DOCSLIB.ORG

Anatomy of the Eye PPT SB

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anatomy of the Eye PPT SB Anatomy of the Eye Introduction © ALCON. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 1 Anatomy of the Eye By the end of this module, you will be able to: • Describe the anatomical structures of the eye. • Identify the layers of the eye. • Describe the contents of the eye. • Describe the structures associated with the eye. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. Lid, Brow and Lash Eyebrow Short hairs rooted in the skin just over the upper margins of the eye’s orbital cavity. Eyelid The eyelids cover, protect, and lubricate the eyeball. Eyelash Short hairs bordering the delicate eye structure. Like cilia in other parts of the body, the eyelashes trap foreign particles. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 3 Anatomy of the Eye Segment 2: Interior View of the Eye © ALCON. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 4 Interior View of the Eye Retina (example) here… Definition text for each element in the interior view will appear when rolled over. Focal Point (example) here… © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 5 1. Light is reflected from the object and passes in the How Do We See? eye through the cornea. 2. The iris regulates the siZe of the pupil, the opening that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. 3. Behind the pupil is the lens, which further focuses light, or an image, onto the retina. 4. The retina is a thin, delicate, photosensitive tissue that contains the special “photoreceptor” cells that convert light into electrical signals. 5. These electrical signals are processed further, and then travel from the retina of the eye to the brain through the optic nerve. 6. We “see” with our brains; our eyes collect visual information and begin this complex process. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 6 Anatomical Directions Medial and Lateral Toward the center line of the body. For example, nose is medial to each eye, and farther away from the center of the body. Nasal and Temporal Refers to the nose and can be substituted for medial, and temporal refers to the temple area on either side of the head. Superior and Inferior Refers to a structure above another and a structure below another. Posterior and Anterior Toward the rear of the head and toward the front of the head. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 7 Anatomical Directions Anterior Segment Cornea, Iris, ciliary body, crystalline lens Chambers of the Anterior Segment The anterior chamber, and posterior chamber. Posterior Segment Eye’s largest cavity, and includes the retina and optic disc. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 8 Check Your Understanding © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 9 SHOW WHAT YOU KNOW Click on an anatomical part of the eye and drag it to its proper location. Click the Check Answer button when you are finished. Brow Retina Lashes Sclera Iris Pupil Corneal-Scleral- Conjunctiva Limbus Check Answer 10 SHOW WHAT YOU KNOW Choose the correct letter for each anatomical part of the eye. Click the Check Answer button when you are finished. A. Cornea B. Crystalline Lens C. Retina D. Optic Nerve Fibers Check Answer 11 SHOW WHAT YOU KNOW Match each part of the eye to its description. Click the Check Answer button when you are finished. Eyelid A. [Eyelid] They cover, protect, and lubricate the eyeball. B. [Eyelash] Short hairs bordering the delicate eye structure. Like cilia in other parts of the body, the eyelashes trap foreign particles. Eyelash C. [Cornea] The cornea is anterior to both the lens and retina. Cornea is the clear front window of the eye that transmits and focuses light into Cornea the eye. D. [Pupil] The iris regulates light that enters the eye through the pupil, Pupil the hole in the center of the eye. E. [Iris] The iris is the colored or pigmented tissue of the eye just behind Iris the cornea and in front of the lens. The muscles of the iris contract and expand to change the size of the pupil in different lighting Check Answer conditions. 12 Anatomy of the Eye Segment 3: Layers of the Eye © ALCON. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 13 Layers of the Eye The fibrous layer is the outermost layer that protects and supports the shape of the globe to avoid optical distortion. The vascular layer is the middle layer; also known as the uvea. It supplies blood to the globe. It is an important source of oxygen and nutrients for the globe. The nervous layer is the inner layer, also known as the retina. It transmits sensory information about light to the brain. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 14 The Fibrous Layer • Sclera • Limbus • Cornea © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 15 The Vascular Layer Choroid Structure The choroid lies between the retina and sclera. It is composed of layers of blood vessels that nourish the outer retina. Functions The choroid supplies nutrients to the outer retina and helps regulate the ocular temperature. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 16 The Nervous Layer Retina Structure The nervous layer or the retina is a complex tissue that makes up the internal two-thirds of the back of the eye. It contains nerve fibers that are long cell extensions through which sensory information travels. Functions The retina, which is the innermost layer of the eye, performs the function that gives the eye its purpose—it detects light and sends sensory information to the brain for processing. