NO9600038 Organization Chart/Department Heads: January 1996

Board

Halden Board Managing Director Haiden Ass. Managing Programme Group Director

Adm. and Tech. Support

Project Manager Ass. Project Manager

Process Adm. and Physics Simulation Tech. Support Arne Skjeltorp Arild Ek

Man-Machine Test Rig Design Energy Isotope Communication and Production Systems Laboratories Kjell Haugset Olav Aarrestad PerO. Finden Per 0. Bremer

Control Room Experiment Reservoir- and Materials Systems Engineering Exploration Technology Technology Thorbjorn J Bjorlo Yoji Minagawa Tor Bjornstad Knut Lunde

Simulation and Data Production Fluid Flow- and Health System Engineering and Evaluation Corrosion Technology and Safety Age Sten Solie Erik Kolstad Liv Lunde Gordon Christensen

Electric Reactor Operation Power Systems and Engineering Reactor Operation Kjell Caspersen Knut H. Johansen Rune Oyan

Radiation Protection Evelyn Foshaug IFEs Board of Management and Executives

Tlie Board Arve Jolinscn (Chairman) Page Lawyer I/A I Roll Wicdswaiifj; (I ice Chairman) from the Board 4 Manaptiji Director Eurokraft iSor^e a.s and lo-s account 16 Anna In^cr Kidc Section Head Oljedirektoratet activities Ellen Morch lhialand in ll 20 Special Advisor Saga Petroleum a.s IU">'*;arrh am vide* Trond T. Olscn .si hjHSf*r 26 Section Head, HE Jon P. Ramba'k a\ publications and Section Head, HE 32 John Rokstad Professor, I i()

Management Kjell TT. Bemliksrn Managing Director A me Raheim Assistant Managing Director ''$.,•< >i.-!ff- WvrncUM KieJl H. Bendiksen, flalden Froiect Jtiii Olav Ber}; war- Mnna};iiifl Director i

The Halden Project Carlo Vitanza l^oject Manager Iridtjov Owre Assistant Project Manager

Information Roll 0.

Safety and Quality Assurance Hel

A thorough review of the Halden Project and its value for Norway and Norwegian industry was carried out in 1995 through a committee appointed by the Research Council of Norway. The committee's main conclusions were that the DESIGN OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS Halden Project is very cost effective for REQUIRE KNOWLEDGE ABOIT HI MAN Norway, that the research and develop- FACTORS. TRACKING OF THE OPERA- ment work maintains a high technical TORS' EYE-MOVEMENTS IS PART OF THE iNsrrriTK FOR ENERGY Technology standard, that the Project should be ex- THE RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD. (IFE) is Norway's research institute for tended for a new nuclear and other energy-related technologies. Slightly more than half of the Institute's total research activity revolves around its two research reactors at Halden and Kjeller. IFE's remaining activities are in the areas of petroleum technology (30%) and other energy technologies (15%). The Institute has had a very successful year in 1995, strengthening its technical and economic position. This is especially the case with the Halden site, which generated increased turnover and produced a very positive financial result

The OECD Halden Reactor Project research programme focuses on safety and operational reliability in nuclear power stations and other complex process plants. There is a strong and increasing international interest in this work. During 1995 two East European countries (Slovakia and Hungary) became members of the Halden Project, as did South Korea. This brought the total Project membership to 19 by the close of the year. IFE continues to collaborate actively in the international effort to improve safety in Russian nuclear installa- tions, particularly the nuclear power plants on the Kola Peninsula. This was the subject of a new initiative, whereby IFE entered into an agreement within a NOK 20 million budgetary framework. This work will involve close collaboration with the Norwegian authorities, including the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, and with other Nordic countries.

The Halden research campus provides an interface with leading international technological research institutes and with industry, giving IFE access to technologies and research data that form the basis of an increasing amount of contract work for Norwegian industry. The scope three-year period, and that die Institute should begin preparing an application for a licence to continue operating the Halden reactor after the year 2000. The Research Council's governing body con- curred with these conclusions, and particularly emphasised the significance of the Project for Norway and its neigh- bours. Further, the Research Council stressed that "the Halden Project, judged by research criteria, is a very successful project, and is the only international research project of significant size based in Norway." In Autumn of 1995, based on these positive recommendations from die Research Council, the government and the Norwegian Parliament approved extension of the Project for a new three- year period (1997-99) provided an agreement is established with the other member countries.

in Norwegian industry. IFE is also parti- Most of IFE's nuclearrelated activities at cipating in a number of large develop- Kjeller continue to be related to, and to ment projects for various IT systems, ai- depend on, the operation of the JEEP II research reactor. These activities are pre- med at the process industry and the souuy the subject of a thorough restruc- electrical power system. turing process, resulting partly from die transfer of responsibility for IFE's basic The Institute's 1995 programme in pe- finance from the Ministry of Industry troleum technology centred on large and Energy to the Research Council. projects carried out in close collaborati- 1995 was a productive year for the on with oil companies and die service groups working in basic research in phy- sector. IFE's research in corrosion and sics, and in the supply and control of ra- multiphase flow is central to the joint dioactive medicines, with good technical StatoU-Norsk Hydro-Saga development and economic results. programme on multiphase transport technology. Together with IKU, NGI and several oil companies, IFE contributed In 1994 the Norwegian Parliament deci- to establishing the Research Council's ded that a combined store and repo- PRODUCTION OF RADIOPHARMA- "Lete" programme in 1995. This pro- sitory should be construc- CEUTICALS AT KJF.LLKR. gramme aims specifically at the develop- ted for low- and inter ment of improved methods and compu- nediate active nu- ter tools to make hydrocarbon explorati- | clear waste, to be on simpler and more effective. located in Himdalen (Aurskog-Holand The Board would like to stress the im- area). Pre-projects are portant role that international collabora- now underway, and the facility is tion plays in the Institute's activities. The planned to be ready for use early in export earnings from the Halden Project 1997. It was agreed by parliament that alone amounted to NOK 150 million in the Institute should have responsibility 1995. In Kjeller too, virtually all the for running die facility, and for transfer work is characterized by extensive inter ring to it all existing radioactive waste national collaboration with research from Kjeller. groups and industry. IFE has put much effort into developing a strong presence in the El's new common research initi- Much of the petro- ative, the so-called 4th framework pro- leum-related and gramme for research and development , energy systems In 1995 the Institute was involved in work in 1995 was about 50 project proposals, wiuS a provi- affected by changes sional 40% success rate after 2/3 of the in the market place applications had been processed. A prac- and in the authorities' tical demonstration of quality assurance reference frame for research and is the way in which the Institute's rese- development In response, die Institute arch results are in demand internatio- has now reorganised and consolidated nally. A particular goal for IFE has been its activities in energy efficiency, energy to encourage the participation of systems analysis and renewable energy Norwegian industry, commerce and the resources into a new Energy Systems authorities in EL' projects. Department During 1995, the Institute secured a large three-year project for the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy IFE has strengthened its already healthy Administration (NVE) on the implemen- collaborative finks with Norwegian uni- tation of energy conservation measures versities, technical colleges and other research groups in 1995. Such links have appb'ed commercially. The most impor- been promoted positively through the tant commercial rewards from IFE's ac- Research Council's strategic and applied tivities come in the form of value created programmes, and through direct colla- for our clients in their own businesses boration with Oslo I niversity, NTNli through the focused application of the and Ostfold College. IFE has also partici- Institute's research results. IFE also con- pated actively in establishing several of tributes actively to industrial develop- the Research Council's basic research ment and renewal through a range of programmes, including those in materi- initiatives whereby new successful pro- als research, energy research and radiati- ducts, systems and methods are brought on protection. to a larger market. For example, during 1995 the lastitute participated in the es- Research at IFE in 1995 produced very tablishment of the SND-Research pleasing results, reflected in the form of Council FORNY project for Norway's successful research projects, new pro- Ostland region. ducts and systems, and new technical solutions for a variety of applications. The IFE achieved good economic results in Institute has also given high priority to 1995, with a total surplus of about NOK improving quality control in all aspects 15 million. Especially pleasing was the ol work. In 1995 this involved an exten- positive progress in Halden, which sho- sive review of I PR's formal quality assu- wed significant growth in contract work rance system. The Board places high and a surplus of NOK 12 million. priority on safety and environmental issues in all die Institute's fields of activity. Some areas of IFE's nuclear work are, however, unusual in a Norwegian context, and can sometimes generate negati- ve comments in the media. For this rea- son, the Institute places much emphasis on an open relationship with the public; actively sharing information. It was thus especially pleasing to note that IFE's open day arrangement at Kjeller in October 1995 drew a gathering of over IKK) interested guests.

In (he view of the Board, it is important that the Institute's technical results are THE HALDEN PROJECT'S research work in solutions that are being developed are in safety technology is the subject of increa- most cases transferable to other process sing international interest; three new industries. countries joined the Project in 1995. The international nature of the Project The Halden Project participates in vari- allows IFE to collaborate with high- ous aspects of the Norwegian aid pro- technology research groups and centres gramme to improve safety in the Kola of expertise in the 19 member countries, nuclear power station. Examples of this opening access to research data that are include a system that is being developed now finding increasing application in for the surveillance of critical safety contract work at home. The Halden functions, and the provision of equip- Project provides supprt for the ment to monitor water chemistry, mate- Norwegian authorities by acting as a rials and rotating components. The trai- centre of expertise in reactor technology, ning of operator personnel also forms and by contributing the skills and re- part of the programme. sources necessary for practical radiation protection and preparedness work. The Halden reactor is used for key experi- THE REACTOR WAS IN operation for 52% mental work, which focuses on building of the time during 1995, supplying ap- competence in materials- and corrosion proximately 100,000 tonnes of steam technology, and is important for the de- by-product to a local paper factory. velopment of safe and reliable reactor Over 40 instrumented fuel elements and fuel. Founded on advanced experimen- test rigs were irradiated in the reactor in tal control rooms, computer-based sys- the course of the year. The plant's tech- tems are being developed to improve the nical and safety standards were ensured safety and availability of complex pro- through an ongoing programme of cess plants. The methods and practical maintenance and renewal of components and systems. Two longer periods of down-time were used for maintenance, for installing new features and carrying out modifications relating to the experimental loops.

During the year, the research infrastructure was expanded by the start-up of a new metallurgical laboratory. This will lead to quality improvements in the in- spection of materials samples. The control room is also the subject of upgrading and renovation; new monitoring and control systems based on state-of-the-art computer technology are being developed for use in the reactor systems and experimental loops.

THROI GH THE HALDEN Project, the processes and phenomena that affect reactor fuel performance at extended burn-up are being investigated. Specially developed advanced instrumentation makes it possible to obtain detailed information about how key fuel characteristics change with time, under nor- »conditions | J& a result of various hts. For safety pur S. it is especially im- rto be able to quanti- t content of a fuel element and how quickly the heat can be conducted away from it in situations with reduced cooling. The data generated are used in safety analyses and mo- \I (HUM KIN VALVE IN delling calculations, and form the basis (UN I II Ml NT REPRE- of the fuel safety approval procedure.

