit. 2007- 2005- 1997- 1994- 1990- 1969- Year located in the Majé Mountains inthe Darien. called Río Guayabo, Ambroya, andMajé) is Cu-Mo-Au Ipeti porphyry The prospect (also Winkie holesfor 390.8m. Panama andMinera Rayrock,which drilled 10 was later explored in 1996-2000 byPaminexco of g/t Au; and 35.05 m at 1.64 g/t Au. project The g/t Au; 13.72mat 2.97g/t Au; 14.02mat 1.78 epithermal gold-copper deposit. A goldoxide gold-copper deposit. epithermal Cerroa highsulphidation is The Quema deposit 0.33% Cuand0.269g/tAu.29.5 mgrading 0.20%Cuand0.176g/tAu,grading m including 100 to300ppbAu. bestdrill result The 160.7 was with the 200ppmCu anomaly, withvalues up to gold anomaly greater than 50ppbwascoincident m width,withzones withupto1,500ppmCu.A 100-400 an innerzone greater of than 500ppm 1,200mby 1,700m,with ppm Cuover an area of 200 than greater anomaly an defined survey soil 13holesforThe 2,534m. programswith atotal of out soilsurveys, amagnetic survey, andtwo drill Vancouver.ResourcesInc., both of Theycarried Resources Taurus Ltd. and International ama S.A., Panama CanAlaska withInternational explored from 1993-1999byde PanAluviones 1969-1971 (UN, prospect 1972a,1972b). The was sediment anomaly by the UNDP Phase II survey in Mineralizationdiscovered was bya Cu-Mostream 2010 2009 1993 2008 2008 1998 1995 1992 1976

Supreme Court halted halted Court Supreme Cuprum. bought Dominion off 0.2% Cu), inc. 37.4 Mt at 0.93% Cu, 0.16 g/t Au (cut Drilled by Bell Cuprum Resources Corp. (Bellhaven Ventures Inc./ DrilledCyprusby Minerals. Au(cut g/t 0.057 Cu, 0.493% at Mt 265.9 JV Company)MKin Gold by (managed Ltd. Resources Ario by Drilled Geo S.A. Geologicos Consultores and Outlined Cu anomaly by trenching. Could not reach better terms for concession agreement, did not drill program. sampling sediment stream regional a in deposit the discovered Ltd Canada Company of Exploration Asarco - dropped the project. the dropped Minas S.A., u -M haven and Dominion Minerals Corp. New Corp. Minerals Dominion and haven o -A Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín a u JV between Consultores Geologicos and GeoRecursos International S.A., Panama, exploration. Panama, S.A., International GeoRecursos and Geologicos Consultores between JV PROSPECT expired. license and exploration

http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 u

-C

u DEPOSIT - off 0.2% Cu). 0.2% off - Owners and Events and Owners Bellhaven Copper & Gold Inc.) 6.11. ELGALLO A

- off 0.65% Cu). 0.65% off resource in 2008 of 202 Mt at 0.49% Cu, 0.07 g/t Au (cut Au g/t 0.07 Cu, 0.49% at Mt 202 of 2008 in resource alteration overlies a sulphide zone with enarg silicaandadvanced argilliczone with vuggy was mined in a glory hole or open pit about 45 was mined in aglory described as a 16 El Gallo gold mineat(Herrera)The Minas Las is sulfide deposits. Cu-Au sulphidationhigh author as epithermal maticand have deposits by been reinterpreted the were at the time as contact metaso interpreted 4.0 g/t Ag and 51 ppm Mo(UN, 1972b). They ppm Mo, and4.37mat 0.46% Cu, 1.3 g/t Au, included 5.9mat 1.08%Cu, 0.90g/t Au and140 thatshort drill holes (314.4m)withintersections Quebrada Barro prospectfollowed was up with9 alous in Cu-Mo, associated with silicification.The and soilsampleswereand 1,200ppmZn, anom up to 440 ppm Cu, rock samplesup to 2.2% Cu Barro. Stream sedimentsamplesatgaveÑopos Los (UN, 1972b)atÑopos, Los IguanaandQuebrada which were followed up inthe Phase II program the Azuero belt part of anomalies inthe western decades until1986. gold potential was notrecognized for another two no outcropping mineralization wasfound, andthe ina streamboulders draining Cerro Quemita but Nations (UN, 1969). Chalcocite was found in stream sediment survey out by carried the United byin thePhaseIregional copperanomaly a single 1967 in identified was Quema Cerro enrichment. ite-chalcopyrite-pyrite and supergene chalcocite The UNprogram detected threeThe other copper

with Geo /72(3)A1807202020 u / 72(3)A1807202020 -A g -P th - b Minas. Maiden resource 1995 of of 1995 resource Maiden Minas. century Spanish mine whichSpanish century MINE

