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The Orphans of the Muse Archaeological Collecting in Nineteenth- Century Oaxaca

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The Orphans of the Muse Archaeological Collecting in Nineteenth- Century Oaxaca THE ORPHANS OF THE MUSE ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTING IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY OAXACA REGIONES 1 CENTRO PENINSULAR EN HUMANIDADES Y EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES THE ORPHANS OF THE MUSE ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTING IN NINETEENTH- CENTURY OAXACA Adam T. Sellen UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Mérida, 2015 Primera edición: 2015 Fecha de término de edición: 2 de septiembre de 2015 D. R. © 2015, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Ciudad Universitaria. Del. Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, México, D. F. CENTRO PENINSULAR EN HUMANIDADES Y EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES Ex Sanatorio Rendón Peniche Calle 43 s. n., col. Industrial Mérida, Yucatán. C. P. 97150 Tels. 01 (999) 9 22 84 46 al 48 Fax: ext. 109 http://www.cephcis.unam.mx Prohibida la reproducción parcial o total por cualquier medio sin la autorización del titular de los derechos patrimoniales ISBN 978-607-02-7169-4 Impreso y hecho en México For my son, Sebastián Cociyo INDEX PREFACE . 21 INTRODUCTION . 25 A lost record . 29 Explanation of chapters . .31 1 . ARCHAEOLOGY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEXICO: A GENTLEMAN’S PURSUIT . 35 Collecting since the Age of Discovery . 36 Positivism and empirical evidence . 48 Archaeologists versus collectors . 53 Mexican archaeological historiography . 54 2 . EARLY COLLECTING IN OAXACA . 65 Guillaume Dupaix . 67 An awakening: the state commissions . 80 José Joaquín Arias. 82 Garay y Garay and the effigies from Monapostiac . .88 3 . THE OAXACAN COLLECTIONS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEXICAN MUSEUMS . 97 From cabinet to museum . 99 The Oaxacan collections in the Museo Nacional . 108 A private “museum” and a souvenir shop . 121 4 . THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MUSEO DE OAXACA . 127 José Juan Canseco . 128 The calendar stone of Quiotepec . 131 ADAM T. SELLEN The Museo de Oaxaca during the Porfiriato 133 Manuel Ortega Reyes (1819-1908). 134 Nicolás León and the Museo de Oaxaca . 143 5 . THE PORFIRIATO AND THE POLITICS OF ARCHAEOLOGY . 147 La Inspeción de Monumentos Arqueológicos. 152 Guillermo Heredia. 159 6 . “THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CLub” . 167 Fernando Sologuren and his archaeological collection . 168 Sologuren: the sub-Inspector . 179 The Sologuren collection at the Museo Nacional . 187 The second collection . 191 Francisco Belmar . 196 Manuel Martínez Gracida . 205 José Abraham Castellanos Coronado . 218 Porfirian politics and collection acquisitions . 226 7 . THE DEBATES ON ORIGIN . 229 The Scribe of Cuilapan . 230 A FINAL WORD ON THE END OF AN ERA . 239 AppENDIX . 243 REFERENCES . .245 Abbreviations . 245 Bibliography . 247 8 TABLE OF FIGURES 1 . ARCHAEOLOGY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEXICO: A GENTLEMAN’S PURSUIT Figure 1: Ceramic patojo. Collection of the American Museum of Natural History, cat. 30/103. Ex-collection of Manuel Martínez Gracida. Photo by the author . 35 Figures 2a and 2b: Two views of the ruins at Quiotepec, Oaxaca. In El Museo Mexicano, vol. III, plates without numbers between pages 328-329 and 332-333 . 62 2 . EARLY COLLECTING IN OAXACA Figure 3: View of Mitla by Luis Martín. In Vues des cordillères, et monu- ments des peoples indigènes de l’Amérique, 1810página . 