\N I \ WIN I III \DVANCED Il\- IRI Ml IU-I(,M II WDPRODU- 11 n \i mi IN-IKI MI MVTION VUlHkMKH' IN M\l DIN I\ COCVTRIKS THAT lead the use of nuclear power, the safety authorities and industry are tending to locus their research increasingly on issues related to the ageing of power plants, The long-term integrity of certain materials and components is critical lor ensuring that the safety do not deteriorate. It is thus vitally important to understand changes that occur with time in their characteristics. In the Maiden IVojecl, experiments are being conducted with various corrosion- resistant materials, investigating lor example the corrosion resistance ol materials exposed to variable operating conditions and water quality.

In parallel with the experimental programme, the lYojeet's instrumentation capability continues to he updated. International collaboration ensures access to new technologies that are impor- ting plants. Because the basic principles IN TIIK NKW HAI.DF.N TRAINING FACI- tant lor the development of reliable infor using modern technology in the con- I.ITIKS FOR MAHKKL-HASKI) TRADING, struments for demanding operational trol room are independent of the process TIIK CI.IKNTH ARK MKI\<; IYSTHI CTF.I) conditions. Such conditions are also ty- itself, this work is just as relevant for ot- IN TIIK I SK OK TIIK SUI'I'DHT SYS- pical lor a number of important non-nu- her proem industries as it is for the nu- TT.V1S DKVKKOI'KI) AT TIIK I'ROJKCT. clear industrial processes, and the clear industry. IVoject is increasingly collaborating with Norwegian industry on ways of applying A HiSIC MM or TMK activities in the its exprtise in instrumentation. One Maiden IVoject is to apply the research example is the special instrument that results in the best (wssiblc way for the was developed and supplied to Alcatel benefit ol the Norwegian energy and kabel for measuring the magnetic per- process industries, with which there is meahility of steel reinforcement for sub- an extensive and increasing collaborati- sea AC electrical cables. In such cables, on. Bilateral contract work has increased magnetic steel leads to large reductions in volume and economic scope. In parti- in efficiency. cular, development work on operation and decision support systems for market Till. SUK OI'KHATION of nuclear power based power trading has increased, com- stations and other energy and process prising more than 50% of the income plants depends on the operators having for process surveillance contract work in a clear and concise representation of the 1995.1 PR's comprehensive power tra- process at any one time. It also depends ding system, HandFJ, contains various on their correct interpretation of the in- software packages designed to meet the formation and their ability to react effec- needs ol players in die power markets. tively to different situations that require HandEI/MA, which can be used as the corrective action. In this regard, the loundation for building a power trading Halden IVoject is carry ing out an exten- infrastructure, was supplied to dozens of sive exp'rimental study, in a realistic si- large energy works in Norway in 1995. mulator-based control room environ- HandEl/l'C-kralt, which is designed for ment, to investigate how operators use small and medium-sized energy works, different support systems to deal with was supplied to over 30 firms. various operational situations. The most important tool in this work is the Halden 'fhe Halden IVojecl s graphic develop- IVojecf s man-machine laboratory. Here, ment tool for control room systems, experienced industrial psychologists p'r Picasso, has now limi installed in over lonn basic studies on the causes of hu- 200 telecommunication systems lor the man error, and the measures that can be defence services, in collaboration with used to minimize it. Ilic results form the Scandpower. The IVoject's development basis lor the development of new user- tool for intelligent alarm systems is l>eing friendly information systems that are ai- used by Siemens Norge in surveillance med at improving the working environ- systems for the North Sea oil and gas in- ment, reducing stress and making work dustry. more efficient. New methods and techniques, lor example involving combinati- ons of graphics, sound and video, are There has been special interest related being tested out, together with the use of to the practical application of model ba- three-dimensional displays and animati- sed diagnosis systems for the effective on. maintenance ol machinery and process systems. The experience that the IVoject has accumulated through international Hie results ol this research arc finding collaborative work is being transferred practical applications in constructing via a project on the development of a new control centres and upgrading exis- surveillance system for shipboard machinery. This work is carried out in part- NUCUARREIATED ACTIVITIES AT nership with Norcontrol Automation.

In collaboration with Quasar Consultants, the Project completed a support system for the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority in 1995.

Working together with the Ostfold Research Foundation, 0stfold College THK JEEP IIRKSEARCH reactor is the and the Halden Industrial Society, an in- centrepiece of the nuclear-related work vestigation has been carried out on in- at Kjeller, which depends on its continu- dustry's needs for expertise and new ed operation. Activities include: technologies. This project will be pro- gressed under the management of the • Basic research in physics Ostfold Industrial Initiative. • The development and production of radioactive medicines • The irradiation of materials for a variety of technical applications

In 1995 the reactor was in operation for Till. DKVKI.OI'MIVI 01- !\Kw KADIO- over 5200 hours. This corresponds to I>|[ARM\(:I.ITK:AI.S IS CAKKIKD OIT 98% a\ailabilit\ during the planned IN ( 1)1 I.UiOIUIION Wllll running time, ^ork on upgrading the \<>HVU(.I\\ NOsl'llU* Wit NoiWM.IW I'lUHMU I IIIM \l IMll s'IH\.

sis plant and further developing the expertise of the operation and maintenance staH is proceeding according to plan. Operational activities are quality assured in accordance with accepted rules and standards.

Work is in progress to upgrade the computing tools necessary for reactor safety assessments and for operational planning. The British code WIMS (Winfrith Improved Multigroup Scheme), and the Scandpower-developed HEI lOSfuel programme have both been nbijnn il for making computations rel.ili d in the JEEP 11 reactor core.

romiOKKIHWK) years the Institute has provided a natinii.il service in this field through lln pur duction and distribution of IMIIUMI li- ve pharmaceuticals. Howevei .1- in- sult of the EEC agreement, tln- integrated national model now needs to be modified so that the authorities' control functions are kept orga- nizationally separate Irom the manufacturing and distribution activities. Planning and prepa-

ration lor this have influ- Further quality control work on radiop- 4000 YEARS AGE DIFFERENCE IN MA- enced much of the 1995 hannaccuticals, radiochemicals, and the TERIALS TECHNOLOGY. A IDOL MADE work programme. raw materials that are used to make OL FLINT FROM THE STONK-AGE AM) them, continues to be performed. A MODERN1 SILICON DISC. SILICON IS Radiopharmamitieals are used mainly •I)OI'EI)» WITH NEUTRONS IN THE in diagnostics, lor imaging organs and Irradiation with neutrons in the reactor JEEP II REACTOR. lor studying organ functions. However, generates the radioactive starting materi- in recent years there has been a steady als for the production of radiopharma- increase in the use of radioactive medi- ceuticals and radiochemicals, together cines in pain relief and other therapeutic with tracers and radiation sources for treatments. By far the largest customer use in industry and research. Neutron ir groups are hospital nuclear medicine radiation is also used to regulate precise- departments, and research laboratories ly the conductivity of superpure silicon in Norwegian universities and colleges. crystals. The irradiated crystals receive an even distribution of phosphorous The development of new radiopharma- atoms, giving them optimal electrical ceuticals and the improvement of exis- properties. At present, the Institute supp- ting preparations is carried out in close lies between 5 and 10 % of the world collaboration with Norwegian hospitals market for such irradiation services. and with the Norwegian pharmaceutical industry. Such development projects Ihe Institute's gamma irradiation plant have become so extensive that they are is based on ionizing radiation from a co- now usually organised as international balt-60 source, The main markets for collaborative projects. In recent years this type of irradiation service are the fo- the Institute had thus fostered collabora- odstuffs and plastics industries, and pro- tive links with institutions in various ducers of disposable medical equipment countries, particularly in Prance, the and packaging. The most important pro- Netherlands and Canada. An increasing duct group in recent years has been spi- area of activity is the provision of educa- ces and flavourings for the foodstuffs in- tion services in the form of courses, con- dustry. On average, around 350 tonnes ferences and lectures for pharmacology ol such materials are irradiated annually. students and personnel from international user groups. NKITRON SCATTERING is an important tool for determining the position of atoms Ihere has been strong growth in demand within solid materials and liquids, and lor the tagging service that I IE offers for for investigating how atoms rotate Norwegian hospitals and research labo- around their average positions. Neutrons ratories. This involves the addition of ra- are used to study all kinds of materials, dioactive atoms to special preparations from water to polymers and high-tempe- made in the hospitals, enabling the mo- rature superconductors, and represent vement of these preparations in the IXHK an indispensable tool in all types of ma- to be monitored and measured. terials research. 10 The neutron laboratory, situated in the Urals, and from the third and probably JEEP II research reactor building, forms last Norwegian-Russian expedition to a national centre of expertise in neutron the Kara Sea. Trie results were presented physics, particularly in the construction at an international conference in Oslo in and effective use of new spectrometers, August 1995, which was co-organized and technology transfer in neutron scat- by IFE. Work on these projects will cont- tering research methodology. inue in 1996, including further fieldwork. There has been continued collaboration in 1995 with the Department of Within the NKS (Nordic Nuclear Safety Chemistry, University of Oslo, on the Research) programme, the Institute is le- synthesis and characterization of a wide ading a project to investigate long radio- range of materials. This work makes use ecological half-lives in seminatural sys- of the neutron's unique characteristic of tems. IFE put forward four project pro- being able to determine the position of posals on radiation protection and radio- atomic nuclei in a material at the same ecology for the EU 4th framework pro- time as determining the pattern of mag- gramme (Nuclear Fission Safety). Three netic spin. Neutron scattering is also well of these proposals were successful; the suited to determining the position of projects start in 1996. light atoms such as hydrogen in a variety of materials. As well as the fundamental IFE also participates in safety and prepa- scientific value of such research, materi- redness projects for NKS. This involves als with a high hydrogen storage capaci- the further development of risk analysis ty are also of technological interest as methods, and the analysis of the conse- energy storage media in, for example, quences of possible reactor accidents. solar energy systems. Accident preparedness is the motive be- FIELD WORK PKOVIDKS IMPORTANT hind this work. DATA AHOIT LON<;-|.IYK1) RADIOACTI- The small angle neutron spectrometer VK CONTAMINATION 01 T1IK (SANS) is a central tool in the effort to KNVIRONMKNT. characterize and understand complex structures and processes in the size range between atomic and mil nw n|ni During 1995, SANS was used lor nni-»ii- gating the structure of variou-1* >K m> surfactants, nanoparticles, ceiiienl .mil aerogels (e.g., silica gels). Such • \\« n- ments are crucial for die dev< lopim nl of new types of material* -udi a- polymer alloys and cata Iw-

