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Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 6 2004

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Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council National Water Quality Management Strategy AUSTRALIAN DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES 6 2004 Endorsed by NHMRC 10 – 11 April 2003 Material included in this document may be freely reproduced provided that it is accompanied by an acknowledgment stating the full title of the document, the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council and the date of release. Disclaimer The contents of this document have been compiled using a range of source material and while due care has been taken in its compilation, the Commonwealth, member governments of NHMRC and NRMMC and the organisations and individuals involved with the compilation of this document shall not be liable for any consequences which may result from using the contents of this document. You should therefore make independent inquiries, and obtain appropriate advice, before relying on the information in any important matter. At the time of publication, the links to websites referred to in this document were correct. NHMRC and NRMMC acknowledge that, at times, organisations change internet addresses, or remove information from the internet. The strategic intent of the NHMRC is to provide leadership and work with other relevant organisations to improve the health of all Australians by: • fostering and supporting a high-quality and internationally recognised research base; • providing evidence-based advice; • applying research evidence to health issues, thus translating research into better health practice and outcomes; and • promoting informed debate on health and medical research, health ethics and related issues. NHMRC web address: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au NMMERC web address: http://affa.gov.au ISBN Print: 186496118X ISBN Online: 1864961244 ii Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Contents PART I MANAGEMENT OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY CHaptER 1 IntroduCtion 1–1 1.1 Guiding principles 1–1 1.2 About the ADWG 1–3 1.2.1 Scope of the ADWG 1–3 1.2.2 Purpose of the ADWG 1–4 1.2.3 Structure of the ADWG 1–4 1.3 Water quality characteristics 1–5 1.3.1 Introduction 1–5 1.3.2 Guideline values 1–5 1.4 Community consultation 1–6 1.5 Development of the Guidelines 1–7 1.5.1 Acknowledgments 1–8 1.5.2 Public Consultation on the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 1–10 1.5.3 Workshop on Guidelines for Water Quality Management Systems 1–13 1.5.4 Pilot Studies on the Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality 1–14 1.6 Future revisions of the ADWG 1–15 CHaptER 2 Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality: OVerView 2–1 2.1 A preventive strategy from catchment to consumer 2–1 2.2 Structure of the Framework 2–2 2.3 Benefits of the Framework 2–4 2.4 The need for multiagency involvement 2–4 2.5 Applying the Framework 2–5 2.6 Correlations of the Framework with other systems 2–6 CHaptER 3 Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality: THE twelVE elementS 3–1 3.1 Commitment to drinking water quality management (element 1) 3–1 3.1.1 Drinking water quality policy 3–1 3.1.2 Regulatory and formal requirements 3–3 3.1.3 Engaging stakeholders 3–3 iii Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 3.2 Assessment of the drinking water supply system (element 2) 3–4 3.2.1 Water supply system analysis 3–4 3.2.2 Assessment of water quality data 3–5 3.2.3 Hazard identifi cation and risk assessment 3–5 3.3 Preventive measures for drinking water quality management (element 3) 3–8 3.3.1 Preventive measures and multiple barriers 3–9 3.3.2 Critical control points 3–12 3.4 Operational procedures and process control (element 4) 3–13 3.4.1 Operational procedures 3–15 3.4.2 Operational monitoring 3–15 3.4.3 Corrective action 3–17 3.4.4 Equipment capability and maintenance 3–18 3.4.5 Materials and chemicals 3–18 3.5 Verifi cation of drinking water quality (element 5) 3–19 3.5.1 Drinking water quality monitoring 3–19 3.5.2 Consumer satisfaction 3–21 3.5.3 Short–term evaluation of results 3–22 3.5.4 Corrective action 3–22 3.6 Management of incidents and emergencies (element 6) 3–23 3.6.1 Communication 3–23 3.6.2 Incident and emergency response protocols 3–24 3.7 Employee awareness and training (element 7) 3–25 3.7.1 Employee awareness and involvement 3–25 3.7.2 Employee training 3–26 3.8 Community involvement and awareness (element 8) 3–27 3.8.1 Community consultation 3–27 3.8.2 Communication 3–29 3.9 Research and development (element 9) 3–30 3.9.1 Investigative studies and research monitoring 3–31 3.9.2 Validation of processes 3–32 3.9.3 Design of equipment 3–32 3.10 Documentation and reporting (element 10) 3–33 3.10.1 Management of documentation and records 3–33 3.10.2 Reporting 3–34 3.11 Evaluation and audit (element 11) 3–35 3.11.1 Long-term evaluation of results 3–35 3.11.2 Audit of drinking water quality management 3–36 