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 17 Layers of the Cornea Definitions of the cornea will appear here when learner rolls over… © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 18 Vascular Layer (Uvea) • Pupil • Iris • Ciliary Body • Choroid © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 19 Vascular Layer (Iris) Structure The iris is the colored or pigmented tissue of the eye just behind the cornea and in front of the lens. The muscles of the iris contract and expand to change the siZe of the pupil in different lighting conditions. Function The iris regulates light that enters the eye by modifying the siZe of the pupil, the hole in the center, and through constriction or dilation. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 20 Vascular Layer (Ciliary Body) Ciliary Muscles The ciliary muscles alter the shape of the lens to adjust and focus vision in a process called accommodation. Zonular Fibers The Zonular fibers suspend the lens from the ciliary muscles. Ciliary Processes The ciliary processes are finger-like projections from the ciliary muscles that produce aqueous humor. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 21 Nervous Layer (Retina) There are 10 unique layers of the retina. They receive light from an object and convert it into electrical impulses that are then transmitted to the brain. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 22 Nervous Layer (Fundis) Ophthalmoscope Gives eye-care professional an idea about the state of the tissues in the back of the eye, such as the retina, choroid, and major blood vessels. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 23 Nervous Layer (Fundis, Con’t_) The Fundis includes: • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Optic disc © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 24 Anatomy of the Eye Segment 4: Contents of the Eye © ALCON. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 25 Aqueous and Vitreous Humor The eye’s anterior and posterior segments are filled with fluids, or humor. This plays a vital role in maintaining ocular function. These fluids are called the aqueous humor and vitreous humor. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 26 Aqueous and Vitreous Humor Aqueous Humor Vitreous Humor Production. Fills the anterior segment of the eye. The vitreous, made up of the vitreous body and the Thin, clear, and watery fluid produced by the vitreous cortex, fills the large cavity between the lens epithelial tips of the ciliary body, located in the and the front of the retina. posterior chamber. It is mostly water (roughly 98% to 99%) and Drainage. Flows from the posterior chamber, through macromolecules. the pupil, into the anterior chamber, and then drains out through the angle that balances the production The cortex, or outer portion, is easily distinguishable and drainage to maintain intraocular pressure. from the body because it has a high concentration of matrix proteins. Function. Aqueous humor supplies nutrients for the lens and cornea and carries away waste and carbon dioxide. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 27 Crystalline Lens Structure The crystalline lens is a transparent, flexible structure located in the anterior portion of the eye, behind the iris. Most of the lens is made up of lens fibers that are packed into tight, onion-like layers that contains no blood vessels. Gets nutrition from the fluids that surround it, primarily the aqueous. External portion, or cortex, has a higher rate of metabolism than its internal portion, or nucleus. Function The lens changes shape to focus light rays on the retina, which enables the eye to see objects at a range of distances. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 28 Click on each arrow to see the six muscles and Crystalline Lens their positions in relation to the globe. © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only. Do not distribute. 29 Check Your Understanding © Alcon. Confidential. ALCON training purposes only.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 12 Retina Gabriele K
    299 12 Retina Gabriele K. Lang and Gerhard K. Lang 12.1 Basic Knowledge The retina is the innermost of three successive layers of the globe. It comprises two parts: ❖ A photoreceptive part (pars optica retinae), comprising the first nine of the 10 layers listed below. ❖ A nonreceptive part (pars caeca retinae) forming the epithelium of the cil- iary body and iris. The pars optica retinae merges with the pars ceca retinae at the ora serrata. Embryology: The retina develops from a diverticulum of the forebrain (proen- cephalon). Optic vesicles develop which then invaginate to form a double- walled bowl, the optic cup. The outer wall becomes the pigment epithelium, and the inner wall later differentiates into the nine layers of the retina. The retina remains linked to the forebrain throughout life through a structure known as the retinohypothalamic tract. Thickness of the retina (Fig. 12.1) Layers of the retina: Moving inward along the path of incident light, the individual layers of the retina are as follows (Fig. 12.2): 1. Inner limiting membrane (glial cell fibers separating the retina from the vitreous body). 2. Layer of optic nerve fibers (axons of the third neuron). 3. Layer of ganglion cells (cell nuclei of the multipolar ganglion cells of the third neuron; “data acquisition system”). 4. Inner plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the second neuron and dendrites of the third neuron). 5. Inner nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the bipolar nerve cells of the second neuron, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells). 6. Outer plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the first neuron and dendrites of the second neuron).