THF. INSTITUTE'S work in ih< areas of radiation protection, environmental monitoring (radiochemical analyses and radioecology), general safety work and radioactive

linked to activities in IFE's own reactors and laboratories. However, projects for the Norwegian authorities, users of radioactive materials and other f li- ents also form a significant part

The Institute is participating in .1 Norwegian-Russian collaborative project to d<- termine the magnitude and dispersion of radioactive pollution in northern regi- ons. During 1995, nume- rous samples were analy- sed that had been obtained through previ- ous fieldwork at the Mayak plant in die Ix)w and medium level radioactive waste hods for evaluating die potential of pe- is being stored temporarily at Kjellcr un- troleum basins. A new 3D basin simu- til a national storage facility and reposi- lation model has been developed (II K- tory is established. Parliament decided in 3D) which computes compaction, fluid Spring 1995 that this facility will he situ- flow, temperature and hydrocarbon ated in Himdalen in the Akershus regi- generation through geological time. A on. It is intended to be ready for use ear- large geochemical project has as its ly in 1997. IFK has been charged with aim to track the migration of oil and responsibility for operating the facility, gas from the source nxi to the reser- and hence nm PK- tant lor the programme of development isotope ratios), and at different stages THOI.Kl VI Hi:Si:HVOII( CONDITIONS. work on increasing luel burn-up. ol the oil production process itself (tra- Irradiated fuel rods from the research cer technology'1 with natural and added reactor and commercial reactors are tracers). IFK has carried out or partici- modified and fitted with nuclear instru- pated in tracer injection field trials and mentation developed at the Institute. In -assignments on the continental shelf 1995, instrumentation was carried out in Norway and the I K in 1995. There on seven fuel rods for two Kuropean re- is increasing interest in this IFK tech- actors. These will be irradiated and fur nology capability, and similar projects ther tested in the Halden reactor. were undertaken in Texas and (Colombia in 1995.

Improving oil recovery is central to the Institute's activity in production technology. This includes the development of geochemical methods for the detec- tion ol barriers anil [lenncahilily variations for optimal placement of infill wells, and physical-chemical methods to increase petroleum recovery from the reservoir. Areas ol work include experimental and theoretical studies of polymer Hooding, development of simulation tools for optimizing production from horizontal wells, and the continued development of simulation tools for thermally-induced fracturing of injection wells. Other important project areas included the development of more user Iriendly homogenization tools and the start up of an experimental TllK. MAIN MM 01 the Institute's research and theoretical study of production programme in petroleum technology is mechanisms with massive gas injection to develop and promote cost effective, (an FA project). safe and environmentally friendly con- cepts and processes in petroleum explo- The Institute's main strategy in deve- ration and production. lopment and facilities technology is to enable safe and profitable field deve- In the area ol exploration technology, lopment through the application of the Institute has made further progress multiphase technology. In 1993 Statoil in the drive for new and improved met- initiated collaboration with IFK and 12 SINTEF on the development and im- been increasing activity related to die provement of multiphase models under use of corrosion-inhibiting fluids. various operating conditions. Over a 2- Together with BP, a number of trials year period Statoil invested in advanced have been carried out related to the use laboratory equipment for multiphase ex- of inhibitors in multiphase flow. IFE periments at IFE. The resulting 1500 m2 plans to expand this field of research. laboratory represents an important addi- Titanium is becoming a popular material tion to the Institute's experimental capa- for the fabrication of risers for oil pro- bility. In 1995, Saga Petroleum, Statoil duction, particularly in deep water. In and Norsk Hydro entered into an agree- partnership with SINTEF, IFE has be- ment covering most aspects of multipha- gun a three year research project that se technology. The new facilities have aims to generate the design criteria for been used by the mentioned three com- titanium risers. The titanium industry in panies, Statoil alone and Conoco to ge- USA, Russia and Japan is involved in the nerate the data that will form the basis project, together with several oil and of modelling fluid flow under various fi- engineering companies. eld conditions. DURING 1995, IFE continued to make For two years, IFE has been working on progress in the development of training a new and improved multiphase model simulators. The main deliverable was a for Statoil. In the future, this new model mathematical total model for the on- will replace the current commercial mo- shore plant at Kollsnes, where natural del OLGA, which is fast becoming the gas from the Troll field is treated before industry standard for designing multi- being exported to the continent The phase transport systems, and is conse- transport pipelines from the Troll plat- quently being used by many oil compa- form to shore have been simulated using nies. The new model is designed to be the multiphase model OLGA. The total more user friendly. simulator for the platform, pipelines and A new three year agreement has been onshore plant will be used for operator initiated with nine international oil com- training and for engineering studies. The Institute is also involved in the training panies and suppliers of steel on C02 corrosion in carbon steel. There has simulator for the methanol factory at Tjeldbergodden, and other simulator work under contract to Kongsberg Norcontrol Systems a.s.

The Institute today forms a leading centre of expertise in die mathematical modelling of finishing processes in the Scandinavian aluminium and steel industries. The research effort has mainly- been aimed at physical description of the processes, and the numerical and analytical methods needed to implement a mathematical model.

IN THIS FIEIJ), THT Institute is contributing to the development of effective wind power technology, pollution-free energy systems, energy efficiency measures and energy systems analyses. IFE is presently carrying out a large Research Council funded project for a Norwegian plastics company, aimed at developing new and more efficient blade profiles for wind turbines. In partnership with ABB Energy, and with funding from the EU, a new type of solar power plant is being developed using hydrogen for energy storage. In particular, IFE will be crea- ting a design and control strategy for such a plant The methodologies are now being implemented in a plant at ENEA in Rome. The ultimate aim is for an independent, stand-alone energy- plant

The Institute's energy conservation work for industry has been determined by the framework conditions and guidelines for Norway's publicly financed energy conservation effort Against competition from other R&D groups IFE were given national responsibility by the authorities 13 for industrial energy conservation for a three year period (1996-98). The largest single project within this agreement is the • Business Network for Energy Consumption in Norwegian Industry.' Energy efficiency in biological cleaning processes (in collaboration with Kvarner and Telcmark College) and the development ol new types of heat pumps (in collaboration with NTNU/SINTEF) are examples of activities in the area of energy efficiency. IFF, continues to participate in the Norwegian Consortium for Energy and Environment (NORCE). In 1995 "the Institute carried out a project for the World Bank (I KG) to establish guidelines for fi- nancing projects in energy efficiency and new; renewable energy sources. Since 1992. IFE has had responsibility lor fostering centres ol energy efficiency expertise in I'oland, hit via and Lithuania. In 1995 the Foreign Office granted funding to begin the development of a similar centre on the kola Peninsula in Russia. Hie computing tool MARKAL has been used to model energy systems in the Baltic States, particularly Ixttvia, where this work is financed by the Foreign Office.

IS'ONKOK IFE's KMI'UriKKS. received radiation doses in 1995 that exceeded the recom- mended levels for occupational hygiene. The levels of routine emissions ol radioactive effluents from the Institute's facilities were, as previously, very low, far Mow per- mitted levels. The Institute s health service recorded no serious work-related accidents or injuries in 1995. The level of sick leave in 1995 was 42% at Kjeller and 2.5% in Halden. The corresponding figures for 1994 were 3.8% and 2.7% respectively.

TIIK iNsrmTKVnmi. revenue for 1995 amounted to NOK 383.1 million, of which NOK 194.3 million related to activities at Kjeller and NOK 188.8 million to activities in Halden. The accounts show a surplus for the year of NOK 15.2 million. The total number of employees on 31.12.95 w as 614, compared to 588 a year previously. Of these, 225 had university and college degrees, and 40 had doctoral degrees. Staff turnover in 1995 included 52 employees who left the Institute (27 of whom were professional staff), and 66 new employees who joined (including 40 professional staff). A total of 36 foreign guest researchers had short or longer-term visits to IFE, while 10 of the Institute's researchers spent time working abroad in 1995. The Institute's research stafl published 36 articles in peer-reviewed international jour- nals in 1995, and 118 presentations were published in conference proceedings. In addition, 306 research and development reports were produced.

268 licences were sold through activities in Halden in 1995. Income from this sale amounted to some NOK 15 million.

14 Personnel Progression of income Posts (total 614) 1991-95 (NOK million)

Engineers Academic Administrative Aux. 26% (161) 37% (225) (non academic) technical 17% (105) 20% (123) Assignments- and other income Government grant 1995 1994

1993 1992

1991

Total number of employees 1991-95 Maiden Kjeller Total 614 To»al Total Total 589 590 Total 569 If- \ 25; 559

t j: i t <: 'v f i s i\ I I i f $

>At\] '<¥*• "fi

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

15 1995(NOK) 1?94(NOK] OPERATING INCOME Earned income 230.560.096 228.770,607 Government grants 1) 90.639.334 91,822.484 Contribution from foreign participants in Halden 55.850.000 51.150.000 Steam income 4.800.004 4.959.732 Other operating income 1.216.405 634.389 TOTAL OPERATING INCOME 383.065.839 377.337.212

OPERATING EXPENSES Wages, salaries and social security costs 219.047.885 214.711.111 Direct project costs 108.840.876 105.700.677 Other operating expenses 2) 35.858.446 35,276,155 Bad debts 3) 500 33,500 Deprecation 4) 8.339.365 9.268713 TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES 372.087.072 364.990,156 OPERATING PROFIT BEFORE FINANCIAL ITEMS 10.978.767 12.347.056

FINANCIAL ITEMS Financiaf income 4.350.159 3.042.543 Financial expenses -154.724 -152,116 NET FINANCIAL PROFIT 4.195.435 2.890427 PROFIT BEFORE EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS 15.174.202 15.237.483

EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS Holiday pay for 1993 20.482.353 PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 15.174.202 -5,244.870

16 1995(NOK) ASSETS Current assets Cash and bank deposits 117.824.135 63.498.359 Bank accounts for special energy conserv. progr. 4.013.702 5,822.521 Accounts receivable 3) 31.575.275 42.461.995 Projects in progress 3.251.342 3.383,000 Other receivables 1.490.735 1.748.766 Stock-in-hand 5) 1.115.000 159.270.189 1.123.000 118.037.641 Fixed assets 4) Machinery, instruments fittings, etc. 18.515.000 17.883.000 Laboratory and office buildings 10.466.700 10,838.900 JEEP II reactor 2.880.000 2.788.000 Area 7.470.000 7.470,000 Uranium and heavy water 27.200.000 26.800 000 Loan to IFE's Boligselskap A/S 3.089.694 3.089.694 Shares 6) 100.000 69.721.394 90.000 68,959,594 TOTAL ASSETS 228.991.583 186.997,235

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Short-term liabilities Tax deductions, employers'national insurance contributions, pension and holliday pay 38.042.515 37,825.217 Accounts payable 25.297.293 22.914.524 Payments on account 28.967.900 3,742342 Other liabilities 7) 5.549.127 97.856.835 6.554.606 71.036,689 Equity Undistnbutable reserves 69.721.394 68.959.594 Operating capital 59.796.154 45.140.752 Investment JEEP I! reactor 1.617.200 131.134.748 1.860,200 115.960.546 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 228.991.583 186,997.235

r Kje 31 decembe 1995

Arve Johnsen Rolf Wiedswang /

Jon P, Rambaek Anna Inger Eide Trond T. Olsen Kjell Bendiksen Mi

ill NOTES TO THE 1995 ACCOUNTS

1. IFE's 1995 government grant was applied as follows: • : Joint programme in Halden *) 29.0 mill.NOK - earmarked grant 25.0mill.NOK - basic grant 4.0 mill.NOK :• Petroleum and energy research, Kjeller 20.6 milt.NOK - basic grant 4.8 mill.NOK - Strategic Institute Programmes 15.8 mill.NOK •' Nuclear activities, Kjeller **) 41.0mill.NOK_ 90~6mill.NOK

') The Norwegian share of the joint programme in Halden came to NOK 33 million in 1995. To supplement the government grant, NOK 4 million was financed by funds the Institute earned on bilateral assignments. "J With the permission of the Research Council of Norway, NOK 1 million of the original grant of NOK 42 million was carried over to 1996

2. Other operating expenses included the maintenance and operation of buildings and grounds, transport, security services, office expenses, in-house print shop, joint computer services, human resources development, etc.