iv Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 3.12 Review and continual improvement (element 12) 3–37 3.12.1 Review by senior executive 3–37 3.12.2 Drinking water quality management improvement plan 3–37 3.13 References 3–38 CHAPTER 4 FRAMEWORK FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY: APPLICATION TO SMALL WATER SUPPLIES 4–1 4.1 Introduction 4–1 4.2 Applying the Framework 4–1 4.2.1 Assessment of the drinking water supply 4–1 4.2.2 Preventive measures for drinking water quality management 4–2 4.2.3 Implementation of operational procedures and process control 4–3 4.2.4 Verifi cation of drinking water quality 4–4 4.3 Individual household supplies 4–5 4.4 References 4–5 PART II DESCRIPTION OF WATER QUALITY CHAPTER 5 MICROBIAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER 5–1 5.1 Introduction 5–1 5.2 Microorganisms in drinking water 5–1 5.3 Controlling waterborne infection: a historical overview 5–2 5.4 Waterborne pathogens 5–3 5.4.1 Bacterial pathogens 5–3 5.4.2 Protozoa 5–3 5.4.3 Viruses 5–5 5.4.4 Helminths 5–5 5.4.5 Cyanobacteria 5–6 5.5 Risk of disease from waterborne pathogens 5–6 5.6 Nuisance organisms 5–7 5.6.1 Organisms causing taste and odour problems 5–7 5.6.2 Organisms causing colour problems 5–8 5.6.3 Deposits due to iron and manganese bacteria 5–8 5.6.4 Corrosion problems due to iron and sulfur bacteria 5–9 5.6.5 Problems caused by large numbers of microorganisms 5–9 5.6.6 Nuisance invertebrates 5–9 5.7 References 5–10 v Australian Drinking Water Guidelines CHAPTER 6 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER 6–1 6.1 Introduction 6–1 6.2 Physical quality of drinking water 6–1 6.2.1 An overview of physical characteristics 6–1 6.2.2 Approach used in derivation of guidelines values for physical characteristics 6–2 6.3 Chemical quality of drinking water 6–2 6.3.1 Inorganic chemicals 6–2 6.3.2 Organic compounds 6–3 6.3.3 Pesticides 6–4 6.3.4 Approach used in derivation of guideline values for chemicals 6–5 6.4 Differences between Australian and WHO guideline values 6–9 6.5 References 6–9 CHAPTER 7 RADIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER 7–1 7.1 Introduction 7–1 7.2 Sources of radiation in the environment and in drinking water 7–1 7.3 Health effects of radiation 7–1 7.4 Exposure to radiation 7–1 7.5 Units of radioactivity and radiation dose measurement 7–2 7.5.1 Units of radioactivity and radiation dose 7–2 7.5.2 Dose conversion factors 7–2 7.5.3 Average human dose of radiation 7–3 7.6 Approach for derivation of guideline values for radionuclides 7–3 7.6.1 Practices and interventions 7–4 7.6.2 Estimation of the dose from radionuclides in water 7–4 7.6.3 Estimation of risk from low-level radiation 7–4 7.6.4 Guideline value for drinking water 7–5 7.6.5 Application of guideline values 7–5 7.7 References 7–6 CHAPTER 8 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS 8–1 8.1 Introduction 8–1 8.2 Scope and limit of application of this chapter 8–1 8.3 Overview of chemical treatment processes 8–2 8.3.1 Control of algae 8–2 8.3.2 Coagulation and fl occulation 8–2 8.3.3 Adsorption 8–2 vi Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 8.3.4 Softening 8–3 8.3.5 Oxidation 8–3 8.3.6 Disinfection 8–3 8.3.7 Adjustment of pH 8–3 8.3.8 Addition of buffering capacity 8–3 8.3.9 Corrosion inhibition 8–4 8.4 Public Health Measures 8–4 8.4.1. Fluoridation 8–4 8.5 Assessment of chemicals acceptable for use in drinking water treatment 8–5 8.5.1 Chemicals Previously Assessed 8–5 8.5.2 Assessment of new water treatment chemicals 8–7 8.6 Quality assurance for drinking water treatment chemicals 8–7 8.6.1 Risks associated with drinking water chemicals 8–7 8.6.2 Managing risks 8–7 8.6.3 Specifi cations for the Supply of Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals 8–9 8.7 Monitoring and analytical requirements 8–11 8.8 Contaminants in drinking water treatment chemicals 8–13 8.9 Useful contacts 8–16 8.10 Acknowledgments 8–19 8.11 References 8–19 8.12 Further reading 8–20 DEVELOPMENT OF CHAPTER 8 TO THE AUSTRALIAN DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES 8–20 MEMBERSHIP OF THE NHMRC DRINKING WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS WORKING PARTY 8–20 TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE NHMRC DRINKING WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS 8–21 WORKING PARTY PUBLIC CONSULTATION ON CHAPTER 8 TO THE AUSTRALIAN DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES 8–21 PART III MONITORING CHAPTER 9 OVERVIEW OF MONITORING 9–1 9.1 Introduction 9–1 9.2 Developing a monitoring program 9–2 9.3 Surrogates and indicators 9–2 vii Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 9.4 Collection and analysis of samples 9–3 9.5 Operational monitoring 9–4 9.5.1 Characteristics to monitor and location 9–4 9.5.2 Frequency of monitoring 9–5 9.6 Drinking water quality monitoring 9–6 9.6.1 Monitoring of key characteristics 9–6 9.6.2 Monitoring zones 9–6 9.6.3 What and where to monitor 9–6 9.6.4 When and how often to sample 9–9 9.7 Monitoring of consumer satisfaction 9–9 9.8 Investigative and research
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