BUILDERS of a NATION but When the Hour Pleaded and Died for Has Struck in Eternal Spaces and at the Cry of Liberty an Arm of Vengeance Chal

THE LIB RARY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES

G IFT OF

Cl ar k J. Mil l ir on

E RR ATA

th t a n 2 r ins On e itle p ge and o page 3 1 D . Rob o n R a A t . should read Dr . J mes . ober son

On page 23 7 Senor Miguel Zaragossa should read

Senor Miguel Zaragoza .

Bu ide rs of a Natio n

A Se rie s of Biographic al Ske tche s

M M NOR ON . , T

HISTORICAL SKETCH O F P H I L I PP I N E S

M ariano Ponce

L I T E R A R Y RESU M E O F TAGALOG PROSE AND POETRY

De los Santos y Cristobal

L E C T U R E O N T H E PHI LI PPI NE ASSE MBLY

Gregorio Nieva

S H O R T P A P E R O N PHILI PPI NE U NIVE RSITY

Austin Craig

S H O R T P A P E R O N TABACALER A COLLECTION

n n Dr . Robi so

M ANILA PHILIPPINE ISLANDS B Y TH E SAM E AUTH OR

Gloria Victis , (a drama) America

Verses from the Orient , (poems) Manila

K of n ingdom the Sea , (poems) Ma ila

f Songs o the Paciﬁc , (poems) Manila

f Songs o Heroes and Days , (poems) Tokyo

Outposts of Asia , (prose) Manila

Charity in the Philippines , (prose) Manila

Quills and Seals , (prose) Manila

Studies in Philippine Architecture , (prose) Manila

AUTH OR ’ S NOTE

These articles were prepared , most of them , for the

Cablen -Ame daily press and appeared in the ews rican throughout the year 1 9 1 3 . The stirring events of this year , when the Filipinos have realized more deeply their National destiny and have risen to assume n ewresponsi b ilities , seem to give a reason for the publication in book form of these biographies of some of the leading ﬁgures in the Philippines who have been and are shaping its history . 1 1 4 Manila, February, 9 . THE PHILIPPINE ISLAND S

’ Written for th e Merchants Association B an quet given for Vis iting

n r ssmn M r e . o e e H ote et o ol C g , l p

Castle and lion ! Castile l Strength of an ancient domain !

of of ! Bars red ; Field blue Young blood , far purpose, ! Eagles ﬂight , presaging a grander refrain

e Past years, freedom and manhood mingled in strif

n ew For the good and the , ! Proud isles , cities of seas , horizons vast as the blue

Our escutcheon is strength and our faith is true !

M abi n i Ag u i n ald o

Apac ible Llo ren te Pomn ce D el Pilar O s ena Palma

A rellan o M apa

D el Pan Tavera

Kalaw V ll mr i a o

To rres Si n gson

Earn shaw

AR TS AND LE TTER S

D e lo s San to s C ri sto bal

INTR OD UCTION

The prenatal life of the Filipino Nation has its h roots in the earliest history , w en the proud and independent sea people roamed free afar the Paciﬁc and over their lofty mountains , then after hundreds

of e of years for ign occupation , the Malay soul awoke anew from dreams never quenched to a desire for life , f the life o an Independent Nation . R izal came , in the fulness of time , as the liber ator . A witness of the highhanded methods of u n scrupulous men , his poet soul was wrung even in early youth and was already dedicated to the liberation of his lan d .

All he was , was patriotism , all he thought was patriotic .

’ L L Ouv erture K ike Toussaint , like ossuth , like Patrick Henry he burned with a quenchless ﬁre of devotion to country which has inspired many and con t h e sumed chosen few , those great enough to crush ’ down all personal desire , in service for their country s freedom , great enough to die as they have lived for the same end .

’ R izal s death is on e of the sublimest of all the overmastering dramas of history ; none in profane history for its simplicity , sublimity and depth can excel it .

on e of f This death is the triumphs o history . It meant the lifting of a race to the rank of those who command the respect , sympathy and love of their fellow men .

Many Filipinos , before that memorable hour , ” n e but dimly understood the word country , o , a mere — youth and he was but one of many coming home from the execution— wrote verses passionate with the ﬁrst of birth this dominating love . BUILDERS OF A NATION But when the hour pleaded and died for has struck in eternal spaces And at the cry of Liberty an arm of vengeance chal

len eth g , Up from thy burning soil Liberty the people are

calling , f f Crying with mu ﬂed uproar , like the sound o the sea

in torment ,

Before it rises in tempest . n The echo resou ding , speaketh of redress and of battle , of From the limits earth with terrible clamor , R usheth to the contest an armed host , athirst for blood

shed , Anxious for thy glory and fame and tightening about

the foe ,

We see a routed Spain .

listen h r Who s ea s the cries of terrible unyielding combat ,

son r in di Not a who trembles , o turns in his ﬁerce g

nation ,

And at each onslaught his valor grows with the day , of For thy love is his inspiration , in the midst the strug le g , ’ He presses on and his fury o erleaps as a volcanic torrent ! ’ And the voice of triumph sounds from thy land s far

limit ,

She , Aurora , awakens at the sound of the musical

trumpet, And the far vibrations of cannon in the distance tell Thy coming redemption ! our O , Manila , embedded in ﬂowers , j ewel adorning

ocean , L and ift high thy glistening forehead , by sorrow bent

darkened,

Dress thee in garments of splendor .

Come sit thee here , fair Sultana ,

Here on thy shores free from sorrow , thy pain and

submission are over .

The heavens are rosy with Dawn , Th of - Dawn to morrow . e4 INTRODUCTION

i s Dream in peace , blest and bowed one , n our brea t conﬁde

Thy afﬂiction , from afar thy desire is coming ,

- Thy sacred hope awakens , thy to day will be soon to

morrow ,

For we see a star , a star ascending , the star of freedom , And its light forever white and burning shall shine upon

us ,

Living or dying .

f Fortunately the light , not the darkness o that epoch , for R izal was a soul of light , ﬁlled the land , and forgiveness for the Past ov erﬂowed and they arose ou and stretched t their arms in hope , the hope born n f f even o that splendid dawn o the 30th o December . The coming of the Americans brought the modern world to their doors , and the public schools , the right of voting and the beginning of a legislative life of their own have led them onward and upward to this hour .

M AR IANO PONCE

La aparicion de u n nuevo libro sobre nuestro pais ha sido siempre mirada por nosotros con vivo interés ; l este interés adquiere mayor calor cuando , como en e

el la n x r n caso presente , autor de obra nueva es u a e t a u gera ya conocida en nuestra rep blica literaria , como uno de los que nos estudian con amor y j usticia y nos j uzgan al través de u n temperamento de bondad é im parcialidad : caso este de qué encontramos muy pocos ej emplos .

M . . t Miss M Nor on , lleva publicados ya varios v l men e o u s , unos en prosa y otros en verso , sobre Fili

. A pinas lma generosa y bondadosa , ha tratado siempre

t n u nues ras cosas con cari o y afecto , dentro de n criterio

P r justo y razonable . o eso leemos siempre con placer sus tanto versos como sus prosas . E n el presente libro trata esta eximia escritora de presentar a los pueblos que hablan el inglés un grupo de nuestras personalidades representativas , que han con trib uid o l y contribuyen , de uno y de otro modo , a desa rrollo d emcr i de las ideas o at cas v de progreso en nuestro i pa s . E s muy satisfactorio decir que esas ideas no han nacido hoy en la mente de los filipinos . Se arrancan desde muy atras y han ido desenvolviendo paulatina l mente durante varias generaciones , hasta llegar a es s n al tado de completo desarrollo como o presente . De nada nos hubieran servido las modernas ense ﬁ n zas m i a d e ocrat cas si no hubiesen encontrado u n te rren o preparado por el trabaj o de las generaciones pre

. re aracion cedentes Esa p p no se improvisa , y la semilla se hubiera malogrado a no haber encontrado abierto el surco .

Pod riamos seguir , por ej emplo , la trayectoria que han a tom do esas ideas , desde los primeros afios de la centuria - a decimo nona , por no ir mas atr s , hasta nuestros dias 1 8 B U ILD E R S o r A NATION

En efecto ; cuando a principios del siglo mencionado ,

in v adio n n Napoleon Bonaparte Espa a , los espa oles opu

‘ e re sieron resistencia formidable y decidida , haci ndo troced er al coloso en s u carrera de triunfos por Europa . n o Espa a , nuestra antigua metr poli , se propuso enton ces verter la ultima gota de s u sangre para defender s u independencia y libertad . Filipinas se ha sentido con

’ o res l ic) movida ante esta actitud noble y her ica , y se o v unirse a su metropoli para participar de s u suerte .

’ Fu e en esta época cuando aparecit) u n folleto titu lado Proclama historial que para animar a los vasallos que el Senor Don Fernando VII tiene en Filipinas a

eﬁen dan su R e s u que d a y del furor de falso amigo ,

o escriu e Napole n , primer emperador de franceses , , de dica é imprime a su costa Luis R odriguez Varela

Sampaloc ,

ﬁli in o R el El p odriguez Valera , por hecho de enu merar los privilegios que las leyes con cedian a los nati

s er ﬁli in o fu e ﬁli v os y por p , tachado de laborante y

r en cub ierto en b u ste o , a pesar de mostrar ardiente tu

i sm n i . s a o por Espa a en aquellas cr ticas circunstancias “ r m e a ad e as Valera autor , , del Elogio a las provincias n ” “ E m de los reinos de la Espa a europea , logio a las u ” “ ” E n el j eres de spa a y Parnaso Filipino . Pasando

o en ran dad as hervor de las pasi nes g por la lucha , pode o i mos hoy j uzgar los sucesos a la luz de la raz n fr a , y n o encontramos motivos para dudar de la sinceridad de R odriguez Valera al excitar a los ﬁlipin os a que se n ifiil uniesen con Espa a en aquellos momentos d c es .

Era verdad qué el huracan del separatismo que

mri empezaba a desfogar sobre la A e ca latina no dej aba

a al u n de enviar sobre nuestro ambiente alguna r faga , g soplo ; pero ello no ha sido bastante a hacer encarnar u n d iﬁn itiv el en las inteligencias , de modo o y claro d u e ideal de la independencia , cuyo esarrollo y mad r z i exig an tiempo aun .

aﬁrmar Se puede , pués , que de los entusiasmos l l t espaﬁ o istas de R odriguez Valera participaba e pa s .

2 0 B U ILD E R S o r A NATION

i n l n ﬁli in os i titu c o a , u os cuantos p dotados de esp ritu publico decidieron organizar agrupaciones que in stru y éran al pueblo y 10 pusieran a la altura de las cir

cun stan cias . No éran estas agrupaciones verdaderos partidos i l s pol ticos , como o que hoy tenemos , pero si grupos e de ciudadanos propagandistas . Entre estos pod mos L “ citar a uis R odriguez Valera , autor del Proclama his ” “ ” torial , antes mencionado y del Parnaso Filipino

R el el egino Mij ares , capitan Bayot , abogado Mendoza , el factor de la Compania de Filipinas José Ortega ; José Maria Jugo que éra un eminente j u sriscon sulto y agente ﬁs calld eiloﬁciv il en la Audiencia de Manila ; el acanda lado com’ erciante de Manila Domingo R oxas y otros muchos .

’ F r mn o lo mismo que estos ﬁlipin os soste a ideas avanzadas , eran mal mirados por los elementos con serv amd ores y retrogad os que qu erian mantener al pais u en estado de perpetua infancia . La lucha quedo entablada entre ambos elementos . Los ﬁli in os enian p t que pasar por mil vicisitudes , apurar muchas amarguras , y sufrir muchos dolores , durante

n v er largo espacio de a os , hasta triunfantes sus aspira cin n n o es . Te ia que luchar contra las preocupaciones y los tradici n e e e oistas prej uicios ; contra la é , los int r ses g secularmente establecidos de ciertas entidades é insti tu cion es ; contra la ignorancia y el fanatismo de su pro

ni pio pueblo . Te an que ir sucediendo las generaciones

l n n l para ir continuando la lucha , es ab o ad o a hasta con d u cirla a la Victoria .

L ra el argo y escabroso e camino , y los enemigos se encargaban de sembrarlo de mayores d ificultad es cada v ez . Pero los filipin os se dieron cuenta desde un prin cipio de que su causa entrafia la vida 6 la muerte para el e con v en pais , y decidi ron defenderla a toda costa , e su ra idos de j usticia , porqué e la causa del progreso y de la civilizacion . Las car l s o ersecusiones ce e , las deportaci nes , las p i i in cuas , los mismos abusos del poder , solo serv an para SOBRE FILIPINAS 2 1

ﬁrmar ms ms el ﬁli in os a a y a en corazon de los p la tena ‘ cidad del emperio .

Para apreciar el efecto que prod u cia en la opinion n la campa a de los patriotas que hemos mencionado , basta el citar el siguiente hecho : Cuando el gobernador general Juan Antonio Mar tin ez vino al pais para tomar posesion de su cargo el 0 1 82 2 i nu 3 de Octubre de , hab a traido consigo buen

oficiales numero de peninsulares , para sustituir con ellos a los muchos oficiales filipin os que servian entonces en los regimientos de Filipinas .

le A Martinez hicieron creer , cuando se embarcaba

oﬁciales e é para Manila , que los nativos ran desleales

con ﬁan za in di n d ele indignos de , ca os la necesidad de e que fu sen sustituidos por peninsulares , y a esto obe l decia la venida de os mismos .

ra ﬁ iale ﬁli in s i Como e de suponer , los o c s p o no ban i a ver esto con buenos ojos . Se les infer a la ofensa de

su r dudar de lealtad y se les poste gaba en su s ascensos .

o er Hubo reuni nes , cambios de impresiones para v como iban a defender los intereses de la clase a que

ertenecian se sentian con i . p , pués ya personalidad pol tica Las su spicacias y los recelos hicieron v er en esto

las cons iracmn a autoridades alguna tenebrosa p contra a la integridad nacional , y bast ron las meras sospechas para que fuesen deportados a E spana baj o partida de ' l 1 1 2 in fim registro e 8 de Febrero de 8 3 a una d ad de ciu d adan os fili in s fi ur b an p o , entre los que g a Domingo

R . R el oxas , José M Jugo , odriguez Varela , abogado

R el . Mendoza , egino Mij ares , José Ortega , capt Bayot ,

. R el D ieste lo Figueroa , F odriguez , sargento mayor y s capitanes Cidron y Gomez . i Notese que los disgustos se circuns cribian dentro de los circulos militares , y sin embargo , muchos de los

’ deportados por aquellos sucesos no teman nada que v er con la milicia . Era que se empleaba ya entonces el procedimiento de eliminar a los no deseables aprove chan d ose de cualquier acontecimiento , no importando rn nada que estos hayan to ado o no parte en él . 2 2 BUILDERS OF A NATION

r maron Y se est e tanto las medidas de rigor contra era el determinados elementos , como caso de capitan d ecid i An d res Novales , que , acosado , compelido , se o por

ﬁn a levantar bandera de rebelion . No hemos llegado a v er claro si Novales tocO el resorte del separatismo al ponerse frente a aquel mo

imint v e o sedicioso ; lo que parece indubitable es que solo

n i u i se co s g o sofocarlo mediante gran esfuerzo ; pués ,

Novales con siguio ganar a su causa a unos 800 soldados . osesi n aron R e R que se p o del cuartel del y , del Palacio eal e Oﬁciales y del Cabildo , teni ndo presos a muchos j efes ,

e afi les : era ex ce y sargentos sp o toda la plaza suya , a p ciOn de la Ciudadela de Santiago y del parque de arti i llar a . l Por ultimo , e fusilamiento de Novales y algunos Oficiales que le secundaron dio fin a aquellos sangrientos sucesos .

Por n a situaclon aquellos dias , Espa a atraves ba una iﬁ il d c .

Las exageraciones de los exaltados politicos libe

u n o rales , por lado , y por otro la aversi n con que siempre l re imen ha mirado Fernando VII e g Constitucional , tenian completamente comprometida la libertad , cuya conquista costo grandes sacriﬁcios .

o md iﬁ il i I n i Contribuy a hacer as c la s tuaC O pol E n tica de spa a , la conducta de los diputados america

or nos , que , amparados p la inmunidad parlamentaria , plantearon en las mismas Cortes espanolas la cuestion

E ra de la independencia de aquellas colonias . esta

el rod u cosa tan delicada que mero hecho de tocarla , p ia c conmociones . Obedecia esta conducta de los diputados ameri u n man iﬁ canos a ﬁn premeditado , como se esta en las siguientes palabras del diputado por Yucatan en las Cortes de 1 820-2 1 y agente después de la revolucion Ame L “ ricana , orenzo Zabala ; Los diputados americanos — decia ; testigos de los efectos prodigiosos que habian

Amri hecho en e ca los discursos de sus predecesores de 1 8 1 2 1 8 1 3 r i n y , no c e a poder coadyuvar a la causa de SOBRE FILIPINAS 2 3

mas eﬁcaz 1 su pais de una manera que promov endo en el seno de las Cortes cuestiones de independencia , que iml presentasen a su s conciudadanos lecciones y est u os “ E n sa o histérico de las revolu cidn es de para hacerla . ( y M é co esd 1 08 a 1 880 L : j i d e 8 , por orenzo Zabala Paris , 1 83 1 )

Los movimientos revolucionarios que en distintos puntos de América se iniciaron han contribuido pode r samen a o i o te a que se adopt se en la metr poli una pol tica regresiva , con respecto a las colonias . Han pro

orci n ad p o o motivos a Fernando VII , él que no necesitaba tenerlos ; para privarlas de las garantias y priv ilegios e constitucionales , haci ndo que sean gobernadas por

“ ser leyes especiales , sin derecho a representadas en las

Cortes . Fué u n gran paso hacia atras en lo qué respecta a la conquista de derechos politicos ; pero u n avance en al lo relativo progreso de las ideas , que iban ganando en experiencia ante los acontecimientos . Los mismos espanoles en su afan de sofocar por

man ifestaciOn o cualquier medio toda de la opini n , por

n i n n rmi a s lo mismo que co oc a la e o d d de su propias i culpas y tem an la censura de la conciencia publica , no hacian otra cosa que avivar el fuego y dar pabulo l a descontento popular . Para ilustrar este aserto hemos de llamar la aten ciOn

E n del lector hacia u n suceso acaecido en 1 843 . este

fi su b lev aci n a o tuvo lugar una O militar , provocada por las torpezas del gobernador general Marcelino de Oraa

Lecumberri . Vamos a dejar la palabra para el relato de este h e

hist ri u n o cho O cO, a agregado a la misi n francesa en China que ha viaj ado por Filipinas a raiz de aquellos l i . e sucesos , M Jules Itier , cuyos datos hab an sido pro porcion ad os por uno que se v io envuelto en los procesos

Az l se a el . n ao a que form ron por este motivo , Sr I igo de Assaol mﬁ n a aco a a d o ( escribe Itier), que ha estado p a H e o . é est en varias excursi nes aqui sus palabras , tra “ d u cidas del francés : He deseado vivamente conocer 2 4 BUILDERS OF A NATION

lo que habia en la enigmatica sublevacron de los regi mien tos 22 E 1 843 tagalos de Manila en de nero de , y hé aprovechado la ocasion para pedirle (a Azaola) acla l raciones sobre e asunto . i’ La . res on d c) i ﬁesta de S José , me p éste , hab a l LitaO reunido en , provincia de Tayabas , una gran

aﬁu en cia i de ind genas , contra la voluntad expresa del

alcalde mayor y del cura , que pretendieron Oponerse a la E l celeb raciOn de esta ﬁesta . alcalde se puso a la ca beza de su s alguaciles y quizo conseguir por la fuerza lo que sus palabras y requerimientos impotentes no han La logrado . muchedumbre no opuso , sin embargo ,

mas el que una resistencia pasiva ; pero alcalde , de tem

er men p a to violento , no pudo contenerse y se arroj o sobre los indios apaleando rudamente a todos los que tuvo

’ nf n a su alcance . Fu e en esta co usion cuando recibic) u

in le i ? i l golpe . gQu e d o Nadie lo sab a ; pero e golpe f ue . mortal A la noticia de esta desgracia , debida a la v i iml c extremada imprudencia de la t a, e gobernador general Oraa (Itier escribe Ox aa) en trO en furor y no

r mas el n queriendo v e en este hecho que comienzo de u

mr li et O o levantamiento contra la p , levantamiento que

a i el j am s ser a bastante castigado severamente , ordeno envio de 500 hombres de infanteria contra los preten El f didos sublevados de Litao . pueblo ue bloqueado durante la noche y su poblacion degollada : 1 400 perso n as de todas edades y sexos pagaron con su sangre la

muerte accidental del alcalde .

Los soldados tagalos de la guarn iciOn de Manila tim teuian muchos parientes y amigos entre las vic as y sintieron u n odio violento contra el gobernador ge i neral que ordeno aquella horrible carnicer a . Muchos i a ha actos de crueldad y tiran a acrecent ron este odio , cién d e ecu ciOn o nacer proyectos de venganza , cuya j i 4 ﬁri l 2 2 d 1 3 . se d o hasta e de Enero e 8 En este dia , n e su muy de ma ana , los regimientos tagalos , teni ndo a

Oﬁciales -oﬁciales i a cabeza algunos y sub del pa s , tom ron las armas y se apoderaron de la Ciudad de Manila

s in ra Q raa! resistencia . El grito de guerra é : Muera SOBRE FILIPINAS 2 5

Pero sin plan de ataque y privados de una d irec e cion general , estas tropas tuvi ron momentos de vacila cion es que han dado tiempo a la artilleria espaﬁ ola a reun irse para contener sus ataques . Pasado el pri mer impetu , estos pobres soldados se dejaron desarmar como timid os corderos . Buen numero de ellos fueron fusilados y el Orden se M as el gobernador

r a v er general O a, en vez de en este acto de rebelion ' i L esf rz un arespuesta a la carnicer a de itao , se o c) en hallar en él una conspiracion que tenia por obj eto la in d epen

i in b in in l s . com denoia de Fi p a Por medio de esta ac O él

u iz o u n ha q , por lado , ponerse a salvo de la censura de ber excitado con sus violencias a las tropas tagalas , y por

el otro , abrogarse papel de salvador de una colonia que

i el E n hab a intentado sacudir yugo de la metropoli . su

u n el egoismo , ciertamente , él puso a lado efecto moral i que no pod a dejar de producir semej ante hecho . “ Proclamar que las tropas tagalas s e habian suble

v oz era vado a la de independencia nacional , darles la idea de como d eb eria hacerlo para otra v ez ; era indicar les u n ﬁn noble y grande ; era decir a los enemigos de Espana lo que d eb erian hacer cuando llegue la ocasion “ su r cedio l Y prosiguiendo sistema , p o a arresto de i muchas personas importantes del pa s ; uno de ellos , M . R i fu é oxas , rico comerciante ind gena , acusado de haber falt sobornado a las tropas , y no O hombre que mediante din ero d eclarOse falsamente haber sido encargado por

2 00 iastras aquel para distribuir p a las tropas .

E d eclaraciOn ridicula s e or si sta que reputa p sola , fué no admitida por la R eal Audiencia , y esta ordeno

l r la libertad de M . R oxas . Pero e Odio de O aa ha es se tado vigilando la puerta del calabozo , que no abrio, apesar de la sentencia absolutoria ; solo la muerte pudo i a Ora su vict ma . rrancar a a : Mr R oxas murio en la prision ; su hij a ha ido a E spana a demandar j usticia ” t ’ l u . m contra e asesino de s padre (Frag en d u n Jou rn al de vo a e aux Iles P hili ines y g pp , par Jules Itier : Paris ,

et 3 0 Imprimerie de Bourgogne Martinet , rue Jacob , 2 6 BUILDERS OF A NATION

NO necesitan comentarios estas lineas del viajero francés ; ellas solas se comentan .

i ﬁ direm s a a os n Lo que es que , co pretexto de estos

e ademas sucesos , fu ron detenidos y sujetos a proceso ,

. R los n del citado Sr Domingo oxas , Se ores Antonio de n Aza la E Ayala , I igo Gonzales o , Miguel scamilla , L L Mamerto uis , eonardo Pérez , Diego Teodoro , José

R afael y otros . o R Estos en uni n de Mariano y José oxas , hijos del difunto Domingo , promovieron una exposicion de quej a sobre los procedimientos seguidos contra los mis mos el los d os y sobre todo , contra padre de ultimamente

Con sediciOn el 2 1 E n e citados , motivo de la ocurrida de

1 843 e aﬁ os el ro de , y hubo de tardar tr s hasta que Ministerio de la Guerra dictase una real Orden fechada 8 1 846 a “ de Enero de , declar ndo qué , atendido lo que

su forma i n rii c O s n resulta de la misma causa , y la p O y padecimientos que han sufrido por consecuencia de u i io aquella , no sirvan de nota perjuicio a la Opin n y R fama del difunto D . Domingo oxas , sus hij os D . ” n i Mariano y D . José , a los demas recurrentes . 2 1 E 1 4 Consignamos aqui la fecha de nero de 8 3 , como la del levantamiento porque es la que se lee en la real Orden del Ministerio de la Guerra fechada E nero 1 846 8 , , y que no c oncuerda con la de Itier , que pone la de 2 2 . Desde aquellas fechas remotas se oy o la frase las ” i h i Filipinas se perd an , pués u folleto con este t tulo , O “ L ” 1 2 as . mej or dicho Filipinas se pierden , de pags 1 842 o en (Madrid , Imp . de Aguado se circul entonces a profusion . Los senores que acabo de mencionar no han tenido efectivamente la menor parte en la su b lev aciOn militar ! 1 843 il li u ter de ; pero eran t dad os de ﬁ b s os , porque eran liberales en ideas , partidarios de que sean respetados los derechos de los ﬁlipinos y enemigos de la inicua ex plo taciOn y de los abusos de que era Obj eto el pais por parte se u izo de los frailes y de otros elementos colonizadores , y q aprovechar de aquella sediciOn militar para perderlos .

28 BUILDERS OF A NATION

milia del desaparecido , cuyo nombre ya no recordamos , recorria las casas de los que iban con éste en la tarde M ora ta anterior . y y sus amigos no han podido decir otra cosa que lo que acabamos de contar : que se levanto sin sombrero para acudir al llamamiento de u n hombre le v ol que le esperaba en la puerta del café , y ya no se

r éllos d es u es v io a v e , hasta que se marcharon p de Y l transcurrido mucho tiempo . e sombrero seguia e colgado de la percha del establecimiento . Di ron parte

oﬁcin as del hecho a las autoridades , acudieron a las de

i n mi inf rmac a e sa o é , revolvieron todo Madrid , envi ron rios a provincias y no habian encontrado el menor i rastro de nuestro hombre . Hab a transcurrido mas

n n u i or de u a o ; s familia ya la ten a p muerto , cuando

’ r i i u ec b c) una carta del mismo , dando noticia de s para dero y de su suerte . Estaba en Filipinas . Aquella

el al v er tarde de autos en café , salir para a la persona

le i fue or que quer a hablar , llevado p unos agentes de i sin el polic a , permitirle coger sombrero ; estuvo ence u n d es ues rrado en calabozo por varios dias , p de los cuales fuetransportado a Cadiz y embarcado en u n buque que salia para Manila . Durante todo este tiempo estaba vigilado para impedir que pudiera comunicarse D es u es con su familia y amigos . p de varios meses de

el E lle viaje por cabo de Buena speranza gO aFilipinas . Si esto se hacia en la misma capital de la metropoli ! qu e n o harian en Filipinas? Tal era el gobierno que derroco la R evolu clon de

1 868 se l s ; no paraba en o medios , cuando se trataba de desembarazarse de cualquier lib eralote que le estorbase i en su pol tica de despotismo . Pero esta conducta inicua ha sido en nuestro caso u m instrumento impulsor eﬁcaz para el desarrollo de r f d emoc ati . las ideas cas Nuestra tierra u e uno de los lib r l s puntos de destierro para estos e a ote , los cuales podian muy bien repetir lo que el vate espanol Zorrilla i dec a hablando de sus deportaciones .

r pero yo que de laurel semilla e a, ” eché frutos donde cai. SOBRE FILIPINAS 29

El triunfo de los liberales en 1 868 que determino imlan ta i n i la p c O de una monarqu a democratica baj o R u n Amadeo de Saboya , y luego la de la epublica , por 1 1 . 869 lado , y la apertura del canal de Suez ( 7 Nov ) por l otro , prestaron mayor impulso aun a desarrollo de las ideas entre nosotros . Una lucha porﬁada se entablaba entonces entre el clero secular formado en su mayoria por clérigos filipinos

’ el mmn y regular que co po a los frailes eu ropeos de todas

O L s las rdenes religiosas , sobre provision de parroquias . o 1 4 1 . E n 8 9 68 frailes monopolizaban los curatos , de los que tenia el arzobispad o de Manila solo una quinta

rt n e i parte y de los mas pobres pe e c a alos Clérigos , y cada dia se red u cia esta propor ciOn por parte de estos 1 1 di lil imos n 1 . 86 O t u 0 ; pues , decreto de de Sept “ facultad alos recoletos para administrar los curatos K h u b iére de la provincia de abite u otros que , servidos ”

el i al . por clero ind gena , paso que vayan vacando

’ mn l soste a l . E P . Pedro Pelaez y e P José Burgos polémica acalorada por este motivo contra los frailes . El primero era Vicario capitular de la D iOcesis de Ma nila , sede vacante por muerte del arzobispo Aranguren

’ mii el y en esta capacidad e t c) razonados informes

1 2 ii n Marzo 86 y redacto una ex pos c é a la reina , en

man ilen se nombre del Cabildo , demostrando la gran injusticia y la tran sgresiOn de las leyes que se cometia desposeyendo al clero ﬁlipino de los curatos para entre garlos a los frailes que por su caracter monacal no de

i El . b an gozar del b en eficio secular curado . P Burgos por su parte estaba enzarzado en polémica periodistica l mr con e recoleto Guillermo Agu id o en E l Cla o de Ma d rid a , y detr s de estos campeones estaban todos los fili in os e clérigos p , muchos de los cuales ran respeta es rafi s su sabid uria dos por propios y t o , por y virtu des . E l clero indigena tenia que sufrir muchas v icisi

. Los su s tudes frailes , gracias a riquezas inmensas , e ercian i i j una verdadera soberan a , la soberan a monacal ,

H acian s en tacién como la llamaba del Pilar . o t de ella , BUILDERS OF A NATION

i persigu endo cruelmente a sus enemigos , a las familias Por y hasta a los amigos de estos . consecuencia, muchos de los que estaban s eﬁ alados por el dedo de la

l ex tr n er fatalidad , han tenido que emigrar a a g o . Asi

o a r v ech an d ose muchos j venes , p o de las facilidades que

fr ci el E m o e a e e ren i ya viage , fu ron a uropa y alli p d é m , ca aﬁ a ron una p , denunciando abusos y proponiendo

E n n reformas . 1 87 1 publicaron u qu in cen ario E l E co “ Fili in o : E n p , que llevaba por lema spa a con Filipinas ; Filipinas con E spana y otro periodico “ El Correo de ” el suscri Ultramar , costeado con producto de una p ciOn voluntaria , entre varios elementos pudientes de L Manila y provincias . a cuestion del clero era la que aten ciOn mas monopolizaba la general , y constituyo la materia principal de su campana .

E sta activa campana de los ﬁlipin os liberales empe zaban a producir favorable efecto cerca de los nuevos m i etr lii ra d poderes opo t cos t os por la R evolucion . Para

n trarrestarla los retrO ad os co , elementos g encabezados por los frailes hicieron surgir de la nada la revolucion 1 2 K 87 . de abite de Decimos esto , porque hasta ahora

ten éms los datos que o a mano no nos dicen otra cosa m fu e sed iciOn as que aquello una mera militar , apro v echad a con suma habilidad por los elementos retro i el gados para darle caracter pol tico , con fin de envolver en ella a los ﬁlipin os que por s u s prestigios y por s us ex lotaciOn luces estorbaban sus planes de p y dominio .

resbi En efecto, con motivo de aquellos sucesos , los p

r e al cad alzo te os Burgos , Gomez y Zamora subi ron y otros muchos entre abogados , sacerdotes , comerciantes i y propietarios prestigiosos fueron a la d eportac On . Unos

s e el han muerto durante ella , otros establecieron en ex

r n er al t a g o y otros pocos han podido volver pais , des pues de muchos anos de penalidades y miserias .

Con el golpe de Kav ite creyeron los enemigos de nuestro progreso haber dado muerte para siempre a n e toda aspiraciOn en la mente de los ﬁlipin os . U p o n ri do de relativa calma , de unos nueve O diez a os , parecia dar apariencia de verdad a esta creencia . SOBRE FILIPINAS

afios Decimos relativa , porque durante los que siguieron al suceso Kabiteﬁ o el Joven Manuel R egidor no ha cesado de hacer campana en pro del pais desde las columnas de u n periodico cuyo nombre no recordamos

L ser O ahora , que fundoR afael Maria de abra para rgano del ideal autonomista cubano , cuyos dos principales redactores eran el cubano Juan Gualberto Gomez y el

ﬁli in L p o Manuel R egidor . a circunstancia de arder entonces la guerra separatista de Cuba que termino o i provincialmente en la paz del Zanj n , hac a que la cam pana del perIOdico de Labra anduviese con mucha pru ﬁ e su cama a. den ia en p

El San cian k o u n Dr . Gregorio g y Gozon , abogado de Manila entonces residente en Madrid de cuyo cole

emr n i n ﬁli e d o gio de abogados era miembro , p campa a inista 1 88 La D iscu sion p hacia 0 , desde las columnas de , un o de los mas importantes periOdicos de la Corte espa “ ﬁ s E1 ola . E n 1 88 1 publico la primera parte de u libro

econ Omicos Progreso de Filipinas : E studios , administra ” tivos li E n 1 2 ﬁli in os y po ticos . 88 los p residentes en

l - Madrid fundaron e circulo Hispano Filipino , centro que adquirio mucha importancia hasta llegar a ser sub v en cion ada met li mn el aca e te por Ministro de Ultramar , u de que era casi u n cuerpo consultor . Esta sociedad p “ blicab a u n periOdico La R evista del Circulo Hispano ” u n Filipino , que tomé, segun Pardo de Tavera , carac hi ter span Ofob o .

1 885 1 su N n a En Paterno (1 6 a luz i y , novela nacio ali n sta. n tambien ov antes Por aquellos a os Pedro G , R L L José izal , Graciano opez Jaena , Eduardo de ete , Manuel R egidor y algunos otros procuraban a traer la

’ aten ciOn 11 blica p hacia Filipinas , valiéndose de la prensa periodica .

’ al n 1 mc) Asi llegamos a o 887 en que to mayor acti v id ad y energia la campana en pro de reformas para E . l Noli me tan er La an ti u a civi Filipinas g e de R izal , g lizacion tagala de Paterno y el semanario E spana en

Fili in as erten i n p , p ec a aeste ano . 3 2 BUILDERS OF A NATION

Pero lo que verdaderamente podia llamarse el principio del ﬁn era la aparicion de la S olidaridad en el n 1 estadio de la prensa espa ola en 889 . La lucha

retrO ad s entre los reformistas y los g o , que como queda

z dicho , estaban encabezados por los frailes , era cada v e

' mas en con ada el ; sentimiento de la dignidad y del honor s e despertaba con mas viveza y en cen dia en los corazo

el al terruﬁ o los nes amor , a medida que extremaban

su s poderosos abusos , arbitrariedades y violencias en s u afan de sofocar en gérmen las rebeldias y las protestas que empezaban a asomarse en la su perficie del carac ter tranquilo de los hij os del pais . Los elementos directores de nuestro pueblo pronto vio la necesidad de en cau sar esos sentimientos y esas ideas para dirigir las fuerzas que de unos y de otros n acian n u La , a fin comun , y a este Obj eto fundaron l ar E reco iO S o id idad . ste periodico g esas manifesta cion es i i s fi n el am ps qu ca que otab a vagas e indecisas en bien te i ifinida , y les d o forma d y concreta ; puso de mn ifi m a esto el derecho que tenia os a la vida y a la feli cidad ; sefi alo con el dedo el origen y la raiz de nuestros males e indico los medios legales que pod rian reme l l i i d iar os . Hizo ver a pueblo su verdadera S tuac On y aquella otra a que tenia derecho a aspirar ; y ad virtiO al gobierno metropolitico las d esastroz as consecuencias que resu ltarian inevitablemente de aquella politica de o resiOn if i n sat s cc . p , sin dar a O a las aspiraciones populares Se respiraba u n ambiente de malestar general ; todos sen tian el peso de algo que Oprimia los pechos y

rod u cia l nims e sen i n p inquietudes en os a o ; todos s t a u i amenazados de n peligro misterioso , tanto mas terr ﬁco cuanto era desconocido ; pero nadie se atrevia a comunicar sus sensaciones y sus pensamientos a otro : sus icacias d esconﬁan zas tal eran las p , los recelos y las que infundia el terror de lo desconocido . Se vio entonces que n o bastaba predicar las ideas u n o un a desde las columnas de peri dico , como desde a i ien al c tedra . Hab a necesidad tamb de llegar seno del mismo pueblo para educar las costumbres y los ha Y s n ri l io . m bitos la a o e a s e estab ec para dar a nuestro SOBRE FILIPINAS 33 pueblo una escuela que le proporcione normas de so E n ciab ilid l . ad , y e acostumbre a la vida colectiva el seno de la mason eria hemos aprendido a vivir vida de asociaciOn ; en medio de aquella fraternidad nos h e mos comunicado mutuamente nuestras impresiones , nuestro pensamientos , nuestras aspiraciones y nos hemos puestos en condiciones de aunar nuestros deseos y nuestro actos . No éramos ya aquellas almas que vagaban aisladas y solas , recelosas unas de otras .

mas n eria sus Pero mas tarde la o con principios gene rales de fraternidad universal no satisfacian ' y a las an d eﬁn ir sias de nuestro pueblo , deseoso de concretar y de

ﬁn alid ad su mej or la de destino , y a este estado de nues i ’ tro esp ritu respon dic) la creacion de la Liga Filipina , La L ideada por R izal . iga era una especie de masone ria ni el con fin concreto . No te a por programa separa i E sm. t o ra algo asi como una sociedad de socorros mutuos qué se estab lecia con el ﬁn de hacer menos amarga la suerte del hermano que caia en la lucha y al propio tiempo animar a los luchadores y levantarles el o coraz n a la idea de que no estaban solos , sino qué i le hab a hermanos que guardaban . las espaldas .

Los resis opresores , los déspotas , a la vista de la ten cia frecia cada vez mas tenaz que o nuestro pueblo , se en fu recian l , llegaban a paroxismo de su colera y red ob lab an sus r actos de violencia . E ste hizo v e a los filipin os qu e no habia recon ciliacién posible con los es ‘ l pario es . La L iga , lo mismo que la campana politica legal se em que pren dia en Madrid por medio de su Organo La S olidaridad fi en la prensa , , con sus fines paci stas no res on dian La L p ya a las necesidades del momento , y iga lo mismo que La Solidaridad d esaparecian para dar sitio al Kataastaasan at Kagalan g- galang na Katipu con su fin ali nan , d ad eminentemente revolucionaria y separatista . mDesde principios del afio 1 889 en que se inicio la ca afia La S olidaridad n i p de , campa a que se s guio con 34 BUILDERS OF A NATION al u n mét d e g O O y Orden , porque la sostuvi ron entidades el 1 895 o organizadas , hasta final de en que se orden

el o desde Manila cese del peri dico , vista la inutilidad

s us n ili ris de esfuerzos co c ato o , solo han mediado Siete anos . Pero en ese corto lapso de tiempo se han operado

i liim in ib ! u é a rad ca s os cambios en las ideas . iQ lo a creer

El d es u es hecho es que ocho O nueve meses p , en Agosto

B lin k de 1 896 se lanzaba el grito rebelde en a gtawa . Verdad es que el Katipunan ha estado funcionando

1 92 e r a i n R . desde 8 , a raiz de la d po t c O de izal a Dapitan Esa docilidad del espiritu popular en responder a

’ v oz or n izacién IIltims n la de la ga en los o Siete u ocho a os a mas re aracin no podr atribuirse qué a la larga p p O de que acabamos de hacer una ligera revista .