3. The provision for losses remained unchanged at NOK 500.000, which corresponds to 1,5 per cent of the total account outstanding.

4. Fixed assets (NOK 1,000) Value Acquisitions Disposals Depreciations Value Depreciations 1.1.95 in 1995 in 1995 in 1995 31.12.95 rate *) Machinery, instruments, fittings, etc. 17.883 6.804 _ 6.172 18.515 25% Lab.- and office buildings 10.839 - 372 10.467 2-5% Jeep II reactor 2.788 243 151 2.880 • 5% Area 7.470 - - - 7.470 - Uranium and heavy water 26.800 2.100 56 1.644 27.200 - 65.780 9.147 56 8.339 66.531

") The diminishing balance method of depreciation has been applied to operations at Kjeller, while acquisitions were charged directly against operating profits at Halden. Uranium and heavy water were written down to their estimated market value.

Acquisitions/deposals during the last 5 years: 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 ACQUISITIONS Machinery, instruments, fittings, etc. 5.964 6.755 4.933 8.810 6.804 Lab. and office buildings 731 Jeep II reactor 2.287 243 Uranium and heavy water 441 780 2.100 DISPOSALS Uranium and heavy water 750 56

5. The value of stock-in-trade is stated at cost.

6. Shares Company Company's No.of shares Nominal value Balance sheet share capital owned by IFE per share value IFEs Boligselskap A/S 50.000 50 1.000 50.000 Multiflow A/S 50.000 250 100 25.000 Instidata A/S 100.000 150 100 15.000 Campus Kjeller A/S 100.000 100 100 10.000 Total book value 100.000

7. Other liabilities include NOK 4.0 million in energy conservation programme funds.

18 1995(NOK) 1994(,NCK; Source of funds: Total generated from operations 15.174.202 -5,244,870 Depreciation 8.339.365 9,268,713 Disposal of capital assets 56.000 241,900 TOTAL (A) 23.569.567 4,265,743

Application of funds: Investments 9.147.165 11.875.747 Share acquisitions 10.000 Decrease in long-term debt 241.900 TOTAL (B) 9.157.165 12.117.647 Increase/decrease in working capital (A-B) 14.412.402 -7.851.904

Change in working capital Increase/decrease in cash, etc. 52.516.957 6.656.076 Increase/decrease in short-term receivables -11.276.409 7.187.537 Increase/decrease in stocks -8.000 563.000 -Increase/decrease in currant liabilities -26.820.146 -22.258.517 Increase/decrease in working capital 14.412.402 -7.851.904

Report of the Office of the Auditor Oeneral The Office of the Auditor General has audited the 1995 accounts for the Institutt for Energiteknikk (IFE). The submitted annual accounts may be adopted as IFE's accounts for 1995.

The Office of the Auditor General Oslo 13, March 1996

As authorised

Jan Fredrik Lied Assistant Deputy Director General

Kjerstin Weyen Senior Auditor HAMMLAB (llaldcn Man-Machine Laboratory) is a laboratory where the in- terplay between man and technology is studied. One ol the main areas ol work is investigating how new technology can load to improved operational reliability in complex process plants.

Hie introduction ol new technology brings with it the need to modify control of room structure. New operator support systems will assist the operator to diag- nose faults and make decisions, and new technology based on video, graphics and sound will give greater scope for presen- ting process inlormation. For example, certain types ol mlornialion can be dis- played on large centrally placed screens so as to initiate teamwork, while corrective measures can be performed at individual operator stations.

Examples of 1995 projects in 11AMM- I.AB included control room studies carried out lor Phillips Petroleum's new Ekofisk held centre, and the development ol an improved control room phi- losophy lor the Swedish nuclear power stations at Oskarshamn and Barseback.

WHEN COMPITERIZED colour graphics are 'HlE HAIJ)EI\ PliOJErr's expertise in de- applied to process management and sur veloping new methods for fault detecti- veillance, there are stringent demands on and diagnosis is currently being ex- on the response times of the systems and ploited by Kongsberg Norcontrol tooLs that are used. Automation in the development of a The Picasso graphics system is well pro- computerized diagnosis system lor ship- ven, as demonstrated through its use by board machinery. Although the engine a range of Norwegian systems suppliers. manufacturers often supply diagnosis An updated version, Picasso-3, was com- systems based on specialist knowledge of pleted in IW5. This is based on so-cal- lln i iiL'im ii i- -l if I ii-u il I'm lln liilni- led object oriented design, which lor i ilin«(iil .mil ht-hu id i -\-i< in- |ui example facilitates die re-use of applica- • x.impli d> In i iilm-lid luiuiiM HIIIIIMI

tion modules. The system has been fur IIIIIII mil-nr\'ill IN< i IIIIIIHHI- |||.

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22 The diagnosis system that is to be incor- mation (condition data) being transfer- porated into Kongsberg Norcontrol's in- red on line to Teknotherm's central tegrated ship control systems, can be ap- maintenance co-ordinalor via telecom- plied to a variety of shipboard machine- munications. ry types. THI: VIUM'KVWCi: of complex process In a project lor Teknotherm, who are systems is traditionally based on time suppliers of refrigeration equipment for control. The introduction of condition- merchant ships and trawlers, further im- controlled maintenance can lead to cost provements in efficiency are being pro- savings and improved safety. ITirough posed. This will involve diagnosis infor- the Halden Project a system has been il" veloped lor model-based condition monitoring, in which the real function ' 11 iracteristics of a system are compared wiih its ideal (model-based) characteris- lii s. Deviations between real and ideal v.ilues give an indication of system condition. Small steadily growing deviations, -ui'h as could be caused by a heal ex- i h.ingcr starting to leak, can be identifi- 111 at an early stage. Furthermore, pro- 11 -s systems can be monitored in this w.iy under transient conditions. Hie system estimates the progressive de- M lopment of wear and possible failure, •md selects a maintenance strategy based «iii safety and reliability analyses. ITie • •piimization that occurs during the o|>e- Mlion of (he plant can result in changes in the maintenance schedule, optimiza- tion of operating conditions or the in- stallation of new equipment.

During 1995, the Halden Project entered into an agre- JUNCTION MOIHI.KS HKI'RKSKM'Kl) ement with one ol IN A CONDmON Scandinavia's leading sup- MAIM'KVANCK SYSTKM. pliers of maintenance systems (IPS). ITiey will inte- grate die Project's systems lor model-based condition monitoring into their own products.

23 1995 SAW A SUBSTANTIAL growth in demand for the development and installa- tion of operation and decision support systems for players in the power market In a project for Statnett Marked, a comprehensive upgrading of the price calculation system SAPRI was completed. SA- PRI is now compatible with die forthco- ming common Nordic power market

Many of Statnett Marked's clients cur- rendy use IFE's HandEl systems for managing their own power trading. HandH/MA has been supplied to dozens of Norway's largest energy works, as well as one of Sweden's largest power companies. The system is tailor made for communication with Statnett Marked's system, and offers a complete range of services, from individual tasks to total power portfolio management

HandEl/PC-kraft has now been supplied to over 30 power supply companies. This system can, for example, deal with reporting conditions in the daily market and market accounts. HandEl is being modified to meet players' requirements for support systems in several market segments. During 1995, two large pre-projects were carried out for the specification and general design of a new client system for the energy works, and the development of a decision support system for long term (some weeks up to two years) portfolio planning.

The Halden Project's new training and competence centre was completed in 1995. This is an important part of the Project's marketing strategy. Besides training in the use of the HandEl systems, the centre is used for education in good market practise.

COLLABORATION CONTINUES with the nuclear power station on the Russian Kola Peninsula. Under the direction of die Norwegian authorities a number of measures were implemented in 1995 to improve safety in the 4 reactor plants, including new equipment for analysing water chemistry and monitoring the condition of rotating components. The introduction of new working practises, together with a comprehensive training programme in the use, maintenance and calibration of instruments and equipment, has clearly contributed positively to improving plant safety.

Expansion of this collaborative work includes upgrading the non-destructive materials testing capability, and the development of a control room system for monitoring critical safety functions. THE HALDEN PROJECT PARTICIPATE In order to strengthen communication IN COOPERATIVE EFFORTS TO IMPRO- with the Kola power station and to help VE SAFETY OF THE KOLA NUCLEAR with practical technology transfer, one of POWER PLANT. ON-LINE MONITO- their experienced reactor operators is RING IN HALDEN OF ROTATING COM- currently working on site with die PONENTS AT THE PLANT IS INCLUDI I) Halden Project IN THIS EFFORT.