- 41 41 - - -

THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION AND The history of mining in Panama PORPHYRY COPPER DISCOVERY ERA THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION AND The history of mining in Panama PORPHYRY COPPER DISCOVERY ERA 6.12. HEAVY MINERALSANDS 7.1. OVERVIEW mining 7. Moderngold-copperexplorationand 42 42 project in 1967-1969, which found onlygalena tunnelswere1927). The reopened bythe UNDP the one fiveof tunnels further into the hill (Riddell, ration Ltd.explored it in the by1920s extending (Posada, 1898;Oller, Panama 1933). The Corpo mined forwas Au-Ag-Pb the latein 19 m indiameter on the hill-top (Riddell, 1927). It (1982); the Radioactive Minerals Project with mappingandgeochemistry Peninsula Project of tional agencies. programs were These the Azuero programs inthe 1980s withfunding by interna outseveraltinued to carry regional exploration PanamanianThe Government’scon DGRM operation wasabandoned. the loading dock andbadlydamaged it, and the fourth shipmentwhenblown was the ship against in three shipments.accident occurred Anonthe were produced and75,000tonnes were exported 64% Fenetite and ilmenite grading and 6%TiO mag concentrates of 200,000tonnesof total of loaded onto bulk for export carriers to Japan. A and stockpiledonBona Island, where they were blackwere sands concentrated by electromagnets Panama (Redwood, 2020a). The Chame S.A. of Japan andMinera of Sumitomo Corporation Panama S.A., a 50-50 joint venture between were exploited by dredging in 1971-1972 by Hierro Beach Gorgona off deposits marine shallow The Mt (del Giudice and Recchi, 1969; Quirós, 1975). 3.0 (probably equivalent to inferred resources) of They hadhistorical estimated “proven reserves” Pacific coast in Panama West and Coclé provinces. Punta Chamé andBocadel Río Hato on the between 60km overoccur sands adistanceof heavymineral Shallow of marine placer deposits (del GiudiceandRecchi, 1969). / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 th century century /72(3)A1807202020 - - - - 2 /72(3)A1807202020 Panamanian Government between 1965-1990 ration programs by UNDP, IDB, SGI and the 1967-1990 (Nelson,1995). exploredwas bystream sedimentsurveysbetween 50,197km of Survey(SGAB) total (SGI, 1991a,1991b).A area the Swedish Geological national (SGI), part of out under contract by SwedishGeological Inter erican Development Bank (IDB) and was carried (1987-1990), which wasfunded by the Interam Panama Project Resources inThree Areas of Mineral Mineral Inventoryfor the Evaluation of the Remote Sensing Project (1985-1987); and the Agency(1985); Atomic Energy the International Cerro Lloron gold prospect in 1988;the Molejon in1988;the the 1980s; the Río Liri gold deposit Azuero; theCerro in ern Caballo gold deposit 1989, which opened up anewgold belt in south goldat Cerro Quema in were the discoveryof Panama in1999. the Panama Canal by the US to of and the return during thisperiod were the US invasionin 1989, them (Figure major political events 16). The all of (1993) with drilling and evaluation programs at Cerro Chorcha (1994), Palmilla (1993) and Ipeti its at Petaquilla (1990), Cerro Colorado (1993), copper depos the porphyry in the evaluation of in inmore than50years. Panama renewed There was interest mines gold first the (1995-1999), 1990s at Remance (1990-1998) and Santa Rosa were put inoperation inCentral Veraguas in the (Wilson, 1981; Mealey, 1996). Two gold mines more extreme climate inIndonesia and terrain in similarbut deposits per-gold skarn-porphyry the Ertzberg-Grasberg cop their discovery of and Cana (Tippett and Trever, 1989), following explored inthe Central Veraguas gold district New Orleans, which Freeport McMoRan Inc.of Exploration Company of in1985, a subsidiary the 1980s. The first foreign company was Freeport 2000s, stimulated bythe rise inthe gold pricein national and foreign companies from 1985to the led to a boom ingold and copper exploration by encouraged private companies to explore and h ucs fthe copper and gold explo of success The Significant new discoveries during this period during discoveries new Significant 2 raottotid fthe country, , orabout two-thirds of ------7.2. CERRO COLORADO COPPERPROJECT place worldwide. Brazil, and 14 Peru and Mexico, and ahead of copper production inLatin America after Chile, is reached, Panama willrankinfourth place in copper per year 350,000tonnes of production of Panama into a major copper exporter. Once full Cobreclass Panama transforming 2019 is minein tobuild agoldminein2017. mental permit whichQuema gold deposit applied for anenviron ing tore-start production in2020,andthe Cerro 2019, the Santa Rosa gold mine which isprepar Panama copperminewhich started production in at theMolejongoldmine(2009-2014),Cobre focused minedevelopments has been a policy of However, there exploration. green-fields no been ing for a new mining law. As a result, there has fornew concessions thepastdecade while wait late 2000s andthere has been a moratorium on in 2011(Figure 16). copper-gold inthe Cobre deposit Panama district in1992;andthe concealed Balboa gold deposit ,5. ta .3%C ih1. to con 1,754.7 Mt at 0.637% Cu with 11.2Mt of the copperprice exceeded $1.18/lbfor 90days. and related payments for up to five years, or when obligationsto makeaproduction decision of sion extension to the contract providing for a suspen May1998). In 1998 thegovernment approved an feasibility study in1998 (Kvaerner Metals, 1997, completedwas byKvaerner 1997 anda Metalsin in 69holes1996-1997. A pre-feasibility study diamonddrilling Cobre out 11,696 mof carried Government for theproject to bedeveloped. Pana Panamanian the from approval final received it PanaCobre S.A. InMarch 1996 acquire 100% of Toronto inAugust 1994 byof which itcould Resourceswith Tiomin an optionagreement Inc. with CODEMINinthesameyear. Itthensigned PanaCobre S.A. obtained agreement a concession 1993, aprivatein Panamanian companycalled RTZ from the Cerro Colorado drawalproject of inactivity and the with Following a decade of h tr fcopperproduction at theworld start of The explorationThe boom wounddown the in The 1998 mineral resourceThe estimate contained Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 th ------