R . Lo José izal , Marcelo H del Pilar y Graciano pez l ’ I im Jaena estuvieron a frente de esa II t a etapa de la

L r campana . i oo a ellos que han sabido poner a nuestro pueblo en el camino de su r ed en ciOn ! No han acabado de con d u cirle hasta el seguro puer les i to , pués , hab a faltado tiempo para ello ; pero acer taron a poner a nuestro pueblo en condiciones de poder l or . navegar p si mismo , abrazado a ideal Por ese ideal luchO contra los espanoles ; por ese

lu ch ideal , y en virtud de una mala inteligencia , O con Am l tra erica hasta e agotamiento de sus fuerzas . Se sometio al , después , siempre abrazado ideal , a la sobe

’ ni II l ima ﬁrme ra a de esta t , con la esperanza de qué

a los ser n reconocidos sus derechos , por cuales habia estado luchando durante casi una centuria . Los hechos vien en demostrando qué sus esperanzas

son firm a e no vanas , qué desc nsan sobre fundamento , afian zad o por el trabaj o y los sacrificios de una su cesiOn o e el de generaci nes , y qué no estaré l j os dia en verlas o 1a c nvertidas en realidad hermosa, baj o protectora sombra de la bandera estrellada .

s r mas n Oh , no puede e oportuna la aparicio del

. . ! libro de Miss M M . Norton el Viene, a modo de alegato a nuestro favor , en mo mento en que estaproximo a pronunciarse el fallo ﬁnal

OF PHILIPPINES M ARIANO P ONCE

The appearance Of a n ewbook about ou r country has always been looked upon by us with keen interest .

This interest becomes all the more intense when , as in

- the present case , the author is a foreigner already known in ou r literary circles as on e of those who study us with love and fairness and judge us with a kin dly spirit and f ew . an impartial mind , of which there are very examples

Miss M . M . Norton has already published several books , some in prose , others in verse , about the Philip — pines . A generous and kind hearted soul , she has always treated Of ou r affairs with a warm feeling and in a just and reasonable measure .

This notable author intends in this book to present — to the E nglish Speaking world a group of our represen tativ e men who have done and are doing much for the development of democratic and progressive ideas in r ou country .

It is pleasant to say that such ideas were not con ceiv e f d only o late in the minds of the Filipinos . They were born many , many years ago , and have gradually grown strong through several generations and now they have attained their full and vigorous maturity. The present- day teachings of democracy would have been utterly useless to us had they not fallen on a soil made fertile by the work of former generations .

Such process does. not go by leaps and bounds , and but

f r . o the open , ready furrows , the seeds would have died

of We might , therefore , trace the paths these ideas from the beginning of the nineteenth century (although we could go further back) to the present time .

of When , at the dawn said century , Napoleon Bona parte invaded Spanish territory , the Spaniards made a formidable and decided resistance , compelling that mighty giant to halt in his triumphal march throughout HISTORICAL STUDY OF PHILIPPINES 3 7

- Europe . Spain , our mother country of yore , made up her mind to shed her last drop of blood in defense Of her independence and liberty . The Philippines was deeply moved at this noble and heroic stand and j oined

- the mother country in her lot .

It was at this period when a pamphlet entitled , W T A NARRATIVE PROCLAMATION HICH , IN ORDER o ENCOURAGE THE VASSALS OF FERDINAND VII IN THE PHILIPPINES To DEFEND THEIR K ING FROM THE FURY N E OF HIS FALSE FRIEND , APOLEON , FIRST MPEROR OF

F L R Z . P THE RENCH , UIS ODRIGUE VARELA UBLISHED IN

SAMPALOC , R odriguez Varela , a Filipino , by enumerating the law rights and privileges granted by to the natives , and because he was a Filipino , was accused of being an agitator and rebel in disguise , despite the proofs of his ardent enthusiasm for Spain in those critical moments . Varela was likewise the author of the E logio a las pro vincias d e los Re n os de la E s aﬁa eu ro ea E lo io y p p , g a

as mu er s d e los R e n os e la E s arza eu ro l j e y d p pea and

P r a o F a n s ilipin o . Now that the last embers Of passion h fed by conﬂict and war are dead , we can j udge t e of events in question in the light cold reason , and we see no reason for doubting the sincerity of R odriguez Valera when he tried to induce the Filipinos to help

Spain in those hard times . It is true that the storm of national independence which was beginning to rage in Latin America sent over some gusts and the storm center included us , but this was not sufﬁcient to give a deﬁnite form to the ideal of independence in the minds of the Filipinos .

This movement bided its time .

It can thus be asserted that the country was with R odriguez Varela in his enthusiasm for Spain .

The new rulers in Spain did not fail to see this , “ so the Supreme Consej o de R egencia de E spaﬁa é ' K Indias , in the name of ing Ferdinand VII , in a decree 1 4 1 8 1 0 “ of February , , considering the grave and OF PHILIPPINES M AR IANO PONCE

The appearance of a new book about our country has always been looked upon by us with keen interest .

This interest becomes all the more intense when , as in

forei n er alread the present case , the author is a g y known in our literary circles as one of those who study us with love and fairness and judge us with a kin dly spirit and

few . an impartial mind , of which there are very examples

Miss M . M . Norton has already published several books , some in prose , others in verse , about the Philip

- pines . A generous and kind hearted soul , she has always treated of ou r affairs with a warm feeling and in a just and reasonable measure . This notable author intends in this book to present to the E nglish - speaking world a group of ou r represen tativ e men who have done and are doing much for the development Of democratic and progressive ideas in

r ou country .

It is pleasant to say that such ideas were not con i ce v ed only of late in the minds of the Filipinos . They were born many , many years ago , and have gradually grown strong through several generations and n owthey have attained their full and vigorous maturity. The present-day teachings of democracy would have been utterly useless to u s had they not fallen on

m f . a soil ade fertile by the work o former generations

s n Such process doe ot go by leaps and bounds , and but for the open , ready furrows , the seeds would have died .

We might , therefore , trace the paths of these ideas from the beginning of the nineteenth century (although we could go further back) to the present time .

of When , at the dawn said century , Napoleon Bona parte invaded Spanish territory , the Spaniards made a formidable and decided resistance , compelling that m1 ht g y giant to halt in his triumphal march throughout 3 6 HISTORICAL STUDY OF PHILIPPINES 37

- of E urope . Spain , our mother country yore , made up her mind to shed her last drop of blood in defense of her independence and liberty . The Philippines was deeply moved at this noble and heroic stand and j oined

- the mother country in her lot .

It was at this period when a pamphlet entitled , W A NARRATIVE PROCLAMATION HICH , IN ORDER TO ENCOURAGE THE VASSALS OF FERDINAND VII IN THE PHILIPPINES TO DEFEND THEIR KING FROM THE FURY N E OF OF HIS FALSE FRIEND , APOLEON , FIRST MPEROR P L R Z . THE FRENCH , UIS ODRIGUE VARELA UBLISHED IN

SAMPALOC ,

R odriguez Varela , a Filipino , by enumerating the law rights and privileges granted by to the natives , and because he was a Filipino , was accused of being an agitator and rebel in disguise , despite the proofs of his ardent enthusiasm for Spain in those critical moments . Varela was likewise the author of the E logio a las pro

n os e la E s ana eu ro ea E lo io a vin cios d e los R ey d p p , g

mu eres d e los Re n os de la E s ana eu ro ea las j y p p and of P arn aso Filipin o. Now that the last embers passion fed by conﬂict and war are dead , we can j udge the events in question in the light of cold reason , and we see no reason for doubting the sincerity of R odriguez Valera when he tried to induce the Filipinos to help

Spain in those hard times .

It is true that the storm of national independence which was beginning to rage in Latin America sent over some gusts and the storm center included us , but this was not sufﬁcient to give a deﬁnite form to the ideal of independence in the minds of the Filipinos .

This movement bided its time . It can thus be asserted that the country was with

R odriguez Varela in his enthusiasm for Spain .

see The new rulers in Spain did not fail to this , “ s o the Supreme Consej o de R egencia de Espana é I s K II ndia , in the name of ing Ferdinand V , in a decree “

f . 1 4 1 8 1 0 O February , , considering the grave and 3 8 BUILDERS OF A NATION to be held as soon as the military occurrences permit being attended by delegates from Spanish dominions

di n iﬁedl in America and Asia , who should g y represent the will of the natives in said Congress upon which the ” restoration and happiness of the Monarchy depend , ordered the participation of representatives from the

of f L Philippines , together with those the colonies O atin

ortes . America , in the above mentioned C

King Ferdinand himself , in a manifesto printed about 1 81 9 “ ” , addressed to the inhabitants beyond the seas , invited his oversea subj ects to choose their represent “ atives in the Cortes in order that the fathers of the b country eing assembled , the State may be saved and ” the destinies Of both hemispheres forever ﬁxed . At that time several elections for delegates to the

Cortes and provincial representatives were held , pre ceded by the indispensable campaigns and conﬂicts in which ideas and Opinions fought for supremacy and light appeared in many cases , the Filipinos being thus

Licen initiated into political life . The speech which tiate th e José de Vergara , delegate elected by Manila to 1 1 1 Cortes on 9 8 3 . ordinary September , , should be read

On April 1 7 of the same year 1 8 1 3 the Con stitu n of tio the Spanish Monarchy , promulgated at Cadiz 1 1 2 the preceding year 8 , was proclaimed in Manila and received with burning enthusiasm by the Filipinos because it granted them many rights never theretofore enjoyed by them . Thanks to this event , the Filipi nos were installed in constitutional life . In order to prepare the country for this new con dition of governmen t and to the end that the beneﬁts of constitutional régime might be more efﬁcient for the

ou r few furtherance Of progress , a Filipinos endowed with public Spirit decided to organize associations for the purpose of teaching the people and to put them in ‘ a position to meet the exigencies of the times . h These associations were not political parties , suc as those we know at the present time , but only groups urgent need (so the d ecree ran )of the extraordinary Cortes HISTORICAL STUDY OF PHILIPPINES 39

of citizens devoted to propaganda . Among them we L R may mention uis odriguez Varela , author of the “ Proclama Historial already referred to and of the Par ” naso Filipino ; R egino Mijares ; Captain Bayot ; Attorney mfii Co a Mendoza ; José Ortega , manager of the p a de

Filipinas ; José Maria Jugo , who was an eminent jurist “ ” and Agente Fiscal de 10 Civil of the Au diencia de R M anila; Domingo oxas , a wealthy merchant , and many others . On account Of the fact that these Filipinos enter tain ed advanced ideas , they were not well looked upon by the conservative and reactionary elements that wished of to keep the country in a state perpetual infancy . n w A struggle betwee the t o elements began . The Filipinos had to undergo many diﬂicu lties and suffer many hardships for many years until their aspirations

re could triumph . They had to struggle against p j u dice ; against tradition and the selﬁsh interests estab lish ed by certain entities and institutions ; and against the ignorance and fanaticism of their Own people . Generation after generation kept up the ﬁght until victory came . Long and rugged was the path and the enemy sawto it that the obstacles were greater and greater every day . But the Filipinos were aware from the beginning that their cause meant life or death to the country and

made up their mind to defend it at any cost , convinced f of its j ustice , for it was the cause o progress and of

civilization . In order to have an idea of the effect which the ’ patriots campaign produced on public opinion , it will be sufﬁcient to cite the following event :

When Governor- General Juan Antonio Martinez n 3 0 1 2 2 came to the cou try on October , 8 , in order to

take possession of his Office, he brought with him a goodly number of Spanish military officers in order to take t h e place of many Filipino officers who were then

serving in the Philippine regiments . 40 BUILDERS OF A NATION Martinez was made to believe before sailing for Manila that native oﬂicers were disloyal and not worthy

of of confidence , and the need their being replaced by ou Spaniards was pointed t to him . This was the reason f for the arrival o the Spanish officers . The Filipino Officers did not of course look at this measure in a favorable light . They were offended because their loyalty was doubted and their promotion thwarted . f There were meetings , interchanges o ideas In order to find some way to defend the interests of the class to which f they belonged , for they already felt the dignity o their political rights . Distrust and bias made the authorities see in this attitude some dark conspiracy against national integ f rity , and mere suspicion was a su ficient cause for the t 1 8 deportation o Spain , by an order dated February , 2 1 8 3 , Of a great many Filipino citizens , among whom

. R were Domingo R oxas , José M Jugo , odriguez Varela , R Attorney Mendoza , egino Mijares , José Ortega, Cap

. R tain Bayot , Figueroa , F odriguez , Sergeant Mayor

B ieste and Captains Cidron and Gomez .

In those days , Spain was going through a critical

of n Situation . The extreme enthusiasm liberals o one hand , and Opposition Of Ferdinand VII to constitutional on government the other , had jeopardized liberty , which demanded great sacriﬁces . The political situation of Spain was all the more difﬁcult because Of the attitude of the delegates from

New wh o the World , under the protection Of parliament

Cortes ary privileges , brought up in the the question

- coloni Of independence of the Spanish American es . This subj ect was so delicate that even a passing refer ’ ence thereto stirred up men s minds . This conduct on the part of the representatives L from atin America was due to a preconceived plan , as shown by the following words of the Delegate

Y u k atan of 1 82 1 - 1 23 L from in the Cortes 8 , orenzo wh o f Zabala , later became an agent o the revolution

42 BUILDERS OF A NATION

Of accom instituted apropos the same , and who had pa ’ nied Itier in his trips . Here are the French author s : words , as translated “ I greatly desired to know the truth about the mysterious uprising of the Tagalog regiments of Manila 22 1 84 . 3 on Jan , , and I seized the opportunity to ask Az aola him ( ) to throw some light on the subj ect . He said that the feast of Saint Joseph had gath

L of ered in itao , province Tayabas , a great concourse

Alcalde M a Of natives , contrary to the order of the yor and the curé wh o were opposed to the celebration of the annual holiday . The alcalde led his policemen (algua ciles) and wanted to carry out by force what his words and powerless commands could not accomplish . The l people , however , did not actually resist , but on y showed

- a passive , silent opposition , but the hot headed alcalde

- lost his self control and threw himself upon the natives , cruelly beating all who were within his reach . During h this brawl he received a blow . W o had dealt it?

n . Nobody k ew , but it was deadly Upon hearing the news of this misfortune which was due to the extreme

ra recklessness of the victim , Governor General O a

Ax aa ( , according to Itier) became furious and did not want to see in this event anything but the beginning Of

- an uprising against the mother country, which could 500 nf not be too severely punished . So he sent i antry f L men against the supposed rebels o itao . The town was blockaded during the night and its population butchered : 1 400 persons of all ages and both sexes atoned with their blood for the accidental death of the l al a c de.

The Tagalog soldiers of Manila had many rela i t v es and friends among the victims , and they felt an intense hatred toward the Governor General who had ordered this horrible massacre . Many cruel and tyr an nical acts augmented this hatred , giving rise to a plan

Of revenge , the execution of which was postponed till 2 2 4 f . 1 8 . O Jan , 3 Very early in the morning this day, fﬁ the Tagalog regiments , headed by some native O cers HISTORICAL STUDY OF PHILIPPINES 43

-Oﬂicers and sub w , took up arms and captured the city of Manila ithout any resistance whatever . The war “ ” cry was : Death to Q raa!

But , without any plan of attack and general lead ershi ni p, these troops hesitated , which gave the Spa sh artillery time to rally and hinder their attacks . Their

ﬁrst impulse having passed way , these poor soldiers let themselves be disarmed like meek lambs . Quite a num ber Of them were shot and order was restored . Gov ern r raa o General O , instead of seeing in this rebellion

t of L the outgrow h the itao massacre , tried to ﬁnd in it a conspiracy which had for its Obj ect the independence of the Philippines . By this contrivance , he wanted to forestall any criticism to the effect that he had through ’ his violent conduct caused the Tagalog troops uprising , and at the same time to assume the rOle of savior Of a colony which had attempted to throw down the yoke of

- the mother country . Surely , in his egotism , he laid aside the moral effect which such happening could not fail to produce . To proclaim that the Tagalog troops had risen in response to the call of national independence was to give them an idea as to h owit should be done in the future ; to point ou t to them a noble and great purpose ; to tell the enemies Of Spain what should be done when the time comes .

And following his policies , he proceeded to arrest many prominent men in the country ; one Of them , Mr .

R oxas , a rich native merchant , was accused of having n o bribed the troops, and there was t lacking a man who through money , falsely testiﬁed to having been intrus ted by said R oxas to distribute 200 piastras among the soldiers .

This ridiculous testimony which refutes itself, was not admitted by the Supreme Court (R eal Au dien cia)

R . which ordered the release Of M . oxas But the bitter Oraa ness of closed the jail doors , despite the acquittal ;

r hi only death could take away from O aa s victim ; Mr . R oxas died in j ail , his daughter has gone to Spain to BUILDERS OF A NATION

demand j ustice against the murderer Of her father . ’ mn t u n ou rn al d Fra e d J e V o a e au x I les P hili in s ( g y g pp e ,

r u les I tier : P aris Imr m r a J i erie de B ou o e et p , p g gn rtinet r u e acob 0 : M a , J , 3

n These lines , written by the French s ourner, eed

- no comment ; they are self explanatory .

We shall add, however , that these events were made an excuse for the arrest and prosecution of other persons , n such as Messrs . Antonio de Ayala , I igo Gonzales

z l L L A ao a, Miguel Escamilla , Mamerto uis , eonardo

R . Perez , Diego Teodoro , and José afael These , R together with Mariano and José oxas , sons of the R deceased oxas , addressed a memorial complaining against the proceedings taken against them , especially

of f against the father the last two , as a result O the 4 2 1 1 . f . 8 3 sedition o Jan , Three years had to elapse before the Minister Of War issued a royal order dated 1 46 “ Jan . 8 , 8 , stating that Considering the evidence in the case , its institution , the imprisonment and hardships f su fered , let these steps be not inj urious to the reputa i f R t on o Don Domingo oxas , deceased , his children Don ” Mariano and Don José , and the other petitioners .

2 1 1 843 of We put down here Jan , , as the date the uprising , because it is the one appearing in the royal f of 1 84 order o the Minister War dated January 8 , 6; n ot f and does agree with the statement o Itier , who has

2 2n d . Jan . At such a remote period the phrase We are losing ” the Philippines was already heard , for a pamphlet 1 2 thus entitled , of pages , (Madrid , the Aguado Press ,

was being widely circulated . The men whom I have j ust mentioned did not really have the least participation in the military uprising of 1 43 8 , but they were called rebels because they had f liberal ideas , stood for the rights o the Filipinos and were the enemies of the iniquitous exploitation and the abuses committed on the country by the friars and other of elements , and that movement was made use in order to destroy them . HISTORICAL STUDY OF PHILIPPINES 45

In Spain , there was a struggle between liberal and

n refractory eleme ts , or progressives and conservatives .

The conﬂict became more and more bitter . The same question having taken root in the Philippines between those who advocated a more liberal régime and those who wanted to keep the country in a state of chaos and misgovernment , between the country and its exploit ers , the success Of one or the other party in Spain went far to determine the trend of events in the islands . The progressive and liberal parties took turns in power ; the former was displaced b y the Union Liberal 1 856 in , and the same rotation took place between this ro union and the conservative party . Whenever the p “ ” gressiv es or the men of the Union Liberal came to power , the people of the colony could breathe with some of freedom , and on the contrary , the presence the con serv ativ es in the government of the mother- country was f O res marked by a renewal O persecutions , abuses and pp sion . And things went on thus until the month of Sep 1 68 tember , 8 , arrived , when a triumphant revolution tore down the despotic throne Of E lisabeth II with all its abuses and arbitrary policies . In order to have some idea of how those rulers to of the time Narvaez behaved themselves , we wish to relate a fact of which the profound Spanish historian , M ora ta : Miguel y , once told us

Sr . M orayta was one day in a Madrid café with some friends . A man approached on e of the group and told him that a gentleman desired to speak to him and was waiting for him at the door ; so the man got up , his leaving hat , as he was only going to speak to someone at the entrance of the same building . Minutes passed , and Sr . M oray ta and his friends at ﬁrst did not notice the failure of their friend to resume his seat , but the delay at last attracted their attention . His hat was still hang

on . ing the rack They saw nobody at the d oor , so they left . The next day , some relatives of the missing man (whose name we do not remember)inqu ired at the houses 46 BUILDERS OF A NATION Of the men with whom he was seen the preceding after M ora t noon . y a and his friends could not tell them anything but what we have just narrated : that he left his hat in order to see a man who was waiting for him at the door of the café , but he was seen no longer , so they left after a long time had elapsed . And the hat was still in its place . His family informed the author ities , went to all sources Of information , ransacked the whole city Of Madrid , and sent agents to the provinces ; still they could not discover the least clue to his where abouts . More than a year passed ; his family had already taken him for dead , when they received a letter from him stating where he was and his lot . He was in n the Philippines ! On the afternoon referred to , o going out see to the man who wanted to talk to him , he was taken by certain police agents , Without allowing him to fetch his hat ; he was locked up in a cell for several days , after which he was taken to Cadiz and placed on board a vessel bound for Manila . During all this time he was watched so that he might n ot send any message of to his family and friends , after several months sailing , he arrived in the islands , by way Of Cape Of

Good H ope . If this was being done in the very capital of the - in mother country , what could not be done the Philip pines? Such was the kind of government destroyed by the R evolution of 1 868 . No scruple was entertained L as to the means , when some iberal who hampered its despotism was to be eliminated . But this wicked conduct was to us a powerful instrument for the development Of democratic ideas . Our land was on e Of the places to which Liberals were n banished , who could well repeat the words Of the Spa ish poet, Zorrilla , about these deportations

pero yo que de laurel semilla era , ” eché frutos donde cai.

of L 1 68 The victory the iberals in 8 , which implanted a democratic monarchy under Amadeo and the R epublic HISTORICAL STUDY OF PHILIPPINES 47

afterward , as well as the opening Of the Suez Canal 1 7 1 869 (Nov . , ) gave a still greater momentum to the

progress of democratic ideas among us .

A ruthless ﬁght was then raging between the secular clergy made up mostly of Filipino priests , and

the regular clergy , composed Of European friars of all

the religious orders over parishes . The friars mono 1 849 1 68 polized the parishes . In , out of the parishes

which were under the Archbishopric Of Manila, only

n -ﬁf h o e t , and the poorest ones at that , belonged to the

Filipinos , and day by day this number was being 1 0 1 861 reduced , for the decree of Sept . , , gave power to “ the R ecollects to administer the parishes Of Cavite n w province and other parishes o under the native clergy , ” as they are being vacated . Father Pedro Pelaez and Father José Burgos had many heated discussions with the friars over the ques of tion . The ﬁrst was capitular vicar the Manila Dio

cese , which became vacant by the death of Archbishop

Ar anguren, and as such he wrote some well reasoned 1 st 1 8 2 reports on March , 6 , and drew up a memorial

: to the Queen , in the name of the Manila chapter , show ing the great inj ustice and the violation Of the laws committed by depriving the Filipino clergy of the

on of parishes to be turned over to friars who , account

their monastic condition , could not take charge of such

mission . Father Burgos was engaged in a discussion ” R in E l Clamor with the ecollect , Guillermo Agudo ,

. two of Madrid The champions , Pelaez and Burgos ,

were supported by all the Filipino clergy , many of whom

were respected by Filipinos and strangers , for their

wisdom and virtues .

The native clergy had to suﬂ er many hardships .

The friars , thanks to their immense riches , exercised “ real sovereignty , which was called by del Pilar the ” monastic sovereignty . They boasted of the same , cruelly ’ persecuting their enemies , families and even their enemies

frien d sl Consequently , many of those indicated by the

ﬁnger Of misfortune had to go abroad . Thus many 48 BUILDERS OF A NATION

f young men , availing themselves o the facilities of trans rtation po then already existing , sailed for Europe and there started a campaign , denouncing abuses and pro

. 1 87 1 posing reforms In they published a magazine , “ ” El E co F which appeared twice a month , called ilipino , “ having for its motto : Spain with the Philippines ; the

Philippines with Spain , and another periodical , El ” Correo de Ultramar , maintained by voluntary sub scription s from well-todo elements in Manila and the provinces . The clergy question was the one which absorbed the public mind , and was the principal sub f j ect o their campaign . This active campaign by liberal Filipinos began to have some favorable effect on the n ewrulers in the

- I mother country put in power by the R evolution . n order to thwart this campaign , the refractory elements led by the friars created out of nothing the Cavite f 2 revolution o 1 87 . We make this statement because up to the present time the facts in our possession tell us nothing but that it was simply a military sedition , made use of with supreme ability by reactionary ele ments in order to give it a political signiﬁcance , thus involving in the same those Filipinos who , by their inﬂuence and education , were hampering their plans for

of exploitation and control . SO, in view those events,

Father Burgos , Gomez and Zamora were sent to the gallows , and many others , among whom were many

- of lawyers , priests , merchants and property holders good standing , banished . Some died in exile , others settled in foreign lands , and few were able to return

Of ff . to the islands, after many years pains and su erings The Cavite stroke was thought by the enemies Of ou r progress to have sounded the death- knell of our . f . or o , aspirations A period of about nine ten years I relative peace seemed to sustain this belief .

We said relative , because during the years follow R ing the Cavite event , a young man , Manuel egidor , kept up the campaign for the country in the columns f n ow Of a newspaper , the name o which we do not remem

50 BUILDERS OF A NATION of the Filipinos was strengthened and brightened the

ﬂame Of patriotism in their hearts , as the powerful

of redoubled their abuses , arbitrary conduct and acts violence in their desire to stiﬂe the ﬁrst rumblings of rebellion and protests which began to emerge from the peaceful nature of the Filipinos . The leaders of thought in our country soon realized the need of guiding these feelings and ideas in order to direct the energies bred by such feelings and ideas to L a common goal , and for this reason they founded a

S olidaridad . This paper gathered these psychic mani festation s which ﬂoated timidly and in an indeﬁnite

n man er in the atmosphere , giving them a concrete and tangible form ; demonstrated our right to life and hap

in es Of p s ; pointed out the root our grievances , and showed the legal means which could remedy them . It made the people see their real situation and the condition to which they had a right to aspire ; it warned the mother country of the disastrous results which would inevitably

ﬂow o u from that Oppression , which did not satisfy p p lar aspirations .

The air was filled with general unrest ; we all felt something which weighed down on our breasts and created disquietude in ou r minds ; everyone had some fore boding of an impending , mysterious peril which was all the more terrific because it was unknown ; , but no one dared convey his impressions and thoughts to another , f for great were the suspicion , distrust and lack o confidence created by this threat of an unk nown fate .

It was then seen that it was not sufﬁcient to preach from the columns of a newspaper as if one were explain ’ ing from a professor s chair . It was likewise necessary to reach the very heart of the people in order to guide their customs and habits . And freemasonry was estab lished in order to give our people a school which should teach ou r people standards of social conduct and accustom them to public spirit . In freemasonry we learned the spirit Of association ; in the midst Of that HISTORICAL STUDY OF PHILIPPINES 5 1

our brotherhood we told one another our impressions ,

‘ thoughts , our aspirations , and ﬁtted ourselves for a united effort . We were no longer those souls that wander alone

o . and is lated , distrustful of one another

But later on , freemasonry with its principles of Of universal brotherhood , ceased to satisfy the longings our people who were desirous Of determinin g in a more T deﬁnite way the desti ny Of the country . O this state

f Li in a o our spirit , the creation of the gaEﬂip , started

fre m e a by R izal , responded . The league was a sort Of

son ry with a speciﬁc purpose . It did not want inde pen d en ce . It was something like an association for mutual help for the purpose of making less burden an d some the lot Of a brother who fell in the struggle , of encouraging the ﬁghters , thus lifting up their hearts to the idea that they were not alone but that there were brothers who were ready to minister to them .

The Oppressors , the despots , in view of the growing f tenacity of the resistance o fered by our people , became

Of furious , were in a paroxysm anger and made their acts of violence more vigorous . This awakened the Filipinos to the fact that there was no possible concilia tion with the Spaniards . Then the Liga and the campaign carried on in La S olidaridad Madrid through its organ in the press , , with their peaceful methods no longer answered the needs of the times , so they disappeared in order to make “ room for the Kataastaasan at Kagalan ggalan g na Katipunan which stood for revolution and inde

n n pe d e ce . 1 889 From the early part of , when the campaign La S olidaridad was Of was commenced , which kept up with some method and system because it was main tain ed of 1 9 by organizations , to the end 8 6, when said

paper was stopped by an order from Manila , only seven years elapsed . But in such a short period of time , f great changes in the ideas o the people took place . Who would believe it ! But the fact is that eight and 52 BUILDERS OF A NATION

1 9 nine months later , in August 8 6, the ﬁrst cry Of rebel B alin tawak Kat lion was uttered at g , although the i pu n an had been going on since 1 892 when it was f ’ organized by reason o R izal s deportation to Dapitan . This readiness Of the popular mind to answer the call Of organization during the preceding seven or eight years is due no other cause than the long preparation which I have tried briefly to trace .

R . José izal , Marcelo H del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena were at the head Of the last stage Of the h i . L ow campa gn et us praise them , for they knew to

ou r n re em place country o the path toward her d p tion ! They have not been able to guide her to the last t haven for they lacked ime , but they put our country in a condition to sail by herself , embracing her ideal .

For the sake Of this ideal , our land fought against the Spaniards ; she also fought against America , on

Of account some misunderstanding , until her strength was exhausted . She subsequently submitted to Amer ican sovereignty , but always true to her wideal , and with the ﬁrm hope that her rights , for hich she has been striving for almost a century , will be recognized . It is being shown that her hopes are not in vain ; n that they rest o a strong foundation , supported by

- an d the work and self denial of many generations , that the day is not far when they are at last fulﬁlled , under the protecting shade of the Stars and Stripes . ’ Ah ! the appearance Of Miss M . M . Norton s book could not be more timely ! It comes out as a brief in our favor at a time when

our the ﬁnal verdict in cause is about to be given , and Miss ’ Norton s views are Of great weight and importan ce for they are based on historical facts which bring home to of R us the truth these words , put by izal in the lips of one Of his characters

rs Not all s l ept d ur in g th e nigh t of ou r forefath e .

Tra lated r mthe S an h b S enor B ocobo . ns f o p is y NU E S TR A LITER ATUR A A TRAVES D E LOS SIGLOS

P or E PIFANIO D E LOS SANTOS CRISTOB AL

D EAR MADAM :

i d . as Me pide V unas cuartillas sobre literatura , i ind gena como castellana , de Filipinas , antes de la con

su o in ﬂ uen cias - quista , y evoluci n baj o las del pasado iim i b rev s o y presente régimen . Debo ser y en l neas generales , para poder llenar medianamente la tarea que

Vd . equivocadamente puso en mis pecadoras manos .

ﬁli in os tenian Antes de la conquista , los p literatura escrita con caracteres propios . Sus manifestaciones

sabi en verso consisten en sentencias ( ), proverbios

wikain soliranin talin daw (sa ), cantos de mar ( , ), epita l mi dion a a a i awit a cos ( , y y , , y otros congéneres que se u diferencian solamente por la m sica), y una especie de farsas y sainetes donde se exponen y critican cos

mb re du lo kara atan acert1 os tu s locales ( p , g , donde los j , bu ton s g g , tienen gran papel y las narraciones épico

iir mi dalits d t a b cas llamadas ); cantos de guerra , can

i n e ku mintan ku n diman . . c o s amorosas ( g, ), etc , etc ; bastantes de ellas pueden todavia recogerse de los artes l y vocabularios tagalos de os siglos XVII y XVIII , ' y aiIn del XIX .

E n a vi a pros , toda a existen codices de car cter religioso y j u ridico-penal con marcada in ﬂuen ciamalayo mahometana . Como la conquista la llevaron castellanos del siglo

I el oro su XV , siglo de de literatura , impregnada del

R enacimiento , tomo carta de naturaleza en Filipinas . Circunstancias especiales determinaron que la in ﬂu en cia castellana se reﬂej ase primeramente en los dialectos i del pa s que no en la misma lengua castellana , que se hizo de moda en los comienzos de la conquista . BUILDERS OF A NATION

el Al hecho de que los dialectos , principalmente t i a tagalo , ya en a car cter literario antes de la conquista , fu e posible la pub licaciOn x ilograﬁca de la D octrin a

ta alo- es anola a 1 593 cristian a g p , tribuida a Plasencia , ,

Ave M aria en donde la tagala , Chirino , helenista y la latinista , pone por encima de griega , latina y caste

L ms eS o a llana . notable en esta .pieza literaria que

n ﬂ n i con ex i n carece de i u e c a castellana , en léxico y O

colab oraciOn o gramatical , que denota la an nima del

islefio .

“ l M morial B 1 0 Desde e e de lancas de San José , 6 6, c men z o el u n ﬁli in o : o a parecer nombre de p como autor

’ B a on b an ta v ersiﬁcc) Don Fernando g g , que en romance

E n 1 1 o ctosilab o . 6 0 a , castellano y tagalo , Tom s Pinpin

u el publico s y Pinpin , sobre conquistarse titulo de principe de los tipOgrafOS y grabadores filipi n os o filOlo o , di se a conocer como g y humanista en una m l fili ad e as e in o pieza , creando tipo del p industrial F ili . ué b n Su de caracter reproductivo autor giie . prosa

como sus versos marcan era.

B a on b an ta u sO el i g g romance de ocho s labas .

ms ici n co o O Pinpin , en una sola p , combino romance

1 i L rillos i . a de cinco , se s y s ete s labas métrica de ambos escritores ' es la que posteriormente privo a lo largo i de toda la literatura ind gena .

E n las comedias y composicion es de caracter o her ico , se usaron versos dobles de seis y dobles de

Siete ; y en algunos epigramas de caracter popular ,

d . Los n obles de cinco dobles de cinco , ta to pueden

ser i . a de nueve como de diez s labas Ser n de nueve , Sila novena silaba con que termina el verso estaacen

i OIO ex tuada , porque la s laba ﬁnal acentuada S por cep

ciOn or d os . i a , en tagalo , vale p Si la s laba décima est

a i ﬁli in os acentuada , ésta ser de diez s labas para los p ,

E n i y de once para los espanoles . la Bibliograf a Fili pina v an muy marcadas las dos grandes divisiones

ﬁli in L a t a. os wi 0 o de la Poética p , sea poemas her ico

cab alleres cos a silab ﬁli in , est n escritos en d od eca os p os , NUESTRA LITERATURA A TRAVES DE LOS SIGLOS 55

corrid os 0 sea versos dobles de seis castellanos ; y los ,

ﬁli n octosilab os i os . poemas legendario religiosos , en p

ﬁli in os d od ecasilab os Digo p , porque en estos no hacen sinalefa la vocal con que termina la sexta silaba ' La con la vocal con que comienza la séptima silaba . cesura en la sexta tiene que ser invariablemente en la

n h mi i Si e st u ios sexta que los primeros q , como los de i los castellanos , puedan ser de cinco o Siete s labas ; y

mas . n que cesura , es una verdadera pausa E dicha i el s laba sexta se completa sentido del verso , y solo

ex ce ciOn con ex iOn por p la palabra que trae la sexta , por L s e . a gramatical , apoya en la siguiente rima y sobre el ritmo son enteramente distintos d e los de doce sila

v a al i l ku min bas castellanos , ritmo que un sono con e tan g, aire musical genuinamente tagalo con que suele

m r aco aﬁ a s e d od ecasilab os p estos , y cuyo movimiento

sex asilab o al r mn erill mn rrimo o a c o o O es de , O parecido

i . A los d od ecasilab os de seis s labas unque a los Ojos ,

ﬁli in mn n os o Oto os su p parezcan , lectura tagala , por

ﬁn ales la variedad del ritmo y de los sonidos articulados ,

u no carecen de gracia y de dulz ra a veces inefable , como los d u lcisimos Adagios de Beethoven y ciertos trozos épicos de Wagner .

el los Con trascurso del tiempo , versos de cinco

i acan n ar n las seis y Siete s labas se to o en adivinanzas ,

el proverbios y cuentos populares , por ej emplo , en

La tor tu a LOS cl mon o . cuento g y de nueve , diez y i l catorce s labas desaparecieron desde e siglo XVII .

ex ce ciOn l Por p , solo podra hallarse en e siglo XIX

n diferentes metros y combi aciones de ellos , creo yo ,

u n : el Libr o n an M artir sa Gol ota en solo autor en del g g , Juan E vangelista Todo esto respecto a los

ﬁli in os . R es afioles p especto a los p y religiosos , casi

a el octosilab o ex ce todos us ron exclusivamente , y por p i n l l l c O e d od ecasiab o . E n ﬁli in o s I e a m los p , apenas g a u ocho por ciento de los d od ecasilab os la proporciOn c il de los o tos ab os .

’ Aunque no tenemos una B ibliografia P oetica como la de R itson que cataloga unos seiscientos poetas ingle 56 BUILDERS OF A NATION ses el de los siglos XV y XVI , en donde noventa y nueve

son por ciento meras sombras de nombres ; algunos ,

ﬁrm a ar simplemente iniciales , se puede que Filipinas n tuvo bastantes poetas . Los cronistas espa oles estan de acuerdo que los ﬁlipin os tan poetas nacen como musi cos ; y que la poesia es para ellos bocado de buen

Y a . gusto . p ra no repetir cuanto tengo escrito sobre la literatura de los dialectos , especialmente la tagala , t i tan o en prosa como en verso , me limitaré aqu a repro d u cir una apreciaciOn general acerca del caracter y

su i tamb ien tendencias de Poes a , aplicable a la prosa , y n a la literatura castellana , con muy peque as diferencias l a li en cuanto a caracter y tiempo de s u p caciOn .

La i el inagotable malicia , la cortesan a , ingenio o d is parab lico , la gracia y la primaveral frescura que tin gu en el estilo siempre pintoresco de los poetas anti u os el g , informaron hasta cierto punto estilo de los eruditos y soberanos maestros de principios y mediados

al caracteristicos del siglo XIX ; quienes , ensanchar los

aﬁadieron cuadros de género que hallaron , variedad

su actaron de matices y tonos a dialecto poético , p alianza

civiliz aciOn su con la occidental , hacienmdo carne de carne las conquistas de que aquella as puede eny a n ecerse l riarse al u n y g o , y propio tiempo que cuadro m l n ﬂi as amplio de la vida y e co cto de voluntades ele

l r mi h e d a at co va an interés de sus obras , ya de poderosa a o unidad org nica , la elevaci n moral , la tolerancia reli giosa y la noble in dign aciOn patriOtica encontraban

m x r i n . por vez primera la as perfecta e p eS O en ellas

1 87 2 1 2 1 896 Desde , y especialmente desde 88 a , por imperativo imperio de las circunstancias , los vates bebieron en fuentes desconocidas de sus predecesores , y como mas que poetas eran sacerdotes y apostoles

emﬁ r n l u a o c a de la buena nueva , p l tigo de la burla y del sarcasmo , y con él sacudieron las espaldas de los tiranos ; sus robustas estrofas despertadoras de la con i ﬁel ciencia nacional , son todav a eco del estruendo de l la lucha y de los vigorosos mus cu os de los luchadores .

BUILDERS OF A NATION

1 604 ﬁli in os Chirino ( ) dice que los p , en castellano ,

’ aiI n escriben tan bien como nosotros , y mej or , porque

n a so tan h biles , que cualquiera cosa aprenden con suma ” ’ 1 ll facilidad . Blancas de San José ( 606) s e en O de estupor de ver que apenas hubo muj er en su tiempo que no supiera leer libros en castellano d iﬁcu ltoso de creer a quien no lo viere , y esto no solo en los habi tantes del llano , sino aun en los serranos , los negritos .

U h n 1 61 1 o negrito de Siete a os de edad , en , alab en i I L “ lat n y castellano a San gnacio de oyola , con la

n gracia que pudiera hacer u elocuente orador .

Las : I disciplinas del saber entonces eran nstituto , i i a a L i Teolog a , Filosof a , C nones , Gram tica , eyes Civ l

E clesias y de Indias ; y las carreras predominantes , la

i . n tica y la Ab ogac a Por testimonio del Dr . Fra cisco Lopez Adan se ‘ sabe que en las Universidades

a es u itas ﬁli in os a er de Santo Tom s y de los J , los p que y apenas eran D is cipu los actuaron bien pronto de M aes “ tros y Cated raticos con una idoneidad propia no solo de las Cated ras de estas Islas ; pero aun de las primeras en E uropa .

Asino fu e ex traﬁ o que los ﬁlipin os se hicieran de

m . los puestos as altos de la sociedad Hubo muchos Obispos ; uno de ellos interino de Gobernador General y Presidente de la R eal Audiencia . P . Pedro Bello

L u ris on fu e electo Provincial de los Jesuitas . os j c

l o s ﬁli in os clesiastic su t p no quedaron a la zaga de los e os .