    [Show full text]
  • Symptoms of Age Related Macular Degeneration
    WHAT IS MACULAR DEGENERATION? wavy or crooked, visual distortions, doorway and the choroid are interrupted causing waste or street signs seem bowed, or objects may deposits to form. Lacking proper nutrients, the light- Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is appear smaller or farther away than they sensitive cells of the macula become damaged. a disease that may either suddenly or gradually should, decrease in or loss of central vision, and The damaged cells can no longer send normal destroy the macula’s ability to maintain sharp, a central blurry spot. signals from the macula through the optic nerve to central vision. Interestingly, one’s peripheral or DRY: Progression with dry AMD is typically slower your brain, and consequently your vision becomes side vision remains unaffected. AMD is the leading de-gradation of central vision: need for increasingly blurred cause of “legal blindness” in the United States for bright illumination for reading or near work, diffi culty In either form of AMD, your vision may remain fi ne persons over 65 years of age. AMD is present in adapting to low levels of illumination, worsening blur in one eye up to several years even while the other approximately 10 percent of the population over of printed words, decreased intensity or brightness of eye’s vision has degraded. Most patients don’t the age of 52 and in up to 33 percent of individuals colors, diffi culty recognizing faces, gradual increase realize that one eye’s vision has been severely older than 75. The macula allows alone gives us the in the haziness of overall vision, and a profound drop reduced because your brain compensates the bad ability to have: sharp vision, clear vision, color vision, in your central vision acuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Trends in Ophthalmology Autonomic Regulation of The
    Review Article Current Trends in Ophthalmology Autonomic Regulation of the Function of the Vitreous Body and Retina Lychkova AE1*, Severin AE2, Torshin VI2, Starshinov YP2, Sdobnikova SV3, Ashrafov RA4, Ashrafova SR4, Golubev YY5 Golubeva GY6 and Puzikov AM1 1Department of Health, Moscow’s Clinical Research Center, Moscow, Russia 2Russian People’s Friendship University, Moscow, Russia 3Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia 4Center for Laser Surgery, Moscow, Russia 5Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia 6City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia *Correspondence: Lychkova Alla Edward, Department Head of the Moscow’s Clinical Research Center, DZM, Shosse Enthusiasts 86, 111123, 11-1-53, Amundsen 129343, Moscow, Russia, Tel: (+7) 962-965-4923; E-mail: [email protected] Received: May 08, 2018; Accepted: June 25, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018 Abstract The data of the literature on the structure and physiology of the vitreous body and the retina in normal and pathological conditions are presented. The mechanism of vitreous detachment and its role in the development of vitreoretinal proliferation are described. Described adren-choline-peptide and NO-ergic mechanisms in signal transduction of the vitreous body and retina. Pharmacological and surgical methods of treatment of vitreoretinal proliferation are briefly described. Keywords: Vitreous body; Retina; Detachment; Vitreoretinal proliferation Introduction density of collagen fibers and a greater concentration of hyaluronic acid as compared to the central part. Cortical Vitreous Body (VB) is a transparent, colourless, gel- gel is comparatively more stable and more resistant to like mass containing water with an admixture of salts, age-related changes [1]. The VB contains two channels sugars, hyaluronic acid, a network of collagen fibers II, IX, (optociliary and lenticular) and three rows of cisterns, a XI types and few cells (mainly phagocytes, contributing to bursa premacularis and a precapillary space [1,3-5].