7.3. COBREPANAMA (PETAQUILLA) COPPERMINE 0.459% Cusoluble and0.730%Cu total. This proven and probable ore reserves of withgrades copper byan SX-EW process with 61.104Mtof supergene start-up operation for the extraction of (Linn cutoff) al Cu (0% Au) t (248 Au g/t 0.07 Mo (212,000t Mo), 4.1g/t Ag (14,500 t Ag) and given inanearlier resource estimate as 0.006% resource hascredits for Mo, AgandAu which were copper. The at 0.417 %Cucontaining14.8Mtof global resource 3,539.2 Mt (at a 0% Cu cut-off) of Metals, were 1998).These a containedwithin Mt at 0.69% Cuinthe supergene zone (Kvaerner (measured, cut-off Cu indicated and inferred resource), including 149 0.4% at copper tained 48%, which subsequently became Metall Mining Minnovawas 1992-1998 the partnership with Inc. ration included lithogeochemical sampling. From Panama with 20%.Explo S.A.International of Torontonova with 80% and Georecursos Inc. of project was explored from 1990-1992 by Min atstarted again Petaquilla in 1990(Table 7). The Japanese left consortium the project, exploration since the After more than a decade lying dormant Reserve, andCODEMINwasdisbandedin2012. cancelled and becameaMineral was concession lowing protests by Indians. Buglé the Ngäbe The Februaryin suspended planned bidwas 2011 fol public tender to develop the project. However, the 2005, CODEMINandmade preparations for a the government expired inFebruary 2005. new workon the project, with and itsagreement on 23February 2001.Aur out any did not carry the loan in PanaCobre to Aur in full satisfaction of 24 December 1998. Tiomintransferred its interest sideration for a US$2 million loan to Tiomin on PanaCobre as con the option to acquire 100% of Cu inconcentrates (Kvaerner Metals, 1998). produce 182,000to227,000tonnesper year of a 100,000tpd conventional milling operation to the muchlarger copper resource, primary with of was envisaged asleading to stage two development ., 1981b). The proposed., 1981b).The development forwas a aigrgie oto ftheproject in Havingregained control of TorontoTiomin gave Aur Resources Inc.of /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 43 43 et - - - -

MODERN GOLD-COPPER The history of mining in Panama EXPLORATION AND MINING MODERN GOLD-COPPER The history of mining in Panama EXPLORATION AND MINING 44 44 totaling 75,991 m.Allsampleswere analyzed for netic surveysand drilled drill holes 396 diamond sampling,grid geological mapping, ground mag it bought Georecursos. out soil Adrian carried Vancouver with 32%initially, andthen52%after poration (1995), and Adrian Resources Ltd. of Cor (1993)andthenInmetMining Corporation f382.9mat 0.58%Cuand 0.22g/t Au, includ of initial drill holes included intersections 2011). The press releases 8 March 2011,31May 2011;Inmet, Balboa Cu-Au2011 (Inmet made in was deposit 2019). 2018 was348,775min1,813 holes(Gray m (Figure total drilling between 19).The 1968 and exploration, infill, condemnation and metallurgical holes for 191,478 883 of total a drilled MPSA (KORES), a20%partner.as Between 2007-2018, Copper Inc. andKorea Resources Corporation LS Nikko ama Mining Corp., a joint venture of followingyear, InmetbroughtKorea in Pan company to Minera Panama S.A. (MPSA). The the operating de Cobre Panama and the name of the project to Mina 2008, changed the name of buyingPetaquilla Copper’sand Teck’s interests in the Petaquilla by deposit of 100% ownership in2006-2008. Inmet consolidatedcopper deposits the 308 holes (30,383 m) of out drilling of carried Petaquilla Minerals, of Copper Ltd., asubsidiary merly called Adrian Resources, in2005. Petaquilla intoPetaquillajon golddeposit Minerals Ltd.,for Mole the of spin-off the was step first The 2019). reactivated for the third time in 2003(Gray (Speidel was put onholdin1998due to low copper prices allurgical holes for 8,099 m.However, the project met and infill 43 with 1997-1998 in updated was 1996 andcompleted a feasibilitystudy. study The in m 26,837 for holes condemnation 33 and infill study, anditbecame theoperator. Teck drilled 91 26% total interest, by completing a feasibility itsinterest, equal to a of half to earn an option Vancouver TeckAdrian granted ComincoLtd. of metals were evaluated (Awmack,1994, 1992). In precious that time first the Ag, and Au Mo, Cu, / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín The discovery of the concealed, high grade the concealed, high grade discoveryThe of was project Petaquilla the years, five After et al ., 2001;Gray et al ., 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 et al et al ., ., /72(3)A1807202020 ------/72(3)A1807202020 to discover orebody a concealed, high grade in results.low grade exploration Itisasalutary lesson had been previously drilled by shallow holeswith andesites. surfaceoutcrop The at Cuatro Crestas orebodyinclined at about 30° NWbeneath barren that the Colina deposit encountered an west of low resistivity discovered by drilling an area of (Inmet pressrelease 5 March2012). Balboa was Cu 0.15% of grade cut-off a resource,at inferred 0.31%Cuand0.08g/t Au301 Mtgrading plus ing 0.36%Cuand0.10g/t Au indicated resource 602Mtgrad resource wascompleted in 2012of 124.3 mat 2.32%Cuand2.28g/t Au. Amaiden 221.8 m at 1.41% Cu and 1.29 g/t Au, including ing 101.4mat 1.24% Cuand0.52g/t Au; and reserves of 3,143.7 Mt grading 0.38% Cu, 0.07 3,143.7Mt grading reserves of resources include proven and probable mineral molybdenum.The silver and 274,000 tof t of gold, 6,100 copper, 300t of metal is 16.38Mt of 0.15% Cu(Gray of grade cut-off a at Mo 0.005% and Ag g/t 1.09 1,097Mtat 0.26%Cu,0.04g/t Au, resources of 0.006% Moinseven deposits, plusinferred mineral 0.37%Cu,0.07g/t Au,grading 1.34g/t Ag and 3,657Mt and indicated mineral resources of and theminestartedproduction in2019. own theminewithits 2014, plan in struction of poration (KORES). Quantum restarted First con the remaining 10%heldbyKorea Resources Cor MPSA in 2017to give it 90%, with 10% share of Subsequently, Quantum boughtLSNikko’s First Inmet withits80%interest inMPSA2013. Vancouver bought Quantum Minerals Ltd. of First finance. debt or equity to resorting without the development cost vative way to fund part of in 2012 for $1 billion in project financing, an inno acquired an interest in the gold and silver stream royalty Toronto company Franco Nevada Ltd. of 2013 withproduction planned for late 2015. The geochemistry. stream sediment, soil androck a combination of outcrop deposits porphyry andwere discovered by the other exploration. Allof than 40years of awell-explored after more deposit the middle of The CobreThe Panama containsmeasured deposit acopperminein Inmet started constructionof et al ., 2019). The total contained ., 2019).The - - - - LF-70 rig,June2010.B)DiamondBalboa withaBoart-Longyear drilling Fly38rig,October at 2011.Bothdrillswere portableand allof Figure 19 C byStewart Redwood). helicopter pickup ofacommunity relationsfield partyatRio Caimito,October 2010.(Photographs A,Band DbyColinBurge. Photograph the drilling wascarried outbyhelicopter slinging. C)ColinacampwithaHughes 500helicopter,18 March2007.D)Eurocopter Colibri is 35years to2054(Grey 1.7 Moz (52.9 t) Ag and2,717t Mo. mine life The 107,000 oz (3,328 kg) Au, annual by-products of Cu risingto377,000tonnesperyear, plusaverage copper in concentrates production is310,000t of Mt per year in 2023(Figure 20). Average annual Mt per year in 2019 with plansto increase to 100 plantcapacitystarted atBotija. The mined is 47 be to deposit first The Brazo. with Abajo Botija Petaquilla) with Medio, Valle Grande, Balboa, and open pitsatcalled Botija,LaColina(formerly planned five in are reserves The Ag. $16/oz and $3.00/t Cu, $1,200/oz Au are based on prices of g/t Au, 1.37g/tAgand59.38ppmMo. These Exploration at Cobre Panama by Minera Panama S.A. in 2007-2011. A) Diamond drilling at Botija Abajo with a Boart-Longyeara with Abajo Botija at Diamonddrilling A) in 2007-2011. S.A. MineraPanama by Panama ExplorationCobre at Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín et al ., 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 7.4. PALMILLA PORPHYRY C cut-off 0.35g/t Au equivalent (Camus, 2013). Mt at 0.22%Cu,0.40g/t Au and0.67g/t Ag, at a 11 and 0.87g/t Ag, andaninferred resource of 27Mtat 0.24% Cu,0.59g/t Au cated resource of drilling in 60holes. gave This a measured and indi diamond 13,136mof 2011-2013, with atotal of in 1993-1996,andbyPetaquilla Minerals Ltd.in Resources Corporation Enterprises andMadison ration program in1969.Itwasdrilled by Adrian the UNregional explo the follow upphaseof Cobre Panama, was discovered during northwest of PalmillaThe Cu-Au porphyry prospect, located /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 u -A u PROSPECT 45 45 - -