Como entonces d es con ocian se las castas domi I el nantes (que aparecieron en pleno siglo X X), y gober nalle de los pueblos no manej aban buenos hombres

in ﬂu en cia i de la tierra , la de las campanas no pod a

me iﬁc n e . as d a t a ser entonces y democr tica Por esto , uni las ideas y cuanto agita , intriga y regocij a la vida v ersitaria re r d cia , se p o u en los pueblos , encontrando

n . E n eco en la caba a del labriego los domingos , ﬁestas de guardar y , sobre todo , tutelares , todos los habitantes

re iOn r omeria ir de una g , en , iban a O y pender de los labios del orador sagrado de fama , que a toda costa n i y con monta as de oro se tra a de Manila , 0 de donde NUESTRA LITERATURA A TRAVES DE Lo s SIGLOS 59

l Los i l se e hallaba . conceptos que vert a e orador no se i limitaban a lo. que suger a la vida del Santo del d ia; a lo

o ﬁlosOﬁcO urid ic mej or , de lo teol gico , O j o , entraba a carga cerrada con las cuestiones palpitantes del momento , em

le n d m p a o u lenguaj e oratorio donde retozan perlas de

ii n La eru d c O . poblacion se convertia muy luego en

. rmn una academia viviente Todos los términos del se O

’ 0 s e tIn s e a la catilinaria , g los casos , comentaba dram i mn t ca e te , con apostillas de parte de los alumnos uni v ersitarios del pueblo , de vacaciones entonces , O de los alumnos , graduados de los pueblos y provincias

limir fe . t o s o Del casco de la poblaci n , la disputa de la

b an ta an es lira emigraba a los y y huertas ; de estas ,

n u i u de respingo , sal a disparada para la choza r stica ,

e al arrad y de sta p o del pastor que sestea el ganado .

Y claro l j , en otros siglos , por muy lenta que se

- difundiese la cultura latino castellana , habrade quedar

ﬁrmemen te difundida , germinando y produciendo frutos de sabor y color conocidos para los hij os del Archi

L . piélago de egaspi Cultura no debida a los libros ,

las a la Prensa , a los clubs , a las escuelas , a conferencias , sino a un ambiente especial como el ambiente y cielo es

eciales u n R p de Holanda que acondicionaron a embrandt , u n ﬂamen ca Potter , en ﬁn , a la escuela denominada ;

o el cultura que estimul natural ingenio , la natural saga

d el fili in o in d u strian d ole cidad p , en las rudas disciplinas teolO icas filos Oficas u ridicas fortificaron g , y j ; que crearon y fili in o in la unidad de ideas y sentimientos del pueblo p , fu n dién d ole i i le ese esp ritu de cr tica que distingue , tal R o vez estrecha antes de la evoluci n , pero estrecha y todo , formidable para confundir al adversario con los propios su N términos de razonamiento . O produj o escritores

el a destajo , durante tiempo en que las Circunstancias i se v edab an pol ticas lo , pero produj o sutiles improvi s ad ores con v ersacion istas , ingeniosos , y ese primor el suyo en trato social que ilumina y regocij a la vida , y de que se hace lenguas el extranj ero que tiene la opor tunidad de conocerle de cerca . BUILDERS OF A NATION

ﬁli in os u n Los p , pues , por consorcio dichoso de a i circunstancias y cualidades , tanto innatas como dqu el el ridas , vinieron a ser como italiano y frances del “ i Si s i Mediod a que describe Taine : sobres , prompts ’ d esprit , qui , naturellement , savent parler , causer , ’ d u u al él an mimer leur pensée , avoir go t , atteindre ég ce, f d X IIe e et sans e fort , comme les Provencaux u si cle

d u X IVe et les Florentins , se trouvent cultivés , civi ”

e d u . lis s , achevés premier coup

n u Ahora bien ; pueblo de estas condiciones , échelo

rev olu ciOn Vd . en brazos de una como la francesa , al el el sol para que contacto con rocio , y la arena se entregue febrilmente a la accion y a la prod u cciOn lite

ri n in un el ra a, sin traba de g género ; por contrario , o v iv iﬁcan te en medio de una atm sfera y protectora , donde los materiales y la corriente de ideas hacen de

mniﬁ r mosto y alimento divino para ag ca la facultad i i aVd . S creadora , y ver ser an capaces de lanzarse a la conquista de nuevas tierras . las Con efecto , preciadas joyas de Cecilio Apostol ,

Fernando M . a Guerrero , José Palma , Clemente J .

son Zulueta , Honorio Valenzuela y otros , de este é 1 895- 1 900 momento hist rico , , sin igual en los anales de o Filipinas en frescura , pasi n y espontaneidad , cualida

i . des esenciales en todo arte , principalmente en la Poes a Mucho antes que el ambiente favoreciera la in spi o tenian raci n individual , ya estos poetas cierta pericia

su i el a técnica en arte , cierta maestr a en h bil uso de cortes y pausas y en aquella manera peregrina de a u ntar y , castiza unas veces , artiﬁcial otras , , . palabras E ﬁ u n frases y periodos poéticos . ran d u e os de dia l m ecto as poético , O menos rico , y vates , en una palabra , de medida y numero .

Asi A ectos a la Vir en ﬂor los f g , de Zulueta , tropi cal premiada con lirio de plata por la Academia Biblio

‘ raﬁcO- L E n 1 895 g Mariana de érida , spa a , data de E l K m u n di an . , de J Palma , sabrosa frutilla del solar R nativo , abonado con mantillo del huerto de ueda , de

1 895 in s ir iimM P tr i ad s a i a ia v o ; la p , de Guerrero , que NUESTRA LITERATURA A TRAVES DE Los SIGLOS 61

z i La I n d n cia 1 la luz por v e pr mera en epende en 898 ,

a 1 897 . est escrita en Muchas composiciones , por

1 898 erd erian ej emplo , de Apostol , anteriores a , nada p

mar ciOn co a en la p con otras suyas de fecha posterior ,

’ A los M artires An o imos d e la excepto con la dedicada n

P atria LaSiesta y con la cuales , aunque recuerdan E l Nid o dc Con dores del poeta argentino Andrade y el

I dilio n son mas de Nu ez de Arce , no solamente de lo sobre saliente en el repertorio de Apostol y que lu cirian en i i cualquiera antolog a , sino que son todav a mej ores

elarran u e que las citadas de aquellos excelsos vates , por q lirico y el colorido del paisaj e tropical de que éstos care i i . ad emas er Od cas cen Celebraban , , p tertulias , modes i i tas academias , en donde todo se le a , discut a y comen taba desinteresadamente ; en ellas comenzaron a hacer

i . Ve ra alarde de sus dotes cr ticas Jaime C de y , Zulueta y

Macario Adriatico .

La era revolucionaria fu e para los ﬁlipin os lo que l e . La siglo de Isabel para los ingleses diferencia , aparte las naturales y circunstanciales que se sobre i entienden , es que gran parte de lo sembrado , cr ado y R cosechado durante la evolucion , se ha quedado en los campos de labor , porque no hubo tiempo material l M a para recoger todo e grano . s como este grano no es de los que se pudren en las eras , pero pueden malo rarse 1 90 g , por esto , desde 0 en adelante , se ha ido reco ién d ole g de prisa , puliéndole , para que gane en esti maciOn y precio . También semillas de otro Orden ,

imr o taciOn el de p americana , se han echado en surco

n il y han prendido . Y se espera que los b oto c l os que ya comienzan a son reir muy pronto se con v irtiran en panoj as .

Mucho se ha hecho ; mucho se ha adelantado . Pero

n ﬁli in s los espa oles , los p o y los americanos deben tener en mientes que la obra fu e y serad c todos . A nadie l i e es l cito reclamar la exclusiva del privilegio . Todos deben cooperar a la obra ya comenzada , trabaj ando sin c esar y con los Ojos hacia aquella Ciudad Celestial 62 BUILDERS OF A NATION

o : o uisima de que habl Goethe Que lo hecho es bien p q 1 mhiim i cosa para 0 u c s o que todav a estapor hacer Das wenige verschwindet leicht dem Blicke

v orwarts h Der sieht , wie viel noch u rig bleibt

Y con los buenos deseos de su devoto servidor y “ colega en letras : iﬁgatan po cayo fig Dios at n iG u in oon g i ” i l i e . Santa Mar a , que dir a p o Modesto de Castro 1 1 0 9 3 . Malolos , 3 Noviembre LITER ATUR E

MADAM

You ask me for a fewlines on native and Spanish literature in the Philippine Islands prior to the conquest , and their evolution under the inﬂuence of the past and present régime . In order to acquit myself , in anything like a fair manner , of the task which you have I committed the error of entrusting to me , must be very

- brief and treat the subj ect matter along general lines . Before the conquest the Filipinos had a literature i written in characters of their own . Its manifestat ons

sabi s sawikain in verse consisted in maxims ( ), proverb ( ),

solir an in talin daw dion a boat songs ( , ), nuptial songs ( , a a i awit ff y y , , and others of the kind , the only di erence being in the music), and a kind of farces representing and

l du lo kara atan criticising ocal customs ( p , g , in which

Or bu ton s riddles g g play a considerable role , and epic

h r mi l ai dit a b ca d l ts y tales called ) war songs , love songs

ku min tan ku man . . n di ( g, ), etc , etc A considerable num ber of these can still be gathered from the Tagalog grammars and vocabularies of the 1 7 th and 1 8th cen turies 1 h . , and even of the 9t

In prose there are still codes of a religious and

' in which criminological character , a marked malayo mohammedan inﬂuence is noticeable .

The conquest being effected by Castillian s Of the l 6th century , the golden century of their literature , R impregnated with the enaissance , was transplanted to the Philippine Islands . Owing to special circum Castillian stances , the influence was reflected first in the dialects . of the country before it appeared in the Spanish language , which became fashionable at the outset of the conquest .

The fact that the dialects , principally the Tagalog , already had a literary character before the conquest , 63 64 BUILDERS OF A NATION rendered possible the xylographic publication Of the

D octrin a cristiana ta alo-es anola g p , attributed to Pla s en cia 1 593 L , in , in which Chirino . a Greek and atin

Av M aria scholar , places the Tagalog e above the Greek , L atin . and Spanish . The most noteworthy in this piece of literature is tha t it is devoid of all Spanish

its v ocab ular inﬂuence in y and grammar , which denotes

on of anonymous collaboration the part the islander,

Beginning with the M emorial of Blancas de San 1 606 José , , the name Of a Filipino author appears : this

D on B a on n v ersiﬁed is Fernando g gb a ta, who in octo 1 1 syllabic romance in Spanish and Tagalog . In 6 0,

Libron Tomas Pinpin published his g . and besides conquering for himself the title of prince of the l Filipino typographers and engravers , he made himse f a reputation as philologist and humanist and gave origin to the type of the Filipino industrial of a repro d u ctiv e nature . He was an author in two languages . hi His prose as well as s verse mark an epoch .

B agongb an ta made use Of the romance Of eight roman syllables . Pinpin , in one composition , combined

cillos of . five , six , and seven syllables The meter of these two writers is the on e which became at length the accepted fashion in all native literature . In the comedies and compositions of a heroic character , double verses Of six and of seven were used , and in some epigrams of a popular character , double f verses o five . These latter may have either nine or ten syllables . They have nine if the ninth syllable , with which the verse ends , is accented , because the l final sy lable , accented in Tagalog only in exceptional cases , counts for two . If the tenth syllable is accented , the verse has ten syllables for Filipinos and eleven for

wo Spaniards . The t great divisions of Filipino poetry are clearly marked in the Filipino bibliography . The awit or - , chivalric heroic poems , are written in Filipino dodecasyllabic verse or in Spanish double verses Of

corrid os six , and the , legendary and religious poems ,

66 BUILDERS OF A NATION

Though we have no B ibliographia P oetica like R it ’ E son s , which catalogues some six hundred nglish poets

- of 1 5th 1 6 . the and th centuries , ninety nine per cent Of whom are mere Shadows Of names and some simply fﬁ initials , it can be a rmed that the Philippine Islands f have had a considerable number o poets . The Spanish chroniclers are agreed that the Filipinos are born poets as well as musicians , and that poetry is very pleasing to them . And In order not to repeat what I have already written with regard to the vernacular litera ture , especially the Tagalog , both in prose and in verse , I shall merely reproduce here a general Opinion on the character and tendency of their poetry , whi ch is also applicable to the prose and to the Spanish literature as well , with slight differences as regards the character and the time of their apogee .

n The inexhaustible playfulness , the gracious ess , the parabolic acuteness , the grace and primaeval freshness that distinguish the always picturesque style Of the ancient poets had a certain influence on the style of the erudite and sovereign masters at the beginning f 1 9 and middle O the th century who , broadening the f a scope o the characteristic models they found , dded Of variety Shades and tone to their poetical language , assimilating those conquests Of occidental civilization which are its greatest pride and glory . A broader field of life and the conflict of ideas enhanced the drama

of tic interest their works , which were already possessed of i powerful organic unity , and moral elevation , rel n gio s tolerance , and noble patriotic indignation found for the ﬁrst time expression in them . 2 1 2 Beginning with 1 87 , and especially from 88 to 1 896 of , the poets , due to the imperative force the cir cu mstan ces , derived their inspiration from sources unknown to their predecessors . Priests and disciples of the new gospel rather than poets , they seized the scourge of ridicule and sarcasm and with it plied the ’ n tyrants backs . Their rugged stanzas , which awake ed din the national conscience , still echo faithfully the of SHORT HISTORY OF TAGALOG LITERATURE 67 the battle and the vigorous onslaught Of the com batan ts . In them we ﬁnd neither freshness of spring f nor ingenuous playfulness , but the stri e and fanaticism of the struggle for liberty .

The historical period from 1 896 to 1 899 is the on e in which lyrical enthusiasm reached its highest degree

Of effervescence . The poets had then , besides the n ational heroes Burgos , Gomez , and Zamora , the national R hero by antonomasia , the Great Filipino ( izal), the

Great Plebeian (Andrés Bonifacio), and glorious national

: 1 of 1 898 D ecla dates Noveleta , the 3 th August , , the

oi ration Independence , and the inauguration of the R Filipino epublic , and they were able to sing to and f write for a public made up O heroes , capable of refreshing the laurels won by their ancestors . 1 90 Beginning with 0 , however , the bellic fires died down and the salvoes Of the batteries and strong places thundered only to commemorate some patriotic date or episode or to salute the triumph or advent of the arts of peace . Metrical innovations and a desire to enrich the vernacular tongues predominated , but the poets , instead of studying the Old models or placing themselves i in direct contact with the people , reflected what s agitating modern society and invented , or thought they invented , words , turns of speech , and phrases where with to express it . They aspired to being hierophants of the people , and in their hands the generous nad noble patriotic indignation was transformed into the less noble and generous expression of factional and poli tical strife . Then the Tagalog theatre went forth in quest Of new worlds to conquer . Its plays n owwere based on con temporaneous history and this not being Of an established order they reflect the changes . They showed also a s mb lici o sm tendency towards y and , to a certain degree , towards the restoration of everything purely national .

t o i As the literature in Span sh , I have already B a on ban ta 1 606 mentioned that g g , in , and Pinpi n , in 1 61 0 , wrote in two languages , Tagalog and Spanish , 68 BUILDE RS OF A NATION the latter Of these authors with a command of the Cas tillian tongue of which there are but few examples . Chirino (1 604) says that in Spanish the Filipin os

write as well as we , and even better , because they are ” so skilful that they learn everything with great ease . Blancas de San José (1 606) was astonished to see that at his time there was scarcely a woman who was n ot d able to read books in Spanish , which he considere “ n hard to believe for anybody who had not see it , of ns and this not only among the inhabitants the plai , In but also among the hill dwellers , the Negritos . 1 1 San n o 1 6 , a Negrito seven years Of age lauded Ig aci “ de Loyola in Latin and Spanish as gracefully as any ” eloquent orator .

The sciences then taught were institutes , theology , and philosophy , canons , grammar , civil law , laws Of the Indies , and the predominant careers the priesthood L 7 and law . Through Dr . Francisco opez Adan (1 7 3 ) we know that at the Universities of Santo Tomas an d

Of the Jesuits , the Filipinos , who but yesterday were “ as n mere students , acted very soon teachers a d pro ” “ fessors with a competency making them worthy n ot o nly of the professorial chairs Of these Islands , but f ” even of the ﬁrst O Europe . Thus it was not strange that Filipinos occupied the highest positions in society . There were many Filipino bishops ; on e acted as governor-general an d i president of the R eal Audienc a . Father Pedro Bello was elected Provincial of the Jesuits . The Filipino j urists did not remain behind the priests . As the dominant castes (which did not appear until the middle of the 1 9th century) were then unknown and the government of the pueblos was in the hands of good

Of no sons of the soil , the inﬂuence the country could t have been more edifying and democratic than it was in those days . The ideas and everything that agitates , and worries , cheers university life were reproduced in the pueblos and found an echo in the b ut of the hus

. i bandman On Sundays and holidays , and part cu SHORT HISTORY OF TAGALOG LITERATURE 69

’ n larly on the patron saint s day , all the inhabita ts of a region would make a pilgrimage to hear and hang on the lips of the noted sacred orator who had been brought from Manila , or wherever else he was , at the expense

on of much trouble and gold . The subj ects which he spoke were not conﬁned to those suggested by the life

Of : th e of the saint the day often , leaving theological , l philosophical , or juridical ﬁeld , he would enter fu ly Of upon adiscussion of the current topics the moment , using language replete with pearls of erudition . The town was then quickly converted into a live academy .

All the features of the sermon or philippic , whichever it was , were discussed dramatically , with commentaries by the university students of the pueblo home on a vacation , or by the university graduates of the adj acent pueblos and provinces . From the town proper the

th e lyrical discussion migrated to outlying barrios , and thence , by a bound , it would translate itself to the rustic b u t and from it to the shelter of the herder tending the cattle .

And , of course , during the three centuries that the L — atin Spanish culture had for diffusing itself , however slowly the process took place , that culture was bound to become thoroughly diffused and to germinate and bear rich fruit for the sons of the Archipelago of Legaspi .

was This culture not due to books , to the press , to clubs , to schools , to lectures , but to a special atmosphere , like the special atmosphere and sky of Holland , which shaped a R embrandt , a Potter , in short , what is known

h Fl mih . t e e s as School It stimulated the natural genius ,

of the natural sagacity the Filipino , helping him along

On the rough path of theological , philosophical , and the juridical studies , and created and fortiﬁed unity

Of ideas and sentiments of the Filipino people , infusing it with the critical spirit that distinguishes it and which , though perhaps conﬁned within narrow bounds before the R evolution , was nevertheless sufﬁciently formidable n to co found the adversary with his own arguments . It did not produce wr iters in abundance during the time 7 0 BUILDERS OF A NATION

it when political conditions prevented , but it brought forth subtle improvisators , ingenious conversationalists , and tha t exquisiteness in social intercourse which bright ens and cheers life and is so highly spoken Of by the foreigner who has had an opportunity to become more closely acquainted with it .

By a happy combination of circumstances and

as u h qualities , innate as well acq ired , the Filipino as become like the Italian and southern Frenchman , whom “ ’ as Taine describes Si sobres , si prompts d esprit , qui , n aturellement , savent parler , causer , mimer leur pensée, ’ d u ut a l élé an ce et avoir go , atteindre g , sans effort , comme les Prov en gaux d u XII siecle et les Florentins d u K IVe se t u , rouvent cultivés , civilisés , achevés d premier coup .

Now , j ust throw a people with these qualities into

of R the arms a movement like the French evolution , d ew so that , touched by the , sun and soil will enter upon feverish activity and productivity , without any impediment whatever , surrounded by a vivifying , favorable atmosphere in which the materials and the current Of ideas serve as stimulant and divine nourish ment to the creative power , and you will ﬁnd them capable of conquering n ewworlds .

Indeed , the beautiful gems Of Cecilio Apostol ,

r M G u errereo . Fernando f , José Palma , Clemente J

Zulueta , Honorio Valenzuela , and others , belong to

Of 1 895 - 1 900 th e that historical period , unequalled in annals of the Philippine Islands in freshness , passion , and spontaneousness , all essential qualities in every art , but principally in poetry . Long before the atmosphere had begun to be favorable to individual inspiration , these poets had had a certain technical skill in their art , a certain mastery of the proper use of stops and shorts and of that rare

of manner j oining together words , phrases , and poetical periods , sometimes in a natural and at others in an arti SHORT HISTORY OF TAGALOG LITERATURE 7 1

f ﬁcial way . They were masters o a more or less rich

—in poetical dialect other words , they were poets of measure and number .

’ Zulueta s A ectos a laVir en tro Ical Thus f g , a p ﬂower that was awarded a silver lily by the “ Academia Biblio ” r ﬁc - of L f 1 89 g a o Mariana érida , Spain , dates o 5 ; E l

n man . K u di , by J Palma , a savory fruit of the native R orchard fertilized with the soil of the garden of ueda , 1 ’ ” Of 895 ; Guerrero s inspired Mi Patria , which ﬁrst “ ” s w L 1 898 a the light in aIndependencia in , was written 1 A l’ 897 . osto s in Many compositions , for instance p , 1 written prior to 898 , would lose nothing by a compari

Of son with other poems his of a later date , except with

’ L mar t r a on mo P os ies n i s de la atria that dedicated , to

La Sies ta 1 898 and ( ) which , though they remind one

’ E l n id o d e co nd ores of , by the Argentine poet Andrade , ’ Nufiez I dilio and of de Arce s , are not only the best in ’ A ostol s p repertoire and would grace any anthology ,

s but are superior to the poems of the poets cited by u , because of the lyrical impetuousness and the coloring f n o . the tropical la dscape which these lack They held ,

t rtu lias besides , periodical , e , modest academies where everything was read , discussed , and commented upon

. Ve ra disinterestedly , and in which Jaime C de y , Zulueta , and Macario Adriatico began to Show their critical gifts . The revolutionary time was for the Filipinos what

li hi n the E z ab et a era was for the English . The differ ence , aside from the natural and circumstantial differ en ces , which need no explanation , is that a large part f O what was sown , grown , and harvested during the R evolution remained in the ﬁelds of labor , as there was a lack of time for gathering all the grain . This grain , however , is not of the kind that will rot in the ﬁeld , but it may become lost , and for this reason it has since 1 900 been hurriedly gathered and polished in order

. Of to enhance its value Seed another kind , brought to us from America , has also been cast into the furrow 7 2 BUILDERS OF A NATION

and has taken root . It is hoped that the buds which are already beginning to show will soon ripen i nto fruit .

Much has been done ; much headway has been made .

However , Spaniards , Filipinos , and Americans must ’ bear in mind that the work was and will be everybody s .

Nobody is entitled to claim the exclusive privilege . wAll must cooperate in the work already begun and labor ithout cessation , with the eyes turned towards that celestial city Of which Goethe Speaks , because what has been done is very little compared with what still remain s to be accomplished Das wenige verschwindet leicht dem Blicke

v orwarts b ri Der sieht , wie viel noch ii g

bleibt . And with the good wishes of your devoted servant “ iﬁ atan O n and colleague in letters , g p cayo na g Dios ” n i in on at G u o g Santa Maria , as the pious Modesto de Castro would have said .

3 0 1 91 3 . Malolos , November ,

L . (Translated from the Spanish by Mr . eo Fischer of the Executive Bureau . )

7 4 BUILDERS OF A NATION

We ﬁnd the following in our historical record by R LI Blair and obertson , Volume “ Three times in their history have the Philippines had representation in the Spanish

1 8 1 0- 1 8 1 national Cortes , namely , for the years 3 ,

1 2 - 1 82 1 4 8 0 3 , and 83 “ Several general measures enacted by the

n Cortes touch the Philippines incide tally . The

ﬁrst matter , however , . speciﬁcally connected with the Philippines was the receipt by the Cortes

1 6 1 8 1 1 of (March , ) the report of the governor 8 1 i Of the Philippines (dated August , 809) n ' M regard to the French vessel OSCA , which had been captured by the parish priest of Batan

gas (Fray Melchor Fernandez), and the dis

patches carried on that vessel . The reading 2 1 8 1 2 on April 6, , of the proposed decree pre scribing the manner of holding elections in the 1 8 1 3 regular Cortes to be convened in , aroused

. 6 R lengthy discussion On May , eyes moved that a Special form of election be granted for the Philippines because Of their distance and the

character of their inhabitants . The islands had neither the funds n or the men to send by which f equality o representation would be justiﬁed, and he requested that it only be declared that

they must not send less than two . An amend ment Offered by the committee on the Con stitu tion proposed that to the instructions regarding the elections in Ultramar be added a clause to ’ meet R eyes wishes , but the matter was hotly contested by the American representatives who feared that such a clause might sometime lead

of own to the cutting down their representation, and as a consequence the proposal of the com

mitte on . e was not voted

The age and enthusiasm Of R epresentative Ventura de los R eyes are noteworthy . PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY 7 5 In the Malolos Constitution “ - L 33 . Art . The egislative power shall be exercised by an Assembly Of the representatives

of the nation . >l< s >I an

4 — of Art . 3 . The members the Assembly

shall represent the entire nation , and not ” exclusively those who elect them . From the draft of a constitution proposed by prom in en t Filipinos as the Philippines National Consti

in : tut o , we also read “ — Art . XXXIII . The senate and the cham ber of deputies shall exercise the legislative power

with equal powers , except in cases determined

cole islativ e by this constitution , and both g bodies ” in sessions shall form the national congress . “ — Of Art . XXXIV . The members both bodies

represent the whole nation , and not exclusively

those electors who may appoint them , and can ” receive no imperative command from any one . ’ 1 1 898 And Paterno s scheme of June 9 , , for Phil i in e pp Autonomy under the Spanish sovereignty , speaks “ Of the Assembly as the R epresentation of the Arch l ipe ago .

AS the Malolos Constitution was only the expression of that ideal , of that unfailing birthright , digniﬁed coun ’ tries ambition Oiour people to exercise by and for itself own its sovereignty , which dates back still very much earlier than the death of Magellan at Mactan , we have to conclude that the idea Of popular representation

n ot n is a new o e in the Islands .

Speaking Of the Assembly as a concession to our people , Secretary Of War Taft says “ I can well remember when that section was

drafted in the private ofﬁce Of Mr . R oot in his

house in Washington . Only he and I were

present . I urged the wisdom Of the concession and he yielded to my arguments and the section 7 6 BUILDERS OF A NATION

as then drafted differed but little from the form

- it has to day . It was embodied in a bill pre

sented to the House and passed by the House ,

was considered by the Senate , was stricken out S in the enate , and was only restored after a

conference , the Senators in the conference consent

ing to its insertion with great reluctance . I had

urged its adoption upon both committees , and , as

the then Governor Of the Islands , had to assume a responsibility as guarantor in respect to it which ” I have never sought to disavow .

In fact , every hope was rather lost in Congress ’ when a recourse was made to Rizal s works and life

as a last resort . His MY LAST FAREWELL was recited

by Congressman Cooper himself, with such an intense

feeling that it attracted the profoundest respect . A

. S n change , a turn was effected , and hopes revived i ce

then the Assembly became a fact .

. : After the recital , Mr Cooper continued “ Pirates ! Barbarians ! Savages ! Incapable

! H OW Of civilization many of the civilized ,

Caucasian Slanderers Of his race , could ever be Of on capable thoughts like these , which that

s at u n awful night , as he alone amidst silence broken save by the rustling of the black plumes

of the death angel at his side , poured from the soul of the martyr ed Filipino ? Search the long ’ of and bloody roll the world s martyred dead ,

— n sk — and where o what soil , under what y did Tyranny ever claim a nobler victim ? “ h O e Sir , the future is not Without p for a

of people which , from the midst such an environ so ment , has furnished to the world a character ” lofty and so pure as that Of José R izal .

Thus it is extremely pleasing to note that , while a we should feel very fortun te , soulfully grateful , to

have had the invaluable efforts and services of Messrs . R oot and Taft , yet it should be noted , and foreigners PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY 7 7

' w should even kindly concede it , that , ithout the of R B inﬂuence izal from the Great eyond , the proposed concession would have been simply a ﬂat failure .

This teaches us once more that , no matter whatever ’ help you may have from without , reliance in one s own self is of absolute necessity in any undertaking .

It is basic . The ﬁrst help must come from Within .

It is , therefore , most becoming to here quote that portion of the speech of Speaker Osmena at San Miguel M a u m 7 1 9 1 0 de y o, Bulacan , May , , on the Philippine Assembly as the work of ou r own people “ The impetus given by the revolution to the work for national liberty was felt during

the war as well as after it . During the war , i the revolution produced , among other th ngs , - - o the pact of Biak na bat which , as a distinguished

’ B n in . has u e c m . gentleman (Mr a o , Sr ) said but few moments ago , opened the door to belli

eren c . g y for us During peace , the most precious fruit of the Philippine revolution has been the f he Philippine Assembly . The establishment o t

Philippine Assembly was not an isolated , much

' It . s less casual , fact casual cause was the Act

of of 1 1 902 its Congress July , , but true cause is lost among the gloomy mists Of that past over

which we have cast a retrospective glance . The was Assembly not the result of a fatality , but of of the work our men , those men who , as

a thinker has said , having lost faith in justice

on this earth , after exhausting all of the resources Of their intelligence , turned their eyes toward

heaven , and , commending their cause to God ,

took up arms . The bloody sacriﬁce in the u n equal s truggle which terminated in disaster to the Filipino arms was not in vain ; nor were the

national aspirations lost in the vacuum . As the revolution was not the work Of one man nor Of any particular set Of men but of the entire

Filipino people , the ideal which remained unim BUILDERS OF A NATION

paired after the war now requires the existence Of of not one man , but an institution which Shall perpetuate its life through new dangers and diﬂi l i cu t es . “ This institution has been the Philippine

. n a Assembly This Assembly , which was ina g on 1 6th of 1 907 of rated the October , , was born the blood and tears that burst forth in abundance

in the past . The Philippine Assembly is noth ” ing but the child of the Philippine revolution .

ITS B LESSINGS

n It brought o complete peace in the Islan ds , reestablished order throughout .

Secretary of War Taft says : “ The importance of the agency of the Army of the United States in suppressing insurrection I would not minimize in the least ; but all ' who remember clearly the succession of events from 1 901 to 1 903 will admit that the return to peace and the acquiescence of the Filipino people in American sovereignty were greatly inﬂuenced and aided by the prospect held out to the Filipinos of participation in the government of the Islands

- and a gradual extension of popular self control . Without this and the conﬁdence of the Filipino people in the good purposes of the United States and the patience with which they endured their

many burdens that fate seemed to increase , the progress which has been achieved would have been ” impossible .

n 1 1 904 : And Governor Wright o February , “ It seems to me , furthermore , that when a comparison is made between the situation as it existed three years and a half ago and as it

or exists now , even the least observant the most censorious must be struck with the marvelous

change for the better . Then there was a blaze of insurrection extending from one end of the PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY 7 9

Archipelago to the other ; today general peace

prevails . Then life and property were only secure in those towns garrisoned by American troops who occupied several hundred stations ; today the number of our troops has been reduced

- by more than three fourths , occupy only a few

strategic points , and yet with the exception of the occasional depredations committed here and there by insigniﬁcant and fugitive bands of ladrones life and property are as secure in

- c mm these Islands as in other well ordered o u

ii f r i n t es . I do not o a moment pretend that th s gratifying change has resulted Wholly from the

labors of the Commission . Unquestionably in the mere suppression of insurrection the chief credit is due to the efforts of ou r gallant Army

and Navy . But I think I may say , Without the imputation of egotism or the desire to unduly f exalt the Commission , that but for its e forts to establish in the minds Of the intelligent and thoughtful Filipinos a conviction as to the rec titu d e and benevolence of the intentions Of

the American people with reference to them , of and thereby securing , in a multitude instances , their cordial and zealous cooperation in the estab

lihmn t s e of peace and order , these gratifying

conditions would not n owexist . When in 1 90 1 it was announced that “ Two years after the completion and pub lication of the census , in case such condition of general and complete peace with recognition of the authority of the United States shall have continued in the territory of said Islands not inhabited by Moros or other non - Christian tribes and such facts shall have been certiﬁed to the

President by the Philippine Commission , the r P esident , upon being satisﬁed thereof , shall

direct said Commission to call , and the Com

mission shall call , a general election for the choic e ' 80 BUILDERS OF A NATION of delegates to a popular assembly of the people

of said Territory in the Philippine Islands , which

shall be known as the Philippine Assembly .

guns from the hills were surrendered , and the revered ﬂag that motherly covered the graves of countless sons in

of l the ﬁelds battle , that ﬂag that made us feel as whol y i immune against deadly shells , that un ted us together

on e was as into single soul and body , that dear ﬂag nl lowered down to stand no more in the air , but to o y

f ur t be still closer to us , in the minute temple O o hear s ,

to there to be still more deeply revered , there wait the resurrection day . And , at this cost, and with faith in God an d in the words of honor and greatness of

America , there was peace , and peace as desired to mate ri liz a e the inauguration Of the Assembly . Thus you see that the people itself made the inau

u ration of g the Assembly possible . This shows national consciousness on the part of the people .

ITS E X CLUSIVE R EPRESENTATION : L During the second egislature , there took place, in of 1 9 1 0 November , a happy occurrence which , in the lengthy discussions between the managers on the part Of the Philippine Commission and the managers on the

re re part of the Assembly as to the election of , and p s en tation held by , the Philippine R esident Commis

’ sion ers to the States , gave occasion for the drawing Of the following ﬁnal conclusion : “ That the Assembly represents the Filipino

people , and is , under the present régime , the ” only body representing it here . I should quote the same language used by our managers in this matter at the conference : “ What has been said about the . House of Commons and the colonial houses of representa tiv es has Singular application to the Philippine E ff Assembly . ngendered amidst the su ering of the people who were seeking the j ust redress of

82 BUILDERS OF A NATION

n While it is true , o the one hand , that the Assembly “ was given the right to initiate legislation , to modify ,

or amend, shape defeat legislation proposed by the ” e u i oten c Commission , and legislative q p y was thus established between the two Houses , on the other , the an d grant was not complete , the power and duty Of making rules and regulations for the government of the

Islands are still in Congress .

The plain letter and spirit of the Treaty of Paris were even ignored .

on Of There was , therefore , the part those gentle a men , clear overestimation of their personal worth , and an absolute lack of that self- sacriﬁcin g spirit so necessary in the task of uplifting a nation .

or They never realized , never were in condition to realize . the tremendous responsibility for the calamity that would have befallen upon the country thru their f lack o public spirit .

Fortunately for the people , the era of this class of

th e of leaders is drawing to a close, and it is source the greatest national satisfaction to see that the masses are beginning to j udge them for themselves .

But , coming back to the Assembly , under the present r im e e g , were the House to only seat in the Chamber , ni n w there to i tiate no e legislation , but simply to defeat whatever measures of doubtful wisdom or unclear public purpose may come from the Commission , its existence an d continuance , no matter at what cost , no matter W r at hat sacriﬁce , Should appeal to eve y true Filipino as fully j ustiﬁed , and every cent spent , most wisely

Spent .

ORGANI ZATION

Absolutely without precedents , absolutely without e ven copies of parliamentary books or rules to help them in organizing , the Delegates to the First Philippine

Assembly , wholly unexperienced in parliamentary mat

ownselv es ters , relied upon their in the organization of the House . PHIL IPPINE ASSEMBLY 83 I doubt if anywhere in the civilized world there could be found any other House organized under the same circumstances .

Of However , looking only for the good the country , Of their public spirit led them to the best results , and in forty minutes the House was in complete working order . R ULES Preliminary meetings were held before the formal ' of d eterminin th e Opening , for the purpose g rules they would have to adopt . The discussions were most inter esting and vivid , particularly as to freedom in debates , and at once revealed the men ’ s respective future places in the Chamber .

wo ff They marked from the beginning t di erent ,

: on e Opposing tendencies on the hand , those who were

E r educated in urope, o imbued with European ideas in matters parliamentary , advocated for absolute , unrestrained freedom in discussions . On the other ,

of of those with a clearer vision the situation , the Assem f f bly itsel as created by the Act o Congress , advocated for a procedure similar to that with which the creators of the Assembly were familiar .

D r . o Paterno , Agoncillo , G mez , Velarde , Guerrero

n Barretto , and others , militated over o e side , and a o i Quezon , Adri tico , Gabald n , Clar n , Sotto , and others , over the other .

won R of 59th The latter the case , and the ules the C of ongress the United States , of which they had copies E neither in nglish nor in Spanish , and with which they f were absolutely un amiliar , were adopted .

This should not be construed , however , as meaning that said rules were the ones best suited to our needs , or we the best found of all rules in use . In fact we found none , we had none at hand .

But , the Assembly being an extension by Congress of our f u r political grant , to judge o o qualiﬁcations to 84 BUILDERS OF A NATION assume a greater public responsibility by legislating for was ourselves , it extremely necessary for us to facilitate h w their judgment , to Show them o we conducted our legis

of lative matters , and one the best , wisest means that could have been afforded to them was the adoption of their own R ules in the conduct of their own House so wa matters , that , in this y , they could j udge us with a greater ease than thru a procedure unknown to them ; ff and , Should success crown our e orts , it would be hard f for them to evade recognition o the successful trial .

Until after a few weeks , we were not in condition to make distribution of the Spanish translation copies Of of 59th the rules the Congress , when everything was done and smoothly running as though the House were not sitting for the ﬁrst time .

’ FORMAL OPENING :

The program read as follows : 1 . 6 Wednesday , Oct ,

In a . .

’ E B Y INAUG UR ATION OF TH E ASS M L .

MANILA G R AND OPE R A H OUSE .

PR OG R AM . Entrance of the Delegates to the First Philippine

Assembly .

of Entrance of the Honorable Secretary War , and the

Members of the Philippine Commission .

- Governor General Presiding . — Music z Constabulary Band .

Prayer by Bishop Barlin .

—w Ad d ress z H on orab le William H . Taft , Secretary of

War .

— - Ad d ress z Honorable James F . Smith , Governor Gen

eral .

The Star Spangled Banner . R eception of the Delegates to the Assembly by the

- Secretary of War and the Governor General . PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY 85 The ceremonies at which the highest Ofﬁcial

representations , Metropolitan , Consular , Insular , Army .

Navy , Church , and Provincial , were present , were

most imposing , most thrilling , particularly for every n otwith stan din all ad ver Filipino who realized that , g sities , his country , steadily , inevitably , was advancing towards its ﬁnal , loftiest goal . The invocation to God Almighty was pronounced

by the late Bishop Barlin , the first Filipino Bishop in the present situation , as though the first one to be con secrated expressly for the first Philippine Assembly .

The official description of said ceremonies is as follows : Pursuant to the proclamation of the Gov

ern or- 14 1 907 General dated September , , as amended by the proclamation of the Governor 1 1 1 General dated October , 907 made in accord ance with the provisions of the Act of Con gress 1 1 902 of approved July , , the members the Philippine Commission and the members- elect Of the Philippine Assembly met in the Grand of Opera House , Calle Cervantes , city Manila , ’ 2 f at o clock and 5 minutes o the forenoon . “ The Delegates—elect of the Philippine Assem bly entered the hall in a body at o ’ clock

antemeridian , and shortly after the hour of 9 , Honorable William H . Taft , Secretary of War of the United States ; Honorable James

- F . Smith , Governor General of the Philippine

Islands , and Honorable Dean C . Worcester ,

Honorable T . H . Pardo de Tavera , Honorable L L Benito egarda , Honorable José R . de uzu ria a g , Honorable W . Cameron Forbes , and Hon

orable . f W Morgan Shuster , members o the

Philippine Commission , accompanied by Maj or L d General eonard Woo , commanding the Phil ippin e Division of the United States Army ; R - ear Admiral Hemphill , commanding oﬂicer of the United States Asiatic Fleet at this station ; 86 BUILDERS O F A NATION

- R . Brigadier General Clarence Edwards , Chief

of f the Bureau of Insular A fairs , and Honorable E Arthur W . Fergusson , xecutive Secretary for

the Philippine Islands , arrived and took the

seats provided for them on the stage . There werepresent also the members of the

Supreme Court ; Monsignor A . Ambrose Agius , R R apostolic delegate , and ight everend Jorge Barlin ; the ofﬁ cial representatives of foreign h governments in the P ilippine Islands , and the ” various provincial governors .

I am not going into the details of the opening . It would require time and space much longer than those we

n ow. have at our command I am going to remark ,

R r however , that President oosevelt , in his due app e

i in c at o of the step taken , sent Secretary of War Taft - E and Brigadier General dwards , Chief of the Bureau of I Af nsular fairs , two personally convey his congratulations to us , to mark , ith the representation they held , and e on with their own pres nce , that day which our people , thru their representatives , began to assume their part in the affairs of the present government .

‘ This would seem to give us reason to expect that , when the ﬁnal day has come for the re- enthroning of the

own people into its full sovereignty , the President of R the Great epublic would not trust the most pleasant , n ew unequalled duty of inaugurating a , young , inde pendent , republican nation , of delivering the message Of liberty to a people who for centuries and centuries has been helplessly struggling for it , but to himself , s n o that he may here personally receive in his own ha ds , for himself and for his own people , the most precious

ev erlast love token of a nation , its sincerest , heartfelt , ing , united gratitude . MEMBERSHIP 80 S A Originally , including the peaker , as per ct 2 NO . 1 58 . PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY 8 7

1 2 In creased to 8 1 members by Act No . 95 which

created a delegateship for the Batanes Islands .

