Annual Report 2003 - 2004
CRC for Water Quality and Treatment
Private Mail Bag 3
Salisbury
SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5108
Tel: (08) 8259 0211
Fax: (08) 8259 0228
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.waterquality.crc.org.au
Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment
Annual Report 2003 - 2004 Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment
The Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment is an unincorporated joint venture between:
ACTEW Corporation Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific
Australian Water Quality Centre Services
Australian Water Services Pty Ltd RMIT University
Brisbane City Council South Australian Water Corporation
Centre for Appropriate Technology Inc South East Water Ltd
CSIRO Sydney Catchment Authority
Curtin University of Technology Sydney Water Corporation
Department of Human Services Victoria The University of Adelaide
City West Water Limited The University of New South Wales
Environmental Protection Agency Queensland The University of Queensland
Griffith University United Water International Pty Ltd
Melbourne Water Corporation University of South Australia
Monash University Water Corporation
Orica Australia Pty Ltd Water Services Association of Australia Established and supported under the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program Power and Water Corporation Yarra Valley Water Ltd Mission To assist the Australian water industry produce high quality drinking water at an affordable price. We Received Other 10% Cash from Grant Vision 18% By 2010, the Australian water industry will have achieved a high level of community confidence in the safety and quality of the country’s water supply systems. Research undertaken In-kind from Cash from Participants Participants by the Centre will have laid a solid foundation for evidence 57% 15% based investment decisions for water infrastructure, as well as providing innovative solutions for achieving enhanced aesthetic water quality that meets community needs.
Objectives We Expended • Undertaking a high quality, targeted research program that Communication & Commercialisation 3% seeks to provide the knowledge and innovative solutions Administration 10% required to meet national and water industry objectives for drinking water quality in the major urban centres and in regional Australia, including small rural and indigenous communities. Education Research 9% 78% • Building on the success of the existing cooperation activity between the Parties to incorporate evidence-based guidelines into the Australian drinking water regulatory system. • Involving a high proportion of the water industry end-users in the development, conduct and utilisation of the research and other activities of the CRC for Water Quality and We Received $M Treatment. Cash from Grant $2.50 • Enhancing the strategic international alliances to ensure Cash from Participants $2.07 that CRC for Water Quality and Treatment activities are In-Kind from Participants $8.14 well founded on the best experience and knowledge already available, and to provide, where appropriate, the benefit Other Income $1.34 of Australian experience and opinion in the formulation of Total $14.05 international water quality management strategies and guidelines. We Expended $M • Providing high quality, well trained and informed Research $11.53 professionals as future leaders in the industry through an Education $1.28 extensive postgraduate student program. • Effectively communicating the outcomes of the CRC for Administration $1.54 Water Quality and Treatment research activity to the Communication & Commercialisation $0.47 industry and the community. Total $14.82 Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment Annual Report 2003 - 2004
Our CRC
Introduction by the Chairman 2
CEO’s Report 3
Highlights 4
Research Projects 5
Structure and Management 9
Commercialisation, Technology Transfer and Utilisation 14
Research
Program Group One: Health and Aesthetics 16
Program Group Two: Catchment to Customer 28
Program Group Three: Policy, Regulation and Stakeholder Involvement 63
Sharing Knowlege
Education and Training 70
Collaboration 78
Management and Operating 79
Specified Personnel 80
Publications and Patents 81
Public Presentations, Public Relations and Communication 92
Grants and Awards 95
Performance Measures 97
Finance
Budget and Resources 104
Auditors Report 125
Abreviations 127
1 1 Introduction By The Chairman
This report describes the third year of the current seven-year Under the terms of its agreement with the Commonwealth, agreement with the Commonwealth for the funding and operation the Centre was subject to a second year review during this of the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and reporting period. That review produced a strong endorsement Treatment. I encourage a careful reading of this report, outlining of the Centre’s management, research programs, education and as it does the Centre’s many achievements during the past year. training, knowledge transfer and related activities.
The first agreement with the Commonwealth under the During the past year, City West Water Limited has become a party Cooperative Research Centres Program ran from July 1995 to the Centre. Furthermore, an application to become a party to June 2001. Under the terms of that agreement, in a unique to the Centre was also received from University of Technology collaboration, public health researchers worked with water Sydney. This takes effect from the end of this reporting period. scientists, technologists, engineers and managers to tackle a portfolio of issues that were impacting upon the ability of the The Associates Program of the Centre has continued to develop. water industry to provide good quality water to Australian This mechanism enables small to medium organisations to link to consumers at an affordable price. Much was achieved in that time the Centre and contribute to some of its activities whilst deriving but much remained to be done. a broad range of benefits. The Centre has welcomed three new associates in Esk Water, Pine Rivers Shire Council and GHD Pty The current Centre still has at its core that same unique Ltd during this reporting period. Also, Barwon Region Water collaboration but additional skills have been brought into the mix Authority and the Queensland Department of Natural Resources, to tackle new issues facing the industry. The pressure of drought Mines and Energy will become associates at the end of this and population growth, sustainability and the growing customer reporting period. focus of water authorities have raised additional issues. The research programs of the Centre have been focussed on these One of the strengths of the CRC Program is its focus on matters. postgraduate education. I believe the Centre’s Education and Training Program delivers real value for the Australian water The current agreement with the Commonwealth will expire in industry. This year, the Centre has produced a further eight June 2008. In the past year, the strategic research needs of the postgraduates with others awaiting their PhD thesis outcome. industry beyond that date have become the subject of close Since 1995, thirty-one postgraduate students have completed attention by industry leaders and by the Governing Board of this their postgraduate degrees through the Centre. These highly Centre. skilled professionals have much to offer the nation, now and in the future. The activities reported on here reflect the knowledge, experience and effort of many people, the willing collaboration between On behalf of the Governing Board, I must congratulate the industry and research parties in the current Centre, and personnel located in Centre parties around the country for all relationships with a range of other organisations, both within that has been achieved during the past year, and I acknowledge Australia and internationally. the contribution of my colleagues on the Governing Board to the continued success of the Centre. I believe the Board has shown All of these activities are aimed at helping the Australian water real leadership in directing Board policy to achieve our mission. industry provide high quality water at an affordable price. They benefit this nation through the protection of public health, through Chief Executive Officer, Professor Don Bursill has continued to saving on infrastructure costs, and through the enhancement of lead the Centre with vision and commitment. scientific and technological capacity. To conclude on a personal note, this is the ninth occasion on which In the past year, the Governing Board has sought to quantify the it has been my pleasure as chairman to write an introduction to benefits that the Centre’s research has brought and is bringing to the Centre’s annual report. I know that the Centre’s continuing the water industry and to the nation. Further effort will be directed research efforts have brought great benefits to the Australian towards this goal in the next year. However, based on recent water industry and to Australians generally and I have been and overseas experience, the total cost of the Centre over the past continue to be honoured by my association with them. nine years is less than the likely impact of one major water quality incident in an Australian community. For example in Canada, an incident in a town of only 5,000 people cost that nation the equivalent of over $170 million Australian dollars. Every such incident that is avoided by the application of the knowledge generated by this Centre more than repays the investment. Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis AC MBE, Chairman
2 Chief Executive Officer’s Report
The past year has been a hugely productive one for the CRC for Organisationally, the Centre has moved to a web-based Water Quality and Treatment. A program of strategic research project information management system in the past year. This for the Australian water industry, with its beginnings back in the has assisted with both communication and accountability. A mid-1990s, has now entered a mature phase. Research outputs related web-based personnel effort reporting system was also have been combined, refined and packaged into useful products implemented in this period. In a Centre with twenty-nine parties for ready implementation in the range of operations that go into and even more organisations involved in research collaboration, ensuring the delivery of a water supply of high quality. this has proved well worth the significant initial effort.
A recent example of this has been the series of “Pathogen Our international collaborative activities continue to grow. The Roadshow” seminars held in seven locations around the country. benefits to date for the Australian water industry have been The seminars and the associated fact sheets have provided clear considerable. Further dividends are expected to flow from these guidance to managers of catchments and urban water utilities, activities. both here and overseas, on how to focus their policies, works and operational priorities to lower the risk to public health of Whilst some things mature, others remain young. I never cease pathogen contamination of the water supply. to be encouraged by the enthusiasm and creativity which our youngest researchers bring to the Centre. As part of our Education In another example, research into modelling the flocculation and Training Program, each year we introduce a group of talented process in water treatment for optimal removal of natural organic young Australians to the mysteries and challenges of drinking matter has provided a product of immediate value to operators water-related research over their summer university vacation. I of water treatment plants, particularly where the quality of the find their research presentations at the end of their time with us incoming water can vary widely over a short period of time. quite inspiring. With the passage of the years, it is an additional source of satisfaction to see some of them complete a PhD with However, perhaps the best example is in the Centre’s continuing us and later seek employment in a related area. impact on the regulatory environment. Whilst it is a source of frustration to me and to many in the Australian water industry In carrying out my role, I am assisted by many people. Our to witness the delay in the publication of the latest version of the Centre Chairman, Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis is a source of Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, it is immensely pleasing considerable wisdom and counsel. Deputy CEOs Professor Tony to see the risk management approach incorporated into this Priestley and Dr Dennis Steffensen provide constant backup. The latest version being taken up by the European Commission in leaders of Centre programs and activities who together constitute a review of its regulatory environment. This follows the earlier the Management Committee of the Centre have worked diligently influence of Australian thinking on the World Health Organization to achieve Centre milestones. Project leaders and their teams guidelines. It is also pleasing to see the unpublished Australian drawn from industry and research parties have ensured that Drinking Water Guidelines become the de facto industry guide in research objectives have been met. The administration team have this country. I should also mention here the development of the kept our systems running. So much of what happens around the Victorian Safe Drinking Water Act 2003 to which Centre personnel Centre, particularly where travel is concerned, relies on the skill of made a significant contribution. my PA Susan Spragg. I thank them all.