MODERN GOLD-COPPER The history of mining in Panama EXPLORATION AND MINING MODERN GOLD-COPPER The history of mining in Panama EXPLORATION AND MINING 7.5. MOLEJONGOLDMINE website). of oreper dayand 85million tonnes peryear,and isthesecond largestmillintheworld. (Photographs First Quantum Minerals Ltd. mills consisting mills,four of three28MWSAG 16.5MWballmillsand one22MWballmillhavea design capacityof 274,000tonnes Figure 20 46 46 inv ImtMnn)i 92i h oreo Minnova of (Inmet Mining) in1992the course the Cobre Panamadiscovered district.Itwas by in the Brazo copper deposit porphyry west of vein located deposit south about 2 km thermal isa low Molejondeposit sulphidationThe epi regional rock geochemistry (Table 9; Speidel district-scale exploration around Petaquilla using 2001). This geochemical2001). This exploration technique / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín The Cobre Panama mine 2019-2020. A) The ore and coal port and 300 MW thermal power plant at Punta Rincon. B) The eight B) Rincon. Punta at plant power thermal MW and300 port andcoal The ore A) 2019-2020. mine Panama The Cobre http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 et al ., /72(3)A1807202020 - - /72(3)A1807202020 interest in the project to Petaquilla Gold S.A., a 1996). In2005InmetandTeck transferred their 0.48g/t Au, in1996(Inmet Annual Report, of cutoffa at Au, oz 570,000 containing Au, g/t 2.2 grading Mt 8 which maiden a resourcedefined of by their partner Adrian Resources drilled in1994-1995, was prospect Molejon The effective. mineralized rocksfound, andwassurprisingly altered themost and per squaresamples of km 3-4 involved low densityrock-grab sampling of 7.6. CERRO QUEMA A Table 9.ThehistoryoftheMolejongoldmine. 2009- 2006- 1994- most recent being a pre-feasibility study by Tortelli made resource estimates and feasibility studies, the havecompanies evaluated since the project and 1.26 g/t Au (Torrey and Keenan, 1994). Several 10Mt grading and reported a maiden resource of Englewood, Colorado in 1990-1994,which drilled was joint ventured to Cyprus Minerals Company of up to 5.2 g/t Au inrockchip samples(Table 10). It Panama visitedthe area and obtained (CEMSA) of when Compañíade Exploración Minera, S. A. ing Project in 1967,wasnot recognized until 1986 anomaly, discovered byUNDP inthe Azuero Min the Cerro Quema copper gold potential of The (Archibald g/t Au 0.2 of cut-off a atMoz), (1.0 Ag g/t 2.1 and Mt at 1.31 g/t Au (20,008kgor643,266ounces) al Mt at 0.35g/tAu and1.05g/t Ag (Archibald 3.3 of resources inferred plus Au, g/t 0.2 of cutoff oz.)or 1.4Moz) and1.74g/tAg(43,545kg at a were 31.6Mtat 0.80g/tAuor 817,400 (25,424kg leach measuredplant. The andindicated resources gold was stockpiled for a planned heap (4,728 kg) of materialLow containing 152,000ounces grade later expanded to3,500 tpd (Figures 21Cand21D). in acarbon-in-pulp plant with 2,200tpd capacity, processedwas by recovered andgoldwas grinding gold,withbyproduct silver.(7,202 kg)of ore The pit from 2009-2014 andproduced 231,540 ounces byconstruction in2006.It mined the deposit open (ex-Adrian Resources Ltd.), which started mine Petaquilla Minerals Ltd., Vancouver of subsidiary Year 2014 2005 2003 1996 1992 ., 2012).Proven andprobable reserves were 15.3 2014 2009 1995

