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Characterisation of Mycenaean and Matt Painted Pottery from Aiani, Ancient Upper Macedonia, Greece

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Characterisation of Mycenaean and Matt Painted Pottery from Aiani, Ancient Upper Macedonia, Greece I1EIITio~~S~ O , T~~ EM~EM~vIK~~~ 'K~<; rr[(¡)AOY'K~<:EUJAoYIK~~ ETalpia~ TO~ XXXX, BulletinBulletm of01 the GeologicalGeotog,cal SocrelySoc,ety of Greece vol. XXXX, 2007 i. / f\<; ETOIpía<; XXXX, 2007 Proceedings of Ihe 11'"11 '" InlernatlonalInlernat,onal Congress,Congress, Alhens,Athens, May, npaKTIKOnpe-'H'I<tÓ 11°'1"1o~41 I1rE8voli<;evol!<: LuvE<5piou,LUVEÓp íou, A9~vo,Ae~vo, Má,o<;M<ilo~ 2007 2007 CHARACTERISATION OF MYCENAEAN ANDANO MATT­ MATT­ PAINTEDPAINTEO POTTERY FROM AIANI, ANCIENT UPPER UPPER MACEDONIA,MACEDONIA, GREECE GREECE 1I 2 3 Iordanidis A. , Garcia-GuineaGarCÍa-Guinea J. , and Karamitrou-MentessidiKaramitrou-Mentessidi G.G. IJ Department of Geotechnology and Environmental Engineering, TElTEI of Wester!7rVestern Macedonia, Kila, 5010050/00 KozaniKozani,, Greece, [email protected]@yahoo,co,uk 2 Museo Nacional Ciencias Naturales,Natura/es. CSlC,eSlc, CIe l JoseJosé GutierrezGufierrez Abascal 2,2. Madrid 28006, Spain, [email protected]í[email protected] 3 30th Ephorare ofofPrehistoricPrehistoric and Classicalelassical Antiquities, ArchaeologicalArehae%gical MuseumMuseul11 of Aiani 50004 Aiani-Kozani, Greece,Greece, [email protected]@/epka,culture,gr AbstractAbstract Several analyticalanaly/ieal methodsITlethods were applied /orfor (hethe sflldysllldy of ancientaneient pottery from Aiani, ancientancienf upper NJacedonia,~Macedonia, northern Greece.Greece, Mycenaean and matt-painted pottery sherds,sherds, dareddafed form LateLafe Bronze age, were analysed with the help of X-Ray DifFactionDiffraction (XRD), X-Ray FluorescenceFluoreseenee (XRF)(XRF) and Environmental Scanning ElectronEleelrOI1 Microscopy, coupled ,vithH'ith Energy Dispersive X-ray s}'stems}'srem (ESEM-EDX). i'vJorphological,k/orphological, chemical and mineralogicalmineralogieal eharacteristicscharacteristics of borhbOlh types ol ancient pottety indicatedindicafed a rather local provenance,provenanee, thustltus strengtheningstrengfhening rhefhe hypothesis of the eo-existenceco-existence of lt1ycenaeanA1ycenaean and DorianDorían pottery workshops in the region, during Late Bronze period.period Key words: prehistoric ceramics,ceramics, SEk//EDX,SElvJIEDX, XRD, XRFXRF. nEpiAfllpfl iJ{(J.rpOpE\-¿J¡órpopes' o.vu)uTlIdx;o.voJvwdx; ¡.dJ3or501pH:)0(50l erpo.p/iÓarl1KavE:rpo.ppoarllKav yw TIJrr¡ ¡JdéT!]j.Jdf:Tll o.PXaiwvapXaiúJv ICf::po.,LllKrlJVICLpo.,Ll!MÍJV arcóweo Tl1VrJlv AUl.VIj,Awvll, apxo.io.apxo.ío. AVWAVúJ MuxE:<5ovio..Mu.KeÓovía.. OrTrpaKaOCTrpaKa /ivK1]vaiidr;j.JuKIJvaiio/<; KW O/io.vpóxpúJw/e;apavpoxpwWIr:; KCPo.j.JIKlje;Kepa.¡J1K1le; 17Jclxia(,;11)d.Kia(,; ''YarE:PI7r:;Yarepqe; E7roxilr:;Ercox1je; XOAXOV tJv),).fJp),J.. i.:xBIJKo.VéXOr¡KO.V KalKW avaAvBIJ/wvavaAúOr¡KoV pc TlJrr¡ JJO/jOCl(].jJOIjOelO. rJ7rllr:;e; rcE:pIOAatJlpeTpÍa.s'nE:pleAo.(JlW-:Ipia~~ o.KIivcuva.KTÍvcúv X (XRD), Tl1!"Ill!" rpafJpaw(JKonirJ.r:;rpo.tJ/iawuKo¡r;í(J.e; rpBOPUTP06rp80pUT/iOÓ oxTÍvwvaK.Iivwv X (XRF) KaLKa! rov «JT:{·.ynjJa))'OVTlKOlJ»«rcqnjJaJ...J...oVTlKolÍ» !]JccKTpOVIKOVIJJccKIPOV/KOV !IlKpo(JKoniov¡'llKpOeJKO¡r;íov uópúJeJ/le;mipw(Jllr:; (ESEN!).