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2015 by the International College of the University of Bridgeport; 225 Myrtle Avenue; Bridgeport, CT 06604 EXECUTIVE EDITOR__________ MANAGING EDITOR______________________ Thomas J. Ward Robert Riggs Steven Hess Asst. EXECUTIVE EDITOR_____ LAYOUT & COPY EDITOR_________________ Dave Benjamin Hyon Chol Chung-To EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD___ PUBLICATIONS COORDINATOR__________ Claude Perrottet Chunjuan Nancy Wei Guljana Torikai Robert Riggs Steven Hess FINAL PROOF EDITOR___________________ Tarek Sobh Frederick Swarts SUBMISSIONS ___________________________________________________________ COMMENTARY, ARTICLES, MISCELLANY, BOOK REVIEWS The Journal welcomes manuscripts for consideration. Guidelines for submissions are as follows: 1. Footnotes: end of manuscript, as notes. 2. Avoid abbreviations. 3. Be consistent in ALL respects. 4. Polish entire MS very carefully. 5. Abstract for article 6. Biography: stress training, positions, publications. Third person. 7. Include color jpeg file photo of self. Send Articles, Commentary, and Book Reviews via: Email (preferred): [email protected] By post to: International College 126 Park Avenue, Bridgeport, CT 06604 © 2015 by the International College of the University of Bridgeport; 225 Myrtle Avenue; Bridgeport, CT 06604. All rights reserved. No part of this online or print publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher. The views expressed are solely those of individual authors. Library of Congress: ISSN 2152-3908 Journal of Global Development and Peace Table of Contents Foreword ……………………………………………………………………………………… i If Giants Tussle: Future of China-U.S. Cooperation……………………………………………... 1 Hanabeta Deshotel Engagement of China, European Union, and the United States with Africa and its Implications for “Agenda 2063”: A Case Study of Democratic Developmentalism in Ethiopia……………………………………………………………………………..……….. 16 Pépé François Haba How to Foster Open Dialogue between Cuba and the United States: The Usage of Educational and Sports Visas to Bridge the Strait……………………….…………………… 37 Rebecca Bruckenstein Japan’s Taiwan Problem: Taiwan as a Complicating Factor in Sino-Japanese Relations………………………………………………………………………..……….……… 50 Tobias Yasutake Impact of Microcredit on the Poor in Sierra Leone ……….……………………..……………….62 Oluwatosin Akegbejo-Samsons Foreword Dr. Steve Hess Some Thoughts on the BRICS Dr. Steve Hess Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Bridgeport’s College of Public and International Affairs The articles in this issue of the Journal of Global Development and Peace are reflective of a larger process of global reordering that has been evident in 2015. As America’s uni- polar moment, initiated in the wake of the Soviet collapse in 1991, begins to recede, we have witnessed the growing prominence of rising powers in the form of the BRICS coa- lition of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa and a shift towards a more multi- polar world. In this context, American predominance cannot be assumed and its involve- ment in regional challenges has become more selective and limited. The administration of Barack Obama, who is entering his final year in office, has sought to avoid commit- ting the United States to costly military engagements that might overextend the country’s resources, and also sought to “pivot” America’s foreign policy attention away from the Middle East, which has lost much strategic importance in an era of domestic fracking and cheap oil, towards the Asia Pacific, which commands two-thirds of the world’s glob- al GDP. This repositioning has meant minimizing direct American military action to ad- dress security challenges emanating from the Middle East, such as the so-called Islamic State, and relying on regional players, including Turkey, the Gulf States, and European allies to lead such efforts. Meanwhile, America’s global agenda has meant negotiating with new powers, such as China and Russia, throughout much of the world. These changes have created a much more complex and less predictable world that demands pushing beyond conflicting notions of America’s role in global governance and giving greater attention to the interactions of rising and middle-sized players within and across regions. In her article, Hanabeta Deshotel, charts the ever-evolving relationship between the United States and China, as these two powers, with distinctly different cultures, political institutions, and understandings of global affairs, have negotiated their bilateral relation- ship – finding opportunities for cooperation but also clashing over issues where their interests diverge or their actions are misunderstood. Toby Yasutake, who focuses on the trilateral relationship between Japan, China and Taiwan, finds that international relations in the Pacific are often more