24 THE HUDEN PROJECT has developed the technology to test very thin samples of materials for their fracture behaviour. Small pieces of steel -.ample materials are implanted into a fracture mechanics tc-1 rod UMiig electron beam welding. This welding method jignifi( antlv redu- «"• heat transfer to the sample < ompa- red to (omentional welding te

SM\II I'IK isoi sii 11 \Himi\i IMI'I \NII I) INK) \ IR\( It Kl Ml -

Till IMM-HIIMI- IN \D\\N(1D IN- STRUMENTATION IN HALDEN IS IN- part of CREASINGLY ITILISEI) IN COLLABO- the sample can RATION WITH INDUSTRIAL PARTNERS. thus be used for the experimental work. The first test samples will be placed in the Halden reactor during Spring 1996. These experiments are designed to determine how fractures propagate in stainless steel components from nuclear power plants due to stress corrosion. The same methodologies can usefully be applied to fracture mechanical analysis of other types of materials, such as samples from industry or offshore facilities. Collaboration with materials testing institutions is now being established to further develop this technology. DETERMINING THE integrity of reactor fuel under transient or variable operating conditions is a high priority area of fuel research in Halden. Transient analyses demand detailed knowledge of how fuel characteristics change with time, and what mechanisms might have a ne- gative effect on fuel durability. The expertise in instrumentation in Halden makes it possible to obtain the necessary detailed information on such complex relations. During 1995, an extensive programme of measurement and analytical work was carried out to determine the thermal conditions within fuel rods. A new project was started, with the aim of identifying the relevant parameters that effect the hydrogen uptake, and hence the brittleness, of the canning material. Some of the tracers that have already been tried and tested in the Geld now lorm the basis of the specialist service diat IFE offers in tracer technology. This includes operational work, such as tracer injection and fluid sampling, and laboratory work such as tracer separation and analysis in various reservoir fluids.

THK NKW1.Y developed IFE 3D BASIN SIMULATOR is a combined ID, 21) and 3D basin simulator for reconstruction of the time-dependent geometry, temperature, pressure, water flow and hydrocarbon generation and migration in com- pacting sedimentary basins.

Comparison of results, from 11), 2D and 3D simulations confirms that there may be significant differences due to water flow and pressure. The advantage of 21) simulations as compared to 11) is seen in ; ISK IS being made of tracers overpressured configurations where 21) lor understanding and <4iaracterising pe- allows more realistic calculations, while troleum reservoirs. Traditionally, radio- 11) is less predictable. When going from active materials have been used as tra- 21) to 3D advantages are evident in con- LATERAL WATER FU)W VKI.OCITIKS (3D) cers. However, through the IFK Tracer figurations with pronounced 3D basin IN A SAN[>S"IT)NK IAYKR IN A SYNTHFTIC Research Cooperation project, which in- Tracers for reser- TKST BASIN SHOWING THK POSITION OF geometries in combination with rapid AN IMI'F.KMFABI.1, HAl IT (BlACk), I'KR- cludes Amerada Hess, BP, Conoco, processes and overpressure. The diffe- MKABLF OPF.]\I1N<; IN THK I At IT (GRKY) Mobil, Petrobras, Phillips, Saga, rences in water flow velocities may be AM) 1'OSITION OF A PROFILE FOR COM- Statoil/IFE, a range of new non-radioac- quite dramatic. Trie rates in 3D may be PARISON BKTWKKN 21) AM) 3D RKSUUX (RKI)) tivi ll II I I- ll IVI 1)1 < II ll> VI l<>|» ll II II I I- several orders of magnitude higher than

dni in wi INiniul id tin -IIKI\ DI ci* Distance, m 0 2000 4000 6000 800O 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Distance along profile, m 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18O00 300000-

S 250000- — 3D

— 2D

m/mill . / 1

te r flow , \ g 50000- Linear scale

oil and water flow in reservoirs. Several pilot projects are now in progress to test FIKI.1) wimk ON TIIK SNORRK IM.AT- in 21) due to lateral focusing effects, lliis COMPARISON OF IATKRAI. WATER FIDW out these tracers under realistic reservoir FORM. INJKCTION OFCIIKMICAI. TRA- has significant effects on the pressure YKLOCITILS IN A SANDSTONE IAYKR conditions; one project is being perfor- CF.RS IN ORDF.R TO STL'DY TIIK I LOW evolution. The consequence is that 3D is AIJONG THK PROHI. SHOWN IN THK med in Texas, while three projects arc OF WATKR IN TIIK SNORRK FORMATI- definitely very important if water flow is FIGURK ABOVE (RKI)) AS CAI^tlATKI) under way in the North Sea. ON. an essential element of the problem un- BY 21) AND 3D MODKUJNG. Comprehensive tracer projects have der consideration. Temperature effects been started on the Statljord, Sleipner, due to the increased convection in 3D Gulliaks and Snorre fields. In these stu- seem to be of less ini|>ortance. dies the residence time of the tracers in the reservoir will vary from a few' months to almost 10 vears.

26 » _

THK TROLL PIPELINE. IFE HAS SUP- IFE HAS DEVEIflPED a hydrocarbon core PLIED IMPORTANT DATA AM) ADVICE scanner, based on the principle of hy- FOR PIPE-DIMENT1ONIM; AND EVA- drocarbon fluorescence. The core scan- LUATION OF CORROSION INHIBITING ner allows continuous quantitative log- MEASURES FOR THK (IAS PIPELINE ging of hydrocarbon "shows" in conven- FROM THE TROLL FIELD TO tional borehole cores. Advantages of this KOLI.SNES ON THE WEST COAST OK tool include: NORWAY. • Continuous quantitative hydrocarbon logging in core

• FYecise location of oil-water contacts

• Characterization of hydrocarbons in both the oil and water zones The principle behind the IFE's hydrocarbon core scanner is relatively simple. Monochromatic light of a selected wavelength (usually between 320 and 370 run) is directed using fibre optics onto the flat slabbed surface of a borehole core. Hydrocarbons located in the pores between the mineral grains in the core dien fluoresce, giving off light with a longer wavelength. The fluorescence signal is processed and quantified in terms of its intensity and spectral pattern. A 3D fluorescence log from a borehole core is shown in the figure on the next page.

This core scanning method has been patented, and was awarded a prize in 1995 through the FORNY programme. 27 I M)KI( COYIlUCr ID various internatio- of multiphase flow under gas/condensa- nal oil companies, IFE has been working te and oil field conditions. ITiis includes on issues related to the C0> corrosion ol experimental work, as well as the deve- steel pipelines lor a number ol years. A lopment and improvement ol mathema- new 3-year programme in this area star- tical models in the multiphase program- ted in 1995. This programme is fully fi- me OlijA. A collalwrative projed with nanced by nine oil companies and an Statoil aims to update OEGA to form a Argentinean steel producer. more user-friendly product, more compatible with modern programming lang- As part of this activity, IFE has lwen hi- uages and future computer technology. red by Shell to generate the experimental database from which to determine Tm; NORDIC metallurgical industry is the optimal dimensions and corrosion- moving increasingly towards a greater inhibiting measures for the 67 km long materials for degree of product finishing. The wet gas lines that have been laid Irom Institute has thus extended the range of the Troll field to Kollsnes. 'Phis pipeline, models it offers to include the entire which was constructed to have a techni- process right down to die finished pro- cal lifetime of 50 years, lies in water up duct, and work is now ongoing to inclu- to 350 m deep. Its design took into ac- de new material characteristics in these count the results of work carried out at models. This has created a stronger basic IFE, whereby flow effects and the trans- understanding ol metallurgy and materi- port ol glyeol could be included in the corrosion model.

There is presently great international in- In a project al>out DC aluminium cas- terest in corrosion in multiphase flow pi- ting the development of the AIJsPFA pelines. In such pipelines it is possible and ALSIM casting models has been for fluid "slugs" to accumulate, w hi1LS and blinks, incor- known that BP has a problem with such porates phenomena such as free and in- a pipeline in its IVudhoe Bay field in duced convection in the melt. The AL- Alaska, and IFE has been commissioned SI'EN model, which computes deforma- to study the effects that flow can exert tion during casting of the same materi- on the protective capability of corrosion als, has been verified by measurements inhibitors. An extensive experimental using different starting blocks, casting ra- programme has already been carried out tes, and various water cooling ellects. An using IFE s well flow loop, to measure option has also been implemented in the lor example the mechanical forces that model that makes it possible to estimate affect the pipe walls. In a special test se<- both shrinkage and thickness reduction tion, the shear forces between the pipe by simulating a thin cross section in the and the fluid are measured. middle of the largest side ol the block.

Internal corrosion in a pipeline depends STA15CEEL a mathematical model for on the presence ol water that wets the computing the stability of an aluminium pipe wall. Mixtures ol water and oil are electrolysis cell, has been extended from studied in a separate flow loop at IFE, iM'ing able to calculate vertical current using variable water concentrations and density, to being able to compute stabili- flow velocities. The results indicate which ty with a more general current density flow conditions would be required to through the cell. I liis new model has avoid a continuous water layer wetting been named STABILITY; in 1995 it was the bottom surface of the pipeline. supplied to Hydro Aluminium, Ardal.

Collaborative work with Saga Petroleum, Statoil and Norsk Hydro aims to improve the physical description 28 IHF, PROCESS IMH'STRY is making increasing use of dynamic process simulation, i specially advanced simulators for operator training and engineering simulati- nns. The Institute has thus been working t" enhance its expertise and methods for dynamic process simulation.

With regard to engineering simulations, work has been carried out on new cal- (illation methods for situations where different parts of the simulator work at different speeds. This is especially relevant to the detailed study of individual parts of a process plant

In the field of thermodynamics, progress has been made in generalizing the thermodynamic system, allowing the user

A 3D FLUORESCENCE LOG FROM A freedom to specify methods for different BOREHOLE CORE (ONE MEASURE- fluids. Work has also been performed on MENT EVERY 2 CM). THE METHOD IS methods for calculating equilibrium of PATENTED. water soluble components, on improved and more robust methods for flashcal - culations, and on the development of a tool for building and running simulators. A version of this tool has been developed whereby, with the help of graphic symbols, it is possible to build up a process simulator and run it interactively.

PRODUCTION OF ALUMINIUM WIRE THE RADIOPHARMACFATirAI. meta-iodo AT HYDRO ALUMINIUM. ("I) benzylguanidine (MIBG), which is • used in the treatment of malignant tumours originating in the adrenal glands, has been developed in collaboration with the Dutch firm Mallinkcrodt Medical. MIBG is a so-called structural analogue for the hormone noradrenalin, and it is thus taken up in the same types of cells and tissues. Furthermore, MIBG is concentrated in tumours in such a way that cancer cells are destroyed while sur- rounding tissue remains unharmed. Dependent on the tumour type, uptake of MIBG by tumours has been observed to have a positive effect on the patient's condition in the majority of cases.

The first supplies of MIBG for commercial use were produced in July 1995, and subsequendy an average of 5 doses per week have been supplied to hospitals in several European countries. Because the product has such a short shelf-life (56 hours), and because the production site is not located centrally in Europe, there has to be effective collaboration between the laboratories, the delivery service and the airlines. The time from when production starts at Kjeller, to when the product is ready for use for excample in an Italian hospital may be as short as only 24 hours.

RADIATION FROM "'I USED TO PRECI- SELY LOCATE GROWTHS IN THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS.

29 FOH MANY YEARS the Institute has carried out electron beam welding of satellite components made out of aluminium, stainless steel and titanium for Rauloss A/S. One highlight so far was the work done on the ISO satellite (Infrared Space Observatory) that was launched in November 1995. Raufoss ,VS supplied important electron beam welded components for the satellite's Star Tracker navigation system.