(ESEM). To. ¡./OprpOlOylKápOprpOlcoylKa. Xo.Po.KTr/plarlKrJ.,Xa.POXU/PIITrIKÓ, 1]IJ X'1PIKilXI1/i/K1j KO,lKaL '1/1 OPUK.TOAOylKryopVicwAoylKry CTÚCm;,(J'f¡rrV(Jram/ rwvrúJv OVOA.V8¿VTúJVavaA.u8f:vrwv OrnprJ.KOJVOCTrpÓKCÚV vno(517AWvOVVvrco(517Awvovv TrIVTr/V Ko.rafJKE:U11Ko.roeJKCV17 rwl'TWI' KCpa!IIKWVKSpO¡'IIKWV OVTWVaUTwv (JE:eJe TOmKo'w7rlKá cpya.tJd¡plOE:pyo.(JuiPto. u/e; opxcúoe;o.pxo.iae; AwvryC;,Awvryr:;, evo)E:VV) vnoarr/pi(ovvv¡r;oarr/pí(ovv KWKa¡ T'7VTr¡v um)OE:fJlJv¡r;óOeCTr¡ rúJvrwv OPXOloAóywvoPXalOAOywv YWylO Tl7vTl7V (JuvOnOfJe)luvvÓ¡r;Opc)l ¡JVla/voú(WVj.JuKrlvaikwv IWlIWI owpllc(0voúJpucc0v ep)'(wrfcp)'o.(Jrr/pioJV/pÍcúv KCpa!llKIjr:;KSpO¡'IlKf¡e; art/varr/v ¡r;CpIOX']nE:pLOx,j OUT/j,OVT/j, KOTó'Kara Trlrr/ (5/a.p/(ua(5láplc',';/ O TIJr:;f1]e; 'Yurep/¡e;'YurE:p1lr:; Enox1r:;Ercoxi¡r:; Xo)xov.Xa)xoú. Ai~l:lC;Ai~Sl(; r;;AEU5u7.:r;;)..ElJu7.: ¡r;poi'aropIKó'npoi'aropIK6. KCpa/ilKa.,KCpo.¡ilKá., SEMIEDX,SEMIEDX, XRD, XRF.XRF 1. Introduction The application of interdisciplinary analytical methods to archaeology isís well established to date. The employmentemploymel1t of variousvaríous chemical, geological and physical analytical techniques in order to study archaeological artefacts (e,g.(e.g. ceramícs,ceramics, mortars, slags, marbles etc.) is also a common Ψηφιακή Βιβλιοθήκη Θεόφραστος - Τμήμα Γεωλογίας. Α.Π.Θ. practice nowadays. The chemical, mineralogical and structural characterisation of ancient pottery can shed light to the provenance of raw materials for ceramic production and detennine the technological processes related to pottery manufacture. The identification of specific chemical elements in high concentration could be related to the geological profile of the study region and thus imply local potters and differentiate from the imported ones. The mineralogical composition indicates the raw material and the firing temperatures and the firing conditions in the kiln (oxidising or reducing). Mineralogical analysis using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) or Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been reported (Sofianopoulou et af. 2004). The chemical analysis of ancient pottery encompasses several analytical techniques, like Inductively Coupled Plasma spectroscopy (ICP), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) etc. (Maniatis and Tsirtsoni 2002, Mommsen et a1. 2002, Sanchez-Ramos et a/. 2002, Polvorinos et a1. 2005). The variation in the chemical composition may imply pottery form different production sites or reflect the natural inhomogeneity of local clay deposits and the application of dlfferent manufacture processes in local workshops. In the present study, ancient pottery from Aiani, Kozani area, ancient upper Macedonia, nOlihern Greece was obtained fonD the local archaeological authorities and subjected to several analytical methodologies. XRD was llSed for the mineralogical characterisation, XRF for the chemical element concentrations and ESEM-EDX for morphological, stmctural and chemical assessment of ancient potsherds. KOZANIPREFECTURE '-,-.' GREVENA PR Figure 1 - Map showing the location of Aiani, ancient city of Upper Macedonia, now situated at Kozani's prefecture. 