et al Mine closed. Mine Mining. construction. Mine Petaquilla Gold S.A., owned by Petaquilla Minerals, got 100% from lnmet and Teck. Petaquilla resource. Maiden DrilledAdrianby Resources Ltd. DiscoveredMinnovaby Inmet(later Mining Corp.)reconnaissanceby rockgeochemistry. ., 2012). u -C

u Minerals Ltd. (ex DEPOSIT

Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - AdrianResources) reactivated newproject, resource 2005.

et - Owners and Events and Owners 7.7. CERRO LLORÓN GOLDPROSPECT odpie esic eore n.o Rouyn-gold price. PershimcoResources Inc.of stopped thesameyear due tothedropthe in 1997 but agoldminein started construction of et al g/t Au in vuggy silica. g/t Au invuggy results were 142 mat 0.5 g/t Au and 50 mat 0.93 which drilled 6 holesfor best 848 m in1996.The TorontoRayrock Resources in 1995-1997 Inc.of 1990 (SGI, explored1991a, 1991b).Itwas by A.B.Swedish in 1988- Geological International a regional exploration out by program carried discoveredwas bystream sedimentanomaliesin of the El Valle NE margin summit caldera. Gold mineralization the near tuffs in alteration silica goldprospect hostedbydation epithermal vuggy Cerro Llorón(or Cerro Pelado) is ahighsulphi Pava (Tortelli 15.1 t(488,000ounces),withthe majority inLa Quema are 19.71 Mt at 0.77 g/t Au containing and probable reservesoxides in at LaPava and provenon 641drill holes totaling 63,341.8 m.The and LaMesita (Tortelli infour occurs zones, La Pava, Quema, Quemita 22.1t (0.71 Moz) Au and38,100t Cu, which of total a containing sulfides, in Cu 0.31% and Au g/t Au and0.04%Cu plus 11.4Mt at 0.41 g/t and inferred) oxide resource24.6 Mtat is 0.71 Vancouver.Ltd. of total (measured, The indicated project has been owned since2016by Orla Mining which isstillawaited. The 2016, the outcome of license tobuild anopenpit, oxide gold mine in Noranda, Quebec applied for anenvironmental 21) apelRsucsIc fMontreal . (2014).Campbell Resourcesof Inc.

/72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 et al ., 2014).

et al

., 2014). This is based is ., 2014).This 47 47 -

MODERN GOLD-COPPER The history of mining in Panama EXPLORATION AND MINING MODERN GOLD-COPPER The history of mining in Panama EXPLORATION AND MINING 7.10. REMANCEGOLDMINE 7.9. LOS HATILLOS GOLDDEPOSIT 7.8. CERRO NEGRO GOLDPROSPECT Table 10.Thehistoryof theCerro Quema golddeposit. 48 48 2016- 2010- 2007- 2006- 2002- 1996- 1990- 1988- operated from again 1990-1998 by MineraRemance After almost 60years, the Remance gold minewas Australia in2008. Resources of Bellhaven in2004(Folk, 2004b)andGolden Cross in1985,Freeport1978, Duval Corporation in1988, by the Dirección General de Recursos Minerales in 1969; Folk, 2004b).Subsequently it wasexplored Zn and0.14%CuonLaBlancaVein (Wleklinski, 12.5g/t Au,grading 21.6g/t Ag, 2.49%Pb, 3.85% 30,000tons 1967-1969 which reported reserves of LosHatillosThe veins were evaluated by UNDP in and 1.2mat 4.9g/tAu and12.6g/tAg. 16.6 g/t Ag, 1.0mat 23.3g/tAu and28.2 g/t Ag, the Paris Sur area such as 0.6mat 47.2g/t Au and interceptsholes for in 1,873 mwithshort,highgrade Toronto1992-1993. Tenneco/Echo in Bay drilled 24 Toronto in1988-1989, and Noranda Inc. of Ltd. of Lakewood, Colorado 1986-1988, Echoin Bay Mines Tenneco MineralsCompany (Minera Orion Ltda) of by several companies from were 1986to 1993. These Chitré (Herrera), was explored about 20 km NW of gold prospect, located CerroThe Negro epithermal Year 1997 1967 2016 2006 2001 / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín 2020 2016 2010 2007 2006 2001 1994 1989

Compañ Orla Mining Ltd exploration and await environmental license. Pershimco applied for environmental license to build a mine. Carena. bought Inc. Resources Pershimco JV with Bell JV with Glencairn Gold Corp./ Inc. Yamana Gold with JV Ltd. RNCResources with JV Carena Equities Corporation, Panama. Campbell started mine construction but stopped (low Au price). CampbellResources Inc. Cyprus Amax Minerals Company JV with CEMSA (Minera Cerro Quema S.A.) drilled. Maiden resource 1994. boulders. chalcocite and anomaly sediment stream Cu found program exploration UNDPregional í a de haven Copper & Gold Inc. &Gold Copper haven Exploració n

http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 Minera,

Central Sun Mining Inc. S.A.