APPORTIONMENT : Is made in the ratio of one Assemblyman for every r of population , and one for an additional maj o th e fraction thereof . One at least for one province , total number not to exceed one hundred Delegates .

QUALIFICATIONS OF M E M B E R s :

They Should be residents of the Assembly districts f in which their candidacies are O fered , duly qualiﬁed e electors of said Ass mbly districts , and eligible to hold the ofﬁce for which they are candidates . And E lectors are “ Every male person twenty-three years of age or over who has had a legal residence for a period of six months immediately preceding the election in the municipality in which he exercises

ff n ot or the su rage , and who is a citizen subj ect '

of any foreign power , and who is comprised with on e of the following three classes : f (a) Those who , prior to the thirteenth o d - d August , eighteen hun red and ninety eight , hel

ob ern ad or cillo the ofﬁce of municipal captain , g ,

alcalde , lieutenant , cabeza de barangay , or member of any ayuntamiento ;

(b) Those who own real property to the

or value of ﬁve hundred pesos , who annually pay thirty pesos or more of the established taxes ;

(c) Those who speak , read , and write E nglish or Spanish— shall be entitled to vote at PR O D ED all elections ; VI , That ofﬁcers , soldiers , or sailors , marines of the Army or Navy of the United States shall not be considered as having acquired legal residence within the meaning of this section by reason of their having been sta tion ed in the municipalities for the required Six ” months . 88 BUILDERS OF A NATION

n As a man who has been in actual election campaig s , where I was ﬁrst defeater , and then defeated , I would

he le e ele tors the be s a t ss r c tter . y ,

’ But I must not speak from my own convenience s standpoint and Should say that subsections (b) and (c)

n reduce u j ustiﬁedly the actual number of voters . Y ou know how poorly our real estate properties — are declared , and many are still undeclared .

Y ou also know that we have splendid writers in our own languages , who can favorably compare with n h a y other writers , but who do not know either Spanis r o English . In neither case I see the wisdom Of depriving them

f n or o the franchise , should the reduced number of electors be taken as an indication of our lack of interes t f in public a fairs .

90 BUILDERS OF A NATION

in a series of articles setting forth the shortcomings of

the advanced instruction then available in Manila .

R izal , too , planned a school ﬁrst for Paris and

later for Hongkong , with a course of study quite like

r ou present high schools , which Should give a prepara tion enabling young Filipinos to better avail them

selves Of foreign university training .

of Then the government Aguinaldo , early in its

n r of co d ition s . o brief existence and in spite the war , p v id ed for a Malolos university in recognition of the per f sistent and long deferred aspirationwo the Filipinos . . n o Next Dr . David P Barrows , dean of the grad

uate School of the University of California , a Director of E ducation whose acquaintance with Philippine his tory made him familiar with the foregoing facts and whose studious bent put him in sympathy with the pre

vailing desire , announced in his ﬁrst bulletin that the public school syste m would lead to an University of the Philippines to be established as soon as students under

the n ewsystem were ready for it . The realization of the long- deferred hope came “ through the development of a Junior College carried

on in connection with the Philippine Normal School ,

. . . 3 under Superintendent Geo W Beattie On June , 1 9 1 0 of , this passed from the control the Bureau of E ducation and became the College of Liberal Arts of “ ” of the University the Philippines , founded under 1 87 0 1 1 908 of L Act (June 8, ) the Philippine egisla ture . The colleges of Veterinary Science , at Pandacan , and of Engineering were opened simultaneously with L the College of iberal Arts ; the School of Fine Arts , on E Calle chague , began to receive students a year

of Los B aﬁ os earlier as had the college Agriculture at , f L and the College o awis half a year younger . Under the administrative control of the College of Liberal Arts is a course in Pharmacy and with the coming year a course in education will be added . The oldest of the colleges is that of Medicine which was established as the Philippine Medical School by UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 9 1

of 1 905 a special act December , , opened to students on 1 0 1 907 June , , and was incorporated with the Univer

i 8 1 9 1 0 . s ty December , The beautiful campus of the ' E University , conveniently situated in rmita , Manila , where a magniﬁcent University Hall houses the prin i al c p Ofﬁces , foreshadows a stately and extensive quad

rl in m - ea co e two rangle , the y y exceeds thirds of a mil ln i lion pesos , the faculty are one hundred and s xty

Filipinos , Americans , and foreign members , and the student body totals nearly two thousand . The young institution promptly linked itself with ’ the Philippines past by honoring in its three commence ments men from the old era who were pioneers for the n ew: the ﬁrst among the jurists who presides over the Insular Supreme Court ; a Spaniard whose success in studying the weather of his adopted land has made ’ him the world s authority on its peculiarities , typhoons ’ and earthquakes ; and the most cultured of Filipinos sons who entered politics for his country ’ s sake and i then sacriﬁced his career to be true to his conv ctions . The school of 1 9 1 0 has this in common with its

of forerunner forty years before that , just as the earlier one ’ s foundation was signalized by establishing a course of Philippine Dialects in a Spanish University , so our

American University , Johns Hopkins , began giving instruction in Tagalog and Visayan about the time the later university was proposed . But there is a radical difference between the two schools in Spain ’ s seeking to limit the history of these islands to the date when Spaniards ﬁrst came to them , while America wants to revive the spirit of that earlier Philippines which a thousand years ago was in contact with the then most advanced civilization .

The opening of the University permits changing the Philippine public school course of study from the semi American standard which had to prevail when students were being prepared for colleges on the continent to a type more practically Philippine . Also the localization of its E subj ects , a departure from nglish education in 92 BUILDERS OF A NATION

r the Orient , makes the Manila school a leade among the higher institutions of Asia , its influence despite its youth being already apparent .

Such is the story of a school which boasts n o of ancient lineage nor recalls a founder illustrious name , yet notable because it is the fruition of the prayers of an oppressed people during half a century of bondage and is embodying the hope of democracy among two f ’ thirds o the world s population .

PAR D O D E TAVE RA

tate s an c o lar e e r o f o a cad e o f a r S m , S h . M mb R y l A my M d id . ‘ That a nation is forming arou n d us is what. gives the p oignant zest to the lives of most Americans in these islands . It is preeminently interesting at this moment

re In Filipino history , when parties a forming , when ideals which have been in the Malay race for centuries are coming to bud and to promise of blossom , to study some of the ﬁgures which most fully embody these ideas

and of ! facts , some them almost historic personalities who will doubtless soon have left but a memory behind them . As you mingle with them as friends , in busi

or -or ness , charity , socially , certain large lines , traits conti “ ” n u all y repeated , come to be , essentially Filipino , such n - n as balance , commo sense , quiet conﬁdence , patie ce ,

i nit i mark d ed of g y , consistency action , all , in a word , which is the antithesis of vulgar . Filipinos are extremely

et wn n patriotic , y in their o way ; they breathe a d think ‘

cou n tr . with n and pray y , the intensity of a mou tain and Sea t s people hat love freedom , as it feels it in the air about . t i and in the blue over its head and longs for it , not so m ex r s uch as an p essIOn of personal rights (fewof u really do that after all) but as an expression of its inner life , expression which has been denied it for hundreds Of years .

- imos That aching desire for self revelation is as p Y ou sible to kill as it is to thwart the sunlighwt . can i on . n e deﬂect it , but it w ll shine How this state s hall be brought to birth is the constant thought underlying the everyday life of the men and women you elbow in

' th e e th e h os the streets and salute in market plac , in

‘ pitable home ; it underlies all the banter and th e serious

‘ h f' ness of life , and reveals itself by a ﬂas o the eye , a

. met a . grasp of the hand , a word , j est That it has a Signally practical nation on its path towards its own national expression is one of those reasonable facts of history which go to prove that a Master Statesman is over the program of the complex thing we call life . 93All 94 BUILDERS OF A NATION that is Of value or much of it in this quality of the present incumbent appeals to the Filipinos in the highest degree , and it is this practical side which is stirring them into activity in commerce , education and government in a t most felici ous manner .

Historically , the present awakening began with a group of men who went to Europe some quarter of a century ago and at the centers of national life in France ,

of - Italy , and Spain , at the hearth their step mother ,

on e s f L if can o speak o the atin race , in regard to the

of . Malays these islands , learned many lessons They were spurred to this study by the noblest incentive , f love o fatherland , and the contrasts between the f advancing , leaping progress o the states about them and their own land burned into their hearts until they f were fused to the point o martyrdom . R izal alone paid this supreme price , his companions lived to carry ou t the no less often painful task of constructing what “ ” f . m he had seen in the heavenly vision So eo those men matured by life are with us today and are looked “ ” up to as fathers in Israel by their countrymen .

Such is the subj ect of this ﬁrst chapter : Pardo de

for n of Tavera , who proved years , as o e of the heads th e government , that he could , with moderation and f f conspicuous ability , administer the a fairs o state , as well as dream of a Utopia and so brought into relief this dual Side Of his countrymen , which has won him a place , second to none , in their esteem .

L on e of eopardi , of the saddest hearts a sad human ity (what is it that always takes on e back to Italy?) has sung in the vernacular of poets Italian : “ Oh ho e mh s o es! illu s ion s alse an d sweet p , y p f , Oh m e irst u th howdo I s till retu rn ever to thes y f yo , ;

Not so these valiant men , who have survived their

ﬁrst youth of years but kept that of the heart . Is it because the Philippines are so young , is it for deeper reasons? That is the question it will be left these typical men and their gospel to reveal .

96 BUILDERS OF A NATION

his : - dear to people high mindedness , chivalry , intellectual probity , patriotism and hopefulness , as well as untiring industry . “ First when I consider the European coloni es— and — I have read much of all that has been written I have noted that they have accused the natives of n ot having taken any interest in all which concerns their progress and beneﬁt . Some have deducted , as a consequence of this Observation , that the races which are under colonial government , are incapable to direct their proper affairs . I have wished to know if this accusation was true , and it has seemed to me that we must take N it as an expres sion of a fact . owI have set myself the task of seeking the cause of this effect and I have found it logical and natural that this is s o for the simple reason that no colonizing people h as placed its soy er ei n n g ty with the obj ect of forming an independent ation , but only to maintain people and races in submission to their permanent control .

Now n , o the contrary , the Philippines gives us the new example of a people conquered , whose most intense preoccupation is to constitute itself in the quick est possible way an independent nation . This mental ity of the Filipinos is very natural and was exerted under the Spanish regime for causes too vast to go into in this restricted space , and I reserve their expression for later , contenting myself to note that the American domination has not been imwposed for permanent domi nation , but for tutorship , hose principal obj ect is to educate and make capable the Filipino people for self government . Naturally this political program is des tined to develop this fact and to right all the thought and feeling of national independence . From this it results that as much the Americans as the Filipinos are in working together toward a common end , order to form the Filipino nationality and as a consequence of these antecedents , it seems to me that we should direct all our energies to the constitution of our nationality . “ is Often this attitude called illogically ingratitude , 97 DR . T . H . PARDO DE TAVERA

but , on the contrary , is not this awakening to a sense of nationalism when we were oﬁered the opportunity to educate ourselves for self government most logical and national as well as natural ? “ Then we must expect that out of gratitude we should renounce the nationality towards which we are moving and which the American people desires us to hav e I No one out of gratitude would desire to make him f self a slave to him who o fered him his liberty , for the only reason that he had made the offer . I personally do not think such a course could be called gratitude . ’ The real name of such a phenomenon I don t know , but it would not be gratitude . “ It would seem possible that this accusation has come partly from the attitude of our youth who were educated in America ; such youth coming back to the Philippines with the national ideal emphasised have demonstrated only that they have known h owto take advantage of the teaching which the thoughts and acts and the example of the American people have inculcated . I say this as an introduction to my political creed in order that the Americans residing in the Philippines should neither be astonished at f i this attitude , nor o fended by it nor still less w sh to

Oppose the development of this national feeling . For the day that the Americans recognize this legitimate love of country and struggle for a national life on our part , that hostility on the part of the Filipinos will cease . A sentiment , be it said , which has been created and sustained by a lack of conﬁdence . Then in that happy hour we shall march united cooperating for the moral , intellectual and material welfare of the Phil i in pp es . Only so shall we be faithful to the program of the American people , as well as to the sentiments of the entire Filipino people . “ This alone is the basis of a fecund statesmanship and of a harmonious accord and friendship between the teacher and the taught , between the governor and 98 BUILDERS OF A NATION

the one who is learning self government . A nation is necessary here in these Islands . That is the basis of my platform . Questions such as epoch and capability will resolve themselves in the logical sequence of the years . “ o r The Spanish , in the ultimate period of u relations

s i with them , did not treat us a colon es , but liked to have us treated as an integral part of the homeland .

We were not a part of the Spanish colonies , but a part f o the Spanish nation . Naturally that created in us a sentiment of nationality . “ ‘ AS we considered ourselves as a real part of The E n ’ Patria spa ola . Personally I was led to the con f sideration of how I might become use ul to her , and during the Spanish epoch I became ac quainted with

for of the errors of that administration , and the beneﬁt my country , I wished to work together with the Span in of ish then power , in order to correct some the abuses and modify the situation . “ I was an intimate friend of R izal , many times we thought together and aspired and planned together over

of the Philippines and her problems , but never separa tion from Spain nor to follow out our ideals by Violence , but by reform and j ustice . “ I did not take part in the revolution against Spain ,

of K nor did I know the inside workings the atipunan , which was the force which brought about the rev olu tion . I worked with the Americans for the establish

n ew ment of peace and for the organization , for I had confidence in the principles of justice of the American people and the generosity which characterizes their history , and each act of my political and private life has been guided for the thought of the benefit to my s people of their coming to these island , and for the har mony and friendship between the Americans and Fili pinos . “ conv ic I have never lost hope , nor changed my tions in the difficulties we have met and which we will meet with , and I do not feel astonished at them nor does my courage fail before them .

1 00 BUILDERS OF A NATION which the distinguished sculptor sent to the concours is for the R izal monument . About it , in the picturesque n or on e sa co fusion , might y in this case order , the litter ’ of the student s workshop . In this spacious room you can wander about for

b u many a quiet moment . It is strange , t where books are it is always quiet ; there the reﬂections of the think f ers , the songs o the poets , the stories of the story livers all seem to conduce to calm and audacious must be the spirit which breaks it .

A ou bout y in this room , or rooms in alcoves (was there ever a proper library room without an alcove?) are wooden carvings , figures which at first might discon cert you if you did not see that even in their n owlowly estate they were saintly , and difficult as it is to be a saint , without a niche they seem to have done it . Perhaps

s they are so saintly because they are o old , many dating into past centuries . One Virgin , who is the pride of the owner . has the svelte form and delicate lines still after

h e the survival of a ﬁre and the outrages of time . S is two centuries in age .

E very detail of this room bears the impress of that

or nameless something we call culture , reﬁnement , and which money cannot buy . One angel alone is worth a visit , as he hangs with both limbs amputated , but wings intact , clasping a problematic ﬂower to his breast and ’ with serene physiognomy looks out on life s smiling morning with all the hopefulness Of eternal youth . Here in a case is a collection of reliquaries from R ome and Jerusalem and in another such choice bits as a vase made in Japan in the 1 7 th century when the Franciscan brothers had already a pharmacy in Manila

' and had their porcelain imported from the North . There are the arms of the order in indelible colors today . A tiny trunk bearing the arms of Austria of ex qui site detail was Opened in glee and the contents displayed —pearls and topazes— j ust arranged to remind the ’ of owner one of the Arabian Nights tales . So do book A 1 0 1 DR . T . H . PARDO DE TAVER

lovers love all that books tell about . And what book was ever loved more that man has made than that?

This library is rich in linguistic works . The Arte L de la engua Tagala , by Father Totanes , was published

1 745 . n in Manila in This volume , Se or Tavera called attention to as having an added interest , as having

e . R been in two famous libraries , i . , the amirez library , and later in the no less celebrated Comte de Benahavis library in Paris , from which it passed into his possession . “ Another book from the same library is The Ch ronico ” del Cardinal Don Juan Pardo de Tavera , printed in 1 503 Toledo in , called the Magniﬁcent Cardinal Tavera ,

Protector of the Arts . The printing looks as if done yesterday . In the bookplate are the arms of the Tavera family and there is also a picture of the relative of this book lover , the Cardinal himself , an astute look ing man— as he must have been to serve such a master as Charles the Fifth , in whose name he ruled over Leon and Castile for a long regency during of the traveling that much traveled monarch , who was as restless as the pesen t ruler of Germany . One other feature is a collection of autograph books

. . . . K names such as R izal , A R Meyer , Dr R ern , Blu mn ri B n n l A d erfu e t t ra d stater . wo , and others collection of Manila Almanachs and , almost best of all , Novenas , or religious books of devotion . Senor Tavera has written a very erudite article in “ ” ar o raﬁa ili in as the Cultura Filipina on the C t g de F p ,

- in some seventy three pages , and there are noted his own maps about thirty of which have hundreds of dollars of commercial value ; to the vulgar that is more signiﬁcant “ than the other . Books on e might name are Arte de

L E z u erra 1 747 engua Bisaya by Father g , Manila, , a “ most celebrated tome . Arte y R eglas de la Lengua ” 1 2 “ Tagala of Father San Jose , Manila , 7 5 , and Arte L ” de la engua Bicol , by Father San Augustine , date

1 7 95 . Among the very rare books is a copy of the Franciscan L 1 1 publication of ipa bearing the date of 6 3 , one of the 1 02 BUILDERS OF A NATION

only three known to exist . Unfortunately it was attacked by the destructive anay before Dr . Tavera acquired it and it is to be sent to the Library of Congress for the necessary repairs , the delicate work necessary being beyond local talent .

of Dictionaries , grammars Ibanay , Pangasinan ,

Japanese , and other dialects of the Asiatic islands and from India , are here . “ ” In bandos the collection is also most remarkable . f In a bibliography of A . P . C . Gri ﬁn was inserted the catalogue of this library ; it was published in Washington in 1 903 under the auspices of the Library of Congress . For the same time as Goethe was writing his famous poem , Dr . Tavera has been collecting this library Now thirty years . the tomes handled , studied , loved , associated with so many years are passing out to enrich other minds , so many untaught ones that could never have known their value , if this hospitable and well stocked mind had not gathered these treasures from the four corners of the earth .

It is only another case of the greater good , and the wisdom which brought them together is providing for their future when in the long years to come other minds shall grow by perusal and be nourished , by their use , to

ﬁner , j uster thinking . So , added to his years of states n manship , Se or Tavera , the student , is making his country a still greater debtor by the passing on of this unique library .

1 04 BUILDERS OF A NATION

New China lying at our doors , thrilling the thought f even of the most indi ferent minds , those least in touch

n f with the statesmanship of the time , is only o e o the n sympathies of Se or Ponce , who has spent seven years

- in Japan , much time in Indo China and Siam , and from 1 897 1 908 until devoted his every day energies , not

to making money , or to becoming renowned in his

profession of medicine , but in the study of the poli O tical conditions of the rwient , not alone in the masses but in personal contact ith the great leaders , exiled of K Of princes orea , ministers Japan , high Ofﬁcials in

China , the builders of states and the demolishers of the past . It has been a wonderful training of eleven years . Senor Ponce has caught much of the urbanity

Of our polite neighbors over the way , but in the depths of the student eyes there lies the suppressed ﬁre of a soul which can consecrate itself to a noble purpose and f watch the years fade out , still waiting conﬁdent o the end .

' In 1 8 7 n E 8 , Se or Ponce left the Philippines for urope to study and carry on the Filipino political campaign in company with a cousin . His studies had been pur

in L sued San Juan de etran , where he received the

of of 1 885 degree bachelor arts in , and at Santo Tomas , where he began the course in medicine which he later completed in Madrid . When he arrived in Barcelona he found that the patriotic newspaper published in Madrid called Es ” pana en Filipinas had been discontinued on account of a lack of funds . He established relations with a body of patriots who wished him to act as an agent

v en for them in this matter , they standing behind the ture ﬁnancially , and it was at ﬁrst attempted to revive the paper , but it was found impractical and , two years “ La ” later , the famous patriotic newspaper , Solidaridad, n was put out at Madrid . Of this paper Se or Ponce became the managing editor , the literary editor being

few Graciano Lopez y Jaena during a months , until P MARIA NO PONCE 1 00

October , when his post was ﬁlled by Marcelo del Pilar . At the same time in the capital city was established “ ” the famous society or association called AssOciaciOn

- Hispano Filipina , formed by some known to us today :

fi re M oriata L r Se o s Miguel , Manuel de ab a , Graciano L E L L E opez Jaena , duardo de ete , Julio lorente , v a

G ov an tes Az carra a risto Aguirre , Pedro de y de g , Fran E L cisco y José Gonzales squivel , Ceferino de eon and

Balbino de Unquera .

Their political program is interesting reading even

n ow.

Senor Ponce was for some time secretary of this 1 896 society , which lasted until , when events in the

Philippines brought it to an end . The newspaper La Solidaridad was the mouthpiece of this association

1 895 of and it was printed until , covering a period seven years . It was sold in political Spanish circles , on the street , given to the members of the Cortes , and in this way the ideas of the radical Filipinos were widely spread in the motherland as well as in the far away islands for which they were working . The plan , so Often tried before and since and which , on the break

of ing out the revolution , was abandoned , was to obtain the rights of the islands in a legal way . The Opposing organ representing the government was a sheet called ” La Politica de E spafia en Filipinas . Sefior Feced and Senor R etana were the famous editors and they were the spokesmen for the conservative party in the islands in Church and Government . It is hardly necessary to state that a violent pole mical discussion was carried on between these two organs . If you care to revive these burnt out passions , you can do so by consulting the files of both papers in the Philippines Library . You will find them quite warm reading in spite of the cooling process of lying twenty years among i . s the archives The conservative organ , it also needless to say , contrived to have the last word and to exult f over the demise o its revolutionary neighbor . 1 06 BUILDERS OF A NATION

Senor Ponce had the distinction of being arrested i on Span sh soil , j ust as he was setting sail from Bar

. 48 celona He was kept a prisoner for only hours ,

see j ust to what it would be like , and what political career is of valu e without a little incarceration thrown

! in imi in His papers were searched and nothing cr

so nating found , , not for any consideration for a peaceful

all wfed gentleman but for others quite different , he was o to pursue his way to Hongkong , unmolested . Del Pilar died shortly before the revolution broke out in August . Without losing any time another association was formed in Hongkong , devoted to aiding and abetting the revolutionists , raising money and arms being the chief aim , but in the latter they were not markedly successful , however . These gentlemen were in direct communication with the men at the front and their 1 society was in existence until November 897 , when ,

- - at the peace of Biak na bato it was dissolved . General Aguinaldo and other revolutionists being

— — on e sent to Hongkong expatriated , according to of t n the erms of the peace , Se or Ponce became the secre 1 898 tary of the exiled general until May , , when Agui

of naldo returned to the Philippines . In July that year , Senor Ponce went to Japan after the founding of the

' government at Malolos , being named diplomatic dele ' gate to that country with the intention of seeking

. as sympathy and if possible aid Here , the turn of as n events proved , he was to stay a stude t , rather than of a political agitator , as the American occupation the islands put an end to his mission . Subsequently he traveled in Shanghai , Canton , Hangkow , Hongkong ,

- Indo China especially Cambodia and Siam . His return

his wn 1 908 to o country took place in , in the month f o December , about twenty years from the time he had left her , in his ﬁrst youth , to look for her salvation in the land of her conquerors . Nowhe found the real

1 08 BUILDERS OF NATION What superb lines from a man who could give a lifetime to erecting that presidency !

This same eloquence is that of the life of this noted

Filipino who can occupy a quiet nook in a library ,

r of o write books after a score years , the best of his life , devoted to his country , traveling over thousands of miles and enduring many hardships for her . Doctor Apacible is one of the most distinguished “ ﬁgures of the Past , who moves among his fellow country men in the Philippines today . He has the Websterian brow of a thinker and the ﬁne facial lines Of one who has lived deeply and wrought earnestly far beyond the

. B B B 1 864 maj ority orn in alayan , atangas , in June , , his n mother was Se orita Castillo , of a family of that prov

we sa ince , and his father an hacendero or , as Should y , a gentleman farmer . The mother had been educated in the college of Sta . Catalina , where the Spanish nuns are among the most famous of our islands for their piety and reﬁnement and the father studied at San

Juan de Letran . His grandparents were large landed

of Nasub u proprietors , owning the famous hacienda , one of the great haciendas of the Philippines .

The characteristics of his native province are highly marked in the doctor and he bears the stamp of this people of Batangas who might be designated as the of Saxons the islands for their gentle breeding . The ﬁrst studies were taken in the private schools

of of his native town and , at eight years age , he came up to Manila and entered the school of Don Benedicto

Luna . L From there he went to San Juan de etran and Sto . Tomas and then for his degree to Spain in ’ 88 where he lived with his cousin R izal in whose charge he had been placed . R izal gave to this youth the best of care and from him young Apacible imbibed the ideals and projects which were the daily inspiration of that wonderful life .

The doctor took his degree of B . A . in Tarragona and

that of M . D . in the University of Barcelona .

He practiced medicine in Madrid and also was an externe in several of the hospitals of Paris , returning ’ to Manila in 93 . While in Spain he was associate l as lég 1 1 0 BUILDERS OF A NATION president with a political society called Asociacion

Filipina solidaridad en Barcelona . He was also one “ ” of the founders of what was known as the Solidaridad n with Se ores Ponce , del Pilar and others . He was never given to scribbling , nor to literary expansion , but he contributed some articles for this paper and also for many

n Since in the islands o his favorite studies in medicine . He made many trips to France as a sort of recreation from his work and political propaganda and was there R L E with izal , Tavera , and una at the time of the xpo ’ sitiou of 89 . Many Filipino youths were in France at this same epoch and they had many talks over the best methods to beneﬁt their country . At the reunions in Barcelona and Madrid many Of the elder and more conservative compatriots did not care to mix with them for fear of compromising themselves . R izal was the leader ﬁre and soul of these gather ings in the calle Principe .

Here amid the dark shadows which came from , thoughts of their home and her problematical future, R as . w they awaited the dawn izal no ﬂowery orator , but the few words he said told more than all the rest and many are living even today after a generation has passed , living what he taught . As Doctor Apacible j ourneyed back to his native of land , he found that his family was under the ban the

of l st government . His brother , a j udge the court of R Instance , was exiled to Bontoc and izal had been sent to Dapitan . At Hongkong therefore he stopped with the family of R izal for three months when he returned to his country . On arriving he found that he was being watched both for his former political agitations or cogitations in Spain and on account of his being a Mason of the 3 0th s degree , o he retired to Balayan and there in semi obscurity he lived with his mother . At the epoch of R ’ 96 the evolution in , however , the governor of the

on e province , Villamil , a Spaniard , called him to his side

1 1 2 BUILDERS OF A NATION This mission was a very delicate one it is needless to state and , as many of its negotiations were of a pri f vate nature, they are not conﬁded to the pen o con temporaneous historians . It was a mission in part successful and in circles f of power today much o the work done then is still felt . It envolved much traveling and amount of writing also

1 900 was very fatiguing and , as the campaign of in progress they had a sight of political life at near range and learned much about men and events in America . They traveled even to Canada and heard Lau rier in the parliament at Ottawa and enj oyed that colossal

ﬁgure of the great north and admired his land . On returning to Hongkong as General Aguinaldo had surrendered to General Funston , the committee 1 903 was dissolved and, in , the doctor returned to Manila to take up his work in the peaceful profession of a physi cian for a time until in 1 907 he was elected governor of Batangas and he occupied this high office in his native province until he was elected Assemblyman in 1 909 and 2 reelected again in 1 9 1 . When Secretary Bryan came 1 906 . to the Philippines in , Dr Apacible was chosen by the guest himself and by the reception committee to accompany the great “ commoner ” on his tour and went with him as far as Borneo . One of the doctor ’ s sincere admirations is for this gifted citizen of the far away republic . In politics Doctor Apacible has been a founder of

f f . e . one o the parties o his land with others, i , the Nacio l n aista . , and is actually its president In the legislature he has done some notable work and has been chairman of various committees such as that of “ Metropolitan relations ” and is in the present “ ” legislature chairman of the committee on Public works . He has planned many laws and is particularly interested in roads and bridges .

to Married his cousin , a cultivated lady from

Batangas , the home has been blessed by the birth of a daughter . DOCTOR APACIBLE 1 1 3

n His chief readi g has been history , critiques and , of course , scientiﬁc works on medicine , but still he owns for a fondness for novels as he loves best the study of humanity . The language in which he prefers to read is French and he delights in Balzac , Hugo and the modern school . “ He is a member of several clubs , the Filipino club , “ ” N . Club acionalista, etc

n w th e He is also o e of the o ners of the leading daily , ” “ o e Ideal , and is n of the directors of the Angat Iron Com ” pany and an hacendero as well of Batangas . He is not however a money maker and his patriotism has always been of a not sordid type . Although the committee at Hongkong had to handle some million pesos the doctor would , unless his friends had loaned him money , have been obliged to make that rival city his permanent home for want of enough to buy his return ticket . He has always desired the inde

en d en ce p of his land , but at the same time his mind , which is the mind of a calm thinker and very level headed statesman , knows that its political welfare must be in step with that real welfare the material . He does not look at the relation with foreign powers as insurmountable questions , but as events pass he has faith that they will largely resolve themselves . For every month the drama of the nations is sifting its scenes .

of R l When the great life izal shall be written, it wil have many chapters by this companion of his youth to whom he conﬁded so much of his ideal .

And when this debt to history shall have been paid, we o Sefior A shall owe m re , perhaps , to pacible than even we do now for his years of unselﬁsh patriotism and bril liant record as a legislator . 2 2 L on 1 . Judge lorente was born in Cebu May , 863

His father was a Spaniard from Castile la Viej a , a mer chant of the city of the Holy Child . His ﬁrst educa tion was received in a private school of his native city from whence he went to Manila and entered the Ateneo 1 8 Municipal . At years he left for Spain where he completed his studies at the University of Madrid at 2 2 and took the degree of Doctor of Laws and was admitted to the bar and practiced in Madrid until ’ 9 1 when he returned to the Philippines and established himself at Cebu and occupied various positions of trust during the Spanish period in the department of j ustice and was made magistrate of the supreme criminal court of the province of Cebu .

While in Madrid Llorente lived as on e of four

R L L . including izal , the others being eon and ete It “ was during this epoch that R izal was writing his Noli me Tangere . These youths had relations with poli ” tical organizations , such as the Solidaridad . They

n r f also contributed to a ewspape o same name . Another of L their associates was the painter una , Since SO famous . During this epoch R izal went to Paris where Julio Llorente followed him and the two young men visited ’ f that ﬁrst great world s exhibition o 1 889 . Julio Llorente returned to Madrid and then to the Philippines after ten years of wanderlust and experience taking with him n his bride of but a short time , the distinguished se ora who has exercised in their charming homes such lavish hospitality and who has followed her husband in the dark and light days with that Old time devotion which characterizes her countrywomen . When the insurrection took place against the L was was S niards Judge lorente , who a magistrate , pa ,

1 1 6 BUILDERS OF A NATION

on w Americans the follo ing day , upon which they , the j udge and treasurer , were condemned to death .

n Se or Pablo Mejia , while waiting in the streets

one dark night to meet the j udge , now under the

of on American rule provincial governor Cebu , was set

twru fﬁ n or by o a s and killed . Fate Divine Providence

had interposed to save Julio Llorente again . Accom panying the Commission through the southern islands Judge Llorente assisted in the work of reconstruction

and was at this time governor , which position he occupied for one year aiding the military authorities as well as the civil in the paciﬁcation of the city and province on the accomplishment of which arduous and delicate task he received a telegram of thanks from the

then Governor General , Mr . Taft , and was named

judge advocate of the Supreme Court of the Philippines .

L of ater , after serving as governor Cebu , he also was

f n ff named governor o Samar . The position was o e O er

d iﬂicu lt ing no little y to the man in power , but be it said it was to the satisfaction of all that this great trust was given to this young man who was already in posses sion of so much self- control and dignity as well as

j udgment . In 1 903 he was named j udge of ﬁrst instance of the

1 2 h u c L t district , this j di ial district including eyte and

few was Samar , and within a months he transferred to 4th the . district , including Pampanga , Tarlac and Nueva

E has l ! cij a , which eminent position he ﬁl ed for ten years

Judge Llorente has the vision of a practical admin l i r r f . rev o u st ato of a fairs He believes in evolution , not tion and hopes for a national life when the moment of

of intelligence shall come for the masses , when the hour

destiny has struck , prepared by hard work and wider

knowledge . Having weighed questions of diplomacy and

- state craft and , what is still more serious , put them to the Y of . ou test daily life , he is not a man of illusions realize as you talk with him that a very unusual experience

has shaped a naturally upright character , possessing JULIO LLO RENTE 1 1 7 thought and feeling far beyond that of most of his fellows for and that this has won him , in all the high service A he has set himself to , the respect of Spaniards , mericans L and Filipinos alike . Judge lorente has a suggestion of the R oman about him perhaps more than any of his e countrymen , nay , not only a touch , the ﬂigy of that unmistakable coin , pure metal . of of n One the coterie men who belo g to the past ,

of and are as well men the hour , is R afael del Pan , on e of those intrusted with that most responsible f task , the revision o the Codes , which was entered upon on the passing of a law to that effect by the Assembly

1 9 1 1 . ratiﬁed by the Governor General , in Associated V Arau ll with him was the distinguished j urists Judge o , as f chief , now a member o the Supreme Court , and Judge

Goldsborough , Sr . Ortigas and Mr . Street are actually

b associated with him with Adriatico . This work was to . extend over a period of ﬁve years and means the moder n izin g and harmonizing of the civil , penal , procedure and general laws of the Philippines . That this involves a degree of acumen as it means the revamping of ancient customs and modernizing legislation until it is up to date , is evident . During the last four years Senor del Pan has Visited

America , England , Holland , Germany , France , Swit

zerlan d I A . , taly , Japan , Java , ustralia , etc , and gathered

Of u - - a vast amount information and practical , p to date of experience of men , institutions , treatment criminals , as f especially reformatory methods , as well many o the most enlightened processes of the scientific uplifting of the masses . In no department of that cumbrous machine ” we call administration has there been such a change in the past fifty years as in that of the treatment of prisoners . The fascination of his theme , which touches n so vitally the race , has allured Se or del Pan into a wide field and added to that Side of his own nature most strongly marked , as does life occasionally , the hi p lanthropic . The first time the writer had the pleasure of seeing this figure who has been so active in the sociological and historical past of his country , was at a memorial meeting f o L . held in the little sala the Gota de eche for Mr Doherty ,

f u n d er - its , that knight errant of the unfortunate . 1 lg

1 2 0 BUILDERS OF A NATION

Senor del Pan was married Shortly after taking ’ ’ his doctor s degree and returned to the Philippines to n r Se orita Blanca Ga cia Fontela in Manila , whither

the distinguished lady had come to become a bride , as has been often the case with the fair daughters of

Spain and America . Sra . del Pan and her young daughter are among those who have most adorned the social f life o this city . Seven children have been born to

f . this family , ﬁve o whom are living After marriage nine years passed in the tranquil p ursuits of his chosen profession until j ust after the 1 d R 897 . eath of izal in the month of April , In the s ad of cﬁ r penumbra his illustrious friend , S o del Pan returned to Spain , to make it , however , only a pied a- ex ten siv el E terre , as he travelled v through ngland ,

France and Italy , for two years .

1 898 was In formed , in Madrid , the political society composed of Filipino young men students and others to the number of some 1 50 and Of this society Senor !

del Pan was made the ﬁrst president , to be followed

e . by Tomas Ar j ola , the prominent assemblyman From Madrid the incipient politician passed to Hongkong and to America as representative of the t emporary government at Washington , although he p ossibly realized then that this title was somewhat more tangible than the post . He presented to the Senate

.a petition signed by two thousand representative Fili

pinos which had been forwarded to him from Hongkong . This was laid before his colleagues by Senator Teller and was given most careful consideration by such men

as Senators Hoar , Pettigrew , and Towne . Then followed the remarkable and well remembered speeches Of these

men advising immediate independence to the islands , which were undoubtedly influential in obtaining the g enerous concessions made in the Philippine Act passed

by Congress . This act has become the Constitution

o f the Philippine Islands . Senor del Pan at this time travelled through many

c ities of the United States , meeting many notable RAFAEL DEL PAN 1 2 1

public men , among others the present governor of

New Jr . f York , Sulzer , Henry George , , and Crosby o the Single Tax and a host of literary men and jour n alists . This afﬁnity with literary men is one of the

- wh Sides of this many sided citizen , o began in very early years to write poems as the result of a prize which (as he claims) an injudicious jury awarded him and so ﬁlled his soul with Byronic fervor that he thought

s - he had Pegasu saddled and bridled ; but at twenty one , sterner facts of life and his soul , which outran his meters in many directions , most notably in that of the no poetic though dramatic studies of sociology, tamed his poetic ﬂights .

He was drawn into this sociological vein when , as a student in Madrid , he was made a member of the leading private literary and scientiﬁc society of that city , the Ateneo of Madrid , and he was made a secre

n e tary of o of the sections , that of social science . Asso ciated with him as secretary was the Count of R oma nones , the present premier of Spain . Shortly after the passing of the Philippine Act n Se or del Pan returned to the Philippines from Spain , where he had gone to j oin his family , and resided for a n year . Under the American admi istration he passed his examinations an d resumed his law practice asso ciated with Senor Ortigas and Mr . Fisher . The grow ing spirit of philanthropy I have noted was now in creased by the breadth of the life on which he entered Of and the number and variety positions he has held . He was founder of the Chamber of Commerce and its ' president , also one of the founders of the Bar Asso

i i n c at o and its president . Under the Spanish rule he had 1 - been Solicitor General of the Philippines in 89 1 3 . His connection with the American government began by his appointment as Special attorney to examine the titles of the Friar lands and to act as attorney for the government after their purchase in registering their titles . 1 22 BUILDERS OF A NATION Since his appointment on the Code Committee

eﬁ or S del Pan has traveled , as has been said , through

some dozen countries , studying at close range the treat

ment of the degenerates , vagrants and criminal class . E R He visited lmira eformatory , Auburn Penitentiary , E of the ast Penitentiary Philadelphia , the Penitentiary B of altimore , workhouses in many places and prisons

E I A . in ngland , France , wtaly , ustralia and Java The E lmira R eformatory as one of the , to him , most

excellent institutions .

on of refor Mr . Scott , e the greatest adepts in the won mation of boys of the century , the enthusiastic admiration of this traveler and from contact with such institutions Senor del Pan returned to his own country on ﬁre with the desire to see put to practical proof some of the theories gathered and seen in action . In considering this life it would be most difﬁcult to embrace it in all of its phases , if the one thread of altruism did not run through it from beginning to the

on e . D end , making it of the most consistent evoted n to the wide philanthropic ideals of his age , Se or del Pan has been at the forefront as a worker from young manhood in endeavoring to accomplish so much per s n all o y and to assist others to do SO , in this most

. A generous task , the uplifting of humanity true socialist in the highest and best sense , he has devoted time ,

of pen one the most brilliant , speech , of the most elo

of . quent , to this noble pursuit of the good the many

Belonging himself to the privileged class , he has been

one of those philanthropists born , who are among the most useful and necessary factors in human progress .

“ ’ Speaking of himself he may say : I don t like

n stagnant water . During the Spanish days I was o e of the most radical men of the islands and was abused for asking for reforms for my country , for measures — of self government , and I have never deviated from this beginning , looking and working for reform ; not too fast , but as fast as the laws of nature and human development will allow .

As you enter the Marble Hall and pass up the steps where Elcano still 1 s at the helm and the lions In repose ful attitu deﬁ reposefu l because full of a sense of power i instinctive n lions , whether they be British or Cas tillian4 y ou feel two waves or breaths pass over you ; and

‘ . h r n e h e . o a o is of t Past W is this str nge ﬁgure , unfamilia

ou . with ou to y , his dashing sailor mien who confronts y ; ' whosethe names which you read about the walls quite otherthan those you have found inscribed on the walls f ? Y ou m o fame , across the seas are eeting another race , another history , and if it awakens in your breast

' th rill S no corresponding j of sentiment and feeling , uch

ou ' on ce n w ou t n ew u as y k e , it opens vistas and leads yo to know new peoples and to be In touch with n ewsym pathi cs .

u There is a s bdued quiet in the air , and although

on I many feet step here many missions , there s a sense r of seriousness about it all’, that sense , or atmosphe e which abides always wh ere men think over deep things,

- an d act after meditation . One Of the broad halls

' lead s ou on e - y to of those high studded rooms , which is r tw o ado ned by large paintings , pictures taken from

Filipino history painted . b y two Filipino artists: “ and One is that of the ﬁrst Spanish steamer at anchor in

‘ harb or and i Manila , the other dead men ly ng on the b each in the slowly rising dawn , after the battle of the

t imh n pira es led by L a o g . f In this room , one of the most reposeful o the series

- f which are , or might be called , the ante chambers o m e the Marble Hall , sits , during any hours of many we ks

of of the year , a member the Philippine Commission I n one of the quietest ﬁgures n Filipi o public life . The Commission!