Many other highlights of this busy year are described elsewhere Many thanks also to the others, located in Centre parties and in the report. elsewhere, who have contributed to the efforts described in this report. And it is more than the research program that has entered a mature phase. The Governing Board of the Centre has been giving consideration to the strategic research and technological support needs of the industry beyond the life of the current Centre, that is after June 2008. There is agreement that this should concern more than drinking water issues and, as the current Centre also does, Professor Don Bursill support a more holistic approach to urban water management. Chief Executive Officer A committee of the Governing Board chaired by Ross Young, Executive Director of the Water Services Association of Australia, has been established to examine the options and to report back.
At the same time, at the behest of the industry and fully funded by it, the Governing Board has also supported planning for a research portfolio in the area of wastewater research. 2 3 Commercialisation of the activated carbon regeneration process developed in the Centre has advanced further following the establishment of Carbon Regen Pty Ltd and commencement of a period of negotiation on a commercialisation proposal.
Models of coagulation in water treatment and associated software for the control of the coagulation process to maximise removal of organic matter have now been developed to the stage where they are being successfully used in several operational plants. It is expected they will have wider application in Australia and have prospects for commercial development internationally.
Highlights A major international research conference focusing on the practical application of research for the management of natural organic matter (NOM) in catchments, source waters, treatment processes and water supply distribution systems was supported by the Centre and organised by Centre personnel in Victor Harbour, South Australia, 2-5 March 2004.
Work undertaken in this Centre to develop the “Framework for the Management of Drinking Water Quality” and to have it incorporated into the latest revision of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines continues to strongly influence the provision of guidance for managing water supply systems internationally.
The Centre has provided practical advice to help water suppliers develop effective risk management systems for their water supply operations through the publication of the Centre’s Research Report 11 A guide to hazard identification and risk assessment for drinking water supplies.
In a major technology transfer exercise, outcomes from Centre research into the generation, movement and public health risk of pathogens in catchments and source waters were packaged and explained in a series of seminars conducted around the nation.
The Centre continues to be a leader internationally in cyanobacterial research and in the development of improved methods for detection of cyanotoxins.
As a significant international collaborator in drinking water research, a founding member of the Global Water Research Coalition and a party to other collaborative ventures, the Centre has continued to provide the Australian water industry with access to the latest scientific and technological developments from overseas.
Following a conference on Water and Public Health in Regional and Rural Australia organised by the Centre and the NHMRC in Alice Springs in August 2002, a steering committee and a working party, both involving Centre personnel, have been established to develop resource material for the application of the Framework for Drinking Water Quality Management to rural and remote communities.
Together with the CRC for Aboriginal Health and the CRC for Desert Knowledge, the Centre is now involved in an Indigenous Community Water Research Forum in order to facilitate collaboration on water issues affecting remote Indigenous communities.
A survey on community views of drinking water quality in the capital cities of Australia, has provided the water utilities involved with an understanding of how the communities they serve judge the quality of their drinking water. Also, the utilities now have an understanding of community concerns and of their levels of trust, enabling them to act upon the findings by improving water quality or developing relevant communication strategies.
A wastewater research strategy has been developed in the past year at the water industry’s request with initial projects focussing on assessing health risks from the beneficial use of biosolids and recycled water, and on assessing environmental risks from micropollutants.
4 Research Projects
RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 2003/2004 RESEARCH STATUS Complete Active Commercial
PROGRAM 1A: EPIDEMIOLOGY
Project 1.1.5 Drinking Water Quality Management System • Project 1.1.6 Drinking Water Quality Risk Guidance • Project 1.3.1.5 Acute Skin Irritant Effects of Cyanobacteria (Blue-green Algae) in Healthy Volunteers • Project 1.3.3.2 Norwalk-Like Viruses and its Contribution to Drinking Water • Project 1.3.4.1 Economic Evaluation of Community Gastroenteritis • Project 1.3.7.5 Drinking Water and Melioidosis • Project 1.3.8.2 Case Control Study of Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne • Project 1.3.8.3 Case Control Study of Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in Adelaide • Project 1.1.0.1 Water Quality Study Mark II • Project 1.1.0.2 Literature Review Endocrine Disrupters • Project 1.1.0.4 National Waterborne Disease Surveillance Database • Project 1.1.0.5 Developing evidence-based Strategic Water Quality Monitoring Systems • Project 1.1.0.6 Water Reuse and Alternative Water Sources: Attitudes, Practices, Risk Assesment and Human Health Outcomes • PROGRAM 1B: TOXICOLOGY Project 1.3.1.1 Cyanobacterial Tumour Promotion • Project 1.3.1.6 Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Cylindrospermopsis Raciborski • Project 1.2.0.1 Recreational Exposure to Cyanobacteria • Project 1.2.0.2 Cylindrospermopsin, Carcinogenicity, Genotoxicity and Mechanism of Toxic action • Project 1.2.0.3 Literature Review Endocrine Disrupters • Project 1.2.0.5 Screening Assays for Waterborne Toxicants • Project 1.2.0.7 Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Expression of by-products in Environmental Blooms • Project 1.2.0.8 Gene Expression Profiling of Cylindrospermopsin in Cultured Intestinal Epithelial Cells • Project 1.2.0.9 Screening Assays for Aquatic Toxins • Project 1.2.1.0 Decomposition and removal of Triclosan from Reused Water as a Drinking Water Source • Project 1.2.1.1 Effects Induced by pH, Ionic and Osmotic Stress on PSP Toxin Production in Cyanobacteria • Project 1.2.1.2 Investigations of NDMA formation by Chlorination of Model Compounds • PROGRAM 1C: PEOPLE’S PERSPECTIVES Project 1.3.0.2 National Community Survey on Attitudes to Drinking Water Quality, Phase 1 • Project 1.3.0.6 In Theory and In Practice - Attitudes to Potential and Actual Use of Recycled Water In and Out of House • PROGRAM 2A: CATCHMENTS Project 2.2.1 Identification and Control of Sources of Infectious Pathogens in Catchments • Project 2.2.1.1 Management of Pathogens in Source Waters (Vic) • Project 2.2.1.2 Management of Pathogens in Source Waters (WA) • Project 2.2.1.3 Management of Pathogens in Source Waters (SA) • Project 2.2.1.4 Management of Pathogens in Source Waters (ACT) • Project 2.2.2 Fate and Transport of Surface Water Pathogens in Watersheds • Project 2.1.0.1 Understanding the impacts of Recreational Access on Drinking Water Catchments and Storages in Australia • Project 2.1.0.2 Catchment Risk Management: A Tool to Structure Source Water Protection • Project 2.1.0.3 Development of Pathogen and NOM Modules for Integration into the CRCCH Catchment Toolkit • Project 2.1.0.4 Comparing Cryptosporidium Genotyping Methods • Project 2.1.0.5 Pollutant Source Tracing Tools • Project 2.1.0.9 Construction of a Pathogen Model for Drinking Water Catchments - a tool for minimising risks in human health •
4 5 Research Projects
RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 2003/2004 RESEARCH STATUS Complete Active Commercial
PROGRAM 2B: RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT Project 2.1.1 Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter • Project 2.1.3 Photochemical Degradation and Remineralisation of Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Warren Reservoir • Project 2.1.4 Microbial Degradation and Remineralisation of Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Warren Reservoir • Project 2.3.1.4 Development of an ELISA Method for Microcystins • Project 2.3.2.1 Genetics of Microcystin Production by Cyanobacteria • • Project 2.3.2.2 Genetics of Saxitoxin Production by Anabaena Circinalis • Project 2.3.2.7 Investigation of Growth Factors Affecting Production of Cylindrospermopsin and other Toxins by the Cyanobaterium Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii • Project 2.3.3.1 Application of Image Analysis to Cyanobacteria • Project 2.3.3.2 Rapid Methods for the Detection of Toxic Cyanobacteria • Project 2.3.3.3 Identification and Enumeration of Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry • Project 2.5.1 Destratification for Control of Phytoplankton • Project 2.5.2 Short-Term Forecasting of Blue-Green Algal Blooms in Drinking Water Reservoirs by Artificial Neural Network • Project 2.6.1 ARMCANZ National Algal Manager • Project 2.2.0.1 Hydrodynamic Distribution of Pathogens in Reservoirs • Project 2.2.0.2 Investigation of Survival of Cryptosporidium in Environmental Waters • Project 2.2.0.4 Iron Transformations in Drinking Water Supplies and their effects on the Growth Survival and Toxicity of Cyanobateria • Project 2.2.0.5 Carbon and Nutrient Dynamics: Application to Reservoirs • Project 2.2.0.6 Algal Toxin – Management • Project 2.2.0.7 Algal Toxin - LPS Endotoxins • Project 2.2.0.8 Algal Toxin - Saxitoxin Assays • Project 2.2.0.9 Algal Toxin - Gene Probes • Project 2.2.1.0 Algal Toxin – LC/MS/MS Toxins • Project 2.2.1.1 Algal Toxin – Elisa/PPIA Kits • Project 2.2.1.2 Impacts of De-stratification of Reservoir Waters on the character of Natural Organic Matter and on the Removal of NOM by Water Treatment Processes • • Project 2.2.1.3 Generation and transformation of Iron and Manganese in Lake Burragorang • Project 2.2.1.4 Reservoir Management Strategies for Control and Degradation of Algal Toxins • Project 2.2.1.5 Emerging Algal Toxins Prospect Summary • Project 2.2.1.6 The Role of DNA Transposition in the Acquisition and Evolution of Microcystin and Nodularin Toxicology in Cyanobacteria • Project 2.2.1.7 Early Warning for Algal Blooms in Drinking Water Reservoirs by Real - Time Forecasting • PROGRAM 2C: MEASUREMENT Project 2.3.0.1 The Chemistry of Halophenol Tastes in Drinking Water • Project 2.3.0.2 The Structure and Chemistry of Natural Organic Matter in Groundwaters from the Gnangara Mound • Project 2.3.0.3 The monitoring of Organic and Biological Contaminants in Reticulated Water by Direct Photochemical Degradation • Project 2.3.0.4 Early detection of Cyanobacteria Toxins using Genetic Methods • Project 2.3.0.7 Development of an Interferometric Nanoscale Silicon Biosensor for Detection of Contaminants in Drinking Water • Project 2.3.0.8 A study of Disinfection By-Products from Chloramination vs Chlorination • Project 2.3.0.9 Development of a real time, rapid and non-destructive Drinking Water Monitoring System • Project 2.3.1.1 Dissolved Organic Carbon Detector for use in Size Exclusion Chromatography • Project 2.3.1.2 National Low Level Nutrient Collaborative Trial • Project 2.3.1.4 Development of Biosensors for Analysis of MIB and Geosmin • 6 Research Projects
RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 2003/2004 RESEARCH STATUS Complete Active Commercial
Project 2.3.1.5 Development of Portable Instrumentation for the Measurement of Pesticides in Water • Project 2.3.1.6 Behaviour of XAD8 NOM Fractions on Treatment • PROGRAM 2D: WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY Project 3.1.4 Novel Methods of Pathogen Destruction • Project 3.2.1 Development of Treatment Systems for Removal of Natural Organics • Project 3.2.5 Regeneration of Activated Carbon • • Project 3.2.6 Optimisation of Adsorption Processes - Stage II • Project 3.2.7 Manganese Workshop/Project Allocation • Project 3.2.8 Automated Control of Treatment Plants • • Project 3.2.9 Development of Biological Treatment System for Concentrated Natural Organics Streams • Project 2.4.0.1 Removal of Manganese from Drinking Water • Project 2.4.0.2 Interface Science in Drinking Water Treatment • Project 2.4.0.3 Development of combined treatment processes for the removal of Recalcitrent Organic Matter • Project 2.4.0.4 Optimising the Water Treatment and Disinfection Train for Cryptosporidium Destruction • Project 2.4.0.5 Biological Filtration Processes for the Removal of Algal Metabolites • Project 2.4.0.6 Biological Removal of UV-Pretreated NOM from Potable Water • Project 2.4.0.7 Investigation of Advanced Drinking Water Treatment Technologies for Reducing Taste and Odour Problems and Disinfection By-Products • Project 2.4.0.8 Development of a combined Membrane Treatment Process for the removal of Recalcitrant Organic Matter • Project 2.4.0.9 Development of pre-treatment strategies to reduce Flux Loss in Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Membranes • Project 2.4.1.0 Monitoring for Membrane Fouling Assessment • Project 2.4.1.1 Biological Processes for Dissolved Organic Carbon Removal • Project 2.4.1.2 Management Strategies for Toxic Blue-Green Algae: A Guide for Water Utilities • Project 2.4.1.3 Development of Biological Filter for Removal of Microcystin Algal Toxins • Project 2.4.1.4 Utilisation of Fungi for the Removal of Natural Organic Matter • Project 2.4.1.5 Biological Filtration Processes for the Removal of the Cyanobacterial Toxin, Cylindrospermopsin • PROGRAM 2E: DISTRIBUTION Project 4.1.1 Factors Affecting Biofilm Development • Project 4.2.2.1 Interactions between Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Drinking Water Pipe Biofilms • Project 4.2.2.2 Bacterial Symbionts of Amoeba • Project 4.1.3 Modelling Biofilms and Interventions • Project 4.2.3 Physical and Chemical Effects on Distribution System Biofilms and Incorporated Pathogens • Project 4.3.1 Modelling System Flows, Biofilms and Pathogens • Project 4.3.2 Optimisation of Chlorine Residuals in a Distribution System - Melbourne • Project 4.3.6 Aesthetic Water Quality in Distribution Systems - Melbourne • Project 2.5.0.1 Development of tools for improved Disinfection Control Within Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.0.2 Understanding Discoloured Water - at the customer’s tap and in Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.0.3 Decision Support Systems to maintain water quality • Project 2.5.0.5 Application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points for Distribution System Protection • Project 2.5.0.6 Triggers to taste and Odour-Microbial Production of Geosmin and MIB in Drinking Water Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.0.7 Understanding the growth of opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens within Distribution Mains • Project 2.5.0.8 Impact of cement-mortar lined pipes on pH variability • Project 2.5.0.9 Consolidation of Modelling Tools in Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.1.0 Development of Guidelines for the Management of Biofilms in Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.1.1 Control of Disinfection Residual in Water Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.1.2 Reliability and Improving Computational Efficiency for WQ Decision Support •
6 7 Research Projects
RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 2003/2004 RESEARCH STATUS Complete Active Commercial
Project 2.5.1.3 Optimisation Algorithms and their Calibration for WQ Decision Support • PROGRAM 2F: SUSTAINABLE WATER SOURCES Project 2.6.0.2 Decentralised Urban Water Management • Project 2.6.0.3 Risk in the Governance of Water Reuse • Project 2.6.0.4 Water Quality and Health Risk Analysis of Water from Rainwater Tanks • Project 2.6.0.6 Sustainable Urban Water - Schemes and Technologies • Project 2.6.0.7 Urban Planning and Integrated Water Management - Towards an Alternative Institutional Model • Project 2.6.0.8 Role of Social Processes in Sustainable Urban Water Management • PROGRAM 3A: STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS Project 3.1.0.1 Global Water Research Coalition • Project 3.1.0.2 Establishment of a National Water Laboratory Network • PROGRAM 3C: REGIONAL AND RURAL WATER SUPPLIES Project 3.3.0.1 Technology Transfer Officer dealing with WQ&T in Indigenous Communities • Project 3.3.0.2 Mutitjulu Rainwater Tank and Point of Use Treatment System Trial • Project 3.3.0.3 Water and Public Health in Regional and Rural Australia • Project 3.3.0.4 Water Consumption Patterns in Remote Communities • Project 3.3.0.5 Water quality and testing in outstations across the Northern Territory • Note: Four projects with potential commercial opportunities have been identified.
8 Structure and Management
The Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and can be involved in various Centre activities and have access to Treatment is an unincorporated joint venture between 29 certain of the Centre’s resources. However, associates have no participants representing government, industry and research role in Centre governance. organisations. The Centre was established in July 2001 under the Australian Government Cooperative Research Centres Program. The parties and associate members are listed in Tables One and A formal agreement, known as the Centre Agreement, between Two. During the year the Governing Board admitted one new the participating organisations defines the contributions of the party and three new associate organisations to the Centre from 1 parties and the nature and scope of the cooperation. The Centre’s July 2003. At the beginning of the current reporting period, the head office is located at the Australian Water Quality Centre in process to admit City West Water as a party to the Centre and Adelaide, with parties in all mainland states and territories. Commonwealth Agreements commenced. The final stages of that process have yet to be completed but are expected to be shortly. The Centre also operates an Associates Program as a way of involving a broader spectrum of the Australian water industry in the Centre’s activities. Amongst a range of benefits, associates
Figure One The Management Structure
Participants’ Forum Governing Board Held adjacent to all Board meetings; Independent chairman, seven provides immediate communication members from industry parties, three between all Parties and the Board from research parties
Deputy Chief Executive Chief Executive Officer Deputy Chief Executive Dr Dennis Steffensen Prof Don Bursill Prof Tony Priestley
Business Manager Communication Manager Mr George Turelli Ms Fiona Wellby
Project Services Manager Industry Liaison Officer Mr Bob Dorrat Dr Gerard Vaughan
Catchment to Customer: Catchment to Customer: Policy, Regulation and Health and Aesthetics Part A Part B Stakeholder Involvement Prof John McNeil Dr Daniel Deere Ms Mary Drikas Prof Tony Priestley
Epidemiology Catchments Distribution Policy and Regulation Dr Karin Leder Dr Daniel Deere Mr Dammika Vitanage Prof Don Bursill
Toxicology Reservoir Management Water Treatment Technology Stakeholder Involvement Dr Glen Shaw Dr Dennis Steffensen Ms Mary Drikas Prof Tony Priestley
Regional and Rural Water People’s Perspectives Measurement Sustainable Water Sources Supplies Dr Naomi Roseth Prof Robert Kagi Dr Heather Chapman Mr Darryl Day
Education and Training Prof Dennis Mulcahy Program Group
Commercialisation Program Prof Tony Priestley
Communication Ms Fiona Wellby
8 9 Structure and Management
Governing Board The most significant commercialization activity has been the The Centre is managed by a Governing Board. This sets incorporation of a company, Carbon Regen Pty Ltd, to further policy, strategic directions and budgets for the Centre, as develop and commercialise a process for regenerating activated well as monitoring the performance and progress of the full carbon. range of Centre activities. The Governing Board consists of an Independent Chairman (Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis AC MBE), Finance and Strategy Committee seven representatives of industry parties, three representatives of The Finance and Strategy Committee has been set up to assist the research parties and the CEO. Representation on the Governing Governing Board in overseeing the Centre’s financial activities. Board is determined by ballot. The Business Manager is the The main aims of the Finance and Strategy Committee are: Board Secretary. • to review the level of cash income pledged by participants The following list of actions has been taken to ensure a high level • to develop a plan for a waste water research activity of executive involvement from all Centre parties: • to advise on options for supporting water research past the current seven-year commitment from the Commonwealth • A meeting of representatives of all Centre parties is held Government adjacent to all meetings of the Governing Board to provide • to assist the Governing Board with the Centre’s future immediate communication between all parties and the strategy planning. Governing Board as well as reporting on progress and other key issues. The Committee reports directly to the Board and met on three • All parties can contribute to the Governing Board agenda occasions during the year. and all parties receive Governing Board papers for comment prior to meetings of the Governing Board. As of 30 June 2004, the members of the Finance and Strategy • Any party can call a meeting of representatives of all Centre Committee were: parties. • Members of the Governing Board serve staggered three-year • Mr Jack McKean, SA Water Corporation (Chairman) terms, with predetermined members up for re-election or • Mr Adam Lovell, Sydney Water Corporation retirement. The Independent Chair has a casting vote on • Mrs Jan Bowman, Department of Human