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution of Immune Cells in the Uveal Tract of the Normal Eye
    THE DISTRIBUTION OF IMMUNE CELLS IN THE UVEAL TRACT OF THE NORMAL EYE PAUL G. McMENAMIN Perth, Western Australia SUMMARY function of these cells in the normal iris, ciliary body Inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases of the and choroid. The role of such cell types in ocular eye are not purely the consequence of infiltrating inflammation, which will be discussed by other inflammatory cells but may be initiated or propagated authors in this issue, is not the major focus of this by immune cells which are resident or trafficking review; however, a few issues will be briefly through the normal eye. The uveal tract in particular considered where appropriate. is the major site of many such cells, including resident tissue macro phages, dendritic cells and mast cells. This MACRO PHAGES review considers the distribution and location of these and other cells in the iris, ciliary body and choroid in Mononuclear phagocytes arise from bone marrow the normal eye. The uveal tract contains rich networks precursors and after a brief journey in the blood as of both resident macrophages and MHe class 11+ monocytes immigrate into tissues to become macro­ dendritic cells. The latter appear strategically located to phages. In their mature form they are widely act as sentinels for capturing and sampling blood-borne distributed throughout the body. Macrophages are and intraocular antigens. Large numbers of mast cells professional phagocytes and play a pivotal role as are present in the choroid of most species but are effector cells in cell-mediated immunity and inflam­ virtually absent from the anterior uvea in many mation.1 In addition, due to their active secretion of a laboratory animals; however, the human iris does range of important biologically active molecules such contain mast cells.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eye Is a Natural Optical Tool
    KEY CONCEPT The eye is a natural optical tool. BEFORE, you learned NOW, you will learn •Mirrors and lenses focus light • How the eye depends on to form images natural lenses •Mirrors and lenses can alter • How artificial lenses can be images in useful ways used to correct vision problems VOCABULARY EXPLORE Focusing Vision cornea p. 607 How does the eye focus an image? pupil p. 607 retina p. 607 PROCEDURE 1 Position yourself so you can see an object about 6 meters (20 feet) away. 2 Close one eye, hold up your index finger, and bring it as close to your open eye as you can while keeping the finger clearly in focus. 3 Keeping your finger in place, look just to the side at the more distant object and focus your eye on it. 4 Without looking away from the more distant object, observe your finger. WHAT DO YOU THINK? • How does the nearby object look when you are focusing on something distant? • What might be happening in your eye to cause this change in the nearby object? The eye gathers and focuses light. The eyes of human beings and many other animals are natural optical tools that process visible light. Eyes transmit light, refract light, and respond to different wavelengths of light. Eyes contain natural lenses that focus images of objects. Eyes convert the energy of light waves into signals that can be sent to the brain. The brain interprets these signals as shape, brightness, and color. Altogether, these processes make vision possible. In this section, you will learn how the eye works.
    [Show full text]
  • Ciliary Zonule Sclera (Suspensory Choroid Ligament)
    ACTIVITIES Complete Diagrams PNS 18 and 19 Complete PNS 23 Worksheet 3 #1 only Complete PNS 24 Practice Quiz THE SPECIAL SENSES Introduction Vision RECEPTORS Structures designed to respond to stimuli Variable complexity GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Transducers Receptor potential Generator potential GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Stimulus causing receptor potentials Generator potential in afferent neuron Nerve impulse SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Stimulatory input Conscious level = perception Awareness = sensation GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Information conveyed by receptors . Modality . Location . Intensity . Duration ADAPTATION Reduction in rate of impulse transmission when stimulus is prolonged CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Stimulus Modality . Chemoreceptors . Thermoreceptors . Nociceptors . Mechanoreceptors . Photoreceptors CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Origin of stimuli . Exteroceptors . Interoceptors . Proprioceptors SPECIAL SENSES Vision Hearing Olfaction Gustation VISION INTRODUCTION 70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye Nearly half of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing visual information Optic nerve is one of body’s largest nerve tracts VISION INTRODUCTION The eye is a photoreceptor organ Refraction Conversion (transduction) of light into AP’s Information is interpreted in cerebral cortex Eyebrow Eyelid Eyelashes Site where conjunctiva merges with cornea Palpebral fissure Lateral commissure Eyelid Medial commissure (a) Surface anatomy of the right eye Figure 15.1a Orbicularis oculi muscle
    [Show full text]
