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(Araneae, Gnaphosidae) in North America

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(Araneae, Gnaphosidae) in North America A REVISION OF TIlE SPIDER GENERA HERPYLLUS AND SCOTOPHAEUS (ARANEAE, GNAPHOSIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA NORMAN I. PLATNICK AND MOHAMMAD U. SHADAB BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 159: ARTICLE 1 NEW YORK : 1977 __ '74 RT ,.'i'. ",-, .`-- .',!T, ,I"'W: -,,.-- .a ;". ". .-,1,7,"_'N ;A',,.t ..;l g.-0 11I 1'.',11 " 1-111W_-N,_1'_1f_,,."',, .-. i,- zPI,17,11..,,.. .. "- " ,..._ ._, ..,-"`A:p..;` 1% 4,-,-,;,!" I-19F",,. 11- F ...f, 1- 'i .j, ;I - .,& I'I.'f.- 1. .1.,,-!I".,..-i.,. ?4'i; il .Z-l 41 .,- 11% .1',Wn, 11..1L_'.,_. 't. 1, .;, Nk ..,,.t.,'-.. `i.l .44",;f .'I,i.,", "'' ,-,Z 11r,' -'. I- 1,"-I,.., " " ,'KsS,'!,-,-,t_ 11)'.,V,'....,., ,*`.`i v .'_,4',, - .`.);41.- 1 0-.1i 7-., -4 4 ._ 1.""s ;,. ..--,.4, % tl.,;.'It_- . -..,..11' ."_-%,.,--,,, -, .,V- --'-'r%"1 t. -- A,', ,,.:.. !."";.Z,;* - ". ",, ", ww.-.-"-1- 1__ -.i,:.., ., - 4-.Lke"I, A`,_---.Ifi;.-f.li'l.,T...,,. .W'. 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A .t, ,., '. 1,:1',.Nw -.'., In, `w 1. ..7 *!.`.1,`.%,.Llll '."" .1..,.1_11 ,v,`,',-4."'L,-,, ..,.44,--.'-,", ,-.-. ;.',,,.-,-A-W -F",.11,1:1"., .,,V'-,,-...`,..\-W' '. ;V_i.-_ le;,,Y , .W.!,i.P 7,,%'4k14",i .', 71 .-, ,,. " .11. Ir. n', ,..., .P., ,.?,. ;.`,.,..,6". 1-1110"I.,-1,01 V., 7.AlI,.1-1 11-1.1..5e 2'k_11111t_ ---- -, - I ., .Z'-. YMKT.";'...,; "," .,-. <,,.Ark-, -. ";,..,I` `.'.,. ,...,`_",. `,.` ..!:_" ........--R.,%.',-,-;". "".f.L' - "!-4-i4-'-, " " -r. A,L., 1.i.l lli,.- '161'11r.;,,. 9- "ZN il -.'0, ,- K i7t..;:71",-.,.,-,?-. 1.1.1 1- .."* ., .`, -A 1, ;,%:,,-,-i.,.,..-,,'....,-,.,-.,.. ',.-f .,,,41- .:.141Y*%.;,,,.'cr-A, .,,-m 21, ", . ,. ".. "11, _.,.- 6 _";,.,A,7 i.ml".Iw ,,41-. `,.,.W4--,4`, 'o -.. ,-`,,,.. _w`, I A1UP, &..;, ,;. -.'..,7't k.-,'iek,..Z,-.. A REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENERA HERPYLLUS AND SCOTOPHAEUS (ARANEAE, GNAPHOSIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA NORMAN I. PLATNICK Assistant Curator, Department of Entomology The American Museum of Natural History MOHAMMAD U. SHADAB Scientific Assistant, Department of Entomology The American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 159: ARTICLE 1 NEW YORK: 1977 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 159, article 1, pages 1-44, figures 1-130, maps 1-9 Issued May 26, 1977 Price. $2.80 per copy ISSN 0003-0090 Copyright © The American Museum of Natural History 1977 ABSTRACT The known North American Herpyllus (25 Chamberlin with H. ecclesiasticus Hentz; H. pie- species) and Scotophaeus (one species) are diag- dicus Chamberlin and Woodbury with H. propin- nosed, described, and assigned to species groups. quus (Keyserling); H. cepeus Chamberlin with H. The synonymy of the predominantly European cockerelli (Banks); and H. bryophilus Chamber- genus Scotophaeus with Herpyllus is disclaimed; lin, H. itamus Chamberlin, and H. faxoni Bryant, the Mexican genus Bonna 0. P.-Cambridge is all with H. emertoni Bryant. The female of H. newly synonymized with Herpyllus. A single Eu- bensonae Fox and the males of H. excelsus Fox, ropean species of Scotophaeus, S. blackwalli H. reservatus Chamberlin, H. pictus (F. 0. P.- (Thorell), is represented in the New World by Cambridge), H. schwarzi (Banks), H. bubulcus three isolated and apparently introduced syn- Chamberlin, and H. regnans Chamberlin are de- anthropic populations. Eight new species of Her- scribed for the first time. Herpyllus atopophysis pyllus (sherus, frio, iguala, gertschi, perote, mal- Chamberlin and H. floridanus (Banks) are trans- kini, brachet, and giganteus) are described from ferred to Nodocion; H. irvingi Mello-Leitao and the southwestern United States and Mexico. Six H. josephus (Chamberlin and Gertsch) are trans- specific names are newly synonymized: H. cratus ferred to Cesonia. INTRODUCTION The present paper, the ninth in a series on the well-known European genus Scotophaeus Simon, spider family Gnaphosidae, is concerned with the and synonymized Scotophaeus with Herpyllus. North American genus Herpyllus and with Scoto- Most but not all subsequent European workers phaeus, a genus frequently confused with Herpyl- have