Services decisions of the Governing Board. • Mr Ross Young, Water Services Association of Australia • All parties are involved in strategic reviews and program • Professor Don Bursill, Centre CEO development. • Mr George Turelli, Centre Business Manager. • All industry parties may nominate for industry panels and project advisory groups. As an unincorporated joint venture, the Centre uses a centre • All parties may nominate for committees established by the agent for the provision of contractual services and Lee Green & Governing Board, eg Commercialisation and Finance and Co. Pty. Ltd. fulfilled this requirement during 2003-04. Kelly & Co Strategy Committees. provided legal advice to the Centre. As of 30 June 2004, the members of the Governing Board were: Chief Executive Officer • Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis, Independent Chair The CEO, Professor Don Bursill, is appointed by the Governing • Mr Ralph Woolley, Brisbane City Council Board and has delegated to him the responsibility of day-to-day • Ms Carol Howe, CSIRO management of the Centre. • Ms Jan Bowman, Department of Human Services Victoria • Mr Peter Scott, Melbourne Water Deputy CEO Professor Julian Rood, Monash University • A Deputy CEO is appointed by the Governing Board and acts in Mr Jack McKean, SA Water Corporation • the absence of the CEO and to exercise such powers and functions Mr Adam Lovell, Sydney Water Corporation • as the Governing Board delegates. The Governing Board may Professor Paul Greenfield, The University of Queensland • appoint more than one Deputy CEO, each with a specific function Mr Keith Cadee, Water Corporation • and set of delegations. • Mr Ross Young, Water Services Association of Australia. Currently the duties are divided between the two Deputy CEO’s, The Governing Board met on four occasions in 2003-04. A meeting Dr Dennis Steffensen and Professor Tony Priestley. Dr Steffensen of representatives of all Centre parties was held in conjunction is responsible for oversight of Program Groups 1 and 2 Part with each of those meetings of the Governing Board. A. Professor Priestley is responsible for oversight of Program Groups 2 Part B and 3. (A Program list is provided under the Commercialisation Committee Program Structure). The Commercialisation Committee is comprised of experienced personnel drawn from Centre parties. The Committee has worked Executive Management Committee closely with research program leaders to ensure the relevance of The CEO convenes the Executive Management Committee, Centre research. This process has been particularly important in whose membership comprises the CEO and the two Deputy refining project approval processes and providing feedback from CEO’s. The Business Manager, Project Services Manager and end users of Centre research. The Committee reports directly to Communication Manager provide assistance as required. The the Board and met on three occasions during the year. Executive reviews the strategic plan and makes decisions to ensure satisfactory progress against the plan is achieved. The As of 30 June 2004, the members of the Commercialisation Committee also reviews the Centre’s financial information. The Committee were: Executive Management Committee met five times in 2003-04. • Mr Keith Cadee, Water Corporation (Chairman) • Mr Gary Bickford, ACTEW Corporation CRC Staff, Administration and Head Office • Mr Mike Jury, Australian Water Services Pty Ltd Head Office is at the Australian Water Quality Centre, Bolivar, • Dr Hung Nguyen, Orica Australia Pty Ltd South Australia. Staff based at Head Office are the CEO • Professor Felicity Roddick, RMIT University and Personal Assistant, Deputy CEO, Business Manager, • Mr Jack McKean, SA Water Corporation Communication Manager and administration support staff. • Mr Uwe Kaeding, United Water International Pty Ltd Another Deputy CEO, the Liaison Officer and the Project Services • Professor Don Bursill, Centre CEO Manager are located in Melbourne. • Dr Tony Priestley, Centre Deputy CEO • Mr George Turelli, Centre Business Manager. 10 Structure and Management
Program Structure Business, Project Services and Communication Managers. The There are nine research programs, which fall into two broad reporting structures are presented in Figure One. categories, Health and Aesthetics, and Catchment to Customer. The latter is subdivided into ‘catchment and source waters’ and The Management Committee met six times during the reporting ‘treatment and distribution’. A Program Group Leader heads each period. of these groups of research programs. Program Group 3, Policy, Regulation, and Stakeholder Involvement, is a grouping of six The Business Manager, Mr George Turelli, provides executive further areas of activity. level support to the CEO and the program management team and administers a framework for the Centre’s financial, commercial and administrative requirements. Program Group 1 - Health and Aesthetics The Communication Manager, Ms Fiona Wellby, is responsible Epidemiology, Toxicology and People’s Perspectives for developing and implementing appropriate communication Program Group 2A - Catchment to Customer strategies for the Centre. Catchments, Reservior Management, Measurement The Project Services Manager, Mr Bob Dorrat, provides support Program Group 2B - Catchment to Customer frameworks for program and project leaders to enable them to Water Treatment Technology, Distribution, Sustainable Water meet their reporting requirements, including managing project Sources milestones. He also liaises between the Centre executive, Program Group 3 - Policy, Regulation and Stakeholder management, personnel and Centre parties, ensuring mutual commitments are met. Involvement Strategic Directions, Policy and Regulation, Regional and Rural Water Supplies, Education and Training, Commercialisation and Education and Training Steering Committee Communication. An Education and Training Steering Committee, formed in 1999, guides the development of all activities in the Education and Training Program. Professor Felicity Roddick of RMIT University Management Committee chairs the Committee. During 2003-04, the Education and Training The Management Committee assists the CEO in managing Committee met four times. the Centre. This committee is primarily responsible for recommendations to the Governing Board on program policies, priorities and budgets, and plays a key role in reviewing progress Centre Visitor of projects, ensuring coordination between research and education The Centre Visitor is Mr Tom Fricke, a consulting engineer and and the technology transfer programs and the development of a Manager, Victoria for Gutteridge Haskins and Davey Pty Ltd. In the corporate spirit within the Centre. The Management Committee past six years, the Centre has benefited greatly from liaising with consists of the CEO, the two Deputy CEOs, Program Leaders, and Mr Fricke, particularly concerning CRC Program requirements.
The Centre Management Committee. Front (left to right) – Dammika Vitanage, Naomi Roseth, Robert Kagi, Don Bursill, Judy Blackbeard, Bob Dorrat. Centre– Glen Shaw, Heather Chapman, Martha Sinclair, Dennis Mulcahy, Mary Drikas, Daniel Deere. Back – Fiona Wellby, Dennis Steffensen, Tony Priestley, George Turelli, Gerard Vaughan. 10 11 Structure and Management
Table One: Centre Participants
Organisation Representative Position
ACTEW Corporation Ltd Dr Gary Bickford Principal Strategic Planner
Australian Water Services Pty Ltd Mr Mike Jury Operations Manager
Australian Water Quality Centre Prof Don Bursill Chief Scientist
Brisbane City Council Mr Ralph Woolley Water Services Manager
Centre for Appropriate Technology Inc. Dr Bruce Walker Director
City West Water Ltd Mr George Ruta Water Quality Scientist
CSIRO Ms Carol Howe Director, Urban Water Program
Curtin University of Technology Prof Barney Glover Pro Vice Chancellor, Research and Development
Department. of Human Services Ms Jan Bowman Manager, Enviromental Health
Environmental Protection Agency Mr Tim Powe Manager, Business Management and Communications
Griffith University Prof Max Standage Pro Vice Chancellor, Health and Science
Melbourne Water Corporation Mr Peter Scott General Manager, Research & Technology
Monash University Prof Julian Rood Head of Microbiology
Orica Australia Pty Ltd Dr Hung Nguyen Research & Technology Manager
Power & Water Corporation Mr Darryl Day General Manager, Water Services
Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific Services Dr Peter Lewis-Hughes State Manager
RMIT University Prof Felicity Roddick Head of School, Civil and Chemical Engineering
SA Water Corporation Mr Jack McKean Head of Innovation and Business Development
South East Water Limited Dr Greg Ryan Manager, Water Research and Development
Sydney Catchment Authority Mr Barrie Turner General Manager, Environment and Planning
Sydney Water Corporation Mr Adam Lovell R & D Program Manager Environment & Innovation
The University of Queensland Prof Paul Greenfield Senior Deputy Vice Chancellor
United Water International Pty Ltd Mr Uwe Kaeding Research & Development Manager
University of Adelaide Prof Graeme Dandy Head of Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of New South Wales Prof Elspeth McLachlan Pro Vice Chancellor (Research)
University of South Australia Prof Ian Davey Pro Vice Chancellor (Research)
Water Corporation Mr Keith Cadee General Manager, Water Technologies
Water Services Association of Australia Mr Ross Young Executive Director
Yarra Valley Water Ltd Mr Sam Austin General Manager, Asset Services
Members of the Governing Board
12 Structure and Management
Table Two: Associates
Organisation Representative Position
Central Highland Water Mr Neil Brennan Chief Executive Officer
Department of Sustainability & Environment Mr Graham Pooley Manager Innovation Unit, Water Sector Group (Vic)
Department of Commerce (NSW) Mr John Eslake Principal Engineer Water, Sustainable Water Solutions
Esk Water Mr Barry Cash Chief Executive Officer
GHD Pty Ltd Mr Mike Muntisov Manager Water Technology
Gippsland Water Mr John Mitchell Chief Executive Officer
Gold Coast City Council Mr Shaun Cox Director, Gold Coast Water
Goulburn-Murray Water Mr Pat Feehan Manager Natural Resources Services
Goulburn Valley Water Mr Allen Gale Director of Technical Services
Grampians Water Mr Peter McManamon Chief Executive Officer
Hunter Water Corporation Mr David Evans Managing Director
Lower Murray Water Mr Ron Leamon Chief Executive Officer
North East Water Mr Don Jackson Manager Technical Services
Pine Rivers Shire Council Mr Barry Holcroft General Manager Pine Water
South East Queensland Water Corporation Dr Mark O’Donohue Water Quality Manager
Townsville Thuringowa Water Supply Board Mr Ken Diehm Chief Executive Officer
The Party Representatives (from bottom to top) Greg Ryan, Holger Maier, Ian Davey, George Ruta, Ralph Woolley, Tony Priestley, Dennis Steffensen, Gary Bickford, Jack McKean, Nancy Millis, Adam Lovell, John McNeil, Darryl Day, Keith Cadee, Brian Spies, Felicity Roddick, Hung Nguyen, Uwe Kaeding, Steve Fisher, Jan Bowman, Ross Young, Mike Jury, Peter Scott, George Turelli, Nick Ashbolt, Don Bursill.