Other welding tasks that were performed in 1995 included the support arm for the movable nose wing on the Swedish "Cripen" fighter plane, the coupling between the starting motor and main motor for the Ariane V rocket (planned launch in Spring 1996). and diverse components for Norwegian F-16 aeroplane motors. The last of these for- med part of die Norwegian Air Force long term modification programme. During 1995,the Institutes largest el«- tron beam welding machine was upgra- ded and equipped with a programmable welding capability, which will be used in a large project for Rauioss A/S.

The Institute's three electron beam welding machines are used not just for aero- nautical and spacecraft equipment, but also for die development and manufac- ture of a range ol other products with stringent demands on quality and reliability.

30 NEITRON BEAMS from the JEEP II reac- UNDER CERTAIN conditions, wind power tor are used in the study of chaos-like can now compete with conventional po- processes that occur in some liquid ma- wer sources. Consequently, suppliers terials in the transition from liquid to so- currently see a market for wind power lid. One example is liquid crystals, which components. In 1994, Denmark, which are used in small displays in a wide array is one of the world's largest producers, of consumer items (clocks, radios, scre- exported wind power equipment worth ens for portable computers etc.). A liquid around 2.5 billion kroner. Norwegian crystal consists of billions of rod-shaped industry desires to be part of the deve- molecules. The direction of alignment of lopment of wind power subsystems and these rods will change through time. components. A Norwegian plastics com- The molecules can be made to align in a pany has started development work on certain direction with the help of mag- rotor blades for wind power stations. netic or electrical fields, at which time The Institute is participating in this pro- the material will also change its colour ject together with CFD norway a.s. from and its ability to deflect neutron beams. Trondheim and FiReCo from Some types of liquid crystal, so-called Fredrikstad. nematic crystals, are able to align themselves spontaneously in a narrow tempe- The first phase of the project has now rature range just above their melting been completed, having produced a de- point, without the aid of an external sign for a rotor blade that could be used electromagnetic field. Neutron diffracti- in the next generation of Danish wind on by liquid crystals provides informati- power stations. Further work includes AERODYNAMIC DESIGN OK A WIND on about the chaos-like processes that strength calculations and improvements ROTOR BLADE. occur in the material just before the to the construction. An advantage of the molecules organize themselves into a new blade design is that it uses blade set pattern. profiles specially developed for wind power purposes. Previously, most rotor bla- * In order to study the transition betwe- des have used profiles that were origi- en order and chaos, model systems nally developed for aeroplane wings. are used in which it is possible to ob- The plan is to build a prototype in 1997. serve the individual smallest components: the "model atoms." THE EKO-2 radioecology project, which Microscopic plastic spheres forms part of the Nordic programme for (Ugelstad spheres), which can easily nuclear safety research (NKS), focuses be seen in a conventional optical on the study of typical ecological systems microscope, are ideal for use in in Nordic countries, where radioactive such models to study order/disor- pollution can be a long-lasting problem. der transitions. Under the influen- Experience following the atmospheric ce of a magnetic field, groups of testing of nuclear weapons and the spheres will either make simple ro- Chernobyl disaster in 1986, indicates tational movements or more compli- that the radioecological half-lives of ra- cated "dances." These complex move- dioactive caesium and strontium are ments can be described by using met- long in natural ecosystems. After an inci- hods from an area of mathematics called dent of radioactive pollution, foods pro- knot theory, and the experimental reduced in the contaminated ecosystem sults can also be compared to computer can to some degree contribute to the in- simulations. The results from this rese- AN AREA OF MATHEMATICS CALLED ternal radiation dose received by hu- arch make it possible to understand ot- •KNOT THEORY- IS USED TO DESCRI- mans. her types of chaos-like processes, BE PARTICLE MOVEMENTS IN COM- PLEX FLUIDS. from traffic bottlenecks to random Three main themes have been defined variations in the weather. in the EKO-2 project (which is adminis-

tered by IFE): uptake of 137Q and 90gr by grazing sheep (especially important for Norway, Iceland and the Faeroe Islands); the influence of fungus on uptake in the forest ecosystem; and the ac- cessibility of 137^ to fresh water. Modelling work, based on existing radioecological models, forms part of each of the three sub-projects, with the purpose of developing computer models to redu- ce the uncertainty in dose prediction. In a situation where there has been radioactive fallout, it is important to establish quickly a picture of the possible consequences for the population, such that re- medial measures can be set in motion.

31 Collier, S. G., Folleso, K. Sorenssen, A. SACRt - a measure of situation awareness Status and plans of the CAMS project EXTERNAL for nuclear power plant control rooms. (Computerized Accident Management International Conference on Experimental Support) at the Haldcn Reactor Project. Analysis and Measurement of Situation IAEA Meeting on the Role of PSA and PSC Awareness, Daytona Beach, Fla., 1995-11- in NPP Safely, Wien, 1995-12-04-12-08. 01-11-03. Dahll, G. RESERVOIR- AND TRACER OECD Halden Project activities on software TECHNOLOGY, PETROLEUM GEO- dependability: LVEA Technical Committee LOGY, INSTRUMENTATION AND Meeting. Reliabilty Meeting on ANALYSES. Computerized Safety System. Wien, 1995- 11-06-11-10. Andersen, T., Munz, LA. Radiogenic whole-rock lead in precambri- Dreivoldsmo, A. an metasedimentary gneisses from South Optimal operatorkommunikasjon. Hva tror Norway : evidence of Sveconorwegian LILE vi og hvilken kunnskap finnes. mobility. - pp. 356-168. Norsk geologisk Automatiseringsdagenc, Skien, 1995-05- tidsskrift.-Arg.75{1995) 10-05-11 Andresen, B., Throndscn, T,, Haheim, A., Fantoni, F.P., Mazzola, A. Bolstad, J. Transient and steady state signal validation A comparison of pyrolysis products with in nuclear power plants using autoassociati- models for natural gas generation. - pp. ve neural networks and pattern recogniti- 261-280 Chemical geology. - Vol. 126. no. on. Symposium on Nuclear Reactor 3/4 (1995} Surveillance and Diagnostics . 7, Avignon, 1995-06-19-06-23. Bjornstad, T., Boe, E., Carlsen, H.P., Cosgriff, T., Haugerud, O.S. Fantoni, F.P., Mazzola, A. Bottomhole tracer injection and sampling. Accuracy estimate of artifical neutral net- Tracer Workshop , 2, Austin, Tex., 1994-1I- works based models for industrial applicati- 14-11-15. ons. Al-Petro, Liilchammer, 1995-09-13- 09-15. Bjornslad, T. Recent and current oil field tracer develop- Folleso, K., Kaarstad, M., Dreivoldsmo, ment for intcrwell application. Tracer A., Kirwan, B. Workshop , 2, Austin, Tex., 1995 Relations between task complexity, diag- 1994-11-14-11-15. nostic strategies and performance in diag- nosing process disturbances. European Cyvin, B.N., Brendsdal, E., Brunvoll, J., Conference on Cognitive Science Cyvin, S.J. Approaches to Process Control, 5, Espoo, Isomers of polyenes attached to benzene. - 1995-08-30-09-01. pp. 63-73 Croatica chemica acta. - Vol. 68, no. 1 (1995) Feirdes trainmen, N. T., Mourn, B. R., THE HALDEN PROJECT: FUEL-AND Wallin, H., Kolstad, E. Torralba, B., Decurnex, Chr. Cyvin, B.N., Cyvin, S.J., Brunvoll, J., MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY. The high burnup rim project IFA-601: sta- CASH : an advanced computerized alarm Brendsdal, E. tus of the Halden irradiation as of October system. American Nuclear Society. Meeting, Molecular vibrations and mean amplitudes Bendiksen, K.H., Vitanza, C, et al. 1995 : HBWR SC Meeting, Kyoto, 1995-L1. Philadelphia, Penn., 1995-06-25-06-29. of kckulcne, including relevant historical Scientific Issues in Fuel Behaviour. glimpses. - pp. 21-24 Journal of molecular OECD Publication Scries, 1995, ISBN 92- Wicsenack, W., Rosenbaum, H.S. Gran, B. A. structure.-Vol. 346(1995) 64-14420-X Degradation of defective fuel rod : Soltware reliability. Norges Tekniske NF1RSC Meeting, Halden, 1995-10 Hogskole. IMF. Gjesteforelesning, Cyvin, B.N., Brendsdal, E., Brunvoll, J., Ikeda, K., Kolstad, E. Trondheim, 1995-11-23. Cyvin, S.J. Thermal conductivity of oxide layer on Wiesenack, W. Molecular vibrations oi the smallest fullere- LWR cladding: High burnup phenomena : Results from Hallbert, B. P., Meyer, P. ne : C20 dodecahedron. - pp. 481-488 Preliminary evalution of in-pile data : experiments in the Halden Reactor. OECD Summary of lessons learned at the OECD Journal of molecular structure. - Vol. NFIR SC Meeting, Halden, 1995-10 Specialist Meeting on Transient Behaviour Halden Reactor Project for the design and 352/353(1995) of High Burnup Fuel, Cadarachc, 1995-09. evaluation of the human-machine systems : Karlsen, T.M., Vitanza, C. American Nuclear Soceity Conference, Cyvin, S.J., Brunvoll, J., Brendsdal, E., Studies on IASCC initiation measures. Wiesenack, W. Philadelphia, 1995-06-25-06-29. Cyvin, B.N., Lloyd, E.K. Internationa Symposium on Plan! Ageing Review of Halden Reactor Project high Enumeration of polycne hydrocarbons : a and Life Prediction of Corrodible burnup fuel data that can be used in safety Hauland, G., Hallbert, B. complete mathematical solution. - pp. 743- Structures, Sapporo (Japan). 1995-05. analyses. Water Reactor Safety Information Relations between visual activity and ver- 751. Journal of chemical information and Meeting , 23, Bethesda, Mel., 1995-10. balised problem solving : a preliminary. computer sciences. - Vol. 35 (1995) Karlsen, T.M. European Conference on Cognitive Science Update on status of IASCC test programme Wiesenack, W. Approaches to Process Control, 5, Espoo, Dugstad, 0., Bjornstad, T., Hundere, LA. al Halden : 1CG-IASCC Meeting, 11, Status of fuel degradation test 1995-08-30-09-01. Perfluorocarbons as gas tracers for weli-to- Hakodate (Japan), J 995-05. NFIK SC Meeting, Oregon, 1995-04 weil flow studies in petroleum reservoirs. Kirwan, B., Karstad, M., Hauland, G., Tracer Workshop , 2, Austin, Tex., 1994-11- Kolstad, E. THE HALDEN PROJECT: Folleso, K. 14-11-15. Thermal conductivity of oxide layer on COMPUTERBASKD PROCESS CON- See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil : LWR cladding. TROL AND INDUSTRIAL SURVEIL- verbal protocol analysis, eye movement Hoistad, A. NFIR SC Meeting, Oregon, 1995-04. LANCE - AND CONTROL SYSTEMS. analysis, and nuclear power plant diagnosis. Mathematical modelling of diagenetic pro- Annual Ergonomics Conference, cesses in sedimentary basins. Congres Kolstad, E. Andersson, T., Berg, 0., Hval, S. Canterbury, 1995-04-04-04-06. International sur la Modelisalion In-pile corrosion tost with specified Li/B The core surveillance system SCORPIO: Mathematiquc des Ecoulements en Milieux chemistries : operational experience and new methods Kvalem, J., Viken, L. Poreux, Saint-Etiennc, 1995. Final report prepared for NFIR-II : development. American Nuclear Society. Data modelling as an integrated factor in a (TR-104516) Winter Meeting, San Francisco, Calif., multi-site development project like Johansen, H. 1995-10-29-11-02. MEMbrain. Conference on Assessing the possible role of CO2 and ace- Kolstad, E., Symons, W.J. International Aspects of Emergency tic acid in diagenetic reactions through nu- Evaluation of zinc addition on fuel cladding Berg, 0., Serenssen, A., Lindholm, 1., Management and Environmental merical experiments using the DIAPRED corrosion at the Halden Test Reactor. Miettinen, J., Pekkarinen, E., Sjevall, H., Technology, Oslo, 1995-06-18-06-21. computer code. - pp. 341-342 Prepared lor EPRI, September 1995. Koski, S. I: Organic geochemistry : development and Kvalem, J., Stokke, E., Sorenssen, A. Pettersen, J.K. Analysis of severe accident phenomenology applications to energy, climate, environ- and need for computerized accident mana- Integrating plant-internal and plant-exter- ment and human history / J.O. Grimault Development of in-core miniature ECP nal information systems for optimal hand- sensor. High Temperature On-line gement support. SESAM Meeting, Niantic, and C. Dorronsoro (eds.). - San Sebastian : Conn., 1995-06-12-06-14. ling of nuclear emergencies : International AIGOA, 1995. -ISBN 84-605-3297-6 Monitoring of Water Chemistry and Emergency Management and Engineering Corrosion (WACOL) Meeting, Pennsylvania, Conference, Nice, 1995-05-09-05-12. 1995-10-16-10-20. Berg, 0., Fantoni, P., Meyer, G., Kihle, J., Andresen, B., Munz, I.A. Sorensen, A. Quantitative C1-C30+ extraction of hydro- Sivertsen, T. Pettersen, J.K. CAMS - a simulator-based information sys- carbons trapped as fluid inclusions : impro- tem used during nuclear power plant emer- A case study on the formal development of ved possibilities for isotope determinations In-core crack growth rale sensors. High a reactor safety system. FMH'96 Temperature On-line Monitoring of Water gency training. S1MSKM, Kobenhavn, and PVT modelling. - pp. 736-738 1995-10-09-10-11 Symposium, Industrial Benefit and I: Organic geochemistry : development and Chemistry and Corrosion (WACOL) Advances in Formal Methods, Oxford, Meeting, Pennsylvania, 1995-10-16-10-20. applications to energy, climate, environ- Bjorlo, T. J., Berg, 0., Pehrsen, M., 1996-03-18-03-22. ment and human history / J.O. Grimault Dahll, G., Sivertsen, T. Tosi, V., Rlazquez, A., Haaland, A. Stokke, E. and C. Dorronsoro (eds.). - San Sebastian ; The use of the gamma thermometer as a Lessons learned from development and AIGOA, 1995. -ISBN 84-605-3297-6" quality assurance of software systems at the Building a nuclear risk profile. Conference multipurpose sensor : on International Aspects of Emergency Kihle, Jan International Symposium on Nuclear Maiden Project. Water Reactor Safety The new possibilities of luminence spec- Information Meeting , 23, Washington, Management and Environmental Reactor Surveillance and Diagnostics , 7, Technology, Oslo, 1995-06-18-06-21. troscopy of microscopic matter. - pp. 56-60 Avignon, 1995-06-19-06-23. 1995-10-23-10-25. I: Frontiers in analytical spectroscopy / Bye, A., Storberget, T. W., Handelsby, F., Strandman, B., 0wre, F. D.L. Andrews and A.M.C. Andrews (cds.). - Vitanza, C, Wiesenack, W. Nilsen, S. A hardwired alarm and process overview Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995. - Halden thermocouple data-analysis & inter- COAST : a system for advanced alarm display. American Nuclear Society. Meeting, ISBN 0-85404-730-1 pretation. NF1R-M workshop on thermal handling and interactive alarm systems. Philadelphia, Penn., 1995-06-25-06-29. conductivity degradation with burnup. American Nuclear Society. Meeting, Halden, 1995-11 Philadelphia, Penn., 1995-06-25-06-29.