This word , rather singular as nomenclature , is the sign which covers the eight personalities , decidedly 1 2 4 COM M ISS IONE R PALM A

1 26 BUILDERS OF A NATION

intensely routine and oftentimes arduous work . There

: L L were chosen at ﬁrst egarda , Taveraand uzurriaga these three alone served up to the time of the ﬁrst Assembly .

ur of D ing the Visit of Mr . Taft , then secretary war of of , in View the fact that the maj ority the Assem bly belonged to the Nacionalista party , it appeared to this wise leader to appoint another who should represent

i of the feelings , w shes and sentiments this faction of the legislative body , and in order to bring this about

on e the members of the Commission were increased by , making nine , the magic number of the Muses . Another

n e reason , and the o most apparent , was that as the com missioners are frequently absent on trips out of Manila it was necessary to increase the working staff in this foremost branch of the government , in order that there should be a quorum . So the illustrious gentleman whose name stands R 1 908 here , afael Palma , was chosen , in , when he was a member of the Philippine Assembly from Cavite and has served continuously up to date , last year only taking a short vaca tion to E urope of ﬁve months .

n n f Se or Palma is a so o Manila . He was born in the 1 4 ’ 87 . city , in His father s name was Hermogenes n Palma and his mother was a Se ora Hilaria Velasquez , f f o a noted family o Tondo .

was This father an accountant , from which modest “ ﬁ il ” post he became an o c a quinta de hacienda . His residence was always in Manila in the ward of Tondo .

From this union four children were born , three boys

on e and girl , and in this popular and democratic and industrial quarter , a truly working quarter , with its

of crowd hurrying feet , not of the pleasure seeker , but of the serious men and women who hear the cry of bread and are out winning their fortunes and their sons in the ‘ ’ stern marts of trade . There he grew up ; in this some what grey setting this serious- minded boy learned to sympathize with the humble . His ﬁrst education was received in a public school among the people whom later he was to guide from so exalted a post . RAFAEL PALMA 1 27

From this school he went to the Ateneo of Manila for his secondary education and was graduated with ’

1 89 1 . the title of B . A . in , after a seven years course From this extensively laid foundation he passed law to Sto . Tomas to study , which superstructure , tower and pinnacle , took the very long period of seven years and was not ﬁnished on accoun t of the war . Despairing of ever reaching th e Observation tower of the ripe jurist then , he took to the journalistic pen , that

- - terre aterre instrument . n Anterior to this , during Spanish days Se or Palma was appointed to the unpoetic though lucrative task of an ofﬁcer of internal revenue , so he was already initiated into the mysterious paths of administration , often very deep ones , as well as the study of economic questions all to serve later , although this hack work ws a , as is often the case , more instructive than congenial ’

. 98 to him , by taste a literary man In he became a ’ stafl L member of the famous of General una s paper , “ ” L n La Independencia . When una died Se or Palma had demonstrated his journalistic talents to such a purpose that he was chosen editor . This was not as simple a post as it may seem . O Their dyssey was , if not Homeric in dimensions , quite as exciting as those titanic contests of the stately measure for they had to fly before the advancing lines of American troops and their editorial room was often the car of a train and the periods were punctuated by jolting and bullets , while the size of the paper decreased , of A in direct ratio to the advance the merican army , from the voluminous proportions of four sheets to one octavo . When it was found impossible to continue this paper Senor Palma was invited by Senor Osmena to assist “ E l in editing a journal in Cebu , which was called Nuevo ” - Dia . This was under the censorship of General Mc I ntyre and on the appearance of the first number , the editors were left in the very singular position of seeing every prominent article blue penciled ! Senor Palma 1 28 BUILDERS OF A NATION returned to Manila in 1 900 after the suppression of this paper , and , as a federal party had been formed whose

was chief tenet was the annexation of the islands , it thought that in order to combat this growing sentiment , it was better to found a paper and accordingly the “ R ena cimiento was started , which was to voice the national longings of a vast majority of their fellow countrymen ” and the old staff of the Independencia worked on this periodical , which was at once most successful .

n ew n h A writer was added , Se or Corpus , aut or of a “ ”

A d e . work on merica , Fuera Filipinas There was no desire to keep anything more than a moderate tone , without arousing any sectional feel ing as long as Senor Palma was editor . He strove to bring about a friendly feeling between

. B the two peoples General ell , who was the command f B at ing O ﬁcer in atangas that time , carrying out a reconcentration plan , was somewhat stirred at the

of criticism the paper , but on the mediation of Governor Taft it was Seen that there was no 111 feeling and the distinguished and most popular ofﬁcer was convinced that no unfair intention animated the articles and news items . Senor Palma was admitted to the bar in 1 902 and

In left j ournalism for law . this career he was one of 1 07 the leading ﬁgures in his profession . In 9 he moved his residence to Cavite in order to run for the election as assemblyman for that district . He was elected by f a big maj ority out o four candidates . As assembly man he was a representative to the legislature of his countrymen for the special extraordinary period of 1 9 7 “ ” 0 and 1 908 . He presented the irrigation bill Scﬁ or I with Hernandez , the present governor of loilo , also the resolution for a creation of a code committee , the original draft of the bill which was approved later . The Commission actually has sittings only during A the ninety days , while the ssembly is in session , as an upper house , but the members are at work on govern

1 3 0 BUILDERS OF A NATION

en a i Ocampo , the daughter of the editor of the R c ” miento Filipino . They have four children living , and n four have passed into immortal childhood . Se or Palma

- as is a child lover and loves children only a father can . Senor Palma is a club man as well and is very fond of “ ” what has been called the aristocratic game of tennis .

His character may be summed up as on e possessing with a quiet equipoise , with a meditative and subj ective mind , weighing matters slowly ; deeply reﬂective and hating show or sham , in a word , seeming , or ostentation , such is this serene ﬁgure . He is reserved in feeling and

few balanced in conduct ; a man who makes intimates ,

of but for those he loves has a lifelong ﬁdelity , a man quiet solid attainment , attainments dispassionate and

Sensible and consistent like himself . Wit may be

or numbered among his accomplishments , endowments ; a gentle wit , and he appreciates immensely a good story

n o and is most social , but t , he claims a brilliant

Speaker .

Delicacy is the dominating note of this character

n e and no o could think of this generous , courtly gentle

it . man without being a pleasant thought Urbanity , which is fast disappearing from public life and even from

so of private , is characteristic this man that there seems a perfect harmony in his every day bearing . f One o his compatriots , being asked the Opinion Of this man so well - known in Manila and through “ out the archipelago replied : All Filipinos trust R afael ” Palma .

VICTOR INO M APA H on . ecretar y of n d ac t a S F re e Co r t a m u s ti ce of Sup m u u lly o r er J

F man c e . Ju s t i ce an d

1 3 2 BUILDERS OF A NATION

F . had their special lawyers , who were always ilipinos of 1 9 From the middle the th century , began the reform of the tribunals in the Philippines , and from the date of of the opening of the Suez canal , a large number Spanish lawyers came out and assumed the functions before held by Filipinos .

The culture of the Filipino lawyer was never in con sid erable for , , from the earliest date , the Filipino lawyer was not admitted to the practice of his profes l w sion after simply having read a with some ﬁrm , but he was obliged ﬁrst to obtain a doctor ’ s degree from his academic course . Not only this , but he was obliged ’ to follow an eight years course in j urisprudence , a most rigorous program , which contained not alone studies in colonial law , but such as were required in the leading universities of Spain and Europe . These studies comprised legislative law , and the universal

lawof . principles of , civilized nations

We have names known the world over , such as Az carra a Joc g , Vizmanos , Arrieta , Marcaida , Timoteo

L . son , Gervasio Sanchez , orenzo Francisco We have no need to mention those of modern times who are too well known and have been preeminent

1 . since the date of university reform , in 87 7 We have only to open the introduction of the penal code of these islands to find there the record of h ow “ Filipino lawyers were ranked by Spai n The native race has had a direct influence upon the social and political affairs of the country and from a uniformity of experience is open to distinction in every profession and those requiring superior merit and of the highest order . In an address delivered by former Justice Willard before the South Dakota Bar Association in January , f o year before last , we have an admirable resume of the ’ l Au dien cia Camara de , from the time of the American occupation and before . The first j udges of the Audiencia arrived in Manila

4 1 590 . 1 . in May , 58 It was suspended in It was FILIPINO JURISTS OF THE SUPREME COURT 1 33

- 8 1 re established on May , 598 . Since then its life has been continuous . This statement can , I think , be safely made , for by section 3 9 of the Act of the American Commission above referred to it was declared that the supreme court thereby established should be substituted for the Audiencia . All of the cases then pending therein were transferred to the n ewcourt and decided by it . All of the books , papers and ﬁles were turned over to the clerk of the new court and are n owa part of its records . The Oldest document now ’ remaining in the present clerk s oﬂice is a j udgment in a criminal case entered in 1 602 . The ink with which this judgment was enrolled shows as clearly and as plainly n owas it did when it was placed upon the parch ment three hundred and ten years ago .

4th 1 8 1 ex er The Audiencia until the of June , 6 , cised both legislative and j udicial functions . The

Captain General , the highest executive and military

r . ofﬁcial in the Island, was its president o chief j ustice The j udge of the court of ﬁrst instance in each province was the governor of the province until a comparatively recent date . The present j udicial establishment is similar to the Spanish on e and to the organization of courts in this date . Generally speaking the jurisdiction of the supreme court is appellate only . It may however issue writs

rohibi of mandamus , certiorari , habeas corpus and p tion . Owing to the peculiar ecclesiastical situation created by the Aglipay schism in the R oman Catholic

was on 24 1 Church , a law passed July , 905 , giving to the supreme court original jurisdiction of controversies between the R oman Catholic Church and the munic i alities p concerning the title to churches , convents and cemeteries . Under the operation of this law many cases were brought in that court , one from about every f . o province They were all decided in favor the church , following a decision made by the same court in a suit brought by a R oman Catholic bishop against a priest 1 34 BUILDERS OF A NATION whom he had placed over a church in his diocese but who had seceded from the R oman Catholic Church and had attempted to carry with him the church build

ings of which he was in possession . A subsequent lawgave to the supreme court origin alj u ris diction in controversies between the govern ment and those railroads in the Islands the interest on whose bonds the government had guaranteed for a term of years . From the supreme court of the Philippines an appeal lies to the supreme court at Washington in cases where the amount in controversy exceeds gold or where the construction of an Act of Congress is in question .

The Philippine court consists of seven j ustices . 1 1 02 a They are now and have been since July , 9 , p pointed by the President and conﬁrmed by the Senate . l The awdoes not say of what race they shall be . But 1 1 ever since the court was established in 90 , four have been Americans and three Filipinos . It was probably thought necessary to have the maj ority of the court of American birth for fear that some prej udice might arise .

of The president the Audiencia , and consequently the head of the j udicial establishment of the Islands , was n w Don Cayetano Arellano , then and o the most learned lawyer and on e of the most distinguished Filipi n os I . in the slands Thoroughly familiar with the laws , customs and history of h is country , he had rendered the most valuable aid to General Otis in the organiza of f tion the courts , in the preparation O a marriage law of . , a municipal code , and a code criminal procedure He became the ﬁrst chief j ustice of the American Supreme

n ow 1 4 Court and holds that ofﬁ ce . In 90 he came to this country and received from the University of f Yale the degree of Doctor o Laws . Don Florentino Torres was appointed ﬁscal of the

Audiencia , or as we would designate him attorney f general o the Islands . He had held important j udicial

1 3 6 BUILDERS OF A NATION

L . Exposition of St . ouis During this same period Justice Arellano was appointed as representative from both the United States and the Philippines , at the f o . Congress Jurisprudence held in St Louis .

During the Filipino revolution Senor Mapa was president of the tribunal of j ustice and counselor of f the Federal government o the Visayas . His wide learning and deep thinking along matters legal has placed him as one of the three foremost lawyers of his

of land , and his beauty character and personal virtue so are illustrious as to be as well known as is his name . I own n his province as well as in his adopted city , his presence is cherished as one of the rarest and ﬁnest gifts to the Filipino people .

The chief j ustice asks the writer , nay begs , f that no mention o himself should be made . It is an exhilarating experience and what punishment the

h e breaking of the half promise will be meted out , S on e trusts will be light , as it is given by who has studied for a lifetime to be j ust , pleading guilty and only giving as an excuse that something which is stronger than our

w . ill , and which leads to crime In this case it is the veneration which the great man calls forth , veneration which is called forth so rarely . The being who arouses this feeling must possess

: all private virtues boundless charity , the courtesy

f of . H e o a prince , and the humility a beggar must have more : the loftiest ideals , lived so quietly that you would image them all unknown , so potently that they move hundreds , nay thousands of lives . Yea and do more , decide the issue of same . All these things

n make o e whom to meet is a benediction , and to know intimately must be an inspiration .

Senator Hoar said what might be paraphrased as : A people who can produce R izal is worthy of the high R est destiny . All glory to izal , yes , but to live the brilliant ideals for which he died in the humdrum of ’ routine life , and create in one s work the inspiration FILIPINO JURISTS OF THE SUPREME COURT 1 3 7

— r once which brought him to death , that , as ex governo ! Gilbert once said most eloquently , is even more heroic

That a slight , Shrinking ﬁgure , bearing the heaviest burdens , is doing this in our midst every day is the reason why the name Cayetano Arellano is written here , a name which stands spotless today before the

. R Filipino people , as it has stood for years ising from humble boyhood by ﬁdelity and integrity he has , in

Sto . Tomas , where he received various degrees , in his “ ” su lein te professorship there as p of the supreme court , as member of the state council under the Spanish régime ,

Obras Pias as administrator of , always answered to the illustrious ideals of scholar and gentleman that

n ou r E adorn ma y places in ast , but nowhere more luminously than in the chair occupied by the chief justice of the Philippines , which position he honors n ow , proving to his countrymen , for all time , that one — — of their number and if one then many may have the 'beauty of character and loftiness of intellect which is the gift of God to his chosen sons , be they Malays , or Chinese ; of England or Bombay ; be they born where the ardent su n ﬁrst lights the race or ﬁnishes its tired course . of th e Philippine As s e mbly

’ Man s supremacy over man is on e of the most fascinating phenomena of life and its causes will furnish material for study when the intricacies of human nature are reduced to a science and are not , as today , rele gated largely to the story teller . The electric current Of responsibility has touched men here in our islands as well , and , when , on returning

Six years ago from a visit to the Japanese parliament , where it had been my privilege to be the guest of Mr . O of on e zaki , then Mayor Tokyo , of the ﬁrst places

' u which drew my tho ght was the Assembly , then a brand new legislative body , and to contrast the two was by no means uninteresting . It is a long way from that ﬁrst session to today , and the ideas and aspirations proper to a democracy have grown apace which a free govern ment is trying to teach and teach it quickly , and there have been developed here notable personalities , who

of f have risen to be leaders , men a fairs who are carving out a modern Philippines on models which the gift f is E o selection taking from ngland , America , France , and building it into the foundation laid by the ancient mother , Spain . — The native aristocracy for the Philippines has its aristocracy— is feeling the impulse towards work and the conservative element is looking on and applauding when not actually taking part in the struggle . When the Americans arrived , they naturally chose men of

or years , for the most part , those who had reached at least the age of discretion , for the posts of honor , but as time has demonstrated the Filipino talent for ad minis tration , the power has passed into younger and more Vigorous hands and the makers of the Philippines today are men in their early manhood , with all the ﬂush of

of the time creation upon them , when to do is the j oy of

. re cr d life and to aspire is as natural as to breathe A , lnzg

140 BUILDERS OF A NATION

blood Of a racer , the quick Spring of the Skilled fencer of and the unerring sense the time , the place andwthe hour , cool yet comprehending by the emotions , ith senses of the most acute matched by a brain whose forehead stands with that unﬂinching mark of the

— s mathematician , uch is , in rapid strokes , the man who

today stands as the foremost statesman of his land , a position which he holds at the astounding age of thirty- ﬁv e !

The culture of Spain lies behind the manhood of each of the notable men of this land and the humanities have raised them all into the higher atmosphere of edu L cated beings , which does not only mean they read atin “ ﬂuently , but that they have inwardly digested the

Past from an extensive study , if not from close scrutiny , and from her theories and ideals patterned their own ; and Senor Osmena has that mobility of temperament which the law makers of the Capitoline Hill had to disguise their

inﬂexibility . Masterly have been many of his decisions

of and consummate his ways handling facts , for his powers of decision are so perfectly at his command that you might compare him to some instrument which

a touch starts in motion . His head is thrown back often with that seeming f off e fort to cast all obstacles , in that sense of the strength which lies within and then brought gently back to bend

in that submission which , alas , all souls at war with s human conditions have to learn o early , facing the

facts without . His smile is winning , gracious , merry of frequently , and full a very magnetic humor , but

of there sweeps across it , as across the lips many a large f o . nature and genius , the sometimes sadness a Shadow

r at u n d on e orever hau n t n h m. The g e f i g t e

The face seems at ﬁrst too delicate , but as you

watch it , there come ou t the strongest lines of intrinsic

manhood , and the stern lines of the mental ﬁghter , the on of man who has a destiny , knows it , and , set a seat d raw w to. power , means to ield the scepter lightly , yes , but all from out that substance , or Shadow , we call things ,

that they can yield for the highest ends . SERGIO OSMENA 14 1

Seen at a distance the Slight , very slight figure gives you a disappointment at first , but as it is brought into close range and the perfect balance of the face is noticed and its masterly lines , while the magnetic aura lik e a flame envelops the whole , the true strength of the man dawns upon you and it is the highest kind of strength , i . e . the strength of a pure Spirit .

Senor Osmena is a father and much of that sacred dignity clings to him and gives him that understanding f o weakness as nothing else could . He has had to

h e f - sacriﬁce , to t inﬁnite regret o the high bred woman

his who shares life , the intimacy , much of it , of home , so dear to a Filipino , for public life . Senor Osmena was born in Cebu on the 9th of September 1 87 8 and received his ﬁrst education in the College and Seminary of Cebu under the Paulist fathers . He took his degree of B . A . at San Juan de L etran afterwards entering the university of Sto . Tomas , where he began his law course , continued up to the time of the revolution .

‘ ’ When very young Senor OsmerIa S tastes were for the career of a physician , but these tastes were set aside wi for the shes of his family , and the career of a lawyer t was substituted . His ﬁrs reading was consequently along the lines of science and fortunately , for it meant mathematics , physics , chemistry , natural history , etc . Later this mental bias with the stirring movement of events became more or less changed to a literary and sociological one . Before he was admitted to the bar his ﬁrst essays were put forth in “ El Comercio and “ El Diario de Manila which were then the most impor

Of . tant papers the metropolis These , given his extreme youth , were naturally idealistic ﬂights and this side of his character can be studied at leisure in the ﬁles of t hese dailies and you can trace the change in his style , acad e from the suavity of the university student , the in mician , to the man of the forum , who must think stantly and decide as quickly and go to the point with

rapid strokes , without circumlocution . The ﬁrst men 1 42 BUILDERS OF A NATION I who inﬂuenced his life have left , as s always the case

in deep natures , their imprint and among them he holds

Lo arta ﬁrst and always Judge g , who , from a neighbor

in of g town Cebu where he was an eminent lawyer ,

attorney and afterward j udge , taught also a school in

’ m r - Cebu for a time and was Senor Os eﬁ a s ﬁ st year L f atin teacher . This friendship o pupil and teacher ripened into an intimacy which lasted un til Judge Lo ’ “ art s n g a death . What impressed me Se or “ n was Osme a , little given to passionate attachments ,

his great character , his wonderful will power and power f ” f E o abiding . This man o rather an nglish type fashion a ed his favorite pupil , whom he loved as son , after his

own heart and transmitted , by his example , something f o his masterful and lasting traits . Many more men n n have come and gone in his life , says Se or Osme a , but

is he faithful to this dead teacher , and he holds the ﬁrst

place in his memory as in his friendship . This whole souled devotion has exalted the public man and he de clares that his sense of public duty he took from the same source and also that impulse towards untiring f devotion to the good o country .

‘ meria One characteristic of the young Os was his taking part very early in the important movements f o his city . Cebu was one of the last cities to enter the

contest but became characteristically bitter . His tastes f were not military , and , although he was Of ered some

conspicuous places under that regime he refused , prefer

ring the less militant one of j ournalism . Lest he should incur however the accusation of lack Of manliness at a later period when called to pacify that region as gov ern or and forced to put down a long continued brigand

age and much public disorder , he took the ﬁeld himself

and , shouldering his gun , marched into the mountain

region , driving the outlaws by tact as well as with a

was strong hand , to lay down their arms . This a signal

f -ﬁv e triumph for the governor o only twenty , as the Con

ab ul r st a y , after a very valiant siege had been unsuccess

1 44 BUILDERS OF A NATION overcome the impression of juvenileness and in ex perien ce and to convince the hardheaded Cebu farmers and wealthy burghers that he was “ on to his j ob ” as sa the vulgar would y , but he did it in the best possible

or manner , not by promising something , talking about ff what he was going to do , but by taking o his coat and — ' a men going to work , very good rule for states to follow ; on e n r a , however , which is not o ever has been much la mode ! — On one trip of seven days duration not In a com fortable on coast guard steamer as now , nor a Pullman — n sleeper but over mountain trails o horseback , he ' visited twenty-seven villages and held two or three meetings in each town personally , listening to any who wished to enter complaints and investigating all the Ne jails and public buildings . wplans and proj ects for roads and bridges were made and for the recon stru c of tion Cebu , which plans that city is now carrying out , and which it will take at least years to complete . The port of Cebu and the city proper which has suffered from four or ﬁv e devastating ﬁres at a loss of

of millions pesos , has been made a modern city largely from resources within itself . This governor found it an antique burg , with narrow streets without plan or beauty and today in the business zone it boasts of f thoroughfares o twenty meters in width , with concrete sidewalks , concrete buildings , hospitals , custom house , modern waterworks , electric light system and conces sion for street car . n n So Se or Osme a , believing that building like charity should begin at home , Showed in his own home town

en etit en a d . p , what he could do gr n Unlike the per ’ son a e E g of George liot s novel , his philanthropy does “ ” not increase with the square of the distance , but his ﬁrst experience of administration he gained in his own city . In 1 907 Governor Smith called together the gov ern ors of of the provinces , which there were about thirty , and they met for their deliberations in the very SERGIO OSMENA 145

’ room at the Ayuntamiento which is the Speaker s ofﬁce hi today , where , gazing about and up at its gh studded cornices , little did the young man fresh from his guber n atorial triumphs dream that he was to hold for nine years that ofﬁce as the center of the action of the chief legislative body of his country !

AS this was an elective body it can be said to have been a small Assembly and then special committees were formed for the consideration of legislation for provincial and municipal government , wherein Sr . Osmena began the study of practical rules of procedure and of more importance still , to measure his forces ,w not ith inferiors , but with his equals and already stood out on e , as historian noted , as a marked man of very superior ability , a presiding Ofﬁcer and one who , from prompt decision , good j udgment and level head , cool , unimpassioned thought , would be capable of taking charge of greater affairs later on .

Five or six men rose out from the thirty and at once controlled the situation , and in the electric choice of men which runs over notable gatherings the focus was Osmena . This power of distinguishing public men is a n ew science in the Philippines , but it is growing fast and the Oriental intuitions , far more unerring than the Occidental , will make them past masters later on in the science which differentiates human beings mor e

: . e . . . infallibly than any other i , that of insight Sr n m Co Osme a drafted a bill , afterwards approved by the

mission , extending the power of the provincial govern

of for ment and , most important all , the proj ects a lawincreasing the Filipino members of the provincial

boards by election to two as against one formerly .

of At this point began the real life the statesman ,

or rather his public career , for in the subj ects at that

time considered began his wider outlook , and he was

judged as one who could see far and grasp Opportunities , and quickly put into Shape the most pressing needs ; and he begun the education of his sympathies and by 1 46 BUILDERS OF A NATION

’ more extensive reading of the world s aﬁairs and the procedures in E ngland and America and France the

preparation was being made for a stronger , larger man

hood and , as always happens , when the hour struck he

was ready .

For years he had formed himself on the thoughts of the past ; historical and economic study had been his delight and n owhe was to make history for his

country .

When the ﬁrst Assembly met , though elected , so loath was he to leave the work begun and carried out s o well in Cebu , that he lagged behind and , arriving only at the eleventh hour the last of an v of the delegates to reach Manila , he was unanimously chosen to the ’ Speaker s chair , which he has held for six years and will hold for three more . He has been reelected twice and so established his hold on the Assembly by his tact and j udgment that to him they have turned in the critical moments of legislative strife and found the same sane , cool , dis passionate spirit striking at the root of things and plan ning with a forethought for the future that all men have learned to respect . To be the Speaker of a legislative assembly perhaps brings into play as many intellectual and moral quali ties and those of as high an order as any position in which a man may be placed . Firstly , the man to hold the position must have himself completely under con trol , be in absolute command of the forces within him

f d iﬂicu lt sel and , what is equally , be able to control the

vastly varying personalities before him , not negative

potentialities , but often those strung to the highest and pitch of feeling and passion , know how to direct those powers into channels for good and ou t of their

his in stan ta very intensity evolve , not at leisure , but l n eou s f . y often , the most di ﬁcult of times seemingly results Senor Osmena moreover came to a position n ewnot only n ew for himself , but absolutely for the men he placed ; he had to create his own position without even having

148 BUILDERS OF A NATION would mean bringing the legislative body of this people

n c mr h en associated with his owdestiny in a more o p e sive relation with the central government through pro ced ur es with which they were familiar . One might quote the words of R einsch in reference “ ’

. R to Mr R eed : It is difﬁcult to disassociate Mr . eed s ” rulings from the inﬂuence of his powerful personality .

The organization of a legislative body is b y no means its least important side , but rather is its maj or , this consideration of parliamentary procedure , or governmental e tiquette .

The acceptance or non acceptance of rules of order was the ﬁrst thing to be considered . It will be inter esting to note h owthey adopted here methods which a Con little later were so violently discussed , revised in

n gress a d which resulted in the loss of power of Mr .

Cannon and later of the R epublican party in Congress . These rules have been accepted three times by the action of the Assembly during the various sessions . The manner in which Senor Osmena has used these rules has shown the man . Senor Osmena has endeavored to use these rules with the maximum degree of ﬂexibility , and it is j ust in the way he has used them that the power of the man lies . When y ou consider that the same men are by no means in the Assembly today who were there at the beginning , it marks an unusual stability in follow ing out the same course of procedure as at ﬁrst .

f w1 sel The ef ort of the Speaker has been y , as he knows his country men , not to use this power arbitra rily , but to allow each member the fullest individual privilege compatible with the interests of the whole : a discretion amounting to genius . This discretion appears to be an absolute sine qua non with Orientals who take even less than Occidentals to domineering acts , individualism being contrary to the inner spirit of the

n East . He has pushed this discretion so far as ot to SERGIO OSMENA 149

' be willing for this reason to serve on the committee of rules (as is often done by the Speaker in the United

States) even as a member . He has given this prerogative to the members themselves , who , in return , appreciating this leniency , have returned a full measure of consideration . Another strong and consistent course with the Speaker has been that he has treated minorities always with the maximum of consideration and they have been frequently placed on committees sometimes as chairmen , which is rarely done elsewhere . This certainly goes far to demonstrate that the Filipinos do not mean

r as u n s cru u to rule as an oligarchy , o even worse , a p lous democracy and the vindication of this latitude and catholicity has come in the result of the working efﬁciency of the Assembly , where there is a marked of degree accord and harmony in action .

This has been a surprise to the general public , in View of the supposed localism of feeling in the different of centers , out which these men have come and the often violent struggles over the election . A wonderful dispatch has come about by this unity of feeling ; this can be shown when you realize that the

of of first organization and adopting rules , preparing proper message and resolution for the other branches of the government including the chief executive and the war department was concluded in just forty minutes ! The first lawapproved by the Assembly was passed “ . law in about ten minutes This , called the Gabaldon act , b ecaused introduced by the member of this name , pro v id ed esosf or one million p the country or barrio schools , and in the five years succeeding more substantial schools were planted in these islandsthan in the three centuries before . This marked an epoch in the history of this branch of the Malay race and they leaped by this one act to i step side by side with civ lized modern states , and at 1 50 BUILDERS OF A NATION that moment demonstrated what enlightened action they were capable of when allowed to control their own affairs ! This act as well ratified at once what is best in the

of fabric the civilization of America , which they had given in the beginning of their rule here— the public

— of school and , contrary to even the thought SO keen a reader of men and events as Mr . Taft and the Opin l on s of other statesmen , the Assembly , instead of commencing of U to tear down and attack the policy the nited States , began the constructive work of attending preeminently to the education of the people .

’ of n Osmeﬁa One the strongest sides of Se or s eti

“ uette q , as well , has always been not to allow his name to stand before the public as the originator of any bill , h it it can be certainly surmised that no important bill from the ﬁrst to the last has been proj ected without his supervision and that when the ﬁrst law , which meant

n so much for this race , was being drafted he was ot far from the table . The next serious thing to be considered was the codify ing of that mass of more or less incoheren t laws which had been handed down from early Spanish legislation and augmented by those passed Since the American occupation .

It was a tremendous task and at once the Assembly was confronted with the necessity of appointing a com mi ttee for this purpose , which was done , and this com mi f f ttee o o , composed the leading j urists the country , have been at work from the time of the ﬁrst Assembly up to tod ay on the gigantic task o f harmonizing antique laws to modern needs and modifying the penal system to up- to - date and more civilized methods than in use formerly . As Senor Osmena has been the presiding ofﬁcer of the Assembly from the beginning uninterruptedly to of date , he has had to consider laws primary importance .

These may be classiﬁed as those relating to schools .

1 52 B U ILD E R S OF A NATION

of As journalist , ﬁscal , governor a province , Speaker of the Assembly , he has developed most consistently ,

- lik e l th e not springing thus full armed goddess , but as a learner he has risen step by step . Post after post has been given to this young man and he has risen each time to its responsibilities with conspicuous ability . He stands now in the full ﬂush of his manhood , ready for greater service and a grander f r future o his country .

Sincerity : untiring energy , that is the supreme word own f for the man , a man notable in his country and , i d da a worl u r e. n othing intervenes , on e y ﬁg

on e No who has met him casually can doubt this , much less those who work by his side and watch the whole -hearted devotion and deep seriousness with which he gives himself both to the drudgery and routine of his ofﬁce as well as its public acts .

When the Philippines shall on e day raise her Hall of of Fame , one the ﬁgures , alert with sweeping glance , ’ upright , swift in thought and crowned with manhood s i of crown of deeds well done , w ll be that Sergio Osmena . Senor de Vey ra has had a career which has been ff marked by a notable variety of very di ering avocations . L He is a Visayan , a native of eyte , that province which produced notable men and over which he was governor 1 1 9 8 from 906 to 0 , when he left that position to ﬁgure ‘ 1 s Was re in the t Assembly , to which he elected and elected for the second term . Since then he has passed long vacations in the Assembly building on Calle Cabildo , where s o much real work goes on of a less showy kind and at last he has taken up a former and no less arduous profession , which requires the insight of the statesman and the knowledge of men and deeds as astute as any at the command of the public actor of the hour : i . e . , journalism .

Senor de Vey ra has been president of the corpora “ E l ” f tion of Ideal , the organ o the Nacionalista party , and is n owconsulted as tothe policy of the paper and the exposition of its political tenets , so valuable is his opinion considered in such matters . On this paper he has worked also in collaboration with Sr . Ponce , upon “ f m E e e a series of articles historical and literary , called rides Filipinas ” and every day an original article has appeared on some subj ect of vital importance nearest “ the heart of the Filipino people , subj ects such as Pri ” “ n El San mera Villa de Espa oles , Arte del Padre ” “ ” “ La D es u ol Agustin , Constitucion de Malolos , p j i ” “ y la R eforma Mun cipal , El Principe de los Poetas ” “ L ” “ La Tagalos , Graciano opez Jaena , Tragedia de

Palanan, etc . , etc . These articles are now in press and four volumes will soon be the result . “ ” n Ve ra s Se or de y , o says the official directory of “ was L the Assembly , born in Tanawan , eyte , November

4 . was His father a professor , a man of excellent education , at the head of a private school and there , wit hi under the most favorable early instruction , s h53 1 54 B U I LD E R S OF A NATION

father as a teacher , he began his life amid books and

thoughts . He then had the wider if rougher experience ’ H is n of the public school of the town . father s ame was Felix de Vey ra and his wife was Senorita Ild efon sa

- Diaz . He thus descended from Spanish Filipino stock , “ ” - an ancestry which though not blue blooded , so says f “ this of shoot , made up in brains what they lacked in ” color , inasmuch as they did and their descendants do possess a goodly quantity of that useful commodity and s th e stand a one of most cultured families of the region . It once happened that the parish priest of a town of the

province , the president , the treasurer , secretary , j ustice of the peace and a maj ority of the municipal council were all de Veyras ! This peculiarity of monopolizing the best positions in sight was not bounded alone by the circumference of this

pueblo , but extended into other municipalities . The “ Ve ra of R ev . Pantaleon de y Tanawan , Vicario of L the oriental coast of eyte , is considered as one of the

n t most able of the Filipino clergy , and had it o been

for his somewhat masterful disposition , would have ’ as undoubtedly gone as far a bishop s chair . The father

of e r the subj ect of this sketch , Felix de V y a, besides

being a useful and distinguished pedagogue , was the f L ﬁrst clerk o the court which eyte produced . Tanawan thus has the distinction of being the birthplace of the f L ﬁrst Filipino governor o eyte , the leading lawyer ,

Simeon Spina , and , that the fair sex should not be ex

cluded , the former wife of that most courtly and erudite l f h n md z n w . s e j udge , Se or R o u a e , o o Capiz When was at the Concordia as Maria Marquez of Tanawan sh e received a prize which is only very rarely and only once given in many years that for the most exceptional

scholarship .

n e ra i Se or de V y , thus com ng from a family tree of good ﬁbre and goodly branches , passed to Manila for the ripening of highest education which was to bring the blossoming and fruit time of life . He entered San Juan de Letran for his secondary education in

1 56 BUILDERS O F A NATION

desired . These unruly members of society gave the gov

rn r n o e o little trouble and the military authorities , having f o . had some experience his pen , did not trust his rule

However , Governor Ide and his successor , Governor

Smith , gave him the beneﬁt of the doubt and upheld

him until the public order was in a large extent restored . “ It was at this time that the Assembly Of Provincial

Governors was held in Manila , when , for the ﬁrst

time , was demonstrated the superior ability in guiding f n a body o men of Speaker Osme a , and this afterwards

drew attention to him in the ﬁrst Assembly , when he

was elected speaker . Governor Curry , at this time

v u e n Ve ra much en , asked Se or de y , then , who this

man was , where educated and how it came about that

he could be s o capable a presiding ofﬁcer . When this reunion closed Governor Smith appoint

ed a committee to compile the resolutions of this body . on : of n Three names were the list those Osme a , Quezon

and de Vey ra. 4th As an assemblyman from the district , his chief work as a legislator was that on appropriations and of public works , which committee he was chairman and had the responsibility of disbursing a large part of the

funds granted for this purpose . This fact was mentioned at the recent despedida

given at the Nacionalista Club to Governor Forbes , when he spoke of the support received from Senor de Vey ra in many of the enterprises undertaken by him in the islands . Senor de Vey ra also worked for appropriations for “ ” “ the Gota de Leche of the Society for the Protection “ of Infants . He has the honor title of Protector of ” Childhood in the former . His chivalry was also dem on s ra ed t t by proj ecting a law , afterwards passed , which states that half of the members of the boards of

education in all prov inces in the islands shall be women . A splendid feather in the feminine cap in the Orient !

Sefi r e r is That o de V y a should be gallant not strange , given the fact that he had the rare good fortune to obtain E Y R A 1 57 JAIME C . DE V m n R 1 907 awo an for his wife Se orita Soﬁa eyes , in June , , as famous for her womanly attractiveness as for her

n w . rare intellectual gifts . Senorita R eyes ( o Mrs de Vey ra) was in her early womanhood director a of a government dormitory school in Bacolod and later assistant superintendent of the young ladies ’ dormitory

ni in Ma la , a position which she adorned as much socially as mentally , drawing towards her a large following of the

of leading women the islands , both American and Fili pinas and bringing out the best feeling between the two . Perhaps no woman in the Islands has done more to raise the prestige of Filipina womanhood than has

n w this most admired wife and mother , o a foremost

ﬁgure in philanthropic circles , and a social power in the city . In the leading clubs of which sh e is a member and on the numerous boards on which she serves , her unselﬁsh labor and good judgment both given most unostentatiously , are highly valued by other women .

Senor de Vey ra has had a large place in the literary his life of country , both as a writer of numerous articles for the press and as a student of history and philology . He has been particularly interested in public libraries ever since the Cebu days , when he suggested to pro v in cial board to appeal to Carnegie and ﬁnding that

Napoleon of givers too severe in his requirements , donated his own books to the founding of a library for that city and begged others to do the same . This idea is still mastering him as he contemplates con se crating , as a monument to his father , the house he left in Tacloban , where will , in time , be gathered a public library .

As a club man Senor de Vey ra has taken an active

. R part He was president of the izal Club , in Cebu , ” is honorary president of the Saghiran san Binisaya and member of the Philippine committee of the geo graphical names . He was president also Oi the com mi ttee of organization of the celebration of printing 1 9 1 1 in , which was the tercentenary of the introduction of printing in the Philippines . Senor de Vey ra has 1 58 BUILDERS OF A NATION written a pamphlet on philological subj ects entitled “ ” n Ta daya O Kandaya .

Sefior de Vey ra is now on e of the Commissioners or of L Members the Upper House of the Philippine egislature ,

n f o e o those recently appointed by President Wilson . This literary career which is after all his by prefer ence as well as destiny , began , he says , years ago when , as a student at Sto . Tomas , he entered a contest with ’ of a young Spaniard , discussing a poem Guerrero s entitled Borj a ante el Cadaver de la Emperatriz Dona ’ f 95 . o Isabel , in The youth and passion thought carried him very far and this contest was then the talk f o the ancient seat of learning . Today in public paths he still follows the gleam own and it leads him where it leads natures like his , into deep paths and far lands of research and often of hard

of toil and patient endeavor , where the light truth alone

b - . S illumines the way imple , direct without any y ends , this man has won the esteem of those with whom he works , and his talent claims their admiration . He has t been frank to express his opinions always , but wi hout bitterness and all know it is at the wrong not the wrong doer he aims at . R ight for his people he desires and j ustice and that he desires to grant to all as well . An on e admirable ﬁgure and above all a trustworthy , as such is known by friends and foes alike (if he has these latter) this brilliant and modest son of the Visayas .

1 60 BUILDERS OF A NATION At the coming of the Americans he was called to the position of presidente and asked to assist the military forces in putting down the brigandage in the vicinity ,

b e which role ﬁlled for many months . The mother of Teodoro Kalaw was on e of the real mothers wh o live a retired life devoted to her family . This son began his education in a private school

‘ Serior under the direction of a Virrey , one of the most i famous teachers under the Span sh régime , albeit a of Filipino , a sort Thomas Arnold of his time , though

of was in an elementary way . One his pupils Mabini , i a distingu shed man , deﬁned by Senator Beveridge “ ” as the most representative man of the Malay race . The next step in the pursuit of knowledge was taken R L at the izal Institute , also in ipa , where he began

ﬁ r a sort of High School course . This institution ou h is ed during the epoch of Filipino independence. Here he had as instructors such men as Jose Petronio Catibac , ’ n f now o e o this city s valued servants . From this “ school he passed to the Liceo of Manila to ﬁnish his High School studies and spent there about two years .

