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Durham E-Theses Stephen Gardiner and the origins of Erastian Catholicism, c. 1528- 1547 Austen, James F. How to cite: Austen, James F. (2002) Stephen Gardiner and the origins of Erastian Catholicism, c. 1528- 1547, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4114/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Abstract: Stephen Gardiner and the Origins ofErastian Catholicism, c. 1528- 1547 James F. Austen This thesis is a study of Stephen Gardiner's ecclesiological and theological development between his rise to international prominence in 1528 and the death of Henry VIII in 1547. It broadly divides these years into three: it begins by sketching out Gardiner's biographical details and by analysing his attitude to the Church before the split with Rome, and it identifies 1534 as the date at which Gardiner was converted to the Royal Supremacy. The second section examines his thought through the 1530s, during which, Gardiner was mostly concerned with the constitutional and ecclesiological implications of the Royal Supremacy over the fledgling Church of England. In the 1540s, however, he had became more preoccupied with the importance of Catholic theology, and the third section studies how he dealt with the rise of popular Protestantism and how he set about to defend Catholicism. Gardiner's written works reflected these trends, and this thesis determines just how his ideology progressed by paying particularly close attention to both his published books and his private letters. Gardiner's faith is described here in terms ofErastian Catholicism, by which is meant a belief in the validity of Henry VIII's Royal Supremacy combined with a doctrinal Catholicism. The thesis shows that these two propositions were not as antithetical as has been thought to be the case, and that Gardiner's primary objective during these twenty years was to reconcile the two. This thesis is an examination of Gardiner's intellectual development, and it is not intended to be an exhaustive biography. It gives special attention to events in Gardiner's life that either have not been sufficiently expounded to date, or have been persistently misunderstood. Stephen Gardiner and the Origins of Erastian Catholicism, c.1528 - 1547 James F. Austen The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 11 JAM 2Q03 Submitted for the degree of Master of Arts of the University of Durham in the Department of Theology 2002 For my Parents and For Anna Acknowledgements A thesis is never simply the product of its author's endeavours - there will invariably be many people who assist in its creation. I have been very privileged in those who have helped me over the past year. The first mention must be for Sheridan Gilley, who has expertly supervised this project from its conception to its submission. My heartfelt thanks go to him for his care towards me and for the fastidious attention which he has given all my work. His knowledge of British history is limitless and I have been very fortunate to benefit from his immense learning. I wish him all the best in his retirement. The Department of Theology in the University of Durham has been a wonderful place to study for the past four years and I have profited fi-om its stimulating environment. Two members of staff have been particularly generous with their time and expertise this year, and they ought to have a special mention here. Alison Forrestal initiated a Reformation historiography seminar for me, and my Tuesday afternoons were enjoyably spent discussing the nuances of European Reformation history with her and the group. Robert Hayward was a source of great help on linguistic issues and I invoked his skill as a translator on several occasions. His knowledge of Catholic history is formidable and was freely given, for which I am grateftil. Perhaps my greatest debts of gratitude are to Alison Shell and Arnold Hunt, both of whom have been mentors to me for a number of years. I am glad that I now have the opportunity to record my thanks to them. They have encouraged and supported me throughout this year, and this thesis is much the richer for their assistance. Few students can be so lucky as to have such attentive and caring advocates, and I am very fortunate to count them as my friends. My research this year was only made possible by the award of an A.H.R.B. Studentship, and I am glad to acknowledge their support of this project. Whilst it is perhaps de rigueur to thank one's parents at such junctures, it would be unforgivable for me not to. My interest in Tudor history dates from visiting Fountains Abbey as a small boy whilst my father explained the Dissolution of the Monasteries to me. I was brought to tears by his story and it was, needless to say, a very formative experience! My father's personal standards of scholarship are exemplary and are a great inspiration to me. His knowledge of sixteenth-century literature, in particular, is superior, and I have greatly benefited from his wisdom. My mother, too, has been indispensable, and has always had faith that one day my potential would be realised. I hope this thesis goes some way towards that goal. Finally Anna, to whom, with my parents, this thesis is dedicated. Whilst she may not understand my fascination with a dead Bishop, she has been unfailing in her support, and this piece of work would not have been possible without her love and care. Where credit is due in this thesis, it is due in no small measure to those named above. Where there are faults, they are all my own. J.F.A. St. Chad's College, Durham. IV Contents Statement VI Note on Citation vii Abbreviations viii Introduction: Stephen Gardiner and Erastian Catholicism Chapter 1: The Historiographical Context Chapter 2: Before Erastian Catholicism 24 Chapter 3: The Beginnings of True Obedience 38 Chapter 4: The See of Rome 50 Chapter 5: True Obedience At Last 58 Chapter 6: Contempt 73 Chapter 7: Cathedrals and Convocations 91 Chapter 8: Declaring the True Faith 105 Chapter 9: Detecting the Devil's Sophistry 124 Conclusion: Recovering the Voices of the Silenced 140 Bibliography: 147 Statement I confirm that the thesis conforms with the prescribed word length for the degree for which I am submitting it for examination. I confirm that no part of the material offered has previously been submitted by me for a degree in this or any other University. If material has been generated through joint work, my independent contribution has been clearly indicated. In all other cases material from the work of others has been acknowledged and quotations and paraphrases suitably indicated. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without their prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. VI A Note on Citations Where quotations have been taken from the original sources, the text has been preserved in its original form as far as has been possible. Spelling and punctuation have both been retained as found, but contractions have been expanded, the added letters being in italics. Where the sources were examined in modem editions, quotations have been rendered in the forms found there, regardless of the works' varying editorial conventions. Vll Abbreviations BIHR Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. S.R. Cattley (ed.). The Acts and Monuments of John Cattley (ed.), Foxe Foxe (8 vols., London, 1838). Historical Journal. HJ Janelle (ed.). Obedience in P. Janelle (ed.), Obedience in Church and State: Three Church and State Political Tracts by Stephen Gardiner (Cambridge, 1930). JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History. L&P J.S. Brewer, J. Gairdner, and R.H. Brodie (eds.), Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII OA vols., London, 1862-1910). Muller, Gardiner J.A. Muller, Stephen Gardiner and the Tudor Reaction (London and New York, 1926). Muller (ed.), Letters J.A. Muller (ed.). The Letters of Stephen Gardiner (Cambridge, 1933). ODCC F. L. Cross and E.A. Livingstone (eds.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3'^'' ed., Oxford, 1997). P&P Past and Present. G. Redworth, In Defence of the Church Catholic: The Redworth, In Defence Life of Stephen Gardiner (Oxford, 1990). State Papers published under the authority of His St.P. Majesty's Commission, King Henry VIII(\l vols., London, 1830-1852). TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Vlll Introduction: Stephen Gardiner and Erastian Catholicism Despite innumerable references to Stephen Gardiner in modem histories of Tudor England, studies of the fifty-eighth Bishop of Winchester are surprisingly few and far between, norwithstanding his prominent career as a prelate, ambassador. Privy Councillor and, ultimately, as Lord Chancellor of England.
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