32 Muller, J., Huseby. O.K., Saucier, A. MULTIPHASE-, CORROSION- Tayebi, D., Lunde, Knud, Nuland, S., MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY. Influence of multifractal scaling of pore ge- AND EXPERIMENTAL FLOW Fuchs, P. ometry on permeability of secHmenray TECHNOLOGY. Droplet transport in oil-gas flow. Oberlander, B.C., Jenssen, H. K. rocks. - pp. 1485-1492 Chaos, solitons and Conference on Multiphase Technology in Application of Electronic Image Treatment fractals. - Vol. 5, no. 8 (1995) Bendiksen, K.H., Malnes, D., Nydal, O.J. the Oil Industry . 7, Cannes, 1995- in a Materials Laboratory : Documentation, On the modelling of slug flow. 06-07-06-09. Reporting, Archiving, and Quality Control. Munz, LA., Yardley, B.W.D., Banks, D.A., Chemical Engineering Communisation EURO-MET 95 - European Melallographic Wayne, D. 1995. Waard, C. de, Lotz, U-, Dugstad, A. Conference and Exhibition, Deep penetration of sedimentary fluids in Influence of liquid flow velocity on CO2 Fricdrichshafcn, 1995-09-13-09-15. [: basement rocks from Southern Norway : Bosio, J., Thomassen, D. corrosion : a scmicmpirical model. Progress in metallography / M. Kur/,, M. evidence from hydrocarbon and brine The uncertainty of the meter calibration Corrosion 95. Orlando, Fla., Pohl. - Obcrurscl : DGM inclusions in quartz veins. - pp. 239-254 factor for a turbine used as traceable flow 1995-03-26-03-31. Informationsgesellschafl, 1995. - ISBN 3- Gcochimiea et cosmochimiea acta. - Vol. reference for the calibration of gas flowme- 88355-218-6, p.211. 59, no. 2 (1995) ters up to 15 MPa. Maleteknikk og kalibre- MATERIALS MODELLING. ring, 17, Halmstad, 1995-11-20-11-22. Pedersen, T., Skogseid, J., Reemst, P., ISOTOPE- AND IRRADIATION Heeremans, M., van der Beek, P., Iden, Crolet, J.-L., Olsen, S., Wilhelmsen, W. Fjser, H.G., Jensen, E.K. TECHNOLOGY. K., Throndsen, T. Observations of multiple steady states in Mathematical modelling of butt curl defor- RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS. Basscngmodellering pa vulkanske margi- the CO2 corrosion of carbon steels. mation of DC cast sheet ingots : influence ner: ekstensjon, magmatisme. varmestrom Corrosion 95, Orlando, Fla., 1995- of strating block shape and starling conditi- Bremer, P.O. og modning av organisk materiale. Norsk 03-26-03-31. Paper no. 127 ons. Vortrags- und Diskussionstagung Aseptic production of radiopharmaeeuti- Geologisk Forenings landsmote, 1995-01. Stranggiessen, Bad Neuheim. cals. I: Aseptic pharmaceutical manufactu- Dugstad, A. Lunde, L. Nesic, S. 1995-11-09-11-10 ring II : applications for the 1990s / ed. by. Pedersen, T., Bjorlykke, K., Johansen, Control of internal corrosion in multi-pha- Michael J. Groves and Ram Murty. - H., Wangen, M. se oil and gas pipelines. Seminar i petro- Fjaer, H.G., Jensen, E.K. Buffalo Grove, 111. : Interpharm Press, Fluid flow in sedimentary basins : flow leumsfysikk. Norsk Fysisk Selskap, Fevik. Mathematical modelling of butt curl defor- 1995. - ISBN 0-935184-77-5 along fractures. European Geochemical 1995-08-19-08-22. mation of sheetingots : comparison with ex- Society Meeting, Heidelberg, perimental results for different starter block Hjelstuen, O.K. 1995-03-30-04-04. Dugstad, A., Lunde, L., Nesic, S. shapes. Light Metals 1995, Las Vegas Comparative evaluation in vitro and in vivo Control of international corrosion in multi- 1995-02-12-02-16 of Te-99m HYNIC-HSA and Tc-99m- Pedersen, T., Skogseid, J., Johansen, H., phase oil and gas pipelines. International MAG3-HSA. European Association of Throndsen, T. Symposium Oil Field Chemicals, 6, Geilo, Lindholm, D. Nuclear Medicine. Congress. Brusscl, 1995- Integrated tectonomatic and basin model- 1995-03-19-03-22. Application of a two-fluid model on the pre- 08-28. ling at the Voring Basin volcanic margin : diction of a bubble column produced by a bro- magmatism, source and reservoir rocks. Hagiwara, Y., Nakahashi, D., Lunde, K., ken subsea gas pipeline. - pp. 139-164 Hjelstuen, O.K. Conference on tectonic, magmatic and de- Perkins, R.L., Tanaka, M. Phocnics journal of computational fluid dyna- Comparative evaluation of 99Tcm-Hynic- positional processes at passive continental On relation between the wobbing and the mics and its applications. - Vol. 8, no. 2 (1995) HSA and 99Tcm-MAG3-HSA as possible margins, London, 1996-02-20-02-22. wake How structure of a rising bubble in blood pool agents. - pp. 942-957 quiescent water. 15th National Symposium Mortensen, D., Hakonsen, A. Nuclear medicine communications. - Vol. Pedersen, T., Skogseid, J., Throndsen, T. on Multiphase Flowr, Matsuyama, Japan, A FEM model for the calculation of heat 16(1995) Volcanic margin formation and exploration 1995-07. and fluid flows in DC-casting of aluminium potential: the Voring margin. European slabs. Modelling of Casting,Welding and Hjelsluen, O.K. Association of Geoscientists and Engineers. Hagiwara, Y., None, T., Tanaka, M., Advanced Solidification Processes, 7, Labelling characteristics and biodistributi- Conference and Technical Exhibition , 58, Perkins, R.J., Lunde, K. London, 1995-09-15. on of Tc-99m- Hydrazino Nicotinic Acid Amsterdam, 1996-06-03-06-07. Visualisation of the wake flow and the wob- (HYN1Q chclatcs. European Association of bing motion of a rising bubble in still water. PROCESS MODELLING AND Nuclear Medicine. Congress. Brussel, Sagen, J., Yue-Lu, Y. Japan Society of Mech. Eng., Kansai -CONTROL. 1995-08-28. A new approach for tracer modelling. Branch Meeting, 1995-11. Tracer Workshop . 2, Austin, Tex.. 1994-11- Havre, K., Gaudernack, B. Hjelstuen, O.K. 14-11-15. Lunde, K., Perkins, R.J. Design configurations for stand alone photo- Technctium-99ni chelators in nuclear me- A method for the detailed study of bubble voltaic hydrogen power systems (SAPHYS). dicine : a review, -pp. 863-866. Analyst. - Skogseid, J., Planke, S-, Pedersen, T., motion and deformation. Nordic Symposium on H2and Fuel Cells for Vol. 120 (1995) Eldholm, O. I: Advances in multiphase flow / eds. A. Energy Storage , 2, Helsinki, 1995-01. NE Atlantic passive margin development Serizawa et al. - BASIC RESEARCH IN PHYSICS. and plume related breakup magmatism. Amsterdam : Klsevier, 1995 Havre, K., Borg, P., Tommerberg, K. European Geophysical Society. Modelling and control of pressurized elec- Lunde, L. Bernhoft, N., Stunault, A., Vetlier, C, General Assembly , XX, Hamburg, 1995. trolyzer for operation in stand alone photo- Bergevin, F. de, Gibbs, D., Thurston, Titan og titanlegeringer. voltaic hydrogen power systems (SAPHYS). Souza, M. do Socorro de, Muller, J. Lettmetalskonfcransen i Alesund. T.R., Shapiro, S.M., Hastings, J.B., IVordic Symposium on H2 and Fuel Cells Dalmas, P., Helgesen, G., Vogt, O. Influenzia do scaling multifractal da geo- 13. og 14. September 1995 for Energy Storage , 2, Helsinki, 1995-01. metria dos poros napenneabilidada de ro- Antiferromagnetic layer formation in LAs. - chas scdimentares. Workshop sobre Lunde, L., Peacock, D.K., Murali, J., Sira, T., Lund, P.C. pp. 1421-1422 Journal of magnetism and Caracterizacao e Engenharia de Aarnes, R. Interactive development of dynamic simu- magnetic materials. - Vol. 140/144 (1995) Titanium components in offshore gas/oil Reservatrious , 1, UNICAMP Campinas lators. SCCS 95, Ottawa, Canada, 1995-07. Clausen, S., Pieranski, P., Helgesen, G., (Brasil), 1995-11-06. environments. World Conference on Titanium , 8, Birmingham, 1995-10. Sorheim, E. Skjeltorp, A.T. Stray, H., Dahlgren, S. A coarse tomograph of three phase flow Classifying periodic modes of motion of A combined classical ion-exchange and Nesic, S., Postlethwaite, J., Olsen, S. using neural networks : International magnetic holes in a rotating magnetic field HPLC procedure for the separation of Nd An electrochemical model for prediction of Conference on Artificial Intelligence in the using notions of braid theory. NATO and Sin for isotopic analysis of geological CO2 corrosion : Corrosion 95, Orlando, Petroleum Industry, Lillehammcr, 1995- Advanced Study Institute, Geilo, 1995-03- samples, pp 233-238. Chemical geology. - Fla., 1995-03-26-03-31. 