There he met Fernando Guerrero , whose personal an d inﬂuence played then afterwards , in forming his

l . iterary ideals , a very vital part From this school K “ ” alaw passed to the Escuela de Derecho , where l w wh o he completed his course in a . Here the man gave most color and impetus to the young student ’ s thought towards serious studies and deep investigation and acquisition was the late Professor Calderon , one of the greatest teachers of law in the Philippines , whose hi ’ memory is cherished by s pupils to an unusual degree , f for his qualities of a noble heart . This summary o education shows us that the subj ect of this sketch wwas stamped by his training , as well as by heredity , ith the intimate thoughts and ideals of his race . He is

n . K a pure Filipino , as his ame will tell you alaw means “ ” in local dialects Bird , and in this distinctly oriental appelation we have the man rooted in the soil and breed by her sons , without scarcely any foreign inﬂuence . K W 1 61 TEODORO M . ALA

Having been admitted to the bar in September 1 law 907 , he began immediately his practice in Manila , in an office in Intramuros , in Calle Anda , and associated w n e ith him as a law partner was Se or Salas , delegat law to the Philippine Assembly from Iloilo . This firm K was dissolved on the election of Mr . alaw to the second f Philippine Assembly in 1 9 1 0 . In the capacity o legis lator he served in this body one year and a half when a severe illness , during the last year of his term , took ’ him to St . Paul s Hospital . This illness , with its out at come , which struck the roots of life , was one of those catastrophes which men of strong will and marked personality come out from like tempered steel , some a r times with t ace of bitterness , when a large portion of littleness is mingled with their fiber , but , when of f the right stu f , broader , deeper and grander , with the birth of n ewsympathies and finer feelings . Still a young

K r . o man , Sr alaw took the latter course , , shall we say , with his heredity and training by men of high spiritual feeling , he rose to meet the test and came out a man . In 1 9 1 0 the graceful and amiable Purita Villanueva became his wife . This young woman had been one of the social ornaments Of Iloilo and Manila and has since developed into a womanly woman , that modern

of compound an altruist and home keeper , interested in public questions , as she can hardly fail to be as the wife of such a public man . Mrs . Kalaw is a member “ ’ ” of the Woman s Club of Manila and her sister women have already intrusted to her matters requiring j udgment and decision . She was a delegate recently “ ’ ” to the Workers Congress held in Manila . The ﬁrst family sorrow that met this gifted pair

s on was in the death of their little , Sergio , the godson of Speaker Osmena . So the two most refining influences of life , physical pain and the loss of one most deeply loved , have touched the ambitious man in the first

years , of his career and taught him those relationships which lie deeper and are more eternal than political parties and their ephemeral contests , triumphs , or defeats . 1 62 BUILDERS OF A NATION

In considering the talents and aspirations of this life we ﬁnd that along with a logical mind and very

concrete comprehension of men and things , there is

. K allied the artistic temperament , which led Mr alaw in his ﬁrst years to choose as his favorite study litera “ ture . Two kinds of men have inﬂuenced me , purely ” literary writers and thinkers , he says . This shows at once in his style ; he thinks and also loves good writ

. ou t ing Clear , at times out in vivid strokes and touches “ ” not unlike G ogu l with an abhorrence of the over

or n f drawn , the bombastic , his style avoided eve wrom the ﬁrst the errors of much Spanish work . No he

h as on a simplicity bordering nudity , a nudity which is always chaste and warmed to life by strokes often

fresh as Nature herself . His works are most translatable and for this reason can be pronounced good writing ; for all that is weak

is weaker , when put into another language . H i L s j ournalistic career began in ipa , when as a

student he was editor of a juvenile manuscript review . This was most appropriately named “ The Voice ” “ of L i La Youth . At the iceo de Man la he wrote on “ E Alborada . In his ﬁrst years course in the scuela

was on e de Derecho , when Commissioner Palma of his professors he invited the young pupil to write on E l

R enacimiento . This was as far back as 1 903 and he served ﬁrst as reporter , then as city editor and was afterwards editor in chief . He was on this paper for four years and during this period steadily improved his style as well as his mind by wide reading . As a youth his ﬁrst models were French and Spanish E such as nrique Gomez Carrillo , R amon del Valle

Inclan and Angel Ganivet . His later models after themstudy of English masters of modern prose have been A ericans and Englishmen — of the hour who are living and making history Bryce , E R Woodrow Wilson , R oosevelt , lihu oot , many others

1 64 BUILDERS OF A NATION

f L work o the ower House , overseeing the clerks who are taking notes for the records and assisting the

Speaker in keeping order . K On assuming the position Mr . alaw realized that this was by no means all the role the secretary ought

of to ﬁll , and at once began the creating a department of legislation which he h as outlined in his recent work “ i i n entitled Como Puede Mej orarse Nuestra Leg slac O . This department will be built up for the training and

l of deve opment the often untrained statesmen , and lawyers will be placed at the disposition of the members whose time would be given to the gathering together of f materials on foreign and home a fairs , as well as arranging the same in practical literary shape . During the vacation the secretary sees to the pub lishin g of the R ecord and Journal of the last session and collects material for the use of the coming Assembly . At the present time a large amount of matter upon municipal governments is being collected , as that is the topic which is to occupy the forthcoming session in

October next . The thought is to investigate the gov ern men t f f E s o o cities urope and America , such as D that by commission in Galveston , Texas , and es

see Moines , Iowa , and if they might be made efﬁcient here . l w’ Another of Mr . Kaa s most important tasks at present is the study and applications of parliamentary few questions , inasmuch as the Assembly j ust born has if any precedents and the creation of these for the future is the next step in the order of education of this august body . There are some 3 5 proj ects and laws on record originated by this present secretary when he sat in the

2 n d s Assembly , o he is no novice in the art he seeks to teach . The most famous speeches which drew out his gifts as an orator and indicate the forcefulness of his personality were one on the Filipino Constitution , n on e on the contested seat of Se or Gomez , another , 1 65 TEODORO M . K ALAW perhaps the most brilliant on the famous Divorce question and a fourth touching the bill of Apacible “ ” on El R eferendum . Of committees of the Lower House he has served : on R on the following ules (chairman), Committee of hi Three (chairman),won railroads and franc ses (chairman), relations ith the sovereign government

(member), elections (member), printing (member), appropriations (member). His political creed may be told best in his own words : I believe that the most urgent need of the hour is the popularizing of the ideas Of government s o that they may become practicable for the maj ority

: of of the people in a word , the principal mission the leader should be to prepare the people to receive the beneﬁts of a real democracy . We are an ancient

ou r . people , it is true , civilization dates from long ago Before Spanish days we had our own proper life in its social , political and economical expressions . We are not at the beginning as a nation , we are completely formed . That which we need is the practical exercise of our pre r i f f ogat v es in the sense o a modern government o our own . “ We have n o t this experience because we have not had the opportunity to acquire it . We have among u sthose who have received their education abroad , those who have had an education in schools formed on the older systems , and still others who are self taught so the work of instruction of the uncultivated masses can go on today and tomorrow . “ of Our ideal , like the ideal other cultivated people , is that our government shall be the real result of the f spontaneous consent of the maj ority o the people . “ It is true that as the Philippines have until n ow a larger proportion of the uncultured than Switzerland , E or ngland America so there has been , as noted some times to our discredit , formed a directing class , but s thi class is not so much a class , as it is the leaders of the actual intellectual and advanced political movement of the country . 1 66 BUILDERS OF A NATION

They have used this power for patriotic pu rposes not for selfish on es and whoever should find himself usurping this right for himself alone will soon find that i he is set aside by h s fellows . “ This has been proved and is a promise Of what by tomorrow might be were we in possession of ou r

n owgovernment . ’

K laws . Mr . a statesmanship is by no means insular More than most public men of his country he reads and makes himself conversant with the movements n of the entire world and especially of the E ast . In Se or Ponce ’ s recent life of Sun Yat Sen he has written an introduction which ably demonstrates this fact . The parliament of the n ewChinese republic has been one of his most recent subj ects of study . He is at present member of the following prominent “ ” societies : The Academy of Political Science of New “ of York , The American Political Science Association “ of Baltimore , and The American Society International

K E Mr . alaw has been a regent of the scuela de

Derecho of Manila , and is actually a professor of constitutional and administrative law .

He has inherited religiously straight orthodoxy . “ His father is at present the president of the Centro ” L s his Catolico of ipa . His own creed is et forth in

on . speech Divorce He is an optimist , believing in the existence and goodness of God and in the brighter “ L ” future for his fellow men . ife is an apostleship , “ own to quote his words , it must be used not for our own beneﬁt but for the good of ou r country and hu l manity . On y we must work along facts , not dreams .

The ﬁrst are the leaders of the people , the last mis

i n s o aries of the impossible . So let us advance in the f ” o . line facts , as they are the real upbuilders We can hardly write the word “ statesman over the name of any man at twenty-nine ; but whatever the crises his country has to face , whatever is reserved in the of destiny nations , for the land he with keen intuitions

E NCAR NAGION

Commissioner Singson , although he lives in a stately

his mansion on Calle Alix , is a provincial man , and personality has much of the boyish freshness and vigor and d irectness which such men unspoilt by conventions

set have , for the wider spaces have their indelible mark upon them .

as A leading lawyer and assemblyman , well as the p resident of the Progresista party at the time of his appointment by the President of the United States as commissioner , his cheery voice and hearty manner bespeak his youth , and his wide experience and large views are the direct result of birth and training in the

- midst of sane conditions and a quasi country life . When I we speak of Vigan as the country , however , it s almost as when a Londoner introduces his friend from Man “ ” c hester as my friend from the country .

Some two hundred miles by s ea to the north of

Manila , where all the big ships pass to and fro along

r o u maj estic coasts , is the city of Vigan , set in a prov i two nce of some hundred thousand inhabitants , the

most populous , for its area , in the islands . She is

n f of o e o the queen cities the Philippines , and her c ommercial relations are with all the towns , her neighbors f o n ou r seas and beyond . The center of the trade o f n ow t hat part o Luzon before she lost her suburbs ,

made into townships , she numbered forty thousand

souls . E ven in the Spanish days this proud city had her e piscopal residence , her criminal supreme court , and

was the military center of the north . Not only is this p opulous province thrifty within its borders , but it h as ov erﬂowed its boundaries and the Ilocanos have of g one into the provinces Isabela , Cagayan , and Pan

sin an E ga and Nueva cij a , increasing their population “ about half by this people called the Yan kees of the 1 68 VICENTE S I NS G ON ENCARNACION 1 69

of Philippines . Practically the entire trade the prov vince is in the hands of the natives . The climate is cooler than Manila ’ s and more invigorating and the people are more active in temper ament . Vigan boasts also that she is the only city in the islands where there are no nipa houses permitted to be built within her residence and business limits

! or and all the homes are of cement stone , some of them of very ambitious proportions . There are even not a few examples of domestic and ecclesiastical architec ture of note in the place and the cathedral is quite imposing , in its restored state . A college for boys and a large girls school carried on by the French Sisters are also a pride of the city , and from Vigan came Father

Burgos , a famous writer and political reformer who paid dearly in former days for his too great expression

. L of freedom From this province came the unas , the painter and his brother , the general , and today another son , a man endowed with the sterling qualities of industry and progressive activity , Vicente Singson E o n ew y ncarnaci n , has given a prestige to the province i 1 87 0 wh ch was his birthplace in , and which he devo

f i tedly loves . One o the p ous and industrious Ilocano of women was his mother and she was a person , for those days , unusual culture among her countrywomen .

Her studies included the higher branches , and the most reﬁning and elevating of the humanities was her delight ,

' was i . e . philosophy , which study carried on in the school of Vigan founded by the bishop of that province , now no more . This philosophy stood the noble woman in good i stead , when , a w dow with seven children , she faced the problem of education for them , with limited means ; faced it and conquered it . And to this mother the son today , at that time but six years old , pays the tribute of fervent respect and she rises to the rank of so many notable Filipinas , women who have raised in the prov in c es famous sons . 1 7 0 BUILDERS OF A NATION This mother was a great reader and her sturdy and virile intellect passed as an inheritance to her chil

of . dren , three only whom are living

The father , whose early death left the family to be largely molded by the mother , was a merchant and from him the man wh o takes his recreation from the law in , his profession , business , doubtless inherited

for the passion enterprise which has meant , in his case , work and plenty of it .

’ Vicente Sin gson s ﬁrst initiation into the mysteries of scholarship was made in a local school of a certain E R Father nriquez del osario , up to the age of six , when , as was and is so much the custom in the provinces , he was sent to the capital and put under the care Of the

Jesuits , in the famous school , then called the Ateneo

f B . o . Municipal , attaining there the degree A , after f 4 o 1 . six years study , in 89 Afterward he studied philosophy and law in the University of Santo Tomas of the Dominican Order and in the law school of the

an 1 90 1 Liceo de Manila , d in April of was authorized by the supreme court of the islands to practice law . In September of the same year he was appointed pro

in il on v c a ﬁscal of his province , and later , of Ilocos Sur 1 907 and Abra . He ﬁlled the position until when he tendered his resignation and came up to Manila as a

' ’ in s n s member of the Assembly . Commissioner S g o has on e political life been a most strenuous , and its history has been bound up in that of one of the two

f . . leading political parties o the islands , i e the Pro gresista party .

of This party , the rival party the Nacionalista , was founded in 1 900 by the leading statesman of the

n Filipinos and o e of its most eminent scholars , a member

of . of the Academy Madrid too , Pardo de Tavera The role of the Nacionalistas today is a foremost on e and somewhat for the moment overshadows the other party , but we must not forget the past in making f r o . up ou j udgments of men , nor parties

1 7 2 BUILDERS OF A NATION

The difference between these two parties is not a radical on e and consists in that the Nacionalistas wish to force an issue and the Progressistas want to “ wait for a step by step policy , to prepare the way ; but

n both are agreed o ultimate independence . Strangely they have been a minority in the Assembly from the start but they have made up in force what they lacked in numbers . Such men as Governor Soriano R of Surigao , Fiscal Angel oco of Negros and Salvador of Laguda , the leading lawyer Negros , and Carlos L on e of edesma , the foremost in his profession in Manila , of Lopez Vito and other j urists Iloilo , Governor Zan f dueta o Union , are all men of notable talent and attain ments .

These men , forming a strong minority , do not l f need to blush at the resu ts o their legislation . One must not imagine that these parties have been at war in the Assembly . Whoever was present on the notable occasion when the commissioners n owserving took their oath and heard the Speaker ’ s stirring appeal for perfect harmony , knew that the desire was a real of on e . The most manly despedida the then Assem

l mn of b y a Singson , the leader the minority , left with his hearers the feeling that it was but the noble echo

f . o the same desire Country ﬁrst , foremost and always , with personality subordinate to the same , has been the watchword of both parties .

As a legislator Commission er Singson has had the rOIe of reorganizer of the j udiciary system of the Phil ippin es and he hopes that this long labor will one day become a law. As an assemblyman also he has con secrated much work to the reorganization of the rights , powers and practical prerogatives of the j ustices of the peace throughout the islands and their distribution f through the di ferent districts as well . This has been incorporated in law . He has taken a part in the draw ing up and in the pushing of the appropriation bills .

of He was during his uninterrupted term ﬁve years ,

on e being of only seven , the Speaker among this magic VICENTE SINGSON ENCARNACION 1 7 3

mn a v number , to be returned three times to his seat , on committees , such as the j udiciary , ways and means , revision of laws , elections , education , archives and f municipal and provincial a fairs . This continued service as a legislator for five years f has given Sr . Singson a command o legislative matters k quite unusual . On the floor and in debate , he is nown as direct , logical , clear and very earnest . His con v iction s t are deep , and he se s them forth with great simplicity and his oratory is n ot flowery nor over ornate . He commands his hearers by the right point of view more than by style , and wins by an exceeding friend lin ess which is most genuine and a marked camaraderie which are amon g his most attractive qualities . He is cool and unimpassioned also and decidedly fair and most markedly calm in his polemics . He took the

Opposition on the divorce bill for the present , but he also looks into the future , as do all statesmanlike minds , when it may become practical for his countrymen and women ! As assemblyman he was one of seven members who asked for a Filipino Senate from Congress of the United States which should bear to the Governor Gen eral the same relation and power as the Senate at Wash in ton 1 90 - 1 9 1 0 g to the President . In 9 Assemblyman Singson presented a resolution to the representatives of the Progresista party throughout the islands gathered in Manila asking from Congress the deﬁnition of the political status of the Philippines and the intention of ' the people of the United States towards the islands . He wrote also to each member of the House and Senate and to the leading newspapers and universities of Amer ica in regard to this all vital question . During his sitting in the Assembly Senor Singson was the leader of sixteen or seventeen members of the minority and his j udgment dominated their councils very largely

. h s and very often The Assembly a but eighty members ,

two -ﬁv e divided between the parties , with about twenty independents . 1 7 4 BUILDERS OF A NATION

law n ow His career has not , until , been entirely f suspended . Strongly built and o robust health , his

recreation is business and he has been , during late years , L the president of the uzon Gold Mining Company ,

- L vice president of the Insular ife Assurance Company , one of the directors of the Hemp Manufacturing Com

pany , which represents a considerable capital invested in his country ’ s industries and an intimate interest

in the same which is far more than theoretical , and

- second vice president of the Philippine Bar Association . D I uring his residence in locos Sur , before he was

made ﬁscal of the province and after his term , he was engaged in the sugar and maguey industry and other

practical industries , as well as in agricultural pursuits

of other kinds .

This side of his life as a tiller of soil brought him into actual touch with the economic needs of his land

and developed both his knowledge , as in no other way

- possible , and his manliness . It makes him an all round

legislator as nothing else could , and an enthusiastic supporter of commercial ventures likely to beneﬁt

the Philippines .

As a member of society Commissioner Singson l has singular qualities of charm . He is sociab e , pre a of eminently , club man as well , a member the Phil i in e pp Columbian Association , Club Filipino , Auto

mobile Club , (he is passionately devoted to this latest

f - engoument o the well to do . ) Billiards are his indoor n recreation and hunting his outdoor . Se or Singson has

been a great reader along his chosen profession ; naturally ,

and yet not conﬁned to it , his intellectual pastime has ’ been like his mother s i . e . philosophy , and dipping into its translucent pool which washes away much of the misery and littleness of life has lifted him into still loftier regions than those of politics ! He wisely also gave up bachelorhood two years L n ago , and ucila Diaz Conde became Se ora Singson and has wn from this marriage he o his highest title , which

1 7 6 BUILDERS OF A NATION

. R Spain and Germany , returning by the Suez ome was naturally the city which , as a Catholic trained L in the atin traditions , would please him best and as a lawyer have most in its past to command his respect ,

for n but the regard for perso al rights , he most admired E ngland , and for its power to interest both the mind and taste , Paris .

His idea for his country is this : To give her a right to live her independent life like other nations for her own welfare and for that of the Malay race . I do not consider that it is necessary that she be devel

y oped ﬁrst to this end economicall , but politically , and sh e must then work o ut her education and industries along the lines of her own character and traditions . I have striven to educate the masses for years in these political matters which shall make them competent t o f hold a rational opinion o their own and also , as rapidly as possible , be able to vote intelligently . I approve most certainly of the introduction of foreign capital for the establishment of banks and railroads and u p

- of to date industries . The deepest wish my heart is for the national life of my country . Commissioner Singson represents the statesman — of the hour most perfectly practical , optimistic , pro

ressiv e . g , and an untiring worker A man who does

n ot . not waste words nor work , so opportunities His

n creed , like his nature , is a simple one , based o the best ’ of : traditions life , namely to do one s best without m his any blowing Of tru pets , and , as was said before , greatest charm lies in a certain boyishness , which is the most delightful of all qualities in a serious man . Some years ago , at the christening of the little child of a Manila jurist , I noted particularly the man who f took the responsible position o padrino . There was ’ mre th an so much o a perfunctory interest in his atti tude ; it was that of a man of feeling , a paternal man and on coming out I heard the name pronounced : “ ” a Villamor . W lking up the steps of the Ayuntamiento , of R years later when the mother izal lay in state , the same man saluted me and in a few words showed that he felt the dignity and pathos of that hour equally and again made manifest that unmistakable friend liness called brotherly .

There are men who , as one has said , make it easy for their biographer ” and such is and must ever

E in be the subj ect of this sketch . ndowed with an tellect w of the ﬁrst order , with other qualities hich make for success (for intellect alone is not enough) there is something in this character which is perhaps a complete résumé of the qualities of the oriental of : f f modern days the cultured , matured man o af airs who has risen from step to step , bearing great burdens in unobtrusive power and capacity and today assuming still greater with an ease which is not in the least boast

on e ful nor self seeking , but who can laugh at criticism in healthy amusement , enj oying the distrust of his ability quite as much as the trust and so proving him self , after all , worthy of the latter . A rounded out personality shows in the slightest touch with the man , for he has been what educates more than any pro fession— a teacher . In a home in a back street in a practical district of Quiapo , among factories and sawmills , those of some ou r of most worthy knights of industry , where the smoke of tall chimneys ﬂoats across the sunshine and their black bars cross the moonlight bringing the uggeal 1 7 8 BUILDERS OF A NATION

ld world down to the real ; in an O fashioned home , which s i a home , cosy and comfortable and has the atmosphere in j ust the right proportions of the outside world and ” “ “ n the shut in , where a se ora encantadora receives i w you w th a gentle smile , the master , ith the warmth f o a Filipino when he admits you into his intimacy ,

or makes you forget all the chill of the outside , the far f awayness o the foreigner . You are at liberty to wander about the house at will —truest hospitality— and some way you feel that the center of the life lies in the library . There are two of these ; in the one upstairs the distin guish ed law maker can rest and read until twelve at

h as t night , as been his cus om for years , for when not workin g on his Ofﬁcial business he is preparing his lectures (of which he gives not a few during the year), o r on e of those volumes which have made an epoch in the j udicial world of these islands and you can study the titles of enormous envelopes where this methodical worker puts away his material for years before begin ning his erudite studies of his scholarly treatises on law matters . One bears the now rather hackneyed nomen ” clatu re R Slavery in the Philippines , another eports ” “ ” “ on Criminology in the Islands , Mabini , Blu ” mn ri e t tt f , etc . , etc . Others o these ample covers contain orations delivered before schools and others , the lectures given to n ewgraduates and aspiring j uve niles who are as sympathetic an audience to this grave man of many thoughts as would be his peers of the courts of Manila All these depths are the wells where he draws the refreshing brightness and brilliancy of some of his efforts

or as author speaker , and as such you are curious to study them . Out on the table by the window you can look at books of letters from distinguished men preserved with that care which is SO characteristic of ’ men of letters to whom other men s tastes , suggestions , o r appreciation when they are men of talent are so precious .

1 80 BUILDERS OF A NATION in pamphlet form) and his address before the Uni of f versity the Philippines in April o this year . One on “ Filipinos que Se Han Hecho por sus Pro ” pios Esfuerzos was given before the Liceo of Manila and has been widely read and much noted . n Of societies Se or Villamor is a member , in America , of of the Academy Political and Social Science , and N R ational Geographical Society , in Madrid of the eal

L il i n Academia de eg s ac O y Jurisprudencia . In the of Philippines the Philippine Geographical Society , the Bar Association of Manila and the Bar Associa tion of Ilocos Sur . Material for a future book is being gathered in one of these receptacles before mentioned and j udging

as s ch olarl by its bulk will prove y as the others and ,

e . as do th y , represent the work of years

The study downstairs contains , as says its owner , ” was my wealth , and he not content to show the some i dozen huge book cases ﬁlled w th treasures , but must forsooth have unlocked drawers and hidden shelves to bring out , now a Catholic encyclopedia of some forty volumes and again a work of German scholarship in many tomes with richly illumined plates showing the development of manners through the centuries of all climes and races with the changes and variety f of dress of thousands o years . As your host turns over lovingly the pages and points out armor , escutcheons , ceramics and bronzes , you are suspicious at once that the j urist h as lost the — k ’ “ ” an . On c en s world artist So Historia Universal , the work of indefatigable diggers , has served you to reveal the tastes , conceal them as he may , of the man . Solemn looking volumes on lawreverting to the f of old days o the Dons tell laws centuries , customs — and jurisprudence of dead ages or ages fortunately

. Law dead , as you choose to put it , law old and new , f in hundreds o volumes , in antique leather and new and k ’ odorous calf s in , with names which mean a life s work to the man beside you and are as dull of meaning to IGNACIO VILLAMOR 1 8 1

you as a Sanscrit root . These are my haciendas and ﬁn cas says the jurist , and in the voice there is the unmistakable caress of the book lover who takes his recreation upstairs when that little sparkling- eyed son you catch a glimpse of romping through the open door is fast asleep . The teacher habit can never be outlived and the

c of or all learest j oy such men women is , after , as the “ ” old Latins said in a nook with a book . To many f w there may be deeper j oys , but to them e so satisfy ing . Here there are volumes a triﬂe less august , such as those on sociology and as a relief to the light reader

many rich looking , inviting books on Spanish literature , i or still better of Spanish literature , a d stinction with a difference . Upstairs again you slide and glide about on the highly polished floors and watch figures of serene age and the gentle swirl of the robes of the feminine inmates as they greet you from time with a nod and a smile and the youthful mother denies by her elasticity her grown up son ; and presently you find yourself seated at the table where there blends into a peaceful whole that delicate hospitality of the East that has charmed you a hundred times and the public man

becomes the host , with that ease for which he is most “ known ; for his friends say ﬁrst and last of him U n hombre de mucho mundo ” and he never gives the lie ’

s . (as o many do , alas) to his friends praises

on e of i Sitting later by the windows , n the twilight,

all his life story unfolded , from his youth in Ilocos f Sur in Bangued , Abra , in that same province o Singson and Paredes where Florencio Villamor and Wenceslao Borbon watched over their boy just starting on the f great race o existence . The mother and two brothers and a sister are still living and since 1 882 three visits

have been made to the town , over which his father was presidente and in which he was a merchant lum

berman . The executive secretary passed from his 4 early education from Abra to Vigan at 1 years . Here 1 82 BUILDERS OF A NATION

ﬁv e of he studied years in the Seminario that city ,

of Isab elo R one his fellow students being de los eyes ,

and another Judge Nepomuceno . From this school

' assed to L he p San Juan de etran , Manila , to complete his secondary education and there he received his degree “ ” E n n z of Profesor de Segunda seﬁ a a. f While studying law in the University o Sto . Tomas he opened a private school where many young Fili k pinos notable today were educated , among them D io n o

and Dr . Velarde . He then practiced law two years and continued in his profession as professor until the

American occupation . Shortly after the declaration f n o peace he founded , with Se or Mendiola , the well of known teacher , head the Instituto de Burgos , the

Liceo de Manila . In 1 900 he was appointed the prosecuting at torney f for Pangasinan . Six months after when the corps o 1 90 1 j ustices was organized , June , he was appointed

of 1 st n of j udge I stance the sixth district , which includes f L o . the provinces Cavite , aguna and Tayabas In 1 0 June , 9 8 , he was appointed attorney general to suc

e n Ar n eta ce d Se or a , when the latter was made secre tary of finance and j ustice . This position he has held for the past five years up to this year when he has been A made executive secretary . s a lesson to the present disappointed salary seekers it may be well to note that the man who has been in public Office for 1 3 years has only risen slowly from the first P 4000 per year to the present B 1 2000 . The office of executive secretary is one that is peculiar to this country and may be compared to that of secretary of state in some others ; it is in intimate relation with the chief executive , as it executes his orders and it has many specified powers . As one slight item of its work one may note that all the provincial treasurers are under this bureau and it is the final power to which the rebellious taxpayer may appeal and the is secretary appointed by the Governor General , con

1 84 BUILDERS OF A NATION

an orator and author . The masterly way in which he can cite authorities and amass facts can be found “ in a pamphlet in which he answered the question : Had the Governor General the power to order the expulsion of said persons of Chinese nationality under such cir ” mn e cu sta c s as aforesaid? Something of the thorough ’ ness of the former Attorney- General s work can be s een in this same pamphlet , when you consider the of number the authorities consulted , which are about half a hundred and from almost as many countries as men ! Many of these statesman-like documents have been prepared only for the eye of those in high places and their value as monuments of research can be seen even after the occasions which gave rise to them have

passed away forever . Thoroughness , however , has not made this keen- brained and sunny- hearted reader of events either obscure or ponderous He has the true . ’ i lawyer s instinct to go to the point , w th clearness

obliterating the superﬂuous and the unnecessary . His quickness of apprehension has been an enormous asset and one which must be doubly powerful in the presemnt Opportunity for treating a still wider and more co

prehensive class of subj ects . A kindly approachableness which disarms criticism an d a warmth of manner which invites conﬁdence have f won him a host of friends of all ranks . One o those types of men he has drawn to him (and this is rarer

than people think) are the newspaper men , whose opinion taken as a whole is most often a very just on e and a most embracing on e of the complete character

of men and women , as it comes to study them with r as few a priori feelings , o j udgments as any class of

c ritics .

Senor Villamor likes men of the press and they a re (naturally) reciprocate . He appreciates their pp ciation and so they respond all the more cordially and

whatever they may say of him the man is liked . He

from the inside , being a writer himself, enj oys even IGNACIO VILLAMOR 1 85 their sweeping statements (which amuse him) and bears them no malice , even when they are far from j ust . He is a fair man and like all such is exceedingly indulgent of lack of knowledge in others . He is a deep thinker s f w and yet can put up with the superﬁcial a very e can , who are such , for he is blessed with that saving quality

r — a f in occidental o oriental sense o humor . As a conversationalist he is admirable and while perhaps not as profound as Arellano or as scholarly as De los Santos he has a vividness , a tact , a charm and a playful humor which make that lost art live again . Y ou can imagine anything of this delightful and ready

i . talker but one : . e . that he Should ever be a bore He comprehends the listener ; therein lies his marvelous gift and is there any gift more desirable in modern life?

one in The taste for music is his supreme , as the case of so many of his countrymen and it has j ust the restful quality that the meditative nat ure of Senor

. f Villamor desires , when not at work His social li e , of that most congenial to him , is the life the families of his numerous friends , not large functions , so although a polished man , he has kept his heart through all official routine and humdrumness ; and the man who has kept h his heart as kept his sin cerity . What do we note as the one quality which marks — people as above others the sine qua non of superiority? Is is not this : the ease with which they meet every relation of life and surmount diffi culties? That the position of the executive secretary of the Philippines c ul is filled by such a man you o y never question , no not even if you had only met him for the first time . Macario Adriatico is the leading orator in Spanish of his country and has been made a member of the R oyal Academy of Madrid for his brilliant use of the

Castilian tongue . n Se or Adriatico was born in Calapan , the capital

1 0 1 869 . of Mindoro , March ,

Mindoro is an island of large extension , the fourth

iz e in few in S the islands ; it has inhabitants , some and , as is true in Switzerland , it is divided into two parts

on e- as to language , half speaking Tagalog , the other

Bisayan . In natural products , after Mindanao , it is of the richest the islands in mines , forests and agri culture .

t is Calapan has abou people and , while t citi Of of zens cannot boast of the high degree culture Manila , perhaps many of them sooner have become distinguished in scholarship and have made their mark in their nation ’ s f o . life , as has the subj ect this sketch

of L In the oratorical contest this year , Juan una , ff f o . a son o Mindoro , bore the ﬁrst prize The president and secretary of the Philippine Junior Assembly of the Normal school of Manila comes f also from Calapan . One o the most brilliant young f of ladies o the girls dormitory , the same school , is also

n L . from Mindoro , Se orita aura Mariano History tells us that at the time of the coming L to these islands of egaspi and Urdaneta , the largest towns in the Philippines were in Mindoro , but that as they resisted in the ﬁercest manner the invaders they were put down by destruction and the leveling of their fortiﬁcations .

on This was chieﬂy so the western coast , and as a consequence of this the Moros of Mindanao constantly invaded these coasts and took many prisoners from ti to time , these raids causing the settlers along the mé g

1 88 BUILDERS OF A NATION

The fourth and ﬁfth year of his student life were L i at San Juan de etran , afterwards his law train ng was taken at Sto . Tomas . Senor Adriatico also had a preparatory course in medicine and in philosophy and letters . He showed

f r no especial bent , he claims , in those days o any study “ ” finding them all hard at first , and easy at last , but his dominant talent , as is so often the case , unconsciously was leading him to his career , so he made literature the first of his studies . In Spanish times it was not permitted Filipinos or to form literary societies , found newspapers , but on n this very account Se or Adriatico , who liked to carry out his ideas even when there was some opposi tion , formed a secret society of more than forty members “ called The Academy of Spanish language and litera on e ture . Among these men ( can now lift their incog nito) were Commissioner Ilustre , Epifanio Santos y

L Fen Cristobal , Judge Paredes , orenzo oy , Dionisio

Mapa , Fernando Guerrero , Juan Medina and many

wh o . others , will be spared publicity After two years they were obliged to give up this society on account f o the fact that they were watched and denounced .

e . They did the next best thing , i . , founded a manuscript paper , which they passed from member to k member , and in it they continued their literary wor

R . until the evolution When peace was signed , these an d of same men became editors , many them became literary men of the new era . In 1 90 1 Senor Adriatico was admitted to the bar L at the same time as Palma , Singson , edesma , Sumu long and others .

He has been as well the editor of the following ” “ ” papers , El Diario de Filipinas and the Independencia, and has been a constant contributor to reviews and leading dailies for the past ﬁfteen years , and has continued his practice of lawas well as the career of a public man . MACARIO ADRIATICO 1 89 His most conspicuous literary articles have been “ ” ” ni in Domus aurea , a critique on Moder sm , in the “ ” “ ” E ni R enacimiento a polemic on the ternal femi ne , in “ Cultura Filipina” historical studies on “ Pub lic ” “ ” instruction , besides articles on Scientiﬁc liberty , “ ” ’ The probable invasion of Japan and one on Kalaws “ ” : book Teorias constitucionales . These are among some of the more recent literary outputs from his pen . “ ” He is a member of the Veteran association , for “ he was a colonel in the war ; a member of the university of the Philippines extension movement ” and of the “ ” Nacionalista club , but apart from this he does not go into club life , but takes his recreation in his home with his delightful family of beautiful children and wife .

To day he is president of the committee on appro

riation s p , and various other committees , and has had f a part in the reorganization o the various bureaus , as he has had for years in most of the bills of the ml Asse b v in which he has represented alone his vast island since the ﬁrst session of that body until n ow. He has had a part in modernizing certain ﬁnancial customs and usages known as “ Documentos negocia ” n f bles which is owa law. Another O his specialties has been in remodeling the municipal laws of Manila and the reforming of laws relating to his own island . He has made speeches whose eloquence has reached even to Spain and won for him academic laurels there such as “ L l w” “ ” that upon the ibel a , Compulsory Instruction , “ ” “ ” H is Divorce , and Capital punishment funeral orations , delivered over a fallen companion in civic

won struggle , have him fame , but perhaps his most signal triumph was that at the time of the cigar strikers , when some ten thousand men were brought to terms by “ ” was on e his speech at the Grand Opera House . It of the ﬁnest forensic efforts of the last decade in the islands and the modest bearing of the man , who refused to be

: was even thanked by the heads of the ﬁrm afterwards , on e of the marks of his manliness and the reasons for his hold upon the masses . 1 90 BUILDERS OF A NATION

As a thinker Senor Adriatico is Optimistic and has faith in human progress along scientiﬁc lines especially , and believes in an ideal which is in unison with the f revelations o science . His chief delight in reading is , and has been , chieﬂy in the philosophy Of history

F r his and the economic sciences . o country he hopes the greatest things in the future , through the enlighten ment which follows on public instruction and the inter course with intelligent men and nations all working for mutual beneﬁt . tw Brilliance and balance , o qualities not always found

n e united in o character , may be said to characterize this man , who stands actually as perhaps the foremost

ﬁgure of the national legislature , at least second to none .

BUILDERS OF A NATION on e who has served his country in a public capacity for many years and who has as truly a sympathetic touch with those in power , both Americans and Fili — e pinos Monico M rcado . n Se or Mercado was born in Sexmoan , Pampanga ,

1 87 5 . a in His father was n agriculturist , owning land ﬁ n to the extent of some v e thousand acres . Se or Mercado was very friendly in Spanish days with the authorities

n of and was gob er ad or cillo of his town . One his close

friends was General R ios . During the revolutionary period he was elected presidente of the same town and had as his friend and guest General Aguinaldo who visited him in the home where abounded the most lavish

. I hospitality n this same home were , from time to time , 1 908 other guests , Governor Smith in , and later Governor

- of Forbes and Vice Governor Gilbert . The prestige being of one of the best known and most highly esteemed

families in the provinces , whose members are widely

famous for their hospitality and charity , has been of

no little help to this so kindly scion , who has inherited their intense ﬁdelity and race traditions with their devo

u . tion to the ch rch His maternal grandfather , how

R s n ever , was from Manila , a del osario , o Se or Mercado

has roots as well in the capital , where he has spent more

than half his life . E ducated ﬁrst in private schools in San Fernando ,

Pampanga , he passed to Manila where he entered San

L . Juan de etran and from there to Sto Tomas , receiving f the degree of AB . in 89 and that Of professor o second ’

1 LL . 9 . M 96. ary instruction in and his law degree , , in During the revolutionary period he returned to his native ’ 99 ” town and , in , was chosen delegado de j usticia of

the local government of Sexmoan , which position he

held at the time of the American occupation , and he also was attached to the headquarters of the rev olu

i n t o ar . M ascard o y forces with Gen Tomas , commanding f reor an i general o the provi n ce . At the time of the g “ ” z ation E of municipalities during the mpire Days , he was appointed attorney at law for the same govern MONICO MERCADO 1 93

his ment , and during that time he contributed inﬂuence towards helping the United States authorities in pacify 1 ing the southern part of his province . In 1 90 he was

l st appointed clerk of the court of Instance of Pampanga , until December of that year , when he ran for governor and was elected by a plurality , but not a maj ority and his election was not conﬁrmed by Governor General was - ! Wright . He then but twenty six years old He at once began a business career of a lumberman which he carried on until 1 903 . In 1 900 Senor Mercado was married to Senorita L Tomasa orenzo , from Mexico , Pampanga , a rarely lovely woman , the belle of her town, as well a member of one of the best families of that region . This able woman was of the greatest assistance to her husband “ in all his public career and he says : I am one of those men who attribute their success in life largely to their ” f 1 9 1 2 . wives . This mother o eight children died in In 1 903 Senor Mercado moved to Manila to become law a partner in the ﬁrm of Palma , Gerona and Mercado ,

1 9 n until 06, in which year he returned to Pampa ga , f l there engaging in the practice o aw. In 1 907 he was elected delegate of the First Phil ippin e Assembly and was reelected to the same body in 1 909 . These five years in the Assembly were ones in which he devoted the strength of his young manhood f . o to the service of his country They were years work , as the records attest . In the First Assembly he was chairman of the civil service committee , member of the of committee ways and means , committee of internal government , committee of land , forests and mines , committee on railroads and franchise and committee of agriculture on which he so distinguished himself that at the Second Assembly he was made its chairman by Speaker Osmena . During the First Assembly he was made a member — also of a committee created by Governor- General Smith to report on the advisability of establishing a govern ment agricultural bank . 1 94 BUILDERS OF A NATION During the first legislature among several bills n which , as a member , Se or Mercado introduced , the most important was on e providing for the creation of a gov rn mn e e t agricultural bank and a bill providing for the amendment of the land registration lawreducing the fees paid by land owners to the court of land registra tion and providing for some other measures . These were enacted as laws . Another bill he introduced was one creating an agrarian council to promote the welfare in the agricultural districts . This bill was passed in the lower house , but did not receive due consideration from the Commission . He introduced also an item in a bill for appropriation for public works , provision for money to be used in dredging rivers and constructing dykes for the defence of towns and plantations against floods and an item for drilling artesian wells. In the Second Assembly Senor Mercado was a

n member of the committee o ways and means , railroads and franchise , internal government , public instruction and chairman for special committee for framing the irriga l hi ' ill tion aw. T s b was also introduced by him as an act providing for the use of public waters to irrigate f the land . On the ﬁrst introduction o this bill so much of Opposition was encountered , because failure to

n ot understand its true import , that it was until the second period of the Second Assembly that it was passed . This opposition existed in all parts of the Archipelago but on the closer investigation of the matter it was with drawn . Among secondary measures introduced by n on e Se or Mercado , with other members , was for

n ow . household industries , already in operation Before the close of the Second Assembly was formed

law Tiron a an d the ﬁrm of Mercado , Adriatico and , on the close of the session Senor Mercado resumed the h practice of law which he as carried on up to the present .

s At the expiration of his term a assemblyman , Acting Governor Gilbert offered him a position as member of the irrigation council and he accepted the position on on e condition : that inasmuch as he had assisted in

1 96 BUILDERS OF A NATION

n Se or Mercado is not only , be it said , a practical man but a very talented one intellectually , speaking E of nglish and writing it ﬂuently , and is one the gifted poets of his land . Verses written under the inﬂuence of the stirring emotions of patriotic events or personal sorrows have come from his pen in the past and will some day , after his death , be published . They are of a high order as art and show that sincerity of feeling and that glowing fervor for the good and the beautiful u n which all who know the man admire . Quiet and obtrusive in his intercourse with others , yet highly

of sympathetic , he has won many the warmest friends among men of other nations and his genuine cosmo olitan ism ll p is a the more rare when you realize that f he has never traveled . He is one o the cosmopoli tans born . A hero worshiper and an intense admirer of what is great in all , he has fortified his taste and strength ened his intellect by reading and has sought the friendship of the best and " is one of those most esteemed for his balanced j udgment and good heart among such men . Senor Mercado has but lately prepared a memorial and presented it to Governor- General Harrison on the agricultural condition of the country , of which he is so qualified to speak . He is also preparing a work on the financial condition of his country which will

n o e day be published . E PIFANIO D E LOS S ANTOS Y CRISTOB AL

Out in the glorious dawn of the Philippines , than which none is more full of that breath Of something we call Youth , into the inspiriting guardianship of the hills of and plains , you feel that prescience the unusual , for Nature prepares you for any surprise and makes you familiar with the heights . Not without cause has this prophetic feeling been born , for you are nearing Malolos , that town which means so much to the Filipino , as there he rose to the consciousness of his birthright and entered into that universal struggle for place and power by which we recog nize manhood . In a Gothic cathedral , hardly , but rather one of those basilicas half submerged by war and R l w- time you visit in ome , o browed and massive before h f men dared to soar , here is t e salle O the j eu de paume , ’ 98 or the Faneuil hall of this people , where in was held the ﬁrst congress of the R evolution , the ﬁrst notable gathering of the Filipinos of that epoch to discuss plans for a nation all their own . This building bears the sanctity such places always have , a double sanctity , for it is still used for worship and “ I mr besides history has touched it and written mo ” . A a tality t short distance stands the other , now ruined , monuments of that time , the convent where General Aguinaldo had his headquarters and the house once the home of Mabini , with the vast and peaceful square adorned with a bust of Pilar .