The Governing Board and Executive Management Committee Nancy Millis, Jan Bowman, Carol Howe, Jack McKean, Peter Scott, Dennis Steffensen, Ralph Woolley, Don Bursill, Tony Priestley, John Mott, Keith Cadee, John McNeil, Ross Young, Adam Lovell, George Turelli (Board Secretary).
12 13 Commercialisation, Technology Transfer and Utilisation
The Centre was involved in a wide range of activities related to commercialisation, technology transfer and utilisation of research output during 2003-04. A summary is given below.
Technology Transfer Initiatives
At the behest of industry parties, a number of projects have commenced with the goal of facilitating transfer of knowledge gained during research projects. In most cases, the projects build on the approach outlined in the Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality, incorporated into the draft 2002 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. The projects listed below cover work from the following program areas:
• Epidemiology • Catchments and Reservoir Management • Water Treatment Technology • Distribution.
Projects to Facilitate Technology Transfer
Project Title Project Leader Purpose Developing evidence based, Samantha Rizak Provide guidance on designing cost effective monitoring programs to increase strategic water quality – Monash University understanding and improve management of individual water supply systems. management Pathogen and NOM modules for Shane Haydon Allow water managers to make quantitative assessments of catchment contributions to integration with CRCCH tookit – Melbourne Water pathogen loads in raw waters. Catchment risk management: a Bruce Whitehill – Sydney Produce guidelines for establishing a catchment risk management plan utilising available tool to structure source water Catchment Authority risk assessment methodologies. protection Management strategies for toxic Gayle Newcombe Develop a guide for water utilities which will consolidate all available current knowledge blue-green algae: A guide for – AWQC on management of toxic blue-green algae. water utilities Application of hazard analysis Melita Stevens Develop practical guidelines for water utilities wishing to implement HACCP based risk and critical control points for – Melbourne Water management plans for distribution system operation. distribution system protection Consolidation of modelling tools Dharma Dharmabalan Enable cost effective and user friendly distribution of water quality modelling outcomes in distribution systems – Central Highlands Water from previous CRC research projects. Development of guidelines for David Masters – Water Produce a quick reference guide (Tool Kit) for management of biofilms, consolidating management of biofilms Corporation knowledge gained during a number of biofilm research projects.
In addition to the above projects, other activities designed to enhance the transfer of information to users included technology transfer workshops and the publication of occasional papers. These activities are summarised below.
Technology Transfer Events
Title Where and When Held Point of Use/Entry Treatment Technologies July 10 2003, Melbourne Maintenance and Assessment of Distribution Systems to Improve Water Quality September 9-11 2003, Sydney Natural Organic Matter Research Conference March 2-5 2004, Victor Harbour, South Australia Movement of Pathogens in Catchments June 2004, Launceston, Perth, Adelaide and Melbourne A Guide to Hazard Management and Risk Assessment – Launch of Research April 25 2004, Melbourne Report No. 11 Global Water Research Coalition workshop on Toxic Algae May 4-6 2004, Adelaide Modelling of Water Flocculation for Optimum NOM Removal June 25 2004, Adelaide
The Centre is currently producing a wide range of research reports detailing the outcomes of completed research projects. Because of the massive size of the information involved, all of these reports are being placed on the restricted access Participants section of the Centre’s website as downloadable PDF documents. Reports which are considered to be of great value to the industry in the form of printed documents, are being produced in a high quality print form for general distribution to Centre participants. Reports in this latter category in 2003-04 include:
Occasional Paper No. 5 : Disinfection By-Products and Health Effects. Occasional Paper No. 6 : Natural Organic Matter : Problems and Solutions. Occasional Paper No. 7 : Endocrine Disruptors in the Context of Australian Drinking Water. Research Report No. 11 : A Guide to Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment for Drinking Water Supplies.
During the year, two Centre projects were the focus of attention for the Commercialisation Committee of the Governing Board - the Regeneration of Activated Carbon and Modelling of Water Flocculation for Optimum NOM Removal. A company, Carbon Regen Pty Ltd., has been set up to facilitate commercialsation of the activated carbon regeneration technology. Negotiations between Carbon Regen
14 Commercialisation, Technology Transfer and Utilisation
Pty Ltd. and a potential commercial developer are at an advanced stage. The Commercialisation Committee has recommended that the water flocculation modelling project be first tested by a number of Centre participants before full commercialisation proceeds. These trials are currently underway.
The Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality is a document produced by Centre staff which details a methodology for best practice management of water system operations. The Framework provides for a process where best practice operation of waters systems is informed by research outputs produced by Centre research projects. The Framework was officially incorporated within the draft 2002 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, and is a powerful driver for technology transfer.
The Centre continues to provide a service to SMEs in the water supply industry through its Associates Program. Associates of the Centre are generally smaller regional water authorities that do not have the financial or staff capability to engage as Centre parties. They benefit by being linked into the communication and information dissemination activities of the Centre, as well as having limited access to staff members with specialist skills. The success of this program is graphically illustrated by the growth in members, growing from thirteen to sixteen members during 2003-04.
The table below summarises the involvement of industry parties in the activities of the Centre.
Table 3 – User Organisations involved in CRC Activity
Organisation Nature of Involvement in utilising Centre research organisation Melbourne Water Water Supply Active involvement in 10 Centre research projects, including management systems, health studies, Corporation Authority (wholesale) catchment surveys, reservoir studies and distribution system monitoring ACTEW Corporation Water Supply Active involvement in 3 Centre projects, including community surveys, disinfection byproducts and the Ltd Authority movement of pathogens in catchments.
Brisbane City Water Supply Active interest in 3 research projects including two distribution system projects and a community survey. Council Authority EPA (Qld) Environmental Interest in water recycling and sustainable water resources. regulator Power & Water Water Supply Particular interest in 6 projects related to tropical diseases (Meliodosis) and the challenges facing rural Corporation Authority and regional water supplies. Sydney Water Water Supply Active involvement in 13 research projects related to management systems, catchment surveys, Corporation Authority pathogen survival, modelling coagulation, biofilm monitoring and viruses in distribution systems. South East Water Water Supply Active involvement in 4 research projects related to management systems, community surveys and water Ltd Authority (retail) quality in distributions systems. City West Water Water Supply Industry party from July 2003. Interested in management systems and water quality in distribution Ltd Authority systems. Direct involvement in 2 projects. (retail) Yarra Valley Water Water Supply Active involvement in 4 research projects related to community surveys and water quality in distribution Ltd Authority (retail) systems. SA Water Water Supply Active involvement in 5 research projects related to disinfection byproducts, indigenous water supplies, Corporation Authority reservoir management, cyanobacterial toxins and activated carbon in water treatment.
Water Corporation Water Supply Active involvement in 8 research projects related to pathogens in source waters, risk management tools Authority and monitoring and control of water quality in distribution systems. Sydney Catchment Catchment Particular interest and involvement in 6 projects related to catchment management and source water Authority Management protection. Water Services Water industry Direct involvement in development of industry standards and policy utilising Centre output – a prime Association of association vector for communicating with the water supply industry. Direct sponsorship of 2 research projects. Australia Dept. of Human Regulation and Interested in intelligent and cost effective regulation of human health standards and optimum Services (Vic.) monitoring of health management of water supply systems. Involved in 3 related projects. standards Orica Australia Chemical and Interested in commercialisation of CRC research output, especially that related to water treatment and Pty Ltd process supply treatment chemicals. Direct involvement in one project. Australian Water Contract engineering Interested in commercialisation of CRC research output, but with specific focus on water treatment and Services and operations system operation. services United Water Contract engineering Interested in commercialisation of CRC research output, but with specific focus on water treatment and International and operations control of water quality in distribution systems. Active involvement in 14 projects. Pty Ltd services
14 15 Health and Aesthetics PROGRAM GROUP LEADER PROF JOHN MCNEIL, MONASH UNIVERSITY
Aim This Program Group has as its primary objective the need to thoroughly understand PROGRAMS the link between human health and the quality of drinking water. Its programs Program 1A: Epidemiology 17 will focus on microbiological and chemical risks of relevance to Australian water Program 1B: Toxicology 20 supplies, integrating both toxicological and epidemiological research methods. In addition, research will be undertaken to Program 1C: People’s Perspectives 26 improve understanding of the factors that affect community perceptions of drinking water quality and safety.
16 Program 1A Epidemiology
PROGRAM BACKGROUND PROGRAM LEADER The protection of public health is the primary aim of water quality management KARIN LEDER and remains the highest priority for water authorities and regulators. While MONASH UNIVERSITY Australia has an excellent record for the safety of public water supplies, immediate risks to health in the form of microbial pathogens are ever present in the environment, and proactive management of our drinking water resources is essential. For this reason the research activities of the Epidemiology Program continue to focus largely on increasing our understanding of microbial pathogens and enhancing risk management. Two new projects have commenced this year; 1.1.0.5 Developing Evidence Based, Strategic Water Quality Monitoring Systems originates from previous work on improving water quality management, while 1.1.0.6 Water Reuse And Alternative Water Resources: Attitudes, Practices, Risk Assessment And Human Health Outcomes extends our research to explore the Program Aim health impacts of public exposure to a range of alternative water sources. Cross- program collaborations with projects in Catchments, Distribution, Sustainable Water Sources, Regional and Rural Water Supplies, and Policy and Regulation The objective of the Epidemiology Programs have continued to ensure the integration of relevant public health Program is to apply epidemiological expertise. techniques to characterise human health risks from microbial and chemical CURRENT PROJECT STATUS contaminants in drinking water. Techniques employed in this research 1.1.6 DRINKING WATER QUALITY RISK GUIDANCE include specific investigations measuring Project Leader health outcomes in human participants, Peter Nadebaum the development of methods to provide Research Staff improved estimates of individual Robert Morden, Michael Chapman, Samantha Rizak exposure levels, and the use of risk Organisations Involved assessment for evaluation of perceived GHD, Monash University health risks. This program provides high Budget $128,146 quality research outputs, interpretation Duration Jun 2000 – Apr 2004 of the body of health evidence and authoritative evaluation of health risks Principal Aims for industry and regulators. A significant To provide water authorities and other organisations with a clear, readily consideration in this work is placing available compilation of information which assists in identifying and water-associated risks in context with assessing risks to water quality in a manner consistent with the Framework the broader public health perspective for Management of Drinking Water Quality contained in the revised Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. in order to ensure cost-effective use of public resources in risk management. Research Plan Draw on published information and specific experience with the development and implementation of risk assessment/risk management systems to water supplies to compile an outline of risk assessment methodology, a collection of hazard fact sheets detailing potential risks to water quality throughout the water supply system and the management controls that are available to reduce risks, and illustrative case studies.