09-13-09-15. 27-04-06. Vol. 125 (1995) Nesic, S., Solvi, G.Th., Enerhaug, J. Sorheim, E. Fjellvag, H., Hauback, B.C. Wangen, M. Comparison of the rotating cylinder and A coarse tomograph of three phase flow Powder diffraction experiments at SNBL. Secondary migration of hydrocarbons in pipe flow tests for flow sensitive CO2 corro- using neural networks : International NFS Condensed Matter Division Meeting, inclined layers. - pp. 663-674. Geophysical sion. Corrosion 95. Mechanical Engineering Congress and Rondablikk, 1995-09. Orlando, Fla., 1995-03-26-03-31. journal international. - Vol. 121 (1995) Exposition, San Francisco, 1995-11-12— Gehring, P.M., Vigliante, A., McMorrow, 11-17. Wangen, M. Nesic, S., Solvi, G. Th., Enerhaug, J. D.E, Gibbs, D., Majkrzak, C.R, Helgesen, Comparison of the rotating cylinder and G., Cowley, R.A., Ward, R.C.C, Wells, M.R. The blanketing effect in sedimentary ba- ©stenstad, M., Sira, T. 7 sins. - pp. 283-298 pipe flow tests for flow sensitive CO2 corro- Temperature and flow distributions in pla- Observation of two length scales above TIN Basin research. - Vol. 7 (1995) sion. - p773- nar SOFC stacks. - pp. 119-127. Modeling, in a holmium thin film. Conference on Corrosion. - Vol. 51, no. 10 (1995) identification and control. - Vol. 16, no. 3 Surface x-ray and neutron scattering, 4, Aberg, G., Lefvendahl, R., Stijfhoorn, D., (1995) Intcrlaken Resort, Wis., 1995-06-26-06 Rahcim, A. Nesic, S., Solvi, G. Th., Skjerve, S. 30. Rotating cylinder vs. loop testing of inhibi- Provenance and weathering depth of car- RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY. bonaceous Gotland sandstone by use of tors for CO2 corrosion. European Hauback, B.C., Fjellvag, H., Maeland, A. carbon and oxygen isotopes. - pp. 781-789 Symposium on Corrosion Inhibitors . 8, Aim, L.K., Nygaard, T.A. Temperature-induced structural changes in Atmospheric environment. - Vol. 29, no. 7 Ferrara (Italia), 1995-09-18-09-22. Flow over complex terrain estimated by a Bc2/rD1.5 studied by powder neutron dif- (1995) general purpose Navicr-Stokes solver. - pp. fraction. - pp. 241-243 Journal of alloys Nesic, S., Wilhelmsen, W., Skjerve, S., and compounds. - Vol. 224 (1995) Hesjevik, S. M. 169-176 Modeling, identification and con- Aberg, G., Wickman, T., Mutvei, H. trol. - Vol. 16, no. 3 (1995) Strontium isotope ratios in mussel shells as Testing of inhibitors for CO2 corrosion Hauback, B.C., Fjellvag, H., Steinsvoll, O. indicators of acidification, -pp. 265-268 using the electrochemical techniques. Havre, K., Gaudernack, B. A new powder neutron diffractometer at Ambio. - Vol. 24, no. 5 (1995) European Symposium on Corrosion Design configurations for stand alone pho- the JKEP II reactor, at Kjeller : Nordiske Inhibitors , 8, Ferrara (Italia), 1995-09-18- tovoltaic hydrogen power systems (SAP- Strukturkjemikermotet, 15, Roras, 1995- Aberg, G. 09-22. HYS). Nordic Symposium on Hydrogen and 01-08-01-11 The use of natural strontium isotopes as Nydal, OJ., Banerjee, S. Fuel Cells for Energy Storage, Helsinki, tracers in environmental studies. - pp. 309- 1995-01-19-01-20. Hauback, B.C., Lech, B. 322 Water, air and soil pollution. - Vol. 79 Object oriented dynamic simulation of slug The joint Riso-Kjeller monochromator pro- (1995) flow. 2nd Int.Conf. on Multiphase Mow '95, Ulleberg, 0., Merner, S.O. ject Workshop om Composite Germanium Kyoto, Japan 1995 TRNSYS simulation models for solar hy- Monochromators, Sellamatt, Sveits, 1995 drogen systems. ISES Solar World Strand, 0. (UiO), Bendiksen, K.H., Congress, Harare (Zinbabwe), 1995-09- Hauback, B.C., Fjellvag, H., Bertelsen, A.F. (UiO) 11-09-15. Steinsvoll, O. An experimental investigation of local flow A new powder neutron diffractometcr at structures in stratified two.phase pipe flow. Unander, F. the JEEP II reactor at Kjeller in Norway, 2nd lnt.Conf. on Multiphase Flow '95, Contributions to: Greenhouse gas mitigati- p.5. International Union of Crystallography. Kyoto, Japan 1995 on assessment: a guidebook / Lead aut- Commission on Powder Diffraction. hors: Jayant Sathayc and Stephen Meyers. Newsletter. - No.. 14 (May 1995) Dordrecht: Kluwcr, 1995. - ISBN 0-7923- 3781-6 33 Helgesen, GM Hill, J.P., Thurston, T.R., Samseth, J. Tronstad, E., Oughton, D. H., Noren, A., (;ibbs, D. Small angle neutron scattering. Nordiske Salbu, B., Skipperud, L., Clacher, A. P., X-ray scattering study of higher harmonic Strukturkjcmikermotet, 15, Roras, 1995, Romanov., G. N., Strand, P., Christensen, satellites near the and ferromagnetic phase 1995-01-08-01-11 G.C. transitions in rare-earth metals, -pp. 9446- Mobilization of 90Sr and other radionucli- 9454. Physical review B. - Vol. 52 (1995) Sandnes, G.I., Samseth, J,, Rosenqvist, des from Mayak and Chernobyl sediments E., Mortensen, K. and soils. International Conference on Hill, JLR, Helgesen, G., Gibbs, D. Small-angle neutron scattering studies of Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic, X-ray scattering study of charge and spin the structure of ferritin. 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NFS Radioactivity in the Arctic, Oslo, 1995-08- Condensed Matter Division Meeting, 21-08-25. RondabUkk, 1995-09. Salbu, B., Strand, P., Christensen, G.C. Samseth, J., Lopez, F., Rouch, J., Dumping of radioactive waste in the Barets Rosenqvist, E., Mortensen, K. Micelle for- and Kara Seas. Radiation Protection mation in deoxycholate solutions. Colloids Dosimetry, Vol. 62, No. 1/2, 1995, pp.9-11 and Interface Science : Trends and Appli- cations, Puerto Rico, 1995-05-03-05-06. Strand, P., Nikhin, A.I., Rudjord, A.L., Salbu, B., Christensen,G.C, Lind, B., Samseth, J., Spontak, R. Seines, T.D., 0stby, G., Sickel, M., Bjerk, SANS of microstructure in PSI multiblock T.O., Kryshev, I.I., Foyn, L., Chumichev, copolymers : Nordiske Strukturkjemiker- V.B. motet, 15, Roras, 1995-01-08-01-11 Dumping of radioactive waste in the Samseth, J. Barents Sea and the Kara Sea. SANS-studics of ferritin. 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