(CEMSA),

/72(3)A1807202020 /72(3)A1807202020 Owners and Events and Owners Panam 7.12. SANTA ROSA GOLDMINE 7.11. SANPEDRITO GOLDDEPOSIT

a discovered Transworld Exploration S.A.1983-1986 and in was explored deposit DGRM in1975. The by out atcarried was Altode la Mina(ADLM)by 1967-1969 (Table in deposit 12).Shallowdrilling UNDPexploredThe the Santa Rosa gold and at Cerro Cristal. NNE-trending veins, Las Minitasto test a seriesof port in 1985-1989which drilled 5 holesin1988at San PedritoThe prospect was explored by Free Reno, Nevada in2010. of City in 1998-2000, and Pacific Rim Mining Corp. Quebec 1995-1996, Héronin Exploration of Inc. Toronto of Inc. Minerals Northfield 1990s, the in targetswell as veins as Minerals Cyprus including out explorationcarried drilling for bulk mineable Au (2,986kgor96,000ounces).Several companies Reserves in1993were 500,000 tonnesat 6.0 g/t a 100tpdCIPplant, later expanded to300tpd. 6.0g/t which wasprocessed in of a head grade gold at duced about 88,000 ounces(2,737 kg) of 21A; Table 11). Over this period the mine pro PanamaTransworld (Figure Explorations S.A. of Peru, in anoperating contract with family of S.A.,a company owned bythe Ganoza mining

Au.

- - Figure 21 Molejon processingplant, March2009. (PhotographsRedwood). byStewart with aHughes500 helicopter,March2009.Gold wasmined from2009-2014.D)Thegold CIP leachtanks with2,200tpdcapacity atthe pad and goldrecoveryplant attheSantaRosagoldmine, June 1997. Itwasmined from 1995-1999. C) TheMolejonminecamp and office gold mineinPanama in50years.March1994.B) Theheapoperated leach Remance goldmine inMarch1994.It from1990-1998, thefirst akutyo Greenstone. total mineable The of bankruptcy price, lowrecoveries debt, andhighleading to the mine closedprematurely causedbythe low gold open-pit, heap leachoperation (Figure 21B).The gold from 1995-1999 in an ounces (3,700 kg) of in 1993.Greenstone produced about 119,000 Rosa S.A. Greenstone 100% ownership gained through the operating company MinasSanta Stockholm,Sweden, A.B. Mining of International a 49-51%jointventure1990 in in withBoliden Toronto to Greenstonedeposit Resources Ltd of Panama after the US invasion in1989andsoldthe 11Mtat 1.6g/tAu. Freeport pulled out of of resource a maiden defined which 1986-1990, in NewOrleans Freeport Exploration Company of Gold mining in the 1990s to 2010s. A) The crusher and ball mills which fed a 200 tpd carbon-in-pulp (CIP) plant at the at plant (CIP) carbon-in-pulp tpd 200 a fed which mills The crusherandball A) 2010s. to 1990s in the miningGold Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 g/t Au (3.7 t or 0.12 Moz) onthe old leach pads and Cerro Otero, inaddition to5.0Mtat 0.75 in three deposits, Alto de la Mina, Santa Rosa 3.4 Mtatplus 1.80g/t(6.2tor0.20Moz) inferred Au (24.3tor0.78Moz) measured andindicated 21.0Mtat 1.16 g/t estimated resources in2016of ama. Following adrill program in2012-2013,it company PanVeragold Company Mining of Inc. 1998). gold(Greenstone Resources, 28.1 t(0.905Moz) of 1998 werein 1.43g/t containing 19.7Mtgrading Resources, remaining 1996).The total resources containing 36.5t(1.175Moz) gold(Greenstone resources in1996were 26.5 Mt at 1.38 g/t Au The projectThe reactivated was in 2009byprivate /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 49 49 -

MODERN GOLD-COPPER The history of mining in Panama EXPLORATION AND MINING MODERN GOLD-COPPER The history of mining in Panama EXPLORATION AND MINING 7.14. CERRO CABALLO GOLDDEPOSIT 7.13. CERRO LASMINAS GOLDPROSPECT 7.15. RÍOLIRIHIGHGOLD DEPOSIT Table 11.Thehistoryof theRemancegoldmine. 50 50 g/t Au, 24mat 1.13 g/t Au, withthe highest grade 41mat 1.13 g/t Au, 56mat 1.03 best intercepts of 1990s. Eleven drill holes by Freeport in 1990gave Resources andBHP Minerals in the 1980s and explored byFreeport Exploration, Greenstone gold prospect was CerroThe Caballo epithermal in 1991-1992,andArlo Resources in1995-1996. UNDP in1966,Georecursosin 1991,Minnova Inc. Cañazas,explored was by locatednorth of 3 km Au prospect, Cerro The epithermal Las Minas tpd in2022. ramp-up the plant to 2,500 tpd in2021and6,000 to start production in2020,andto progressively constructing a mine and a 500 tpd mill with plans (Veragold website). company The currently (2020) is ntenrhetr ato the Soná peninsula 65 part of in the northwestern Río Liri high sulphidation islocatedThe gold deposit 2Mtat 1g/tAu. of 3mat 9.8 g/t Au. It estimated a mineral resource of / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Century 18th ~1945 Early 1990s Early 2006- 1998- 1995- 1987- 1984- 1932- 1925- 1875- Year 1897 1888 2010 1998

- 2010 2000 1996 1998 1988 1945 1932 1 1984 880

Pacific Rim Mining Corp., Reno, Nevada (Minera Verde S.A.) agreement with Clifton. Compa closed. Mine Heron Exploration Inc., Quebec City bought Minera Remance S.A., drilled 96 DDH. DDH. 11 Northfield Minerals Inc., Toronto & Pangold S.A. option to acquire the mine. Cyprus Minerals Ltd. explored bulk mineable potential, tpd. 300 later plant, CIP tpd 100 TESA. with contract operating Peru) family, (Ganoza RemanceS.A. Minera Ex Transworld No activity. Montreal. Limited, (Canada) PanamaCorporation The g/t for Panama Corporation Limited., England mined with 100 tpd cyanide plant. Mined 14,000 tons @ 10. 7 tons 15,500 mined Glasgow Company, Mining Veraguas Great Remance Gold Mining Mined. Mar José 1777. until mining Colonial Spanish

