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Adapting to Finland Through Professional Football

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Adapting to Finland Through Professional Football ADAPTING TO FINLAND THROUGH PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL Perceptions of players and coaches Master’s Thesis Christoffer M.J. Swarts Intercultural Communication Department of Communication University of Jyväskylä Spring 2014 2 3 UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION Tekijä – Author Christoffer Marinus Jakob Swarts Työn nimi – Title Adapting to Finland through Professional Football – Perceptions of Players and Coaches Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Intercultural communication Pro Gradu -thesis Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages June 2014 129 Tiivistelmä – Abstract The present study explores how football migrants (foreign professional football / soccer players) perceive the adaptation process in Finland. Globalization and legislation have made it easier for football players to work abroad. The amount of football migrants in Finland is increasing each year. The internationalization of Finnish football requires study. Successful adaptation has a positive outcome on a migrant, which will increase the chances of personal, and thus in the case of football, team success. This thesis is a qualitative study of five football migrants, who are interviewed based on thematic, semi structured face-to-face conversations in Finland. The following research questions for this study are used to get insight in the adaptation process of football migrants: (1) how do football migrants feel about the possibilities in Finland to fulfil their dreams and ambitions?; (2) What are the impressions of their adaptation process in Finland?; (3) What are the football migrant’s perceptions of their own intercultural communication skills?; And, (4) how internationally orientated are Finnish football organizations, according to football migrants? The key finding of this study is that football migrants have a hard time adapting to Finland through professional football: local football clubs are not ready to work with foreigners in order to achieve full potential. In addition, there are too many differences between the Finnish communication style and the one of the football migrant, which causes frictions on the football pitch. Although Finnish football has become more international during the last years, there is a lack of focus on intercultural communication competence. Asiasanat – Keywords Intercultural Communication – Intercultural Communication Competence - Adaptation – Acculturation – Migration - Sports – Football / Soccer – Organizational culture Säilytyspaikka – Where deposited University of Jyväskylä, Department of Communication 4 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 9 1.1. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY ................................................................ 11 1.2. INTRODUCTION TO FOOTBALL MIGRATION ................................................. 14 1.3. FINNISH FOOTBALL .............................................................................. 15 2. REVIEW ........................................................................................ 19 2.1. FOOTBALL PLAYERS IN FINLAND .............................................................. 19 2.2. PURPOSE OF FOOTBALL MIGRATION ........................................................ 21 2.3. CULTURAL SIMILARITY ......................................................................... 23 2.4. TYPES OF FOOTBALL MIGRATION ............................................................. 26 2.5. INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE ............................................................... 29 2.6. PRESSURE......................................................................................... 34 2.7. IDENTITY .......................................................................................... 35 2.8. CULTURE SHOCK AND UNCERTAINTY ........................................................ 37 3. RESEARCH METHOD .................................................................. 43 3.1. GOAL OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ......................................... 43 3.2. QUALITATIVE METHOD OF RESEARCH ....................................................... 46 3.3. SELECTION OF INTERVIEWEES ................................................................. 49 3.4. INTERVIEWEES ................................................................................... 50 3.5. DATA ANALYSES ................................................................................. 51 4. FINDINGS ..................................................................................... 53 4.1. POSSIBILITIES IN FINLAND TO FULFIL DREAMS AND AMBITIONS ....................... 54 4.1.1. MOTIVATION GOING TO FINLAND ........................................................... 54 4.1.2. MENTALITY AND LEVEL OF FINNISH FOOTBALL ............................................ 56 4.1.3. SALARY ............................................................................................ 60 4.1.4. AMBITION ........................................................................................ 62 4.1.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 64 4.2. IMPRESSIONS OF THE ADAPTATION PROCESS IN FINLAND .............................. 66 4.2.1. ARRIVAL .......................................................................................... 67 4.2.2. SUPPORT ......................................................................................... 69 4.2.3. FAMILY ............................................................................................ 73 4.2.4. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT .................................................................... 77 4.2.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 78 6 4.3. FOOTBALL MIGRANT’S PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR OWN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS ..................................................................................................... 81 4.3.1. LANGUAGE ....................................................................................... 81 4.3.2. GROUP COMMUNICATION .................................................................... 84 4.3.3. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 90 4.4. INTERNATIONALLY ORIENTATED FINLAND .................................................. 92 4.4.1. INTERNATIONAL FINNISH SOCIETY ........................................................... 93 4.4.2. INTERNATIONAL FINNISH FOOTBALL ......................................................... 97 4.4.3. CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 102 5. DISCUSSION ............................................................................... 105 5.1. DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 105 5.1.1. CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 112 5.2. STUDY EVALUATION .......................................................................... 114 REFERENCES....................................................................................... 119 APPENDICES ........................................................................................ 125 7 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 VEIKKAUSLIIGA'S TEAM BUDGETS IN EURO'S ........................................................... 17 FIGURE 2 TYPOLOGY OF FOOTBALL LABOR MIGRATION. ......................................................... 28 FIGURE 3 THE STRESS‐ADAPTATION‐GROWTH DYNAMIC MODEL. .......................................... 39 FIGURE 4 INTERVIEWEES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS .......................................................... 51 FIGURE 5 WIN‐OR‐LOSE MODEL FOR FOOTBALL MIGRANTS ................................................. 117 8 9 1. INTRODUCTION This Master’s Thesis explores how football migrants perceive the adaptation process in Finland. A football migrant is someone who goes to a different country than its own, in order to work as a professional football player or coach (Besson, Poli, & Ravenel, 2013). A professional football migrant earns his living by being a fulltime football player or football coach. In this study, their stories of arriving, living and working in Finland will be told, and have been recorded via in-depth interviews. The goal is to discover what working as a professional football migrant in Finland looks like in the context of intercultural communication. To be more precise: the study gives us insight in the adaptation process of football migrants in Finland and if they are able to do their job like they would like to, despite living in a different country and working in a new culture. What are their frustrations? How do they communicate with their Finnish colleagues? And above all: do they get any help from their employers, or are they left to their own fate? Football has been the most popular sport in the world, since more than a hundred years. It is, however, not just ‘sports’. It is a sub- culture, it is working life: “football is ‘the serious life’” (Giulianotti & Robertson, 2004, p. 546). A football club has to be seen as a company and a football player as an employee. Football migrants are like expatriates. We are living in a globalized world. ‘Globalization’ can be defined as the “growth of international exchange and interdependence” 10 (Scholte, 2005, p. 16). It seems that globalization is something new, mainly because of the rise of
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