  • Microscopic Anatomy of the Eye Dog Cat Horse Rabbit Monkey Richard R Dubielzig Mammalian Globes Mammalian Phylogeny General Anatomy Dog
    Microscopic Anatomy of the eye Dog Cat Horse Rabbit Monkey Richard R Dubielzig Mammalian globes Mammalian Phylogeny General Anatomy Dog Arterial Blood Vessels of the Orbit General Anatomy Dog * Horizontal section Long Posterior Ciliary a. Blood enters the globe Short Post. Ciliary a Long Post. Ciliary a. Anterior Ciliary a. Blood Supply General Anatomy Dog Major arterial circle of the iris Orbital Anatomy Dog Brain Levator Dorsal rectus Ventral rectus Zygomatic Lymph node Orbital Anatomy Dog Orbital Anatomy Dog Cartilaginous trochlea and the tendon of the dorsal oblique m. Orbital Anatomy Dog Rabbit Orbital Anatomy Dog Zygomatic salivary gland mucinous gland Orbital Anatomy Dog Gland of the Third Eyelid Eye lids (dog) Eye lids (dog) Meibomian glands at the lid margin Holocrine secretion Eye lids (primate) Upper tarsal plate Lower tarsal plate Eye lids (rabbit) The Globe The Globe Dog Cat Orangutan Diurnal Horse Diurnal Cornea Epithelium Stromal lamellae Bowman’s layer Dolphin Descemet’s m Endothelium TEM of surface epithelium Cornea Doubling of Descemet’s Vimentin + endothelium Iris Walls: The vertebrate eye Iris Sphincter m. Dilator m Blue-eye, GFAP stain Iris Collagen Iris Cat Sphinctor m. Dilator m. Iris Cat Phyomelanocytes Iris Equine Corpora nigra (Granula iridica) seen in ungulates living without shade Ciliary body Pars plicata Ciliary muscle Pars plana Ciliary body Zonular ligaments Ciliary body Primarily made of fibrillin A major component of elastin Ciliary body Alcian Blue staining acid mucopolysaccharides: Hyaluronic acid Ciliary
    [Show full text]
  • The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: a Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye
    Running Head: THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 1 The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: A Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye Evan Sebastian A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2010 THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ David A. Titcomb, PT, DPT Thesis Chair ______________________________ David DeWitt, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Garth McGibbon, M.S. Committee Member ______________________________ Marilyn Gadomski, Ph.D. Assistant Honors Director ______________________________ Date THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 3 Abstract The human eye has been the cause of much controversy in regards to its complexity and how the human eye came to be. Through following and discussing the anatomical and physiological functions of the eye, a better understanding of the argument of origins can be seen. The anatomy of the human eye and its many functions are clearly seen, through its complexity. When observing the intricacy of vision and all of the different aspects and connections, it does seem that the human eye is a miracle, no matter its origins. Major biological functions and processes occurring in the retina show the intensity of the eye’s intricacy. After viewing the eye and reviewing its anatomical and physiological domain, arguments regarding its origins are more clearly seen and understood. Evolutionary theory, in terms of Darwin’s thoughts, theorized fossilization of animals, computer simulations of eye evolution, and new research on supposed prior genes occurring in lower life forms leading to human life.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitreous and Developmental Vitreoretinopathies Kevin R
    CHAPTER 3 Vitreous and Developmental Vitreoretinopathies Kevin R. Tozer, Kenneth M. P. Yee, and J. Sebag Invisible (Fig. 3.1) by design, vitreous was long unseen the central vitreous and adjacent to the anterior cortical as important in the physiology and pathology of the eye. gel. HA molecules have a different distribution from col- Recent studies have determined that vitreous plays a sig- lagen, being most abundant in the posterior cortical gel nificant role in ocular health (1) and disease (1,2), includ- with a gradient of decreasing concentration centrally ing a number of important vitreoretinal disorders that and anteriorly (6,7). arise from abnormal embryogenesis and development. Both collagen and HA are synthesized during child- Vitreous embryology is presented in detail in Chapter 1. hood. Total collagen content in the vitreous gel remains Notable is that primary vitreous is filled with blood ves- at about 0.05 mg until the third decade (8). As collagen sels during the first trimester (Fig. 3.2). During the second does not appreciably increase during this time but the trimester, these vessels begin to disappear as the second- size of the vitreous does increase with growth, the den- ary vitreous is formed, ultimately resulting in an exqui- sity of collagen fibrils effectively decreases. This could sitely clear gel (Fig. 3.1). The following will review vitreous potentially weaken the collagen network and destabilize development and the congenital disorders that arise from the gel. However, since there is active synthesis of HA abnormalities in hyaloid vessel formation and regression during this time, the dramatic increase in HA concentra- during the primary vitreous stage and biochemical abnor- tion may stabilize the thinning collagen network (9).