Barasoain , Malolos are names to conjure with , for the historian , and what elation to think that the man

u r who points these places out to y o , who eads the runic stones of the Past with the passion of a lover and the intellect foremost in its line of the land he honors by own f calling it his , the incarnation o the delicacy and v intuiti e genius of his race , is no other than De los Santos h Cristobal , the ﬁrst of the sons of the P ilippines to be made a member of the R oyal Academy of M ad ri in lgd 1 98 BUILDERS OF A NATION

E ileadin hilolo ts these days , known in urope as the g p g and writer on matters biographical and historic of his

country . R ead in choice Castilian the some thirty pages

dedicated to him and his work by Wenceslao E . R etana ,

the Spanish scholar , and you will ﬁnd in his resume of this master ’ s works that he placed him both as historian “ ” s u mmam and philologist , cum laude , in his land and of his people today

He , with that sensitive modesty which is par excel

lence oriental , disclaims all this , exalting , before him “ ” ﬁli in ista self as p other names , but in point of view of R real scholarship , after izal he will be obliged to accept the place which the learned of his contemporaries have

given him in Germany and Spain , the two countries

which are the most sympathetic to him , as their work is

most serious on the subj ects he loves best . This pretty town of Malolos would make some charming vignettes ’ M b in is . a had one the brush or pen house , for example , opposite the entrance to the transept of the grass- covered

church , now even in ruins a noble wreck , where the devout people of this land still kneel under the vault of

heaven . Over this door is the statue of that other scholar in his carved niche , St . Augustine , who seems to reassure you that thought in the only commodity which resists the tooth of Time . This house of the first president of the Philippines has a fine bit of stone work as a fou n d a tion , a door very richly sculptured with Ionic pilasters and two windows flanking each side which would not be ou t of place on the Grand Canal , any more than this face by your side would seem foreign at some turn of the street in the town Dante loved , with its sensitive fea tures cut with the fine chisel the Creator uses when he makes rare things and rare beings , and that nose with the slight , ever so slight , in his case , tendency to sug gest the eagle , which so many soaring personalities

of possess , and over all that aroma the quality we call , “ for of . want a better , thoroughbred By the most subtle ’ ” of lost awhile trick memory a friend s face , . , came

2 00 BUILDERS OF A NATION The group of ladies who welcome you to this tem

orar p y house (for the family mansion is at S . Isidro , where is kept his library) might serve for models for those delightful dames for whom Petrarch sang . They welcomed us and stood in parting a gracewful picture in this provincial house , where the overﬂo ing Filipino — hospitality and absence , from any pose real oriental

— - grace awaits you in this gentleman scholar , the father of Of many children and brother a large family , for he laughingly says he fears not numbers , as his philosophy f is that O Spinoza , and quoting Heine adds , calming n P hilosophy for youth and a sustaini g on e for Old age . This country gentleman by choice was born in ’ 1 7 1 on of M alabon , in 8 , the edge his country s capital , j ust far enough away to hear its roar beating upon his

or ﬁrst consciousness , but never then since to engulf him in its su perﬁcialities and crush him by its potential

- ities into the commonplace mold of many a city bred man .

Ten years of the classics under the Jesuits , those

of 9 makers classical students , where he entered at years

f . o age , and seven years at Sto Tomas from whose eru dition you must perforce come forth wise , gave a basis for a scholarship which is as brilliant as it is original , kept up amid the carping cares of Ofﬁcial position . l i His father was Senor E s co ast co de los Santos .

The mother , Antonia Cristobal , was a musician , a ﬁnished player on that feminine instrument without parallel , the harp ; and she modeled the son on the lines of harmony even as the father , who was a passionate student f of o history , guided him in his love the universal drama of the race . 1 In 893 , when still a law student , he began to d irect his reading to the masterpieces of the Spanish writers and laid the foundation a markedly ﬁnished E n s tyle . He became acquainted with nglish and Germa

n d a French , all in Spanish translations ﬁrst and at the f R e poch o the evolution started , with Zulueta , an “ ”

L . intimate friend who lived with him , ibertad This

was was famous paper short lived , printed on the EPIFANIO DE LOS SANTOS Y CRISTOBAL 2 0 1 machines of the Augustinian friar at Malabon and was sup pressed by the revolutionary party after one issue and the machines transferred by the Aguinaldo wing to ”

R . Cavite , to use in publishing the Heraldo de la evolucion -b e was -e Then this would j ournalist part ditor , under L General una , on a sheet which they wished to call “ ” La Solidaridad , but which was by discretion named ” La Independencia . In April he was married and ’ moved to his father s native town of San Isidro , where , in 1 900 he was made district attorney and afterwards provincial secretary . He still resided in this place when elected twice as governor of Nueva E cij a .

In 1 904 he was on e of the honorary commission L i St . sent to the . ou s exhibition and from there he went , with Pardo de Tavera , to Paris , and afterwards traveled E d alone through nglan , Spain , Belgium , Holland,Ger

A I . many , ustria , Switzerland and taly He spent , during these travels , most of his time in museums and in great libraries hunting up in the latter works on the of e Philippines , and began his collection rare ﬁrst ditions , “ ” which he quaintly names my sickness . Many of these volumes he naturally procured in Spain , where he formed a delightful acquaintanceship with Juan Valera , the fore most master of Spanish style and leader in Spanish culture , as well as a profound student of modern literature . On his return Senor de los Santos was still governor 1 06 for about one year and in March , 9 , he moved to

Malolos , where he has been for seven years provincial ﬁscal and has fortunately time in which to devote him

of self to his chosen profession literature , and is looking forward to the moment when he can retireto the country hi and give all of s attention to this work . His country men wish him to be the historian of their land and European scholars desire him to devote himself entirely to that investigation of the Tagalog language , on which he has spent already some twenty years of arduous toil . His diction in Spanish is as limpid as a mountain as pool and as correct a sentence in a school grammar , and , best of all , full of vitality . 2 02 BUILDERS OF A NATION

L In an essay read before the iceo de Manila , afterwards printed in book form , as are most of his R works , by the oyal Academy printing press of Madrid , ” mahan n n l n Sa M a a a a o entitled nang g g , Se or Cris tobal brings out as only he can the wonders and delica

ecu cies of his mother tongue , Tagalog , noting its p liarities e R , its r volutionized orthography , in which izal and Pardo de Tavera both had a share , its strange i v ersiﬁcat on . , its masters , P Modesto de Castro in reli R gions prose with P . Florentino amirez , and traces its beauties to even anonymous sources , noting the absence of mysticism and the presence of a tendency to purely

w of oriental modes of thought , ith an occasional trace f theosophy . He notices the several periods o its development : ﬁrst the religious , then the purely literary R represented by izal and Pilar , and lastly the actual

r of o national , when the birth ideals of liberty are mould ing its pages . This brilliant philologist can sum in afew marize , lines , the work of years ; research carried on often in the mountain choza of the outlaw ! He has

of v ersiﬁcation traced rare bits , roots , obsolete words which are the nuggets of gold to the scholar , back among the primitive people who transmit the language in its early form .

of The cost these works , who can estimate? One thousand rhymes alone , many set to music by himself , are the foundation by which he writes an article , such “ ” as El of that for Mercantil this year , when he told of the inﬂuence of the Spanish language in the islands , for he knows with absolute accuracy what is native , or imported .

R see In his essay on etana and others , we his his torical acumen and these pages are mirrors of the great ’ “ n Spaniard s work o the Philippines . Filipinos y Fili pin istas is also a pamphlet of exhaustless knowledge “ ” on E acin to the Tagalog speech and the essay on milio J , of K the organizer the atipunan , shows the power of the his critic , of whom he is ﬁrst among countrymen , and “ also of the ideals of that time . In Filipinos and Fili

2 04 BUILDERS OF A NATION and only when the spirit is stirred to the point of anguish can it give the sweetest music . set his Yet this man has soul to happiness , that best f o creeds , for not until humanity has outlived the sin and morbidness of the middle ages and learned the lesson of Nature which rej oices with a mighty voice every

r . day , will it ise to its birthright So he has chosen wisely the motto Laetitia est hominis tran sitis ad

rf i n m maj orem pe ect o e

One thing is needed and he possesses it , the great soul , for that alone makes poets and poets Often write in prose . To be a worthy biographer of Senor de los Santos you would have to be his equal , so that remains a thing undone , perhaps undoable , but that admiration which — — he feels for his countrymen the best others feel for him and they have crowned him as a leader in the path of scholarship . Fortunate indeed is any land who can boast of such a literary leader , profoundly devout , highly cultivated and endowed , above his fellows , with that gift the gods are f— sparing o genius . Such a ﬁgure is the subj ect Of this sketch and as such he stands alone , not in cold aloofness , but in warm friendliness among Filipinos . M FE R NAND O . GUER R ER O

I e E n a recent numb r of El Mercantil , pifanio de los

of Santos Cristobal , who stands as a writer Castellano in the Philippines with Adriatico as a speaker of the lan guage of the gods , gives a scholarly exposition of the inﬂuence of Spanish poetry on the writings of his native of land . It was on the occasion the late festivals when there are revived in Manila the j ousts of the Muse in

f u s imitation o the Provencal poets , and there comes to a breath of the winged trouveres and troubadours , those most delightful of minstrels . He shows that no influence known to the mother country has been unknown here : inﬂuences which came to Spain sometimes by way of of France , sometimes by way Italy , the Mother of E N urope , and again from the land of the tawny orse man and his cousin the Saxon .

has Music , ﬁrst , last and always charmed the ear of these singers of the South whose bright skies and sunny plains welcome gaiety and gladness . Trans E a planted to the ast , with her mystic ch racter and her occultism , the plaintive strain has mingled with the

we song, but the deeper tragedy which real northerners ’ feel has hardly penetrated the rhythm . Art for art s sake is easily understood by these people and as the years advance in the n ewnight of liberty we ﬁnd a growth in expression and in thought . Perhaps the best illustration of this is the poem of Bernabe , which at once shows a decided advance in virility over the older

f a . and more ﬂowery models , a stirring o new manhood “ ” This poem won the prize of the Spanish Ju egos Florales “ ” aE s afia of and is entitled Filipinas p , and is one which the young poet and his countrymen may be proud . The leading literary ﬁgure of his land today is the subject of this sketch , and his reputation does not alone th e f reach hamlets of the land he loves and sings o , but

r . has crossed to the Ame icas and Spain R ecently ,

n of lti in Washington , before an audie ce the most (31I 2 ()s 2 06 B U ILDERS OF A NATION v ated of representatives Cuba , Mexico and the Spanish of speaking residents the capital city , at a reunion “ ” - known as The Spanish American Atheneum , Maximo “ Kalaw gave a lecture on what he styled A National ” E Poet , in which a great deal of thought , in nglish most unusual for a foreigner , is compressed . He has traced

his f the poet in di fering phases , ﬁrst as the young student , fresh from his academic prizes , singing his religious

Viriin poems , Odes to the saints and verses to the g Mary , ’ an d on through the varying moods of the man s develop ment , as with the extensive studies and fast moving events of recent years he has seen larger horizons for his land . Senor Guerrero has what we may call a passionate

of love Nature and it is to her he most Often turns , rather than to human life for the inspiration . How deeply he knows his land and her native beauty is seen when you realize how often his lines are quoted and are o n of the lips the young men and maidens , for whom h as of he sung , as well as graven in the memory their elders . He belongs , let us be thankful , to the rank of the artists who keep to the lofty and classical ideals of perfection in form , perfection for which his rare culture and rare delicacy of temperament have inclined him . As he towers above his countrymen in the depth of his feeling for beauty , beauty and in his sense of life its pathos and its ephemerality , so , in the form he uses , he is unapproached as yet .

Shelley would be most certainly his favorite poet , E A were he born by the Thames , and dgar llen Poe , were n he an America . Baudelaire has been called the Poet- dandy and his same ﬁneness of sense of life , and that exquisite feeling for the right form and the righ t thought , in a word , ’ reﬁnement , is the distinguishing trait of Guerrero s art , along with a Spirit so genial that it seems to shed light through even the most path etic of his lines . Tha t the Philippines have such an artist at this beginning of that larger life of the literature which is

208 BUILDERS OF A NATION In the meantime history was being made faster than education was acquired , and when General Antonio L “ ” una founded his paper , La Independencia , the young lawyer who was to be ever a j ournalist , for so the Fates f had decreed , was put on the sta f of this ﬁrst real Fili ff pino paper in the islands . This sta deserves to be mentioned , for on it were such names as Commissioner ’ ’ Palma s and his late poet brother s , the famous poet

Cecile Apostol , that of that master of prose , de los Santos , of o R D ctor Salvador Vivencio del osario , and of the dis in ih e -in - t u s d . g j udge , Jose C Abreu , the editor chief being General Luna . As this paper was transplanted to the provinces

war during the it passed to Tarlac , where the ﬁrst Con gress had its sitting , to which the young writer was named a member , and also to Pampanga and to Panga sinan . Senor Guerrero thus began almost simul

n e l ta ou s y his j ournalism and his public life . He was named at this time by General Luna “ auditor de guerra , with the rank of captain . He received another “ of or title also , that of Secretary the Higher Supreme ” Court , established by the temporary government .

n ’ 1 900 On Se or Guerrero s return to Manila , in , Pablo Ocampo called him to the staff of a n ewsheet “ La known as Patria , which was suppressed by the mili tary authorities . From this enforced vacation he passed “ ” to a paper known by the Frenchy title of Fraternidad ; E ’ w this , to follow the rotation of Henry the ighth s ives , died a natural death , and the next to which he succeeded

n -in f as city editor , under Se or Palma , as editor chie “ El R of enacimiento , which was in its turn suppressed , but not however while Senor Guerrero was its editor-in chief , to which title he succeeded just before he was elected to the ﬁrst Filipino Assembly as representative of the 3 rd district of Manila . This paper had the largest circulation of any in the islands published in Spanish , reaching the respectable ﬁgures seven thousand . Senor Guerrero is today the editor-in - chief of a no less noted L a . daily , Vanguardia 2 09 FERNANDO M . GUERRERO As no literary career would be correct or complete without teaching , this poet is also a teacher and has had the inspiring experience of imparting knowledge . He has a class of private pupils who are studying under his direction the rules and rhetoric of the Spanish language ; and he is professor of forensic oratory , natural law and

ris ru n i literature in the Colegio de Ju p d e c a and has been , as well , professor of the Greek language and general liter “ ” ature and Spanish rhetoric at the Liceo de Manila .

n The literary life of Se or Guerrero , apart from the j ournalistic and pedagogic , forms a chapter and a very extended one , far beyond the limits of this sketch ; it may be summed up in these meager details : From the age of fifteen , when he first began to write verses , which h as were naturally , from his training religious , he gone on until he has covered five forms or classes ; religious , love , social , political and descriptive verse .

H is ﬁrst models were , as is usual , classical , then romantic , such men as Espronceda and José Zanilla , the latter poet laureate of Spain ; afterwards he followed

Nin ez . Gaspar de Arce Then came the modern school ,

s with its nudities and often crudities , but a a man of keen insight and splendid artistic talent he was not “ ” carried away , but has chosen a sane idealism , rather : than a debasing realism . To quote his own words “ In Nature there are many defects and errors which diminish the sum of beauty which is proper to artistic re re production , and if one is realist purely and only p is sents what seen by the human eye , he becomes merely a photographer , and if he desires truth alone , he must f paint the ugly often . The duty o the artist to my mind is u ri Natu re to wra her n a armn t o beau t e to p fy , p i g f y which his s ou l has woven to cover her e ormitis d f e . Ideal on ism must not , the contrary , fall into chimerical absurd ‘ ities of fantasy , for it , too , has its root and base in things ’ ' as they are , in life , which is holy and sane ; so actually realist and idealist are only different in terms and

methods after all . True and supreme art is that which 2 1 0 BUILDERS OF A NATION expresses the highest kind of beauty and is the most ” perfect interpretation of aesthetic emotion . About three volumes would be the output in the press of the numerous poems published by Fernando

Guerrero , who , like many great artists , has been singu larl y careless of his brain children , leaving them to be “ ” f found often in the heart of a friend . Among one o “ ” the sweetest is that entitled My Country , produced

on some ﬁfteen years ago , but still repeated many on occasions by his countrymen and women . The e which most paradoxically came with the most astounding “ inspiration was entitled El dolor de las cuartillas v ir ” “ ” r genes , blank paper , illust ating the pain of the poet f before the white page when , with the mind full o music

n R ot . and ideas , the form has come On izal this poet has naturally written voluminously and , more than

wn a his o fame , he desires to rouse the youth of his land to the love of their heroes and history and to the f impulse o creating a Filipino literature . The ﬁrst salary he earned was twenty pesos per month as a tutor , and when he had reached this dignity , h e . his fat er pr sented him with a watch Today , his pen and word support him and the charming group of merry children who , with their graceful mother , gladden his

Ermita home .

His political ideas need no airing , for the j ournalist “ has spoken for his country for years : The Philippines ” for the Filipinos , ﬁrst , last and always ; but he is not a politician , merely a patriot and thinker passionately for loving his land , feeling her and singing for her , a of man quiet tastes and retiring disposition , bold in

as words , but delicate and unassuming in life as in physique .

It is a great deal to have read Fernando Guerrero , his but to know him is better , and to have won friend ship is on e of the best things the Philippines can give any foreigner , for he combines so much that is best in is his race : t sensitive , highbred feeling , noble intuitions

That we are a sea people , however we may hug the land , is forced in on the consciousness when ever the

r yearly equinox buzzes about our ears , o whenever time is allotted from the ﬁerce ﬁght of life on land to wander

n down among the shipping o the water front , where a

‘ life all its own , which involves thousands of lives and

n . I millio s of capital , is played n the early morning the

ships , as you go along by the wharfs , seem to rise out “ ” of the rosy mist , the white j ackies ready for war , the

slim ocean greyhounds with paciﬁc funnels , the ships of tonnage which carry the wealth of the earth and upon whose coming and going are founded the nations of the of world , and those argosies wandering vessels which

come at random and , like the Flying Dutchman, seem

to haunt the shores and magnetize the imagination .

There , where life rises at full tide , with the day full of the vigor and boundless hope born only by the “ sea and in youth ; there , where men go down to the sea ” in ships and do business in great waters , are at this “ two - moment gigantic weather beaten craft , the Tong ” “ ” ' Yek and Isidoro Pons hauled up , as a sailor would

of say , for the sewing of rents , the ﬁtting plates , or the

of scrapping keels , as the case may be , until the rough

old ﬁghters , harried and lashed by the sea , shall be trim and j aunty enough for other voyages up in the strange of bays stranger lands , of the vast ocean which lies at ou r doors and enwraps our home and life in its mighty

. A and eternal embrace sea people , yes , and the men of whom this sketch is written are men who repair her deeds which destroy and wear but after all rebuild again and gives food and life and wealth as naught else

in Nature . A sense of power compels you along the path is towards the old Chinese craft with t gaunt wounds , you n think of the rent tarpauli , the strained cordage and 2 1 2 TH E EARNSHAW BROTHERS 2 1 3 twisted irons as a part of the prowess of the sea and as the rhythmic movement of the hammers and the occa sion al chaunt of the laborer reaches you of the sagas of old and the drama of the heroes and that something primitive in each breast is stirred to its depths and you too chaunt . “ n Build me straight , worthy master , staunch and stro g

a goodly vessel , That shall laugh at all disaster and with wave an d

whirlwind wrestle .

It takes men to man ships and men to sail them , and men , you feel as you move along to the sound of the ham mer , to repair them . Over there at Barrow they build the giant decks , from which they sight the lands to capture , but here in the pacific islands of pacific waters we con struct only commercial craft and the swift moving mes o ma sen ers C lu bi g of commerce such as the , built by this company for the Atlantic , Gulf and Pacific Co . Here is the plant stretching over meters of ground , a tireless workshop of a manly industry . Spread

about are buildings , large and small , in that regular con fusion of all such places where the ﬁrst thought is the creation and the achievement of some useful or n eces E sary article of the world of trade . verything is on a huge scale and the bigness has a kind of refreshing strength even when it is clumsy Here eight foremen and four hundred and fifty men grapple with iron bars , and push steel plate , cutting with mammoth guillotines pipes as thick as your ﬁnger

or bend plates as gracefully as you would fold paper .

ee It is something you can s and handle and feel , this work , no sham and the gigantic piston seems set to that music of the stars the tune to which the world turns as spins a top . The captains of this industry and leaders of the little army must be thorough mechanics who have

r studied in the Navy Yard at Cavite , o at Hong

kong , at their docks . Some go out in the bay

and tinker up the boats only slightly injured , while 2 1 4 BUILDERS OF A NATION

f those in the slipway must be built rom the bottom up . An engraved certiﬁcate given the ﬁrm by Admiral

E n u ist Au rora q notes the refitting of the battle Ships , emh O e L t u ou t of l g and p g, which floated the zone of war and during two months and a half were refitted here to the entire satisfaction of this officer who wished R of to return to ussia without a mark disgrace , and he E sailed away , as all remember , thanks to the arnshaw “ ” brothers , as good as new in gala attire .

During ou r war American transports were repaired by them and launches and other vessels under bids made

by them in competition with other shops . At that time E n ow Manuel arnshaw , resident commissioner at Wash

in ton as g , was an active partner , he is the head of the

firm today . This firm stands first and oldest among us in this solid work although others are In the lists

as John Wilson and the San Nicolas Iron Works . B egin nin g with the large cool ofﬁ ce we see hung 2 of upon the walls 6 models in native woods launches ,

r . o tug boats which have been , or can be built These are the samples of to ton craft shown as you f o . would be shown a bit lace , or ribbon over a counter Some of the machinery out there in those noisy rooms

comes from Scotland and some from America , and in order to prepare for this work these brothers have had to travel over the world , to Hamburg and Bremen and

Barrow and American shops . The agents buy from 2 to 3 hundred thousand pesos of steel and iron plamte and angle iron per year , and adding to this the su of F 500 000 bolts and ﬁttings , this sum is raised to , pesos for material alone .

si two In the quiet room t the members of the ﬁrm , in Manila Tomas and Daniel Earnshaw , with their

n Pre sler secretary , Se or y , and some four draftsmen , and n stenographers and Se or Gabriel Torres , the estimator of the big undertakings , and clerks to make up the num f ber in all o ﬁfteen . A storeroom leads out of this Ofﬁce where are in reserve tons of bells , bolts , screws , wheels , propellers ,

2 1 6 BUILDERS OF A NATION

R ising by a ﬂight of steps y ou reach the plane of 4 60 the cradle , feet long built of solid concrete consisting f w o t o parts . The engines or rather levers are two large wheel -serving as capstans of enormous size over 1 2 which turn steel ropes inches in diameter , this for midable wire drags the steamers from the water to a of 20 3 0 1 height to feet in as many minutes , 0 minutes only being needed to lower them into the water . Cogs in the form of small cars hold them in place while they ff are being repaired . The di erence between the dry dock and a slipway is that in the dry dock the dock is ﬂushed with water and the ship is let in and then the water is turned Off and the slipway has no water but is f a sort o wharf built as an inclined plane . In this slip way a high bridge is erected on on e side which admits of the workmen and crew reaching the steamer with ease on a level with the decks . Here the vessels lie from two or three days to as many months depending upon the work to be done . They are at the very gate of of the waterways Manila , in the inner basin marvel ou sly near the bay and the path to the outer ocean . This company has two more slipways in Cavite for 1 02 lesser work . These were founded in 9 , while this was opened in 1 9 1 3 .

The restaurant , a simple but well constructed mod ern building, stands at the entrance to the compound and here meals are furnished for the convenience of the workmen and foremen and even for o flficers of vessels . ff Three di erent classes of meals are to be had, the first

1 0 of 3 0 for centavos day laborers , the second for and of the foremen are served for 50 . Ofﬁcers the ships in the slipway can have a meal de luxe at 60 centavos . There are some 3 00 or 3 50 who avail themselves of these repasts where the best of the market can be had at so lowa price as to suit the ﬁnances of all . They are most prized by those who come from a distance and would otherwise be obliged to eat cold lunches . The power house is ornamented with stain glass windows and is in its way well constructed and sightly , placed THE EARNSHAW BROTHERS 2 1 7

high up as it is above all . As you sit in the power house you can overlook the restaurant building and indeed the city beyond on the left while at your right are the many sea craft which pass by “to their haven bill ” under the . It is a mighty view and one as the quiet , gentle man who has helped to build it all suc “ ” in l c ct . y said , might inspire you , as indeed it did On the top of that po er house is a good vantage point for a retrospect to years when E arnshaw pére was an engineer in E ngland and then came out to these islands to work for Spain , who had to import her first class engineers from other countries . In the Navy Yard at Cavite this same father worked and was in trusted with various useful offi ces for this same govern “ ment with various titles such as director of the naval ” arsenal . Here in this same Cavite were born the two n w eldest sons , Manuel and Tomas , the elder o commis ’ i n er 1 2 s o 86 7 . at Washington , in , and the second in 6 Both brothers studied at the nautical school at Cavite and graduated from it and began their practical work h e in t shops of their father , the first founded in the Phil

in n i es 1 87 0 . pp in Se or Manuel , the present commis sion er was , made , later in the eighties , superintendent was of port works , and also engineer of the mint , both appointments being of course given him by the Spanish was government . His own business enlarged under the 1 1 2 L d . 09 9 1 E o . t 9 title of Manuel arnshaw C , , in , and in “ was still more developed under the head of Earn shaws

Slipways and E ngineering Co . A n D ll three of the brothers, Se or aniel coming out from a thorough en gin erin g course in E ngland to join the

ﬁrm , have been identiﬁed with the progressive movements of modern Manila even outside of their large business .

While absolutely faithful to their daily discipline of toil , the two younger brothers scarcely missing a day from their . Oﬂﬁce unless to go on a hunting excursion for re creation , have found time from their obligations of an exacting business involving over a million of capital 2 1 8 BUILDERS OF A NATION to enter very largely into the civic life and into the club

life of the town . The three brothers have had a passion to excel in whatever they undertook and their record in the club Tiro al Blanco would show what they can do as sportsmen where they have carried Off prize after n E prize . Se or Tomas arnshaw is a member of the Club

Nacionalista , Club Filipino , Polo Club , Club de los Mar

tires , Club Carambola . They have each built up beau tiful homes and Senores Tomas and Daniel are ! blessed

with charming children . Socially there are no more welcome ﬁgures than

f n they are among the di ferent groups which they freque t ,

American , Spanish and Filipino , for they are equally at home in all made so not only for their cordial and

- friendly tact , but by their well known private charities .

Not on e of the brothers cares for publicity and their wide travel and extensive intercourse with men of affairs of many lands has given them a very broadminded con

i n of cept o life , as well as has their business career , which

has to do with big things . They have been through

- n Europe oft e and also America , Japan and Australia

of and R ussia . Their chief pleasures outside family

or life , indeed included in it has been motoring and in this they are experts as in any form of sport to which

they take a fancy . When asked as to the probable future of their work and its promise the question was met with a most assuring Optimism that as long as the Paciﬁc washed the Phil ippin es there would be ships to sail her waters and some one must build and repair them and as more ships are sailing each month this way there is no need to fear for

Of lack material for even the biggest brains to work upon . The astonishing every month development of agricu l ture and of the natural resources of the islands is calling for home made machinery as well as imported and this shop with others will have to meet the demand .

GIL M ONTILLA

1 7 Born on the ﬁrst day Of September , 8 6, in Hini

n re re garan , Occidental Negros , Se or Montilla is a p sen tativ e of that land of the sugar planter and sugar is on e of the principal products and largest sources of f wealth o o ur islands .

This island of Negros belongs to the Visayan group , f in the center o the Philippine archipelago . It is divided into two provinces called Occidental and Oriental f Negros . One o its notable features is its volcanic

of an mountains , chief which is the maj estic volcano C

sea . laon , which rises far into the blue above level Marvellous has been the development in the past f eighty years o the sugar plantations . These haciendas have some of them an area of acres and this F 0 3 0 000 . represents a capital invested of some , pesos

These plantations , which resemble those of Cuba in

of their size , have modern machinery and most the modern appliances for preparing sugar for the market .

About pounds of sugar are put out from this island in on e year and there is a possibility of duplicating this capacity . This amounts in exports to between ten to fifteen millions per year . Senor Montilla is a typical hacendero whose bearing has not a little of the South American planter about it , that mingling of the ranchero and the gentleman in the right proportion to form an unusually attractive t of and forceful personali y , with a spice the romantic out- of- door-life escapades and frequent encounters with physical dangers which give men prompt decision , strong determination and bravery . “ ” He is to the manor born , as his first hours were ’ of N spent in a hacienda his father s in egros , called the “ ” San Agustin hacienda , and at five months of age he was taken to reside with his grandfather in Bago on ie hacienda Constantine and here he passed his zgg GIL MONTILLA 2 2 1

1 early years until 885, when he entered the Jesuit school “ ” in Manila , the Ateneo Municipal , for his ﬁrst years of training . After the ﬁrst year he returned to his home and did not continue his studies for three years . On returning to school he continued his studies uninterruptedly until he took his B . A . degree with 1 n brilliant marks in 896, at the same time with Se or L mu ald ez R R o Corpus , uciano de la osa , Judge and

Pedro Guevara . On ﬁnishing his course with the Jesuits the young Montilla entered the University of Sto . Tomas of to study law , and after one year , on account the revo l i n ut o , he returned to his province , taking part as one of the chiefs of the movement commanding the forces

of at that point , and after one month ﬁghting he surren

he . dered to t Spanish troops , Cazadores (light infantry) About one mon th later General Smith took pos session of the province in the name of the United States and established soon after a Civil Government in which " n prominent Filipinos took part , such as Se ores Juan

Ar n An L L a eta eceto . , acson and Melario Severino ocal elections took place and Senor Montilla was elected as a representative in the municipal government of Bacolod in which position he continued for on e year until the work in hand a new system of government was inaugurated ; and during this time he also served s a teacher in the public school . He was then chosen as chief of police of Bacolod , a city of some the capital of Occidental Negros . Succeeding this he was appointed deputy provincial treasurer , after which he became municipal treasurer of the : town of Isabela in the same province , and having finished the revision of the finances of that town he was elected its president . During his term of office he was successful in the cap ture of one of the most famous bandits of the entire islands . In this capture he was assisted by an army n ow officer , senior inspector of Samar Province , and by n Se or R osado .

This famous outlaw , the head of a band of some -ﬁv e thirty more , had held the country in a state of terror 2 2 2 BUILDERS ‘OF A NATION for some twenty-ﬁv e years and this masterly stroke relieved the province at once of the greatest dread and most serious menace to the agricultural progress . On on e of n their raids they bur ed an entire town , that of K Y i abankalan , killing and torturing . This Papa s o an d his n w B ili i band are o comfortably housed in b d . Senor Montilla also devoted his time and energy to the reorganization and introductio n of improved

of methods agriculture in the district . After public service of four years he again retired was to his hacienda of San Bonifacio , which in part ’ his little daughter s inheritance . This child was by a 1 904 ﬁrst marriage which took place in , and the mother died soon after her birth . As one of twhe leaders of the Nacionalista Party he continued , ho ever , his interest in politics and entered

n 1 1 2 as a deputy the ational legislature in 9 . He has devoted his time to economic and ﬁnancial questions , which are now uppermost in this fast advancing land .

on . e . He has been three special committees , i ; ” “ R ” “ Public Works , Metropolitan elations and Banks and Corporations . He is especially fond of music and literature and is also a hunter and horseback rider on e of the most enthusiastic , and enj oys tennis as well . With the pres ent Senora Montilla (he was remarried in 1 909) f he lives in Ysabela , that town o inhabitants “ E n ri whose president he has been . On his hacienda ” queta in the midst of a center of rich sugar planters he ﬁnds most congenial society of men travelled and cul tu red and here he passes his vacations from the arduous legislative work of the three months of the year from

October to February . He is ardent by nature and throws his whole soul into the contest and believes in a glorious future for — his land but wishes it under a protectorate of Amer — — ica as on e at least when Sh e is free for he is one of those who most appreciate what America has done for the Philippines .

2 24 BUILDERS OF A NATION treasures collected by ripe scholars as elsewhere will be gathered the Library of the Philippines . f Scores o Filipino students are using the books , as well as American readers and , it is said , scarcely a day passes that a gift is not received from some one of s the religious orders , or from some private source , o f vital a part o life has the library become .

Among donations are that of Curtis on the ” North American Indians given by Pierpont Morgan and a Jewish encyclopedia , wdonated by Mr . Jacob f of . Ne Schi f, New York city , so new it smells of the press , the latest ﬁction is on the shelves and as eagerly devoured here as elsewhere . f of R . o The purchase the izal ms Noli me tangere , f through the disinterested intervention o Mr . Austin “ ’ of of e Craig , the bureau education , was a r al aubaine , ” ’ L its of and the R izal ibrary has , with touch the hero s m of ind upon it , become a part this structure of cul so R ture , to which , in many branches , izal gave his life . Here we see ﬁrst many copies of the Bible in L Spanish , twelve volumes in vellum of Cicero in atin ,

Herder , some twenty volumes in German , Dumas in his long line , in French and so on ; Tacitus , Voltaire , Shakes ’ of peare s prodigious progeny , and rows scientiﬁc — books alittle epitome of what the larger library will be . The general history in outline of the American Circulating Library is too well known by M an ilan s

was . . to need to repeat . It started in 1 900 by Mrs C R . Greenleaf and ou t of donations of money and books from home and here the “ American Circulating Li f b rar o was . . E y Manila born Mrs gbert , the ﬁrst and

of . only librarian , put the best energies her life into it 1 900 L In , the American Circulating ibrary , at ﬁrst a private association , was transferred in trust ﬁrst to the military and later to the civil government . 1 909 f o N . 1 9 In , by virtue Act O 35 , the Philippine L ibrary was created , a term that was made to cover all collections and books owned by the Insular Government . THE PHILIPPINE LIBRARY 22 5

c - - Dr . James A . R obertson, o editor of the Blain R obert “ son series The Philippine Islands, was brought over from the United States as the ﬁrst librarian of the new library . In the reorganization , the American Circulating Library became the nucleus of the Circu lat ing Division created by the act under the name of

Circulating Division (American Circulating Library). D of Miss wyer , formerly of the library Congress , was appointed Chief of this division upon the resignation of E Mrs . gbert . Hence the library is under the ﬁnest control that could be desired and the system and de v el men op t has been corresponding to the culture of M Ke . e those at its head Miss c , who has been long connected with the library , is the chief cataloguer , and as such occupies an extremely important position .

Mr . Manuel Artigas y Cuerva , one of the best known Of all Filipino journalists and the author Of many mono

on o is graphs Filipin men and events , the chief of the Fili i in n . E . . E a a . p Division Mrs O lmer , being connected L of with the American Circulating ibrary , is in charge the

Public Documents Division , and Mr . Salvador Donado , a bright young Filipino who has grown up in the library , is in charge of the Periodical Division .

Among the most striking treasures of the Circulating Division (American Circulating Library) is the Missale

R 1 5 . omanum , published at Madrid in 7 6 Its binding has marvelously withstood the tooth of Time . The fine red and black type is as clear today as the hour it came from the press and the wood cut of angels adoring the sacrament on the first page is as fine a work as that done by any craftsman . In this volume are briefs and bulls of popes , followed by a calendar of saints , general subj ect L matter , atin prayers and music ; Gregorian chants , written in ancient square notes . All the initial letters

s are in red and important paragraphs in red also . Thi was L book the property of Mr . James A . eroy , former private secretary to Commissioner Worcester and later D uran a h consul in g , Mexico . The copper plates in t is book are exquisite . 2 2 6 BUILDERS OF A NATION

Another important work is an early edition of ’ “ ” f Humboldt s Cosmos , an early translation o the ’ scientist s work into E nglish .

It is the desire of the staff of the library to raise the Filipiniana division until it contains the ﬁnest Orien ! talia in the Orient and to attract the best mentality of the Orient to learn of the Past . It is a large ideal , but who can doubt that it may be realized?

In this division , among the chief treasures is the “ R o I earliest important work , the elaci n de las slas

Filipinas , by the Jesuit father Pedro Chirino , published 1 4 in R ome in 60 . This book gives an account of the earliest mission work in the islands as well as much other valuable history . There is also here the famous Labor E vangelica by the Jesuit fathers , published in Madrid in 1 663 . Important books by the Augustinians are “ The ” Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas , by Father Gaspar de 1 698 San Agustin , published at Madrid in , and the

Historia de Filipinas , by Father Joaquin Martinez n ld de Zu iga , published at the o barrio of Sampaloc

1 f of in 803 . The title page o each the two volumes is f ’ a marvel O the bookmaker s art . In one a group Of

n friars are stationed o Opposite sides of a rude map , f to which they are pointing , while the rays o heaven shine through the Sacred Heart , held in the hand of a mitred ﬁgure , all symbolizing the conquest of the b Philippines by church and state . The print is a so l l ute y clear and the paper is not discolored . The second n volume , that of Zu iga , is one of the very best and most impartial ever written on these islands . The great Franciscan history by Father Juan Francisco de San “ Ch ron icas Antonio , de la Apostolica provincia de ” S . Gregorio , published at Sampaloc in the Franciscan convent of Nuestra Senora de Loreto del Pueblo de 1 7 3 8 1 7 44 Sampaloc in the years to , in three volumes , while not in as absolutely perfect condition as the other book , has a wonderful freshness of appearance . The R ecoleto history written by Father Juan de la

2 2 8 BUILDERS OF A NATION One exceptional treasure is the third volume of “ Sinibaldo de Mas Estado de las Islas Filipinas en 4 w published in 1 8 3 at Madrid . The ﬁrst t o mof volu es this work are common enough , but only

fiv e Copies are known to be in existence of the third , which was published privately . They were used only by Spanish Officials and curiously enough we find a recommendation to give the islan ds independence .

In the American Circulating Library we have ,

pour la bonne bouche , dainties indeed . Indiscreet ” L s n w has etter from Peki g , by Putnam Weale , hich had the rare distinction of some great books of havin g had pressure brought to bear to prevent the issuan ce f o a second edition . It tells in a stupendous and lurid brillian cy a far more terrible tale on the threshold of 1 the year 900 than the siege of Troy . A wonder volume ’ “ ” Of H opkinson Smith s Venice of Today , illustrated so ﬁnely by his own hand that on e is drawn from the so text, fascinating are the illustrations , and thensent

s . back to the text , o enthralling is his fresh style ” Egypt and its Monuments , by Hichens , illus trated by Guerin , of superb workmanship , is not far

n of behind , and ﬁ er still is the work the most warm

of of souled , soaring the moderns , prince poetry , Dante ” R “ Gabriel ossetti , with the poem The Blessed Damozel “ R of illuminated by plates . The oyalties the World in colors , crowned heads in all their gala toggery , will be especially interesting j ust n owat the coronation time . These plates can be copied also for fancy dress if the lovers of such things desire . Among books in series we have foremost the Oriental series : twelve illustrated volumes which make alive the riches of China and Japan ; R udyard Kipling in the Scribner twelve volume edition , making once again to glow in beautiful type the stories of the wizard ’ of s the East ; Shakespeare in the Eversley edition , Sloane “ ” Napoleon Bonaparte , and those handbooks of paint ing published by George Bell , gems which are little aesthetic delights . THE PHILIPPINE LIBRARY 2 29

Among the old books which are drift wood of literature and have each doubtless whole histories of adventure behind them before they are caught and catalogued in some library to the supreme annoyan ce “ : doubtless of their adventurous souls , we have Old ” “ Ala New York , by Dr . Francis , The Flush Time of ” “ ” “ of L bama , Pioneer Mothers the West , ife in the ” “ i Clearing versus the Bush , After Icebergs w th a ” one Painter , all in those sober , quakerlike , bindings used to see on the shelves of one ’ s grandfather ’ s book case and take down and return so promptly concluding n e on they were beyond o , but now , the contrary , they of are full of the spice of ye olden time . The names f these old publishers have often passed out o the market , so rapid is the rise and fall of literary stars .