ignored this synonymy. Through the cour- lus in the past. Some Herpyllus are among the tesy of Drs. A. Holm of Uppsala Universitet and most common North American gnaphosids; sev- T. Kronestedt of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, eral species occur in houses and at least one, Stockholm, we have been able to examine speci- Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Hentz (the "parson spi- mens of the type species of Scotophaeus, S. der," so named because of its striking black and quadripunctatus (Linnaeus). Males (figs. 119, white markings; figs. 1, 2), is known to bite and 120) lack the broadened embolar base and elon- be mildly venomous to man (Oehler, 1974; Ma- gate (rather than hooklike) median apophysis jeski and Durst, 1975). typical of Herpyllus, females (figs. 121, 122) Herpyllus is one of a complex of several have much more complex spermathecae bearing closely related North American genera for which terminal bulbs, and there appears to be no justifi- a variety of names (such as Nodocion, Liodras- cation for regarding the two genera as synony- sus, Litopyllus, Cesonia, Sergiolus, and Poecilo- mous. chroa) have been proposed. All these spiders have Confusion between the two genera was fur- similar and rather simple genitalia, and it was at thered when Gertsch (in Locket and Millidge, first thought by us that only one or a few of 1953) correctly indicated the synonymy of these names could refer to distinct groups. Fur- Herpyllus pius Chamberlin, described from Cali- ther study has shown, however, that when a rel- fornia, with the European species Scotophaeus atively small number of species that have been blackwalli (Thorell). The genitalia of this species erroneously assigned in the past are transferred (figs. 123-129) conform to those of Scotophaeus to other genera, most of these genera have de- rather than those of Herpyllus in the characters fining synapomorphies and can therefore be con- listed above. Scotophaeus blackwalli has been sidered monophyletic. Males ofHerpyllus, for ex- collected in three areas in the New World: along ample, have characteristically broadened embolar the Pacific coast of North America and the Gulf bases (figs. 3, 130) not found in the other genera. coast of the United States (map 9), and in the Chamberlin (1922) asserted that the American vicinity of Lima, Peru. At least along the Pacific species of Herpyllus "conform fully to" the coast it is frequently synanthropic, and each of 3 4 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 159 the three populations has probably been inde- by Bosc, making the 1805 usage a nomen pendently introduced from Europe. No speci- nudum; vasifer did not become a valid name until mens of the Gulf coast population have been Walckenaer (1837) provided an actual descrip- taken since 1945 and it is possible that the spe- tion, and by then the name was a junior syn- cies has not survived there. onym of ecclesiasticus. So far as is known, Herpyllus is restricted to The format of the descriptions and the stand- North America (including Guadalupe and other ard abbreviations of morphological terms follow islands off the coast of Baja California); speci- those used by Platnick and Shadab (1975). Lo- mens are known from only as far south as south- cality records are provided for each species but ern Mexico. Three South American species have for abundant species only county records within been placed in the genus but appear to be mis- the United States are cited. Scanning electron placed. Simon (1893a) described Herpyllus suavis micrographs, obtained with the assistance of Mr. from Venezuela, but the coloration and eye pat- Robert J. Koestler, have been supplied where suf- tern exclude the species from Herpyllus. Simon ficient material was available. The 2500 adult (1893b) transferred Drassus longipes Nicolet specimens used were from the large holdings of (1849) to Herpyllus without having seen speci- the American Museum of Natural History mens; the species is unidentifiable at present. (AMNH), including material supplied by Dr. W. Mello-Leitao (1940) transferred Drassus australis J. Gertsch, and from the following curators and Holmberg (1881) to Herpyllus, but his illustra- collectors, to each of whom we are indebted: D.
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