    [Show full text]
  • Cut-And-Assemble Paper Eye Model
    CUT-AND-ASSEMBLE PAPER EYE MODEL Background information: This activity assumes that you have study materials available for your students. However, if you need a quick review of how the eye works, try one of these videos on YouTube. (Just use YouTube’s search feature with these key words.) “Anatomy and Function of the Eye: posted by Raphael Fernandez (2 minutes) “Human Eye” posted by Smart Learning for All (cartoon, 10 minutes) “A Journey Through the Human Eye” posted by Bausch and Lomb (2.5 minutes) “How the Eye Works” posted by AniMed (2.5 minutes) You will need: • copies of the pattern pages printed onto lightweight card stock (vellum bristol is fine, or 65 or 90 pound card stock) • scissors • white glue or good quality glue stick (I always advise against “school glue.”) • clear tape (I use the shiny kind, not the “invisible” kind, as I find the shiny kind more sticky.) • a piece of thin, clear plastic (a transparency [used in copiers] is fine, or a piece of recycled clear packaging as long as it is not too thick-- it should be fairly flimsy and bend very easily) • colored pencils: red for blood vessels and muscle, and brown/blue/green for coloring iris (your choice) (Also, you can use a few other colors for lacrimal gland, optic nerve, if you want to.) • thin permanent marker for a number labels on plastic parts (such as a very thin point Sharpie) Assembly: 1) After copying pattern pages onto card stock, cut out all parts. On the background page that says THE HUMAN EYE, cut away the black rectangles and trim the triangles at the bottom, as shown in picture above.
    [Show full text]
  • Passport to Success
    The following terms and other boldface terms in the chapter are defined in the Glossary accommodation choroid After careful study of this chapter, you should be able to: cochlea conjunctiva 1. Describe the function of the sensory system convergence 2. Differentiate between the special and general senses and give examples of each cornea 3. Describe the structure of the eye gustation 4. List and describe the structures that protect the eye lacrimal apparatus 5. Define refraction and list the refractive parts of the eye lens (crystalline lens) 6. Differentiate between the rods and the cones of the eye olfaction 7. Compare the functions of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of organ of Corti the eye ossicle 8. Describe the nerve supply to the eye proprioceptor 9. Describe the three divisions of the ear refraction 10. Describe the receptor for hearing and explain how it functions retina 11. Compare static and dynamic equilibrium and describe the sclera location and function of these receptors semicircular canal 12. Explain the function of proprioceptors sensory adaptation 13. List several methods for treatment of pain sensory receptor 14. Describe sensory adaptation and explain its value tympanic membrane 15. Show how word parts are used to build words related to the vestibule sensory system (see Word Anatomy at the end of the chapter) vitreous body PASSport to Success Visit thePoint or see the Student Resource CD in the back of this book for definitions and pronun- ciations of key terms as well as a pretest for this chapter. ® Paul’s Second Case: Seeing More of the Sun’s Effects aul glanced once again at the postcard condition, and it does have a hereditary fac- sitting on his entranceway table as he ar- tor.” The doctor dilated Paul’s eyes with drops Prived home in the evening.
    [Show full text]
  • Eyes and Pupillary Assessment
    Eye and Pupillary Assessment GFR Training January 29, 2017 What are some things you should look for? Pupil Size Pupil Shape Reactivity Tracking Redness Trauma What assessment questions may provide more information? Sudden blurry vision? Difficult to focus? Sudden double vision? Sudden loss of vision? Seeing things? Seeing black spots? Flashes of light? Any eye pain? Sudden, severe headaches? Any recent trauma? Anatomy What might happen if there is damage to the ciliary body or the nerves that control the ciliary body? Muscles in the iris control pupil size: What is the pupil? What might happen if there is damage to these muscles or to the nerves that control them? Eye Muscles and Nerves Normal Eyes Unusual Eyes Description Condition Unilateral Dilated Pupil III Nerve Compression Bilateral Dilated Pupils Midbrain Injury Irregular Pupils Orbital Trauma Conjugate Gaze Frontal Lobe Lesion Deviation Small / Pinpoint Pontine Injury, Opiate Administration Pupils of Different Sizes Irregular/Misshapen Pupils Abnormal Tracking/Movement When scanning a room, reading, etc., human eyes move in a rapid, jerky fashion. This is called saccadic eye movements. When following (tracking) a single object, eye movements should be smooth and not saccadic. With serious head injuries, eyes often exhibit abnormal tracking movements. Jerky Tracking Other things to look for: Slow tracking Unilateral tracking Lack of tracking (no control or no movement at all) ***Be sure to check both vertically and horizontally!!*** Eyes pointing in different directions Bruising Skull Fracture Broken Nose Possible Causes? Trauma Globe Rupture Protect Swelling Ice Foreign Objects One time GFD had a call for a middle-aged man who was using a power drill, and somehow the drill ended up in his eye.
    [Show full text]