Most unique among these old timers is a Ph oec ” n ix ian a of and , commercially value from its rarity , is its sister by the same author , whose title a gem , : S uib ob namely The q Papers , sketches and burlesque that open with a Fourth of July address which should

make the author immortal , as it is , strangely enough ,

both witty and original . This volume is dedicated

M lell n -c to General cC a . Another tome , dog ared and

decidedly the worse for wear , looks as if it too had passed “ through active service ; it bears the title Life of Gen . Francis Marion” and opens with the trenchant quota “ ” : 0 tion , that mine enemy would write a book , on w rambling in the quaintest of quaint prefaces . H o times have changed from the grace and charm of the Old time “ Gentle R eader playfulness and familiarity — of reader and author commercialism and modernism

have crushed that out long ago . Here is a journ al of travel of Lewis and Clarke to the Columbia R iver 1 804 in the year , with frontispieces of most imposing looking gentlemen in astonishing waistcoats and high

stocks . What romance of real life is suggested by such “ ” titles as Don Bosco , which gives the glimpse of great L personalities , Cardinal avigerie and many saintly dead b ut all passed out of mind . Then there are tomes 2 30 BUILDERS OF A NATION

’ of professor s essays , in the correct leather bin dings those gentlemen always use to preserve their immortal works in ; and into this group of sedate dignitaries , as “ often happens , has obtruded the Famous Funny ” which has a f Fellows , by Clemens , sketch o the Clemens “ wn ex e from which we extract this pearl , Your o p

’ ’ rien ce ou may teach y but another man s can t . I do not know anything for a person to do but just peg along doing the thin gs that offer and regretting them the ’ ” i next day : it is my way and every body s , which s almost equal to Lincoln ’ s “ Children do as w ell as you ” can and you will get along somehow , I always have .

of Then course the grey heads are here , the dear of : old fathers literature the classics , and the world ! books , Don Quixote and Boileau

” of r Memoirs the Duke de Sully , another ob t u sive libr ary author is here and a bit of ancient science ’ and courtesy , Simpson s Euclid , is delicious in its pom pous dedication to the king . Think of a ﬁrst class

n scie tist today , prefacing his world knowledge with an obsequious dedication to a monarch !

The old magazines are mines of gold worth hours “ ” of of study and research , human documents priceless ’ value to the student of manners and of history : Godey s Ladies ’ Book in which your grandmother got her styles of and much of her erudition ; and here , marvel marvels , ’ we ﬁn d the second number of Harper s Monthly . Whoever thought they could go far enough for that into history ! And s o the delightful company gathers f from every corner o the world , some thirty thousand of them , an army of dead shades and living spirits for us to know and they seem to court our attention

and for . appreciation , if only a moment So we read “ ” the Autres temps autres moeurs , and here in this delightful company the man and the book will meet

n sometimes for pleasure a d some day for destiny , for who can tell what part in the great deeds and great men books have played?

2 3 2 BUILDERS OF A NATION

’ In 1 895 w R etanas , follo ing suggestion , the com pany began the collection of manuscript documents

on the Philippines , which were copied from originals

A I . A 1 899 in the rchivo de ndias in Seville fter , the

choice of the documents copied was left to R ev . Pablo

Pas ll te s . A in. , S J formerly rector of the teneo Manila , a keen student in Philippine and South American mat

ters , and who has spent considerable time in the Seville

archives . In all about double folios were col le cted .

1 900 ws In , the ﬁrst large addition a made to the

collection by the purchase of the R etana collection , then probably the best library of Filipiniana in exist

. R ence etana had been an eager collector , and both in Spain and in the Philippines had had excellent op

r u n ii po t t es for collection . He published a bibliography of 1 898 this in , which , with the bibliographical work

of Medina , the Chilean scholar , forms a valuable source for the study of the bibliography of the Philippine

Islands .

“ 1 904 in d ell - In , V published his well known cata logue of Filipiniana (much of the work of which was of im d one by R etana), and the best pieces this were m b of ediately bought y the librarian the company ,

r . S . José Sanchez , for the Tabacalera collection About this time the company decided to publish a catalogue of its library . The compilation of this was given in R charge to Sr . etana , who , with very great assistance

. k from the librarian , Sr José Sanchez , ﬁnished his wor and published in 1 906 a three-volume catalogue under th e title : Aparato bibliograﬁco de la H istoria General

’ d e Filipinas d edu cid o de la coleccion qu e posee en B ar

’ c el a la omaf ua General d e Tabacos de dichas islas . on C p

’ This publication forms one of the best sources for the s tudy of the bibliography of the Philippine Islands .

n It contains separate titles arranged chro ologically ,

.and has much valuable historical as well as bibliograph ical information . THE PHILIPPINE LIBRARY 2 33

The library was housed in the main ofﬁ ces of the company , one entire room being given over to this . Among its books were various from such well-known

Sowelesi R collections as those of , amirez , Duke of Alba , i L - Ferm n Caballero , Marquis of iedena , Salva Heredia,

R . Emperor Maximilian , Sancho ayon , J F . Medina ,

Cabezas de Herrera, Barrantes , General Terrero , Tiscar ,

Zapater , and others . The librarian had made a card of catalogue the entire collection, classifying roughly A-U by subj ects , and using as symbols the letters , each letter representing one section of eight shelves , and being followed by the number of the shelf and book .

The company , with great generosity , allowed free access to its collection , and many scholars have worked among E its treasures . very book is bound , many of them

- sumptuously , such well known binders as Boyer , Bed

Zah n sd orf G in esta ford , , Durand , Menard , , Arias , and H . Miralles being represented . “ Some few of the notable books of the collection

: Transilv an us x : D e are the following , Ma imilianus

B . : 2 mi . M olu ccis I nsu lis olon iae 1 5 3 R a us o , C , ; , G 1 5 4 1 0 D elle Navi ation i et via i 3 . 5 6 6 g gg , vols Venetia , , , H t r a en al 1 . : is o i G er de 565 ; Fernandez de Oviedo , G las I n dias 1 57 : H is , Valladolid , 5 ; Alvarez , Francisco toria de las cosas de E thio ia Cara oca 1 561 Ca ia p , g , ; p de vn a carta venida de eu illa 1 55 S B , 6 ( , arcelona the ﬁrst ’ of L printed account egazpi s expedition , and unique);

H s oria las cosas as . m J : it de Gonzalez de Mendoza , n otables ritos costu mbres d el r an re n o de la Chin a , y g y , R 1 585 4 oma , (of this celebrated book , over 0 different L I editions , counting translations into atin , talian , E French , German , Dutch , and nglish , have been 2 7 of printed , which are contained in the collection);

H is toria n atu ral mr l o a d e las I ndias Acosta , J y , Bar

1 59 1 F la on 1 8 . : R e ci 59 celona , ; Tello , , Sevilla , ; Orte

E itomtheatr An r i e i tv e ae 1 60 1 R lius , p , p , ; ivadeneyra ,

. : H istoriad e las islas d el re nos de la Gran Chin a M de , y y ,

1 1 P . . 60 Relatione br ve d el D ie o d e etc , Barcelona , ; e g Torres R 1 6 3 : Relacion d e las , oma , 0 ; Chirino , Pedro 2 34 BUILDERS OF A NATION

l F l in as 1 4 elacion el levan tamiento I s as iip , R oma , 60 ; R d

l an le es 1 60 tﬂiet H istoire u ni d e os S g y , Sevilla , 6; Wy , vers lle d es I n d es ccid en tales 1 607 L e O , Dovay , ; eonardo

n u s a l a M a B . : Co it d e as I sl s lu cas de Argensola , q , 1 609 : S u cesos d e las I sla Martin , ; Morga , Antonio s

Fili in as 1 609 on e of f p , Mexico , ( the rarest o Filipiniana);

: H istoria eclesiastica d e n vestros Fernandez , Alonso

emos 1 1 1 Verdadera rel c r ti 6 a ion e la ma a p , Toledo , ; d villosa victoria u e en la civdad d e M n q a ila. han ten id o los E s anoles con tra la oderosa rma p p a ad de los Cosarios 1 1 1 Olan deses 6 R . l M emo , Sevilla , ; ios Coronel , H de os : rial relacion 1 62 1 ron ca y , Madrid , Grij alva , Juan de : C i ,

1 624 R elacion verdadera breve e la ers Mexico , ; , y d p e n Ja on 1 2 L cvcion . e 6 5 p , Manila , ; eon Pinelo , Anto

E itome d e la biblioteca orie al a t n nio de : p n i occide t l,

1 29 Vocabu lario d e Ja on M anila 1 63 0 Madrid , 6 ; p , , ;

H istor a d la cel a m ff : i e esti l vocacion is Sta ord , Ignacio

t l lor sa mu er e l o sion es apos o icas y g io t d e padre M arcel

Fr an cisco M astrilli L 1 6 9 A r , isboa , 3 ; d u a te, Diego :

H istoria d e la rovin cia l S o n eto osario p d e R , Manila ,

1 640 Labor E van elica (extremely rare); Colin , g , Madrid , 1 663 H istoria en eral d e los ; San Nicolas , Andres de , g reli iosos D escalzos 1 664 e g , Madrid , ; Comb s , Francisco ,

H istoria d e las I slas de M in dan ao Jolo svs ad acentes , , y y , 1 667 - Madrid , ; and many other little known , unique , lin uis and rare titles , embracing history , ethnology , g

. tics , , theology , politics , etc , of which space permits no mention . “ With the exception of the Philippine Library before the purchase was made this was the largest collection of Filipiniana in existence . Its acquisition L gives the Philippine ibrary , beyond any question , the richest collection of Filipiniana in the world , and ” on e that can never be equaled .

2 36 BUILDERS OF A NATION

own . as well as in his , Manila He received his ﬁrst i f art education n the school o Augustin Saez , taking up cast drawing , life study and history of art, from which school he passed to the R eal Academia de San Fernando , “ ” ni the Beaux Arts of the Pe nsula, which has its prizes

Seﬁor E nri corresponding to the Prix de R ome . Here

ﬁv e quez studied years , preparing to take up his pro fession on in Paris , which , ﬁnishing these academic stud of ies , he began at once , opening at the very center ’ the world s art his studio . His taste was for historic subj ects and he received various prizes from the Madrid

Academy for his work . He preferred the stir of passed

of events and the dignity history and her struggles , which appealed to his imagination and upon large can vases he gave this upleap of his mind and soul expression .

Of this ﬁrst epoch of his creation on e Of the best “ ” creations was La Lealtad Filipina . This love of the vast and spacious drew him into decorative studies and he left on the walls of notable homes in Europe many of his ﬁnest designs as well as sent them to the residences f hi o South American millionaires , who became among s largest patrons . In Paris he lived eleven years and in its sumptuous hotels can be seen more than on e canvas of the distinguished director of our art school . Among the most famous of his portraits executed at this time

of R f were those the Marques de ivera , one o the foremost ’ of that city s lords of finance ; that of the banker Pru d en io Y b an es his Scfi r Y b n es c and wife , o a being at that time the banker of Queen Isabela II ; another of the Marques del Togo del Valle and still another on e of the Duke de Banos , the nobleman who had in charge the affairs of the ex- monarch Don Francisco de Assisi ; and in on e of the splendid rooms of this dethroned figure in his place near Paris there hung also one of Sefior ’ Enriquez choicest canvases . Another work , Diana ” an d E ndymion , he executed on command for the hotel L L of the Count de Sohns . eaving ondon he passed over L to ondon , where he took an apartment in the South

K n was n ensingto district and soon j oined by Sarge t , THE FILIPINO SCHOOL OF FINE ARTS 2 37

who took the rooms below him . They had met before of in Paris and here , in the fogs the Thames , renewed as their acquaintanceship , which continued , as well their devotion to work , for years , in this close relation under on e roof . Another ﬁgure of the Fine Arts school is that of the n Zara o s professor of anatomy , Se or Miguel g s a, who was born in the same province as De los Santos Cristo E bal , in Nueva cij a , Bulacan . He too received his of ﬁrst instruction in this academy Calle Cabildo , under

Saez during ﬁve years , when he was a pensionado of the ' H iid al o government , with g , the famous painter whose body has just been brought back to rest in his native soil after a life abroad in Spain and Paris . In the year 1 87 9 they went together to Spain and studied in the Academia of San Fernando and in this school this leading artist-master of technique took his ﬁrst prizes and for his merit he was again made a pen i n ad o R s o and sent to ome , where he passed with Luna f three years , Hidalgo leaving them after a short time or i Par s , where he afterwards made his permanent home . “ ” In the Exposition R egional of Madrid he took a second prize ; in the Exposicion Universal of Barcelona ,

E L . 9. third prize , in the xposition of St . ouis a gold medal He was professor in the college of the Jesuits for eleven years , in this city , and has left on the walls of their n institutions some of his best work in portraiture . Se or

’ Zaragossa is also a writer of distinguished talent and has contributed very unusual material o n the art of his

country , to the leading periodicals . n Se or Vicente Francisco , the professor of sculpture , his has had a no less creditable art career . He began art studies in Manila in the school of Senor Lorenzo R f ocha , thus beginning his life work in the most di ﬁcult

of the plastic arts , in an atelier in the neighborhood of

n the school where he owworks . In the Spanish days

he was made a prize winner at the centenary of Sta . ’ 2 85 Teresa de Jesus held in this city in 8 . In the year he was appointed sculptor of the naval department of 2 38 BUILDERS OF A NATION

E s cu l r the Philippines , pto de la Comandancia General ” de Marina . In 87 he left for Madrid to present some of his work at the capital and in recognition of the same he was made a pensionado by the government , ﬁrst studying “ ” Oﬁcios a d on for four years in the school of Artes y , n , Obtaining a diploma of honor for his rare work done

R of there , he passed to the eal Academia San Fernando , receiving in the modeling class in that school another ’ . I E B 88 diploma n the xposition of arcelona , in , he was awarded a bronze medal for sculpture and a diploma , in the Exposition at Madrid in ’ 9 1 honorable mention in the same subj ect and , in consideration of a notable

e och was of creation of this p , made a member the famous “

e . literary and scientiﬁc society of Madrid , i . , the Ate ” neo of Madrid . This work was a bust of Don Nines E de Arce , a writer of uropean reputation and incident a ally minister (of foreign affairs) of Spain . On his ’ return to Manila in 9 1 he was given the ﬁrst prize in “ the Exposicion of San Juan de la Cruz , and in the Ex i ’ 5 position o Manila (international), in 9 , he received a silver medal .

’ of n The work Se or Francisco s pupils , which con sid erin g their opportunities or rather lack of them of studying the masters in their work ﬁrst hand , is nothing less than astounding and would alone establish him as an artist of rare ability and superb ability as an instructor .

n R of th e rofes Se or de la osa , another principal p

was 1 869 . sors , born in Paco , this city , in This paint i er , who stands as one o the foremost ﬁgures in the ar tistic of life the islands , received his ﬁrst instruction n R from his aunt , Se ora Mariano de la osa , a lady artist of Old the school , and then he was received as a pupil in that Calle Cabildo institution which turned out not only on e but several budding geniuses . He left this ‘96 institution , in , and for many long months , which lengthened into years , studied life in its best school , in the country and on the city streets and took all his models after nature exclusively ; this unacademic method

240 BUILDERS OF A NATION

— ful exactness of reproduction of Nature he catches her at ! her best— gives him a rank as an artist quite n apart from the vulgar . Se or de la R osa loves Life

L of and ife , knowing the caress the true lover , comes at his bidding , enriching his canvases with marvelous f vitality . He is a passionate discerner O truth and reality . That game of old chivalry which he plays so i — well , fenc ng for he studied in the school of Monsieur Merignac (a name surely after Dumas heart) as he — studied it in his own land Shows h owmany sided is

- his love of the tragedy comedy of existence . The School of the Fine Arts of the Philippines is equipped with men of the ﬁrst rank in training and ability and its pupils promise to follow in their steps .

R Amorsolo llel u Young men like eyes , , C , Tolentino , MO rales , Javie , Thomas show the initial production for a distinguished artistic career and they are only a few of many who are bringing new honors to their illustrious masters of whom the country is so j ustly proud . M ISS NORTON’ S NEW B OOK OF TRAVELS

“ O utposts of As ia

’ SOON READY FOR DISTRIBUTION ; AUTHOR S BEST WORK

f Just from the press comes Outposts o Asia , by ’ ni f Morilla Maria Norton , Ma la s singer o lofty verse and mistress of no less beautiful prose . The book gives Miss Norton ’ s impressions and experiences during an extended tour through Japan , Manchuria and Korea together with an interesting chapter on Manila and the islands . Not only places but distinguished people are pre of sented to the reader , and one rises from a perusal this charming volume with a sense of having seen the

u r best of o neighbors and their wonderful countries , for Miss Norton was granted interviews and opportu i f nit es a forded but few travelers in the Orient .

The Magnet Press , which has got out the volume , has made the book a pleasure to the eye both as to binding and printing , so it is doubly acceptable as a gift book as well as to own oneself . It will be on sale within a few days . Miss Norton leaves immediately for a second trip to the Asiatic coast , a trip which it is hoped will likewise have its chronicle . M ISS M . M . NORTON

E x celsior acaba de publicar cl retrato de esta sim a p tica americana , que es , como dice la misma revista ,

oetisaman l n a una verdadera p ie . i Ha publicado Miss Norton una serie de poes as ,

ﬂ ores i que son verdaderas del pa s , por lo mismo que l estan inspiradas en e aroma y en los paisaj es nativos .

He aqui la trad u cciOn que hace el referido colega

i u n R de una de sus poes as , escrita en retrato de la eina

E n el Madre y Alfonso XIII de spa a , en consulado espa ﬁ ol de Manila :

H asta u e te ama q p res a los ies d el Senor p m, victori so Feli e i o , p , ” rey . I

Estaen pie la R eina viuda y el tono negro de s u traj e de luto es grave y severo .

E nu n n u ntre sus brazos , i o se enlaza as arrobada maternidad j y la muj er se alegra de que win no turbe su s suenos la realeza ! II

su u i a En pecho , los infantiles deseos de s h j o est n l i l alimentados por e amor que le d o e ser . a e No mira los leones que se abaten asus pi s , aun

oro ni u que sean de , turba s animo sereno , que duerme i el con ﬁad o n cl todav a sue o de la inocencia , deseo de dominar la tierra .

III ! E l trono y el dosel no son para él mas que u n j u guete ; sus entre abiertos oj os solo ven el brillo del raso

’ y de la p urpura ; él s e rie de esas insignias de u n rey y

las escon ce . o , que ellas no dan la felicidad zdz

S ONG S OF TH E PACIFIC

f . . Songs o the Paciﬁc , by Miss M M Norton , is unquestionably the best collection of the poems of that well known writer yet placed on the market . These latest poems are dedicated to the sailors of the American “ navy on the big cruise .

It is not an easy task , even for one endowed with the poetic spirit that sees in nature and all around it something whereof to Sing , to review and criticise the pOetical writings of others ; much less easy is it for one of prosaic temperament to truly estimate the poetic value of such verses as these of Miss Norton . There has been a tendency in Miss Norton ’ s former

s verses to the vague . There wa a something about them that made them heavy reading , but in this last collection that trait has completely disappeared . She sing s the Songs of the Paciﬁc in an easy ﬂowing rythm .

Her subj ect matter is well chosen , her language chaste

n and simple . She wrote for the sailor in a language a d style that will surely appeal to him .

While Miss . Norton considers the best of her work to be contained in the last pages of the collection the writer sees the choice morsels in the early pages . Con sid erin g the purpose for which the verses were written , h told by the authoress herself, t ere is no question but “ ” of that the Song the American Sailors , the ﬁrst poem

on e — in the book , is of the best , one that will appeal most to the sons of the rolling waves . ! Mariners we , Jack Tars ’ We ve sailed under all the stars .

! Mariners we , Jack Tars

And we defend the stars . Not the stars of the starry night

But the holy stars of the ribbon bright . >I<

- Cable ewAme an . n s ric B IB LIOG RAFIA

Songs of th e Paciﬁc

By M . M . Norton

Miss Norton , la poetisa de Filipinas , la ideal ame

‘ ricana que vino asoriar anuestra tierra entre nuestras a rosas y baj o nuestra luna , cantando nuestros héroes

id en tiﬁcad a y nuestras epopeyas , en arte , unida en

el ﬁli in a al gran lapso poético con alma p , ahora , tornar u n al i U a u n de breve viaj e pa s de tamaro , da luz nuevo “ ” - antifonario de versos , Songs of the Paciﬁc .

v ez Yo os he hablado ya una de esta Miss Norton ,

n n mas O au a o a har , har diez meses menos ; yo os he a o presentado ya esta mujer amante de lo her ico , de al lo noble , sacerdotisa del valor y suplicio de cuya lira surgen cantando en ondas de oro las estrofas sonoras como inmensas aguilas heridas .

M as su U , ante ltimo libro , estoy tristemente ofen

N . dido , tristemente impresionado de Miss orton Por

en s alzad ora que Miss Norton aparece seca , arrogante ,

terroriﬁca a de roj as efemérides , en sus odas la lucha ; y es que yo anhelo en la muj er lo que es de la muj er , “ ’ ” ese odor d femina que diria Sixto R oses ; por eso desprecio y abomino atanta sufragista , atanta meque trefe como por el mundo se empena en arrogarse atri b u cion es masculinas

Si Dios pren d io alas de poesia en los hombros de una muj er , que esa mujer cante la vida , pero la vida

a . dulce , dulce de amor y l grimas , vida del alma Por lo tanto Miss Norton me resulta una poetiza que puede ponerse ala misma altura de muchos poetas ; i “ ” la poes a A Pean es inimitable , encantadora , toda llena de pasion y cadencia para esta patria que la ofrendo

ﬂ or es su ( l a sus , que abriga alma y a cuerpo aterido

u n por las nieves de sufrir calor de nido , calor de hogar . 246 BUILDERS OF A NATION

Songs of the Paciﬁc consta de tres partes : Ma Ja On nila, Hawaii y p , hay versos muy bellos escritos sobre impresiones intimas ; el tomo lleva la mej or reco

n men daciO en el nombre de su autora .

sen s I n Exquisitas , musicales , llenas de aC O son estas “ “ f R imas tituladas : Manila Bay . Father o Moun ” “ L “ ” ” . . o . tains A Filipino ove Song R izal . Adi s “ ” “ “ “

Two . . . Islands Nikko Japan Dai Butsu , , “ K “ ” the great Budha . orea Y Dai Nippon Banzai ! Y para terminar ; después de dar las gracias ami

l riﬁ mn e querida amiga por e ej emplar que tan ca osa e t

a . me dedica , vuelvo insistir

u n ﬂor u n Miss Norton , V . que tiene alma de , alma

a . de lira , cuando torne cantar , cante V noches de plata, v es erales versos de amor , idilios p y esa Vida de valles ,

l men e a d u ce t de besos , tan encantadora través de unas suaves pupilas azules . ? Will y ou do so . JESUS B ALM OR I

an u a d a V g r i .

NEW B O OK OU T

Songs of Heroes and Days , a small volume in ’ n u mb r f which is collected a e o Miss Norton s poems

ut . which have appeared in the newspapers , is just o

Markedly original is their style , their themes appealing always to the highest and holiest of human e motions ; they are instinct with that elusive , mystic s omething , the soul of poetry .

The Opening lines of the Washington poem , for instance : could characterization be more perfect? “ The lineaments of truth are bathed in serenity and round their lips

A smile half sad , half debonnaire , that all great ” lips must wear . “ Salve ! Salve ! Santiago ! ” runs to an exulting

strain of cannon and drums , bugles , wind and sea and the voice of a mighty throng : it is indeed a welcome

worthy of the ﬂeet that inspired it . The humility of “ a profoundly religious spirit speaks in the Prisoners con ﬁteor : of B ilibid . It is a I too have done and

left undone . Thus with each and all , though not

' as acce tab le in some poems p to the ear , through lack

rhythm , the lines carry ever their message of uplift . Y NEW B OOK B M ISS M . M . NORTON m An In teres tin g Volu e of D es cription

of Architectur e of Old M anila

Studies in Philippine Architecture is the latest publication from the proliﬁc pen of Miss M . M . Norton , the well known American poetess of the Philippines . The work is in prose and divided into six sections or chapters dealing with E arly Spanish Structures ; Characteristics of Spanish Interiors ; Spanish Patios and American Verandahs ; The Work of R oxas ; Heras — Introduction of Modern Catalina Architecture ; and

Old and NewManila Contrasted . In introducing her work to the public Miss Norton ‘ says : " If these notes taken of an ancient burg evolving its future from the past through the industry of its men and women , becoming every day a more ﬁtting

of dwelling place health and enlightenment , shall con tribute something of suggestion and inspiration , their purpose will have been served . They are A neither a history of Philippine rchitecture , which is some day by another pen to be written , nor an aesthetic pastime . They are bits of the Old walls and old streets

we through which we pass from day to day , in which are living our lives in the far away land of the Orient , the ” land we love and call home .

D aily B u lletin . E Su n 3 1 9 1 1 The Baltimore vening of August , , says In a privately printed little volume from the pen of “ rril n M o a Maria Norton is given , u der the title of Char ” ity in the Philippines , a careful and detailed account of the work that is being done by the R oman Catholic Church in the islands for the betterment of social con d ition s and the general uplift of the several communi

I d edicated to of ties there . t is i the Sisters Charity and

f f f Assu o . o o m the Orders St Paul Chartres and the p of tion , and has been written in appreciation their serv ices to that part of the world in which their activities are engaged . There are descriptive chapters of just what is being done by these orders at San Juan de Dios , ’ ’ San José Asylum , St . Paul s Hospital , the Women s Loob an L Institute , Orphan Asylum , olomboy Model

Settlement and Assumption College . This book was printed by Staples Howe printing G oiti ﬁrm Manila , Plaza , publisher and printing ﬁrm ,

ﬁrst class workmanship .

s WM . . CHAS . . DERHAM A DERHAM D E R H A M B R O S LUM B E R D E ALE R S

OFFICE S SAW M I D I G M I , LL AN PLAN N LL 6 a e D u u e d e A ba Tand u a C ll q l , y

3 1 6 I . . TELEPHONE MAN LA , P I

- i in mn f Fines n d res A Non I n tox cat g C o po u d o t a Pu t HOPS M ALT Guaran tee d n ot to con tai n more A L T N A B rewe d Express ly fo r Ar my an d t han al co ho l by weight M I N avy in th e Philippi n es .

B Y S A N M I G U E L B R E WE R Y

EL ZEN I TH

E f r A t c mporium o Jewels , Silve r i les and — F i ne S o u v e n i r s R e pa i r i n g o f Watches

sit S an is ri e sco t M n i I Oppo e p h B dg E l a, a la, P . .

BAZAR F ILI P I NO Household goods Small Hardware Cu tlery a S pecialty

1 1 3 E scol ta C o rn er of San Jacinto

LA PUERTA DEL SOL DEPARTMENT STORE TOYS F rn i s u t u re roc er , G as are u t er , C k y l w , C l y , ic en U ten sis mr S s r - s K t . er u e oe ate roo h l P f y , h , W P f , L i i i ms M s ca n s r men s ras o s ar a es . a u I t u t a etc p , l , P l , B ll d T bl ,

F . R A R E B ran ch H o u se in Paris J. MI Z E scol ta 49 EL I DEAL— AG M I TH I AFTERNOON DAILY L- IN I E E L I D A AG M I HI CO . C . PU BL SH D B Y E T ,

Official Organ of th e Gran d Nacion ali sta Party

G reatest ci rc ulation in M an ila an d pro vi n ces

Th es e f r r Spec ial cable servi ce fro m all parts of th e World . e b t m dium o adve tis i n g

B 6 n Busi ness ofﬁ c e : 588 Alix P . 0 . ox 00 Pho es M an ila

EL I DEAL— AG M I TH I DIARIO D E LA TARDE Editada po r la Socied ad i nco rpo rada d e su no mb re OR GANO OFICIAL D E L GRAN PARTIDO NACIONALI STA Gran circulacio n e n M an ila y provi nc ias Telegramas diarios proced en tes d e bodas partes d el mu n do l mej or medio d e difu n di r los an u n cios

R edaccién A minis ra ién 5 5 arta r s y d t c : 8 Alix Ap do d e cor eo : - e é on os Nos . 1 563 9 7 5 an a T l f , M il

VAQUERIA ESPANOLA D E ALBERTO SISI ea a ate 9 60 n 64 R l , M l , Telefo o 3 0

Servicio aD omiii c l o D E LECHE D E VACAS AU STRALIANAS M ANANA Y TAR D E

Th e lowest prices in town M I LLI NERY N ews hipmen ts every week

T h e atest Par s on n n F i n l i , L do an d Vien a as hio ns n M a ila TH E ROYAL MODE

A c har mi n g assortmen t of ’ ’ a es U n er ear r s resses o s ts an a s L di d w , Gi l D . B y Sui , H d B g , Su ns hades an d man y other arti cles LI NGERIE P r o mp t al t e r at i o n s by an expe rienced D ress mak er 1 2 9 Plaza C oi ti u n d er H ote l d e France

—J ‘AIL R . MARCO I OR

— — 1 60 Esco l ta 1 62

u pstairs

' — TH E TAILOR wh o d resses The Builders o f a Nation 0 0

T r m r r n o u s St sh an d Fo wa d i t, ea ip i g k A en ts B an ers etc . g , ,

TICKETS issued by all STE AMSHIP and RAI LWAY LINES th rou gh ou t th e WOR LD at th e SAME R ATES l

as charged b y t h e C O M P A NI E S THE MSELVES .

I T I N E R AR I E S M AP S an d complete DE TAILE D

INFOR MATION supplied for any tou r .

C OO K ’ S CIRC U LAR NO TES CA SHED EV ERYW HERE

T H K 85 SO N OS . C O O M A NILA

B O ﬁ e in the ania H ot . ox 7 86 f c M l el P 0 . “ a ress o on an ia e e on e 7 3 T el. dd C up M l T l ph 9

Su ccesso rs to

M me V L E T T E . A

FRENCH D RESSM A KER

Gown s an d D res s es of lates t PARI S FASH IONS

h mis s r wr G : LI N ERI E C e e , D a e s , e tc .

ace an d mb ro id er is L E e

n d T rimmi M I LLI NERY : H ats a n gs Cors e ts to M eas u re

47 Es co l l 1 308 1 ta Te .

L e ad in g D aily fo r

ID EAL

SPANISH FI LI PINO an d AM ER I CAN

Pu bli c N ews

ates All N ews . L t Cabl r ms eg a

B el owNacio n alista Clu b

M P IZ A . O T C

Sh o n rs n d S msh A ip we a tea ip ge n ts

I n su ran ce A ge n ts

Pu bli c Wareh o u se Pro pri eto rs

Agents for th e B U R EAU V ER ITAS

for th e Philippin e I slands

Agents for th e CO M PAG N IE G EN ERA LE RAD IOT E LEG RA PH IQ U E

W ire ess e e ra n n r s r in I an s a d e e o e Co . of a i fo the ii e s ( l T l g ph T l ph ) P , Ph l pp l d

T el e graphic Address : PO IZ AT MAN I LA I CE FACTORY

Ice made from pure distilled water

Popular price Pho ne 588

KERKHOVEN CO .

I M PORT EX PORT

B 9 R a O . ox 79 90 os rio , Manila P

JUAN SOLER

LE A D I N G D R AP E R S

Fine Line o f D ry Goods Popular Prices

P TT SS I CKE HARNE CO . TR UNK HOUSE

Trunks an d Suit Cases . Largest Stock in th e Orient

1 z S r z i I 35 Pla a anta C u M an la, P . .

TH E P I CTURE SHOP

A o f Art t ct r F ﬁne line Pic ures , Pi u e rames , Glass and Mi rrors

S U S N ii I I GHAM CO . 44 z C t Q RE , B Pla a o W I T H O U T 6 ‘ W ORLD RIV ALS G E R M IN AL REPU TATI O N

Cigar an d Cigarette Facto ry

Our products have the deli cious richness o f the

‘ c c t t ac th f hoi es ob co leaf , and e exquisite aroma o

an a r a origin l blend . They a e m nufac tured by experts

under government supervision .

mk r S o e o u FLO R EA L Cigarettes

ar es d e o mi a 4 alle M u ll s M an ila I C q C , P . .

2 ESCOLTA 2 ESCOLTA

Fin es t Res tau ran t in th e Eas t

T h e S h e r r y o f M an il a

C A N D Y — C A K E S — I C E C R E A M

‘ ‘ M 5 B G a f e p W ”e R J A R N E R estate.fiesaizzsg

S ie n t iﬁ c ca rea en a s ec a a en e l rata en to le . S lp T t m t E p i lid d T mi i n n Speciality C e tiﬁco d e l Cra eo . App o i n tm en ts made by tel ephon e O r d en es h ec has por t e léfono en for an y ho ur morn i n g o r c ualq u 1 er hora d e la manan a

l r . aftern oon . 6 d e a ta d e

- o rs : 6 to 1 2 noon 4 o 9 . . H u , t p m

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7 - s s i P 50 0 er o r a en er t me . . P g Au o ob l p h u Calesas Victo rias

S eci ' ra es f r mo n c st o mers p al t o thly u

LUZON STABLE S Ph on e 5 1

LA M I NERVA

C I G A R F A C T O R Y

2 2 1 26 1 9 Az carraga Phone No . 9

NEW HOTEL PALMA D E MALLOR CA

H ot an d o ater F irs t c as s u min ectric Li ts Fan s C ld W , l Pl b g , El gh ,

Fin e estau ran t First as s Serv ice Lea in a er of M an ia R , Cl , d g B k y l

i O . B x 3 S n a a e M n i e n 1 1 . Real an d ola , W ll d C ty , a la T l eph o e 3 5 , P o 5

B x 1 1 3 Phon e 4685 P . 0 . o 5

GEO . WHALEN CO .

C I I I E E C MA H N STS , ENG N RS CONTRA TORS

i i . i i 223 rc o n M n . n or mer a e a a a I u Occu e arns a B l , l , P B ld g f ly p d by E h w T IONG SON PHARMACY

B OTICA Y PE R FU M E R IA

— — 240 Rosario 240

At t Finest Perfumes . Quick ention Given all Patrons

Old est B ookstore in M an ila

B REN 'S LI B RERIA

A S n is C as sics Sc oo oo s in all L n Stan ar a a u a es . ll d d p h l , h l B k g g i B ra r B oo s . A n an s mi i ii s . e o e n R el g o u s o o k P y k ll h d b d n gs .

a a an es an d ea er o I n r M g ll B t i , t amu ros .

CONNOR MASON IN C . GENERAL COM M I SSI ON F I NANCIAL AG ENTS

Brokers : Live Stock Agents Mining : Australian Conn ections

A r s : 4 - 2 Cable dd e s 1 8 2 K n eedler Bldg . D O M N M n i . A . I R CY a la, P

r ts ac n s t s Car en tr Pa n t n Shipw igh . M hi i p y , i i g r t s ar n e P r Co n cret e or k an tar P n Co pp e s mi h , M i lumbe s W , S i y lumbi g

G P . E O . A T T O N C O GENERAL CONTRACTORS

os te et ro o e ote 2 1 d e la Rama Bldg . (Opp i M p l H l) Ca e a res s : P atto nco an a P . I . P on e 3 8 1 1 M il , , h bl dd

LA EST RELLA DEL NORT E

e r th e t The largest Jewelry store in th e Orient . W ca ry ﬁnes t c o f t a a the Far Ea t an s o k unse Pe rls and Di monds in s , also

t o f a r S r Cu t ex ensive line plain and f ncy Gold Jewel y , ilve ware ,

a Ar t N t etc . Gl ss , ovel ies , RENACI M I ENTO FI LI P I NO

E n glis h and Spanis h LEAD I NG M ORNI NG D AI LY

605 Arlegu i Tel ephon e 1 053

MAN I LA COM M I SSI ON HOUSE CO .

t F ci r Promo ers , inan e s General Brokers

D l am i in mN 1 e a R a Bu ld g R oo o .

REAL ESTATE ‘ AND I NVESTM ENTS

A F T DOL O RI CH ER CO .

’ ’ Men s Furnishings and Ladies Dry Goods

Military E quipment Store

57 E scolta 1 14 E s colta

LAD I ES ’ TAI LOR AND DRESSMAKER WAH SING

mican Fas ion s and Out tter Latest A er h ﬁ

G s o D r n or re e n t n ise ra s Cl th , aw W k C p , Ca o , Ra d and Open , n n mr i er re e n ee and all in s Si i i a to o o K S ec a t es C E b d y C p , P g d lk p l

1 84 ea a e it R l , W ll d C y

Z S . S . EU KAD I

i i f L s i aco La n N o and Vir c r ni W ll sa l or ega p , Tab , go oy , at a , fo t ghtly

c n ss en er cco mmo a io n Ex ell e t Pa g A d t — i mi s i ectric i ts an d an s in all s tater ms Cab n s a d h p El l gh f oo F o r passage an d freigh t apply to E D JOSE M a. Y . D AL ECOA 9 Plaz a M o raga

S . LEGASPI

rin in in in 68 1 Noz ale P t g and B oo kb d g Call e d a, W .

fo r t Cards Chris mas , Weddings , Invitations , Bill Heads ; Boxes an d File Covers

A Specialty

RAM I REZ CO .

A a ct a lm cen de efe os nav les , Planchas de hierro c Pin r A1 mr a a t A t tu as a b e g lv nizado , Cemen o , ei es , , l mi E r r t tc . espino , fectos pa a p o e a, Herramien as , e

‘ - i T l 2 1 09 1 1 1 u an Lu n a ant es Anloa u e n on o M ania . I . e . 54 J , g , B d l , P ,

HA T I Y NC U S CO . STEAMSHIP AGENTS

F s tr Con tract s a for I I ee k sa n . ) GOVERNOR ORBES , ( ) will il LO LO (w ly ili g

s tr . s a fo r E PI C SORSOGON , , will il SORSOGON , GUBAT , L GAS . TABA O I r n y V RAC ( fo t ightly . ) " C s tr . sa for SAN F I CU I EL ANO , , will il ERNANDO , V GAN , RR MAO y P I r n A ARR (fo t igh tly . ) " ” E U s tr a fo r PI an d I C V , wi s i , U T V N S ll l SORSOGON , LEGAS G BA RA or n (f t ightly . ) Mu e lle d e la I n du s tria Phon e 1 93

UN ION I RON WORKS

one 3 0 1 6 B ox Ph 5 1 Jabon eros 5 1 P . 0 .

Re airs to M ACHI NERY B OI LERS ! ENG I NES p , F o u n ers in ASS I ON O H M ALS d BR , R T ER ET

o r ro mt an d Neat ec te W k P p ly ly Ex u d

s imes r n i e r m E t at fu sh d p o ptly U L E . B T ER

PERFECTI ON WICKLESS B LU E FLAM E OIL STOVES NO SM OK ASH S OR D I E , E RT R AY O LAMPS

FOR SALE BY ALL D EALERS I TH E SAN I TARY STEAM LAUNDRY CO . n c .

FF HOS . . OL T J W , M an ager

The Sig n of Clean llnes t

ELSER CALLON CO .

INSU RAN CE AGENTS

oo ms 2 1 2 -2 1 4 n ee er i i HON 1 29 K u n E R , dl B ld g P

CURI OS

i i - r e in E mr er es r s s o c a tc . n me aces b o d B a P l H a d ad L , E , ,

ORI ENTAL CRAFTS

1 54- 1 56 Escolta

ALHAM BRA

L S S IAL S LL ZAS EX CE ENTE , E PEC E . BE E

‘ Th e Triumvirate of

SM OKE S ISF ION m AT ACT 6 9 5 For C o rrect

o mb i A u t o le

L u b ricatio n Univers ity of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIB RARY FACILITY 3 05 D e Neve D rive Parking Lot 1 7 B ox 9 5 1 3 88 LE CALIFORNIA 90095 -1 3 88 LOS ANG E S ,

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R e me mb e r ' Th e Tflings are th e

fo u n d atio n o f th e B 1 Successes an d a }; ,

su cc s a o r ﬁrmv e sfu l mn o e rlo o k n t i s o h n g .

E ll h In . M c o o . c . C . C u u C g 66 ,

’ T/ze Lead er s in M e P r in ting In d u s tr y of t/ze P/zi/zppin es

a a i i e a d s Calle Ech g u e M an il , Phil pp n Isl n