2. Archaeological context Aiani is located approximately 20 km south of the city of Kozani, western Macedonia. Aiani was within the region of the ancient kingdom of Elimeia which, together with the rest of the Greek kingdoms (Tymphaia,Ψηφια Orestis,κή Βιβλ ιLyncestis,οθήκη Θε όEordaia,φραστ οPelagonia)ς - Τμήμα constitutedΓεωλογίας .the Α .Πancient.Θ. Upper (i.e. mountainous) Macedonia. The systematic excavational research, which began in 1983, has revealed the architectural remains of hoth large and small buildings, rich in small finds, and groups of graves and organized cemeteries dating from the Prehistoric to the Late Hellenistic period. The Late Bronze Age in Upper Macedonia is marked by the appearance of Mycenaean finds, together with the appearance and spread of matt-painted potrery. 2.1. Mycenaean finds Mycenaean finds have been unearthed on twenty-six sites near nineteen villages in Kozani's prefecture. Eleven of the sites yielded graves and the rest pottery, which in eleven cases came from habitation layers. Examples are: the mouth of a pithos with linear painted decoration, and a cemetery with Mycenaean grave goods at Aiani; a Mycenaean figurine at Ano Komi; and similar cemeteries at Ano Komi, Rymnio, and Sparto, in the riverine and lacnstrine area around the middle reaches of the Aliakmon river and at Trigoniko. The excavations of recent years have produced growing evidence of Mycenaean presence all over Macedonia. The numerous Mycenaean finds indicate that Mycenaeans established settlements of some kind in this area, though the question will be the subject of future investigations and studies. The view may be upheld with regard to the area around Aiani and the middle reaches of the Aliakmon in particular, which is very close to Thessaly and would naturally have developed a network of mutual contacts and inflnences, as was the case in earlier periods from the Neolithic onwards (the prehistoric finds from Servia, for instance, known since 1909, and from Pondokomi slightly farther away, produced by recent investigations), as also in later periods until the historical era. 'Mycenaean presence' is a complex phenomenon and it is difficult to conclude that the prevalence of Mycenaean elements in an area is necessarily due to Mycenaean presence (Karamitrou-Mentessidi 1999b). 2.2. Matt-painted pottery Known as Macedonian matt-painted ware, north-western matt-painted ware, Doric ware, or Boubousti ware (after the excavation site, now Platania near Voio, where Heurtley discovered it in 1927), pottery with matt-painted decoration is widespread in the Late Bronze Age and Early [ron Age. Most of the find-spots are concentrated in Western Macedonia (45 in Kozani prefecture alone), especially along the river Aliakmon, spreading into Epiros and Albania as far as Kon;e and sporadically into south-western Albania (the tumuli in the Drin valley). Pelagonia, Central Macedonia as far as the river Strymon, and south into Thessaly, Elasson, and Mannariani - a spread which is presumably due to the constant movement of pastoral populations. Scholars both earlier and modern believe it was manufactured by the northwestern Greek tribes, Herodotus's 'widely roaming nation' (J .56). He includes among these the Macedonians and the Dorians, who, he says, traveled from the south northwards and
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