5,332 oz, or 70,000 tons for 27,124 oz. 27,124 for tons 70,000 or oz, 5,332 ñ

í First gold poured April 1990. April poured gold First í

a Minera Clifton S.A. bought title from TESA. a Penavel mined. Penavel a

http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720

ploration S. A. (TESA), Panama.(TESA), A. S. ploration

/72(3)A1807202020 /72(3)A1807202020

7.16. CERRO CHORCHA C Owners and Events and Owners

grading 0.493% Cu and 0.057 g/t Au at a cut-offa atAu g/t 0.057 and Cu 0.493% grading 265.9Mt a maiden resource estimate in 1995of out carried the drillingfirst in 1994-1995. It made Salt Lake City,Gold Company Utah, which of Idaho, managedbyits largest shareholder MK Boise, a jointventure withArlo Resources Ltd. of Panama 1993. Itformed in S.A.International of Geo-Minas S.A. jointventure withGeoRecursos Panama the in1990which formed logicos S.A. of project8). The staked by was Consultores Geo two decades after Asarco dropped it in 1976(Table CerroThe Chorcha for project almost lay dormant Bellhaven VenturesVancouver Inc., 2004-2006. in gold. It was later explored by kg (72,288 ounces) of 1.66 Mt at 1.35 g/t Au inoxides containing 2,248 (2004a) estimated an inferred mineral resource of g/t Au and34mat 0.77 g/t Au (Folk, 2004a). Folk at 1.53 g/t Au, 14mat 2.01 g/t Au, 26mat 1.13 41 m holes for 1,631min1995,withbest results of Cerro Pelado target. Arlo Resources Ltd. drilled 13 the identified which 1991-1994 in Inc. Minnova samples in1990(SGI, 1991a). Itwasexplored by Swedish Project reported Au above 200 ppb in five Panama in1988.The recognized by CEMSAof first was potential gold The Santiago. of west km

drilled. Concession expired 2010. expired Concession

@ 10.4 g/t for 5,183 oz.

u -A u PORPHYRY Drilled 30 RC holes and

- 8. Discussionofexploration methods Table 12.Thehistoryof theSantaRosagoldmine. - 17th Bellhaven Ventureslater Inc., called Bellhaven Panama whichsold to was Resources Corp. of (Folk, 2005). out bycarried CyprusMinerals in 1997-1998 0.20%Cu (Folk, 2005). Further drilling was of 1971 resulted in the discovery of new porphyry new porphyry 1971 resulted in the discovery of 1957- copper in contrast, thediscoveryera. In of Gold was known in Panama since pre-Columbian the concessionexpired later that year. citing community andenvironmental reasons, and exploration2010, in orderedof thesuspension 2008). However, Panama the Supreme Court of andSandefur, (Druecker Cu) 0.65% (cut-off Au 37.4Mtat 0.93% Cuand0.16g/t central zone of hypogene0.2% Cu),includingahighergrade (cut-off Au g/t 0.07 and Cu 0.49% grading Mt 202 mineral resource in the Guariviara Zone of Dominion estimated an indicated and inferred out in 47holessince1994.Bellhavencarried and diamonddrilling was 10,546mof 2009. Atotal of New Yorkin 2007-2008,which boughtCuprumin project Minerals Corp.with partner Dominion of Vancouver.Copper & Gold Inc.,of It drilled the The projectThe was reactivated in 2005 by Cuprum Late 1800s Late 1967- 1927- 2019- 2009- 1 1986- 1983- 18th centuries 18th 995- Year 1993 1990 1975 1882 1969 1940 1999 2020 2020 1990 1986

flotation, and gravity with plant tpd 500 from 2020 planned production First construction. plant and Mine Panamaexploration. CompanyInc., Mining Veragold operation. leach heap pit, open by Au oz 119,000 mined Greenstone 100% Greenstone Formed 49 Sweden A.B., Mining International Boliden and Toronto Ltd, Resources Greenstone Freeport S.A. Exploration Transworld DGRM drilled Alto de la Mina. UNDPexploration. Rosa Panama Corporation Limited, England small scale mining at Alto de la Mina (1927 Farraud. and Schuber Messrs. Small scale mining. mining? Spanish Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín

(1935

Minas Santa Rosa S.A. operating company. operating S.A. Rosa Santa Minas Exploration

ramp http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - 1940). ing up

Company to 6 , 000 tp

d d efined in 2 in 02 bulk 3. Owners and Events and Owners

minable 22C). Another six deposits, including five gold five including deposits, six Another 22C). (Figure ten deposits resulted in the discovery of streammethod was sedimentsamplingwhich projects since1990. evaluation andminingof eries, although they were strongly involved in the and Americanminingcompanies made no discov companies.mining Surprisingly, juniorCanadian were other six deposits The discovered by major geologist working inPanama and two prospectors. rado by by a small company formed an American Cerro Colo played.includes thediscovery This of the important role that national companieshave discovered byPanamanian companies, showing government (Figure 22B). Fourwere deposits by agencies and thePanamanianinternational were discovered by regional exploration programs in theCobre Panama districtin2011. porphyry copper deposit theBalboa porphyry discoveryof brownfields the for except 1992, since discoveries in 1986-1992(Figure 22A).There have been no gold discoveries1968-1971 and epithermal mainly copper discoveriescomprised the porphyry in Peru.and southern its known Mexicoat the time between northern copper belts. were These depos the only porphyry The most successful generativesuccessful most The exploration deposits and three Eight porphyry epithermal discovery in1968-1992, main period of The

deposit.