complicated than the bilateral relationship of the United States and China. Understanding a complex web of relations between regional players is also essential. Pepe Haba’s article suggests that the relationship between China and Western powers, including not only the United States but also the European Union, ex- i Journal of Global Development and Peace Foreword Dr. Steve Hess tends far outside the Asia Pacific region where Ethiopia and other African countries seek economic and political models as well as material support as they shape their national development programs. Oluwatosin Akegbejo-Samsons additionally finds that ideas em- anating from the global South, namely the microfinancing concept of Bangladeshi econ- omist Mohammed Yunus, have become embedded in global finance regimes and applied to reconstruct and stimulate development in post-conflict states such as Sierra Leone. Finally, Rebecca Bruckenstein’s article on educational and sports visas has revealed that soft power initiatives between the United States and Cuba have helped pave the way for friendlier and more cooperative relations between countries with traditionally adversarial relations. These efforts culminated in the opening of formal diplomatic relations be- tween the United States and Cuba in 2015 – an important step that will stand as a com- ponent of Barack Obama’s foreign policy legacy. Steve Hess is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Bridgeport’s College of Public and International Affairs and co-Managing Editor of the Journal of Global Peace and Development. Journal of Global Development and Peace ii If Giants Tussle: Future of China-U.S. Cooperation If Giants Tussle: Future of China-U.S. Cooperation Hanabeta Deshotel, University of Bridgeport Abstract Operating under the premise that favoring cooperation over conflict leads to peace and stability for each side of a bilateral relationship, this paper explores the number and quality of cooperative exchanges between the People’s Republic of China and the Uni- ted States: cultural, academic, economic, and security-related. Since China’s “opening” to the world in the 1970’s, the United States has been a key partner and competitor, and as the world’s two current major powers and economies, and representatives of two ma- jor cultural spheres, the relations between China and the United States consequently in- fluence international relations on a large scale. Presented are cooperative exchanges as a foundation for the necessary soft power for each of these two nations to influence the other’s policy towards itself and possibly create a larger co-policy towards other nations, especially developing nations, or nations or non-states in conflict. How the United States and China act together or separately will determine much of future trends in deve- lopment and security. Indicators of cooperation, in addition to the number of exchang- es, include joint measures within multilateral institutions and public opinion polls. In today’s global climate, and with today’s information technology, it is nearly impossible for any government, whether one- or multi-party, to operate in a vacuum, without in- fluence from citizens themselves. Many citizens are educated and vocal, and their opi- nions on business and national policies can affect their own nation’s course, as well as that of other nations. Biography Hanabeta Deshotel is a graduate of the University of Bridgeport, College of Public and International Affairs. She holds a master’s degree in East Asian and Pacific Rim Studies and a master’s of Education. In 2015, she completed an intern- ship in South Korea with the non-governmental organization PSCORE, which assists North Korean defectors and is an NGO holding consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Her research interests include interactions between East Asian states and the United States; Korean reunification; women in politics; and edu- cational reform. Journal of Global Development and Peace 1 If Giants Tussle: Future of China-U.S. Cooperation Background defined by the Acheson line of 1950. Rea- sons for the split between the communist It is a well-known maxim that, “when giants parties of Russia and China in 1960 are as tussle, everyone gets flattened.” The United follows: Mao began to see the relationship States has stood at the pinnacle of diplomatic, with the Soviets as a threat to his regime and economic, and military power for decades, “cult of personality,” the relationship be- and the People’s Republic of China is poised tween the USSR and the United States to take a similar position in East Asia and the seemed to be transforming (and warming), Pacific and to exert more global influence. there was disillusionment about the Soviet However, both powers, established and de- economic model, and Mao saw the
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