67 Figures 4a, 4b and 4c: Three early representations of the same stone: a. Illus- tration reportedly by Luciano Castañeda; b. Illustration published in the edition of Lord Kingsborough, 1831; c. Illustration published in the Paris edition, 1844 . 73 Figure 5: Drawing by Maximilian Franck, 1827, plate 68. Photograph cour- tesy of the British Museum . 75 Figures 6a and 6b: Drawing by Maximilian Franck of a bust found during the Dupaix expedition, 1827, plate 2; Photograph of the same object in the twentieth century, in Galindo y Villa, Anales del Museo Nacio- nal de México, vol. II, 1905, plate 26. Photograph of Franck drawing courtesy of the British Museum . 77 Figures 7a and 7b: a. Drawing by Maximilian Franck of a ceramic box with effigy, 1827, plate 41. b. Same box published in Caso and Bernal, Urnas de Oaxaca, 1952, p. 45. Photograph of Franck drawing cour- tesy of the British Museum . 79 Figure 8: Zapotec effigy vessel published inEl Museo Mexicano, vol. III, p. 135 . .85 Figure 9: Pre-Hispanic rings from Peñoles, Oaxaca. In El Museo Mexicano, vol. I, plate without pagination between pages 400 and 401 . 87 Figure 10: Ceramic effigies from Monapostiac published in El Museo Mexi- cano, vol. III, p. 136 . 88 3. THE OAXACAN COLLECTIONS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEXICAN MUSEUMS Figure 11: Drawing by Maximilian Franck, 1827, plate 67. Photograph cour- tesy of the British Museum . 106 Figure 12: Zapotec effigy vessel in the Peñasco collection drawn by Jean- Frédéric Waldeck. In Claude Baudez, Jean-Frédéric Waldeck, pein- tre. Le premier explorateur des ruines mayas, 1993, fig. 6 . .107 Figure 13: Lithograph of the collections of the Museo Nacional by Casimiro Castro. A small Zapotec urn can be seen on the bottom left, just above the word ‘Mexican’. In Casimiro Castro et al., México y sus alrede- dores (México: Decaen Editor, 1855-1856), plate XXX . .110 Figure 14: Frontispiece for El Museo Mexicano, 1846 A small urn from the Dupaix expedition can be seen in the lower left corner . 111 Figure 15: Frontispiece of México y sus alrededores, 1855-1856. The bust on the pedestal integrates a Zapotec glyph into its design . .112 Figure 16: Zapotec effigy vessel from the Dupaix expedition, Museo Nacio- nal de Antropología, Mexico City, cat. no. 10-61327, 47 cm. Prove- nance: Mitla, Oaxaca. Drawing by author. 116 Figure 17: Leopoldo Batres’ reconstruction of a Zapotec tomb in the court- yard of the Museo Nacional, ca. 1921. Fototeca de la CNMH/ M-395, CNCA-INAH-MEX; reproduced by permission of the Instituto Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, Mexico City . 119 Figure 18: Zapotec effigy vessel from the Eugène Boban collection with notes by W. H. Holmes, ca. 1887. Photograph courtesy of the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, Md. (2003-37068) . 123 4 . THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MUSEO DE OAXACA Figure 19: The Instituto de Ciencias y Artes, Oaxaca, as it was in the nine- teenth century. Photograph courtesy of the Fundación Bustamante Vasconcelos, Oaxaca . 130 Figure 20: “Calendar stone” in the central patio at the Instituto de Ciencias y Artes reportedly from Quiotepec, Cuicatlán. In Antonio Peñafiel, Arqueología Zapoteca, plate 68 . .132 Figure 21: Manuel Ortega Reyes (1819-1908). In Berta Tello Peón, Santa María la Ribera, 1998, p. 88. 135 Figure 22: Ceramic effigies in Manuel Ortega Reyes’ collection. In Johann Wilhelm Von Müller, Viajes por los Estados Unidos, Canadá y Méx- ico, 1992, p. 82. 