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NEW AGE SPIRITUALITY in LATIN AMERICA: an EMERGING WORLDVIEW in THREE REPRESENTATIVE AUTHORS by KENNETH DWAYNE MARTIN (Under NEW AGE SPIRITUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA: AN EMERGING WORLDVIEW IN THREE REPRESENTATIVE AUTHORS by KENNETH DWAYNE MARTIN (Under the Direction of Luis Correa Díaz) ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the possibility of a field of literature called New Age Latin American literature. It identifies a newly emerging worldview that is beginning to appear at the level of mass culture. Through an analysis of texts by Carlos Castañeda, Paulo Coelho, and Alejandro Jodorowsky it elucidates a knowledge paradigm that values experiential knowledge that is garnered through attentive presence and contests the dominant paradigm of reason. This is seen as an evolution in consciousness and its relationship to literature is examined. The process of becoming that is center to the message presented in New Age Latin American literature is seen as metaphor for the human journey that is represented in travel literature. Through the deconstruction of micro and macronarratives of identity and belief the new paradigm offers the individual an opportunity to rewrite his or her narratives in order to have a happier and more fulfilling life. INDEX WORDS: consciousness, literature, New Age, Latin America, Carlos Castañeda, Paulo Coelho, Alejandro Jodorowsky, narrative, spirituality, human transformation, travel literature NEW AGE SPIRITUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA: AN EMERGING WORLDVIEW IN THREE REPRESENTATIVE AUTHORS by KENNETH DWAYNE MARTIN BA, University of Georgia, 2005 MA, University of Georgia, 2008 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2012 © 2012 Kenneth Dwayne Martin All Rights Reserved NEW AGE SPIRITUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA: AN EMERGING WORLDVIEW IN THREE REPRESENTATIVE AUTHORS by KENNETH DWAYNE MARTIN Major Professor: Luis Correa Díaz Committee: Stacey D. Casado Robert Moser Nicolás Lucero Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2012 iv DEDICATION This research is dedicated to those who feel that something is surely lacking in the way we understand. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the dedication, understanding, patience, and general support that Luis Correa Díaz has showed throughout my short academic career. He has gone far beyond what any reasonable professor would be willing to do in order to teach me this new, scholarly way of understanding. You have my sincere appreciation. Also, I am grateful to my committee members (Stacey Casado, Robert Moser, and Nicolás Lucero) who have also patiently worked with me. It would be a travesty to not acknowledge my wife, Gloria, and her sacrifices while I wrote this essay and many others rather than enjoying life with her. Thank you. I must also recognize all of my professors as each of them has left an imprint on my understanding and tried as much as he or she could to accommodate the contesting viewpoint presented in these pages. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v CHAPTER 1 THE NEW AGE ............................................................................................................5 Origins......................................................................................................................5 New Age in the New Age ......................................................................................12 Problematic Terminology ......................................................................................23 2 NEW AGE LITERATURE..........................................................................................26 New Age Literature and Academic Study .............................................................26 Of Best Sellers and Academic Validity .................................................................34 A New Understanding/Knowledge ........................................................................39 3 NEW AGE LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE ......................................................48 The Construction of a Literary Field .....................................................................48 Reading the Field ...................................................................................................52 Defining the Field ..................................................................................................60 4 CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRAVEL LITERATURE .................................................65 Travel Literature and Human Development ..........................................................65 Consciousness Studies ...........................................................................................71 Literature, Consciousness, and Human Development ...........................................78 5 CHAPTER 5- CARLOS CASTAÑEDA .....................................................................88 vii Of Magi, Tricksters, and Creative Literary Genius ...............................................88 Shamanic Teachings and a Way of Knowledge ....................................................94 Stopping the World to Erase Personal History ....................................................103 6 CHAPTER 6- PAULO COELHO .............................................................................113 To Hell and Back .................................................................................................113 Of Pilgrimages and Human Alchemy (Transformation) .....................................120 A New Age Catholic Mystic? ..............................................................................130 7 CHAPTER 7- ALEJANDRO JODOROWSKY ........................................................136 An Eclectic Mix of Art and Magic ......................................................................136 A Creative Endeavor ............................................................................................144 Psicomagia ...........................................................................................................153 8 THE TRANSFORMATIVE JOURNEY TO THE SELF: A CONTESTING KNOWLEDGE PARADIGM ....................................................................................161 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................172 5 CHAPTER 1 THE NEW AGE Origins If one wants to engage in an exploration of contemporary Latin American literature, the researcher would be amiss to exclude literature from such popular movements as New Age spirituality. The wide-ranging label, meant to identify a change in attitude regarding spirituality, is a growing body of work that has captured the interest of hundreds of millions of readers in the vast reaches of the world. The movement, which took hold as such in the late 1960s and early 1970s, has often been viewed as countering established, hegemonic religious forms that had been offered by traditional religions. From the new perspective there became a difference between religion and spirituality (Lewis ix).1 The highly structured institutions that organized and guided spiritual development had felt burdensome and antiquated for some. The authority of established forms of Western religion was questioned on an increasingly broader scale and gave rise to what has been perceived, at times, as a more personal experience that contrasts with traditional established religion (xii).2 1 Lewis points signals “an emergence- in the wake of the sixties counterculture- of a large-scale, decentralized religious subculture that drew its principal inspiration from outside the Judeo-Christian tradition” (Lewis ix). Also, Stephen Sutcliffe and Marion Bowman note that issue of the difficulty in examining religion along the traditional, static religious topography that has existed until recently. They point out the value of texts like Religion in Britain since 1945- Believing without Belonging (1994) by Grace Davie which problematizes former approaches to religious study. To further complicate the matter they point out the inverse situation of “belonging without believing” and how the current religious landscape is being transformed in relation (Bowman and Sutcliffe 3). 2 Given that the context of this study is Latin America, it is reasonable to surmise that the established forms of religion referenced here are the Roman Catholic Church and the assortment of protestant denominations that comprise the greater body of religions in that region of the world. For more on this topic, consult “Religious Competition, Community Building, and Democracy” in Religion and Democracy in Latin America (1995) by Bryan T. Froehle (29). 6 The general counter cultural movement of the 1960s and 1970s is iconic of the New Age movement and is commonly deemed its origin; however, there are other precursors that are infrequently explored with depth. One influential figure was thinker, mystic, and scientist Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) who published several books on theology and his own interpretations of divinity. Also, Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) would develop the field of hypnotism. He also identified what he called a magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) which he considered to be a type of occult force that could be used to influence others. Scholar J. Gordon Melton notes that Mesmer “identified that energy with the Hindu akasa, the astral light of Western occultists, the Christian Holy Spirit,
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