/72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 Maiden

resource 1 1 Mt - 1932) and Santa Santa and 1932) @ - 51% JV.

1.6 g/t Au.

51 51 - - -

DISCUSSION OF EXPLORATION The history of mining in Panama METHODS DISCUSSION OF EXPLORATION The history of mining in Panama METHODS ore mine.PEA,preliminary economic assessment(scoping study).PFS,preliminaryfeasibility study.FS,feasibility study. iron Panama Hierro Fe, Programme. Development Nations United UNDP, International.Swedish Geological SGAB, Project. Cadastral Rural C) Discoverymethod.D)Current economic statusoftheproject.Abbreviations:DGRM,General Directorateof Mineral Resources. RCP, exploration programs. Thenexttworowsshow theperiods of mineproduction. B)Organizationorcompanywhichmadethediscovery. Figure 22 52 52 / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Thediscoveryhistoryofthe copper ofPanama.A)Yeardiscovery.Thetoprowsshow and theregional golddeposits http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 /72(3)A1807202020 /72(3)A1807202020 9. Conclusion f ocae icvre,idctsta h ee f concealed discoveries, indicates that thelevel of of outcropping mineralization andthe lack made of with almostalldiscoveriescombined havingbeen drilling, andthree have notbeendrilled. of pass first a had only have five while resources, havedeposits haveothers studies andsix economic yearsfrom discovery (Figure 22D).Anotherthree 51 production2019, with atimelapseof in began copper deposits the porphyry and oneof which isplannedto restart mining in2020, of usinggeophysics.deposit, discovered,was copper the Balboa porphyry award.or concession Onlyoneconcealed deposit the initial discovery rigs, often within monthsof try, trenching andearly drilling with portable drill stage were soil geochemistry andlithogeochemis oldmines. Evaluation methodsat the project of were other gold deposits found byreexamination a copper occurrence. Five historical report of ing Cerro Colorado that was found based on a outcropping alteration zones, includ sampling of deposits, were discovered by lithogeochemical were not analyzed for gold, indicating that there but the country the stream sedimentsamples of regional exploration programs covered two-thirds except for at oneconcealed deposit Balboa. The using stream sediment, soil androck sampling, were copper deposits porphyry found inoutcrop the majorcopper andgolddeposits. Allof of systematic exploration programs anddiscovery mining,scale gold and manganese followed by gold mining, a Spanish colonial gold rush, small throughgressed several stages from indigenous saproliticdeep weathering. Mininghaspro climate with dense vegetation, high rainfall and arcisland a tropical in and collisionalterrain Panama over thelasttwoa complex milleniain miningin study examined has This of the history additionaldeposits. potential for thediscovery of explorationimmature, is andthat therea high is h ako discoveries in the lastthree decades, lackof The were thegolddeposits mined,one Three of Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a180720 - - - 10. Acknowledgements Quantum Mining, Panama andVancouver, for Inmet/First help over the years: Colin Burge of followingThe people are thanked for their newdeposits. high potentialfor the discovery of exploration inimmature andthat there is level of indicate these factors that the law.mining Allof date an out of in almost thirty years asa result of oldmines. There have been no newdiscoveries of bylithogeochemical samplingorbyreexamination discoveries gold deposit The were made in outcrop is potential for undiscovered gold mineralization. permission to use the late Johnpermission C.Doyle’s Cerro Cerro Colorado;Robert Panama for Karman, of hisarticles onRobert Stewart’s discovery copies of Stanley Moreno, Heckadon STRI, Panama for Cana mine, where he worked asthe administrator; the Josehis grandfather Oller’s bookandphotosof Panama for providing me with the 1975reprint of Sarasqueta, Spanish mints inPanama; Germinal and mints; Jorge A.Proctor on for information versity on Spanish Colonial coins for information Atlantic Uni Sewall Menzel,ical papers; Florida near LaPintada, andfor sharingher archaeolog Panama for showing me the pre-Columbian mines mine andother mines; Julia Mayo, ElCañoTrust, ing historical research about the Emperador gold Goldwork project; Dan WashingtonBuck, for shar the Panama Washington for sharingher results of Rae Beaubien, Smithsonian Institution, Harriet Veraguasthe and Petaquilladistrict the goldfields; for sharinghisresearch into the archaeology of Johnand colonialmininghistory; Griggs, Texas College Londonregarding pre-Columbian gold pre-Columbian gold;Warwick Bray, University tute (STRI), Panama regarding archaeology and ard Cooke, Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti regarding Panama and exploration; geology Rich them; Carlos Carrasco, Minnova/Inmet, Panama, to publish Huhta, Finlandfor permission to Irja tracking down the Petaquilla discovery photos and Inmet Pyhäsalmi Mine Oy,merly Finlandfor of onCobre Panama;information TimoMäki, for /72(3)A1807202020 / 72(3)A1807202020 53 53 ------

The history of mining in Panama CONCLUSION / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The history of mining in Panama REFERENCES References 54 54 from comments by Warwick Bray andRichard benefitted manuscript The property her on stones Ida Herrera, Panama for showing me the grinding London, for identifying the locomotives; andto old locomotives at Cana,andto Jeremy Martin, the to publish hisphotos of cago for permission Colorado discovery photos; GlynDawson, Chi Bray, W., Cooke, R.H.,Redwood, S. D., 2021, Blas Aritio, L.,2014,VascoNúñez deBalboa, La C. T.,Bidwell, Panama: Isthmus 1865,The of Awmack,H. J., report on 1992,Summary Arias, T., Griggs, J.,del oro: 2004,Lailusión el Archibald, R.D., Gibbs, B. L.,Kunter, R.S., Anon, 1882,LesMinesD’Or de L’Isthme Alsop, J. D., Allen, R., 1986,ADarienepilogue: G.,Agricola, 1556,Dere Metallica: Basil, José Jr. Cornejo Fabio mapswere Cediel. 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