Milestones Achieved Publication of project output as Research Report 11 A guide to identification and risk assessment for drinking water supplies. Project completed.
Technology Transfer Activities The report was launched at a Centre node meeting in Melbourne in April, and publicised at subsequent Centre events in several states, and in the Centre’s electronic newsletter NEON. Feedback from industry users has been extremely positive.
16 17 1A Epidemiology
1.3.7.5 DRINKING WATER AND MELIOIDOSIS Milestones Planned for Next Year Project Leader • Assess US study to determine whether the outcomes are applicable to Australia or whether differences in Martha Sinclair circumstances exist which warrant a further study in Research Staff Australia. Tim Inglis , Darryl Day, Richard Walker, Chris Saint • Determine whether project is to proceed. Organisations Involved Monash University, Pathcentre, Power and Water Corporation, 1.1.0.4 NATIONAL WATERBORNE DISEASE SURVEILLANCE Water Corporation, AWQC DATABASE Budget $245,672 Project Leader Karin Leder Duration Apr 2001 - Jun 2004 Research Staff Martha Sinclair, Teresa Mitakakis Principal Aims This project will provide water suppliers with information on Organisations Involved the necessary parameters for effective water disinfection to Monash University, Communicable Diseases Network of safeguard against possible transmission of B. pseudomallei, and Australia, OzFoodNet the effect of physico-chemical water quality on occurrence of this Budget NA (pilot phase) organism. Duration Jan 2003 - Jun 2004 Research Plans • Perform a multi-national field trial of a new selective medium Principal Aims for isolation of B. pseudomallei with laboratories in Western This database will collate information from state and territory Australia, Queensland, Northern Territory, Thailand and health authorities on known or suspected waterborne disease Indonesia. outbreaks from potable or recreational water sources in Australia. • Validate the chlorination inactivation envelope for B. To date such information has not been collated and documented pseudomallei and determine the effect of pH and turbidity on a national level. Summary reports from the database will be variations typical of northern Australian potable water published to assist health regulators, drinking water authorities supplies. and recreational water managers to identify and address • Carry out preliminary evaluation of other disinfection preventable causes of water related outbreaks. methods potentially applicable to small water supplies including chloramine, UV and microfiltration. Milestones Achieved • Successful negotiations with Communicable Diseases Milestones Achieved Network of Australia (CDNA), OzFoodNet and state and Experimental work and data analysis completed. territory health departments to establish database and obtain their input data. • Prospective data collection during 2003-04. Milestones Planned for Next Year Completion of project report. Milestones Planned for Next Year 1.1.0.1 WATER QUALITY STUDY 2 • Collation and reporting of pilot phase outcomes to CDNA and other collaborators. Project Leader • Development of project proposal for continuation of Karin Leder database. Research Staff Martha Sinclair, Teresa Mitakakis, John Howard, Jeremy Lucas 1.1.0.5 DEVELOPING EVIDENCE BASED, STRATEGIC WATER Organisations Involved QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEMS Monash University, AWQC, SA Water Project Leader Samantha Rizak Budget $70,000 (planning phase) Research Staff Duration Jul 2002 - Dec 2004 Martha Sinclair, Richard Walker, Steve Hrudey
Principal Aims Organisations Involved Monash University, Water Corporation, University of Alberta This project will extend the methodology used in Project 1.3.3.1 previously conducted in Melbourne to examine the potential Budget $567,964 health impact of microbial pathogens in a different type of water supply - one drawn from unprotected catchments with significant Duration Jul 2004 - Jun 2006 impacts from human and animal faecal pollution, and subjected to conventional water treatment and filtration. This will provide Principal Aims information on whether current methods of water treatment are A key aspect of risk-based management is the effective use adequate to control health risks from such water supply systems. of monitoring to verify that risk management measures are functioning properly to assure drinking water quality. A thorough Milestones Achieved appreciation of the capabilities, potentials, and limitations of • Detailed planning, site selection and cost estimates monitoring is also needed to facilitate decision making. This completed. project aims to apply the well-established logic of diagnostic • Following discussions with industry stakeholders, this screening and evidence-based decision making from the field project has been deferred pending the release of a report on of medicine to monitoring for drinking water quality hazards, in a US study of similar design conducted in an unprotected order to improve the design of monitoring programs and make water supply with conventional treatment and disinfection. better use of monitoring information.
18 1A Epidemiology
Research Plan Principal Aims Surveys will be conducted with the water industry and health Governments across Australia are moving to increase utilisation regulators to validate understanding of concepts and examine of alternative water sources such as rainwater, stormwater and the interpretation of monitoring results and appropriateness recycled water from sewage as a substitute for conventional tap of responses/decision-making practices. Information will also water supplies for non-potable uses. These changes require careful be gathered on water quality monitoring programs used in the management to ensure that public health is not compromised by industry (philosophy and rationale) and how data is employed exposure to microbial and chemical contaminants in such water for altering monitoring strategies. Existing data sets will be sources. This new project aims to critically examine the data used to examine the validity characteristics of analytical tests and assumptions currently used in health risk assessment and used in water quality analysis to determine the need to apply develop and implement research strategies to address data gaps the paradigm of medical diagnostic testing to hazard screening. and reduce uncertainty. Expected outcomes for the project include guidance on the design of cost-effective monitoring programs, and better use of monitoring information to increase understanding and improve Research Plans Existing epidemiological research evidence and data inputs to management of individual water supply systems. quantitative risk assessment models will be assessed to determine where targeted research can best contribute to improvements in Milestones Achieved risk assessment. Particular areas of emphasis will be human • Literature review of medical diagnostic screening practices exposure assessment and health outcome studies. Scenarios to completed. be examined will include urban dual reticulation systems where • Preliminary surveys carried out with water laboratory alternative water supplies may be substituted for a range of personnel in Australia and Canada. Larger surveys designed indoor and outdoor household uses, and irrigation of crops and and being implemented. recreational areas. • Liaison established with the National Association of Testing Authorities regarding access to laboratory quality assurance test results. Milestones Achieved Preliminary literature review completed and potential research topics identified. Milestones Planned for Next Year • Industry workshop planned for late 2004. Milestones Planned for Next Year • Collection of existing data sets and evaluation. • Selection of specific research topics with highest industry priority and development of detailed research plans. 1.1.0.6 WATER REUSE AND ALTERNATIVE WATER • Commencement of experimental phase. RESOURCES: ATTITUDES, PRACTICES, RISK • Workshop planned for August 2004 to seek industry input to ASSESSMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH OUTCOMES potential research topics. Project Leader Karin Leder Research Staff Joanne O’Toole, Martha Sinclair Organisations Involved Monash University Budget $28,000 Duration Feb 2004 - Feb 2008
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES
Assess results of prior studies and international developments, then review Liaison with international colleagues, and monitoring of research findings research priorities and project plans and modify as appropriate. has continued. This has led us to postpone our planned second intervention study on drinking water until the implications of recent US research findings have been clarified. The Australian industry has identified alternative water sources as a priority area for health research, and accordingly research projects are being developed on this topic. Establishment of epidemiological studies on pathogens of concern. A specific study has been carried out on Burkeholderii pseudomallei, a pathogen of concern in tropical water supplies, and further work is planned under another Centre program. Evaluation of a possible epidemiological study on Mycobacteria infections indicated this would not be feasible due to low case numbers and bias in testing. Establishment of epidemiological studies of health effects of exposure to Toxicological projects are still ongoing and have not yet identified compounds a range of cyanobacterial toxins and/or their disinfection by-products, as of health concern. indicated by the outcomes of toxicological testing. Establishment of collaborative links with relevant organisations to facilitate Ongoing contact is being maintained with international colleagues, and we joint projects on short-term effects of DBP’s on health (adverse reproductive currently await the outcomes of several large overseas studies on this topic. outcomes). A pilot epidemiological study of reproductive health effects of DBP exposure Workshops with international collaborators have established the need for conducted, and feasibility of a large scale collaborative study assessed. toxicological research to better target candidate DBPs prior to undertaking new epidemiological research in this area. 18 19 Program 1B Toxicology
PROGRAM BACKGROUND PROGRAM LEADER The Toxicology Program activities relate to a number of areas of research. GLEN SHAW These include defining the toxic mechanisms of the cyanobacterial toxin, NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE FOR cylindrospermopsin. There has been a considerable amount of in vivo ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY toxicological research undertaken in the Centre on this toxin. However, for the purpose of establishment of drinking water guidelines, there is a requirement to produce an understanding of the complex mechanisms related to toxicity and potential carcinogenicity. As such the Toxicology Program is undertaking research to understand these complex mechanisms and provide the information Program Aim required for the setting of guidelines.