137 Figure 23: Objects from the collection of L. Guillaume. Photograph courtesy of the Ethnographic Museum, Berlin, cat. Mex-ZV-33a (VIII E 2380) . 140 Figure 24: Carved stones from Etla, Oaxaca, in the Museo de Oaxaca. Pho- tograph courtesy of the National Anthropological Archives, Smith- sonian Institution, Suitland, Md. (2003-37069) . .141 Figure 25: The collections of the Museo de Oaxaca around the turn of last century. Fototeca de la CNMH/ 0104-010, CNCA-INAH-MEX; reproduced by permission of the Instituto Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, Mexico City . .144 5 . THE PORFIRIATO AND THE POLITICS OF ARCHAEOLOGY Figure 26: Porfirio Díaz in civilian dress, 1907. United States Library of Con- gress, Prints & Photographs Online Catalog . 147 Figure 27: Leopoldo Batres Huerta (1852-1926), the Federal Inspector for Archaeological Monuments. In Descubridores del Pasado en Meso- américa, 2001, p. 335 . 153 Figure 28: Wilhelm Bauer Thoma in Oaxaca, 1902. Photograph courtesy of the Ibero-American Institute, Seler Archive . 160 Figure 29: Ceramic effigy vessels in the Guillermo Heredia collection. In Viola König, and Peter Kröfges, “Archaeological and Ethnographic Collections from Oaxaca, Mexico at the Übersee-Museum Bremen.” TenDenZen, 2001, p. 128 . 161 Figure 30: Ceramic effigy vessels in the Guillermo Heredia collection. Pho- tograph courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, Saville Archives. 161 6 . “THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CLub” Figure 31: Archaeological outing to Monte Albán in 1895. In Caecilie Sel- er-Sachs Auf alten Wegen in Mexiko und Guatemala, 1900, plate VII . .168 Figure 32: Fernando Sologuren (1850-1918). Photograph courtesy of Lucero Topete Vargas . 169 Figure 33: Rendering of a fragment of pre-Hispanic cloth in the Solo - guren collection. Provenance: Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca. Drawing by the author . 173 Figure 34: Various gold and silver artifacts from different Oaxacan collec- tions. In Nicolás León, “Arqueología zapoteca: Técnica del vaciado y fundición entre los zapotecos precolombinos,” 1910, p. 163 . 175 Figure 35: Drawing by Francisco León Calderón of a motif on a polychrome Mixtec vessel in Fernando Sologuren’s collection. In Francisco León Calderón “Estudio Arqueológico. Los cinco soles ó edades de la tierra según un documento Mixteco-Zapoteca, Atonatiuh ó primera edad de la tierra,” 1910, p. 92 . 176 Figures 36a and 36b: Two views of Fernando Sologuren’s archaeological col- lection, ca. 1900. Photographs courtesy of Archivo General de la Nación, México . 178 Figure 37: The Archaeological Inspectors for Oaxaca (dressed in black). Leopoldo Batres (right) and Fernando Sologuren (left) in Mitla, ca. 1900. Photograph courtesy of the Ibero-American Institute, Seler Archive. 186 Figures 38a and 38b: Zapotec effigy vessel in the collection of Fernando Sologuren that is now in the Field Museum, Chicago, cat. 241092, 46 cm. Second photo published in México en el mundo de las colec- ciones de arte, vol. 1, 1994. p. 147. 188 Figure 39: Artifacts in the Sologuren collection associated with a tomb in la Ciénaga, Oaxaca: a. Carved stone slab, Museo Nacional de Antro- pología, 43 cm diameter, drawing after Urcid; b. Effigy vessel, Museo Nacional de Antropología, cat. 6-837, 29 cm; Effigy vessel, Museo de las Culturas de Oaxaca, cat. 6-838, 40 cm. Drawings by the author; Ceramic bat head, Museo de Arqueología Carlos Pellicer, 20 cm. Drawing by Eduard Seler . 190 Figure 40: Two Zapotec effigy vessels from Sologuren’s second collection currently in the Museum of Dolores Olmedo Patiño in Xochimilco, cat.
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