The purpose of the Toxicology Program Another significant area of research in the Toxicology Program relates to the is to produce toxicological information investigation of assays for aquatic toxins that can replace the mouse bioassay. that can be incorporated into the This is being pursued by a project that is investigating the use of both cell lines Australian Drinking Water Guidelines in vitro and lower order organisms. and used in risk assessments of the human health significance of a variety of The field of water disinfection by-products is being investigated witha chemicals in water. These chemicals are project underway to define the conditions relating to the formation of generally toxins and can be natural (eg. nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water treatment systems and in distribution cyanobacterial toxins) or anthropogenic lines that are treated with chlorine and chloramines. A proposal to undertake (eg disinfection by-products or research on the components of possible genotoxic fractions in Australian micropollutants). This program will treated water has been submitted and is awaiting peer review and approval. The use state-of-the-art research tools to initial project is proposed for one year and it is expected that AwwaRF and water investigate toxicity, genotoxicity and industry funding will be sought to extend the project for a further three years. carcinogenicity of the abovementioned toxins. The research field of micropollutants in water has been highlighted for the last three years of the Centre. To address this issue, a joint PhD project on The Framework for Management of investigating micropollutants in rainwater tanks, co-funded by the Sustainable Drinking Water Quality depends on Water Sources Program, has recently commenced. It is expected that other water authorities establishing practices issues relating to micropollutants will be investigated in the future. to ensure that multiple barriers are in place to restrict the likelihood of CURRENT PROJECT STATUS deleterious levels of toxins entering drinking water. To achieve this goal however the Toxicology Program 1.3.1.6 AKINETE GERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN endeavours to provide information on CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS RACIBORSKII safe levels of toxins in drinking water, Project Leader and this information forms the basis of Glen Shaw management strategies to achieve these levels. Research Staff David Moore (Student) The Toxicology Program is of necessity Organisations Involved closely linked to the Epidemiology EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the University Program to ensure integration of results of Queensland) and produce findings that are truly related to human health. In addition, the Budget $24,000 program is linked to other Centre research Duration Jul 2001 - Jul 2004 programs especially Sustainable Water Sources, Water Treatment Technology, Measurement and Regional and Rural Water Supplies. This is to facilitate health Background This project investigates factors that are responsible for the production and evaluation of treatment technologies, germination of akinetes in the toxic cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis ensure accurate measurement of toxins raciborskii. and biomarkers for toxins that are present in water, and to aid in the provision of This research provides reservoir managers with a predictive capacity water free of deleterious chemicals to enabling them to reduce potential blooms of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. remote and rural communities. There is also potential for this to be applied to other toxic cyanobacteria by producing conditions that are not conducive to differentiation of akinetes or their germination. In addition, this information will assist water authorities in predicting bloom formation before it occurs.
20 1B Toxicology
Principal Aims • To conduct skin patch testing on human volunteers who • To define the factors responsible for differentiation of are being treated for dermatological problems (sensitive akinetes. individuals) and on controls without dermatological • To determine the factors responsible for germination of conditions. akinetes. • To undertake animal testing using assays that relate to • To use this information to undertake a risk assessment of dermatological endpoints. factors relating to the ability of akinetes to initiate a new • To conduct animal testing using assays specifically related to bloom of C. raciborskii in water reservoirs. the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). • To suggest relevant guidelines for recreational exposure to cyanobacteria based on the results of this study. Research Plan To conduct a series of laboratory experiments to evaluate such factors as light, temperature and nutrient status in formation of Research Plan akinetes by C. raciborskii. The next stage of laboratory experiments The research plan is to investigate the human health aspects of is to evaluate these and other parameters with respect to their recreational exposure to cyanobacteria. This is to be achieved role in causing germination of akinetes. Additionally field sites by a three-pronged approach involving an epidemiology study, are to be investigated using akinete traps and core samplers to an animal toxicological study and a human volunteer skin patch determine if the factors responsible for akinete differentiation and testing study. germination in the laboratory are applicable to the field situation. The epidemiology study will investigate the influence of exposure to cyanobacteria by undertaking surveys of water users both Milestones Achieved at water bodies containing cyanobacteria and those without • Determination of the factors associated with differentiation cyanobacterial contamination. Inverviews will be conducted of akinetes. with water users on site and follow-up interviews undertaken at • Determination of the factors associated with germination of prescribed times after exposure. Health parameters investigated akinetes. will include dermal effects, gastro-intestinal effects, ear, eye and • Study of the field situation in relation to development of throat irritation as well as respiratory problems. akinetes. Milestones Planned for Next Year The animal study will dose mice via intraperitoneal injection to • Prepare student PhD thesis. determine any adverse effects of cyanobacterial LPS. In addition, • Final project report. dermal exposure to mice will be undertaken using the mouse ear swelling test to determine dermatotoxic effects of cyanobacterial 1.2.0.1 RECREATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CYANOBACTERIA extracts. Project Leader The human skin patch testing will involve application of Glen Shaw cyanobacterial material to the skin of healthy volunteers and those of people who have experienced dermal problems. A consultant Research Staff dermatologist will interpret the effects of exposure. Ian Stewart (Student) Organisations Involved Milestones Achieved EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and • Epidemiology studies of human exposure to cyanobacteria the University of Queensland) in a recreational context in storages. Budget $24,000 • Determination of the dermal toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins in animals. Duration Jul 2001 - Mar 2003 • Determination of the toxicity of cyanobacterial lipopoly- saccharides. Background • Human skin patch testing of cyanobacteria with volunteers. The main aim of this project is to investigate the effects of • PhD thesis submitted. human exposure to cyanobacteria from recreational activities in water storages. This is to be undertaken using a combination of Milestones Planned for Next Year epidemiological studies, human skin patch testing and animal • Suggestion of guidelines for recreational exposure to toxicological studies. The outcomes from this project will cyanobacteria and relating these to NHMRC draft guidelines. contribute towards the revision of the recreational exposure • Final project report submitted. guidelines. The revisions to the guidelines for exposure to cyanobacteria in water bodies made possible by this project will 1.2.0.2 CYLINDROSPERMOPSIN MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY be of significant industry benefit. Currently guidelines are not adequate for Australian conditions. AND GENOTOXICITY Project Leader The results of this project will be complementary to those produced Glen Shaw in Project 1.3.1.5 Acute skin irritant effects of cyanobacteria (Blue- Green Algae) in healthy volunteers in the Epidemiology Program. Research Staff Project 1.3.1.5 has been used to produce draft NHMRC guidelines Philip Burcham, Ian Falconer, Andrew Humpage, Wasa for recreational exposure to cyanobacteria and the results of Wickramasinge, Michael Moore, Bharat Patel, Tanya project 1.2.0.1 are being provided to NHMRC to complement the Lewanowitsch, Xiaoyun Shen information already presented. This project has been financially Organisations Involved supported by SEQ Water and the results it produces will be EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and used to develop recreational use policy for this and other water the University of Queensland), AWQC, University of Adelaide, authorities. Griffith University Budget $2,028,192 Principal Aims • To undertake epidemiological studies of persons engaging Duration Mar 2003 - Mar 2006 in recreational activities in water storages in Queensland and other regions.
20 21 1B Toxicology
Background 1.2.0.5 SCREENING ASSAYS FOR WATERBORNE TOXICANTS While sufficient data on the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of Project Leader cylindrospermopsin has been produced in Centre programs Andrew Humpage and by EnTox, the lack of data on carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and mechanisms of toxicity of cylindrospermopsin prevent the Research Staff establishment of guidelines. Preliminary work by Professor Ian Glen Shaw, Philip Burcham, Geoff Eaglesham, Stella Fanok, Paul Falconer and Dr Andrew Humpage suggest that there is the Monis, Michael Moore, Mark O’Donohue, Ross Sadler, David likelihood that cylindrospermopsin is carcinogenic. Ruebhart (Student)
This project will produce information on the mechanisms of Organisations Involved AWQC, EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific toxicity and genotoxicity of cylindrospermopsin that can be used Services and the University of Queensland) Queensland Health to relate toxicogical findings to humans. This will in turn facilitate Pathology and Scientific Services, SEQ Water health risk assessment by health authorities enabling them to ensure that no deleterious health effects are occurring as a result Budget $1,247,634 of exposure to this toxin in water. Additionally, the data produced will be submitted to NHMRC and the World Health Organization Duration Oct 2003 - Mar 2007 for use in producing guidelines for cylindrospermopsin in Background drinking water. The mouse bioassay has been the mainstay of toxicity screening for many years but, for both ethical and scientific reasons, Principal Aims alternatives need to be sought. We will examine the usefulness • To investigate the mechanisms of toxicity of of a range of toxicity assays in a screening panel of tests capable cylindrospermopsin using molecular toxicological methods. of detecting toxicants of concern to the water industry (with an • To investigate genotoxicity of cylindrospermopsin using emphasis on cyanotoxins). To provide broad specificity, these assays relevant to carcinogenicity. assays will be based on a range of mammalian cell-lines as well • To develop biomarkers of exposure to and effects of as various invertebrate organisms. cylindrospermopsin. • To undertake a human health risk assessment that can be This project will produce a battery of assays that can replace used as the basis for guideline development. the mouse bioassay ensuring that protocols for testing of toxins levels are available.
Research Plan The assay panel should benefit industry in the toxicity screening Toxicity study of critical control points in a HACCP context. Freshly isolated hepatocytes from a range of inbred mouse strains will be exposed to radiolabelled cylindrospermopsin. Radiolabelled intermediate metabolites will be investigated Principal Aims and their mechanism of biosynthesis tested using characterised • To develop a suite of in vitro assays that relate to different inhibitors. The chemical nature of adducts will be determined by toxic mechanisms. LC-MS/MS. • To investigate a suite of bioassays using lower order organisms that can substitute for the mouse bioassay. Following the successful identification of cylindrospermopsin • To validate these assays. metabolites and high molecular weight adducts in isolated • To suggest a suite of in vitro cell based assays and in vivo hepatocytes, the investigation will extend to studies in human assays using lower order animals that can replace the mouse hepatocytes and on selected strains of mice. bioassay for aquatic toxicants.
Genotoxicity study Research Plan A number of genotoxic endpoints will be investigated in order A number of different types of organisms have been used for the to gain an insight into potential mechanisms of carcinogenicity purpose of detecting toxins in water, soils and sediments. In this of this toxin. It is proposed to determine the presence or project we will only be assessing the applicability of screening absence of mutations in genes specifically related to cancer assays for toxins in water. A number of different in vivo systems induction and progression. The use of DNA microarrays will will be investigated using cyanobacterial toxins and cyanobacterial permit the investigation of the effects of cylindrospermospin extracts from species relevant to Australia. A suite of organisms and deoxcylindrospermospin on regulation of a large number of traditionally used for toxicity screening of wastewaters including human and mouse genes. Daphnia spp. (microcrustacean), Brachionus rubens (rotifer) and larvae of various fish species that occur in the Australian Milestones Achieved environment will be investigated. Dose-response relationships will be developed for a variety of species and this information will • Commenced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), Comet and be used to further evaluate the sensitivity and application criteria micronucleus assays for cylindrospermopsin dosing of cell for selected organisms. cultures. • Studies have commenced oral sub-chronic dosing of mice for mutagenicity studies. More recently, a number of other organisms have been suggested • Studies have been undertaken on the cytotoxicity of for toxin screening bioassays. These include the hydra (Hydra cylindrospermopsin via the dermal route. vulgaris), bioluminescent mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis • Commenced DNA microarray studies on cylindrospermopsin elegans and the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena. The organisms dosed to various cell lines. will be acquired, cultured and dose-response criteria established in order to select species for complete evaluation. A commercial Milestones Planned for Next Year kit (Thamnotoxkit F) involves a 24-hour assay using a freshwater anostracan crustacean. This kit will be evaluated for sensitivity • Undertake mutagenicity studies on samples from animal dosing. and reliability with cyanobacterial toxins of Australian relevance as per the manufacturer’s instructions and compared with other • Investigate suitable biomarkers for cylindrospermopsin exposure. assays developed and optimised in this research project. • Determine the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for dermal dosing of cylindrospermopsin in rodents. The in vivo assays considered suitable for screening of toxins in water will be developed into batteries of test systems that will • Determine the time course for full recovery after dermal dosing of cylindrospermopsin. offer rapid and relatively inexpensive screening systems. There is considerable potential for these assays to be much cheaper • Undertake DNA microarray investigation of gene expression following cylindrospermopsin dosing of cell lines. than mouse bioassays and also potential for higher throughput of samples. 22 1B Toxicology
Milestones Achieved Milestones Planned for Next Year • Commencement of a PhD student at EnTox. • Develop genetic techniques for genetic typing of • Production of toxins for use in bioassays. cyanobacteria. • Commencement of lower order bioassays with invertebrate systems. 1.2.1.2 INVESTIGATION OF NDMA FORMATION BY CHLORINATION OF MODEL COMPOUNDS Milestones Planned for Next Year Project Leader • Employ post-doctoral research fellow at AWQC. Glen Shaw • Testing of the sensitivity and applicability of lower order bioassay systems. Research Staff • Testing the suitability of a number of cell culture systems for Dean Richards, Ross Sadler aquatic toxicants. Organisations Involved EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and 1.2.0.7 CYANOBACTERIAL DIVERSITY AND THE EXPRESSION the University of Queensland), Queensland Health Pathology and OF BY-PRODUCTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL BLOOMS Scientific Services Project Leader Budget $30,000 Bharat Patel Duration Apr 2004 - Dec 2004 Research Staff Phillip Pope (Student) Background Organisations Involved This research investigates the formation of dimethylnitrosamine Griffith University (NDMA) in water containing natural chemicals that may be precursors to NDMA when treated with chlorine as a Budget $24,000 disinfectant. The project will also develop an analytical method Duration Jan 2003 - Jan 2006 for this disinfection by-product and will investigate NDMA in some distribution systems that have been chlorinated or Background chloraminated. The intended benefit of this research is production of information that permits an understanding of genetic factors responsible for production of metabolites including toxins in the natural Principal Aims environment. There is also a need to understand effects from • To develop a sensitive analytical method for the determination competitors and environmental factors that alter metabolite of nanogram per liter levels of NDMA in disinfected waters. production. Where the metabolites are toxic, this information • To investigate formation of NDMA by chlorination of model will be useful to industry as it may lead to management options compounds. to reduce toxin production by cyanobacteria in reservoirs. • To investigate formation of NDMA in water treatment works Reservoir managers have the responsibility of ensuring that the and in distribution systems. source water they deliver is of a quality such that it is suitable, when treated, for human consumption and free of deleterious Research Plan substances. These substances include cyanobacterial secondary The literature indicates that the extraction methods used metabolites including taste and odour compounds and toxins. for NDMA from waters are liquid-liquid, continuous This project therefore can provide a tool to reservoir managers liquid-liquid extractions and a few solid phase extraction to aid in the understanding of factors controlling production of methods. These methods (liquid-liquid in particular) are undesirable chemicals by cyanobacteria in reservoirs. both time consuming and relatively expensive, and often appear to give poor returns. It is intended that a solid Principal Aims phase extraction method will be incorporated which would • To investigate secondary metabolite formation by allow rapid testing with relatively good extraction returns. cyanobacteria. Once established, it is envisaged that testing for NDMA • To characterise genes responsible for secondary metabolite and its quantification will enable the relatively rapid testing formation. of various suspected NDMA precursors. • To investigate possible manipulation of secondary metabolite formation. Research will continue into identifying the nitrogenous precursors of NDMA, and parameters (such as pH) that may effect NDMA production. This includes further investigation Research Plan of amino acids, and other nitrogenous compounds typical The research involves construction of a bacterial artificial to Australian source waters. Literature reviews suggest that chromosome (BAC) library which contains sequences for all no research into the presence of NDMA within Australian genes in the organisms, followed by library screening. This drinking water has been performed. The testing of source phase of the project will determine if specific genes related to and chlorinated/chloraminated water samples from within toxin production are present in the genetic library. Cyanobacterial Australia for the presence and quantification of NDMA bloom samples will be collected from reservoirs and then the is also proposed. This will help establish if Australian samples will be concentrated. DNA sequencing will be used treated drinking waters are producing this disinfection by- to determine the genetic makeup of these samples. Library product and therefore help establish if there is a problem screening will endeavour to establish links between physiological within Australia that requires addressing. Recent research and phylogenetic information of uncultured organisms in overseas, principally in Europe, the USA and Canada cyanobacterial blooms. This will be undertaken by searching has identified NDMA as a contaminant of concern from for sequences known to resemble those for toxin production chlorination and it is considered protective of public health including polyketide synthesis. to investigate the extent of the risk in Australia.
Milestones Achieved Milestones Achieved • Screening clone libraries for 16s DNA cyanobacterial genes. • Development of a suitable trace detection method for NDMA These genes are present in all cyanobacteria and are used to in waters. differentiate between species on a genetic basis. • Construction of cyanobacterial clone libraries.
22 23 1B Toxicology
Milestones Planned for Next Year Milestones Planned for Next Year • Determine NDMA formation by chlorination of a range of • Review of current literature focusing on the relationship naturally occurring compounds. between the sodium cycle and saxitoxin production in • Produce final report. cyanobacteria. • Optimising expression conditions of the transporter in 1.2.1.1 EFFECTS INDUCED BY pH, IONIC AND OSMOTIC standard expression strains of E.coli. This will involve STRESS ON PSP TOXIN PRODUCTION IN changing culture conditions to ensure the protein can be CYANOBACTERIA obtained in the soluble fraction of the extraction and thus able to be purified for analysis. Project Leader • Expressing the transporter in several transporter-deficient Brett Neilan strains of E.coli, hopefully complementing the sodium Research Staff sensitivity of these mutant strains. • PCR primers designed specifically for the transporter will Jasper Pengelly (Student) be used to screen a variety of toxic and non-toxic strains of Organisations Involved Anabaena circinalis in order to confirm the absence of this UNSW gene in non-saxitoxin producing strains. Budget $24,000 1.2.1.0 DECOMPOSITION AND REMOVAL OF TRICLOSAN Duration Mar 2004 - Aug 2007 FROM WASTEWATER RESOURCES THAT MAY BE USED AS DRINKING WATER SOURCES Background Project Leader Paralytic shellfish poison production by Anabaena circinalis is a Phillip Pendleton public health concern and determination of how environmental factors control the genetics of toxin production gives the possibility Research Staff of setting strategies to avoid toxin production by this organism. Shengfu Feng (Student) Preliminary results show that paralytic shellfish toxin-producing Organisations Involved cyanobacteria of the species A. circinalis and C. raciborskii have Univerisity of South Australia higher growth rates at alkaline pH and with the addition of sodium chloride to the growth medium. They were also shown to be more Budget $24,000 resistant to salt stress than non-toxic strains. The intracellular (This project is jointly funded by the Sustainable concentration of toxins (mainly saxitoxin) was correlated both to Water Sources Program) pH and sodium chloride concentration. Duration Feb 2004 - Aug 2007 Principal Aims • To determine the genetics of saxitoxin production in Background Anabaena circinalis. This project will involve the development of analytical procedures • To determine the environmental factors that affect saxitoxin for triclosan and its oxidised metabolites in low parts per production. billion and high parts per trillion concentrations, employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. Removal of these compounds by porous adsorbents, such as activated carbons, Research Plan will be investigated via equilibrium adsorption and kinetic It is proposed to culture A. circinalis under different environmental analyses and the modelling of these processes. To appreciate conditions. Genes specific for saxitoxin-producing strains will be the intermolecular interactions, adsorbent surface chemistry and identified and characterised and the response of these genes to porosity changes will be induced and further analysed. Triclosan varying environmental conditions will be investigated. is known to decompose during adsorption and interaction with manganese oxides; these processes will be modelled and nano- Candidate genes will be amplified using standard and inverse PCR sized oxides will be impregnated into the nanoporous adsorbents. methods, then cloned into a variety of plasmids and transformed Adsorption studies will also investigate the competitive adsorption into Escherichia coli. The subsequent expression and purification of triclosan with ionic surfactants typical of additives in personal of these proteins will yield valuable information about their care products. structure and will provide a basis for an immunoassay. This knowledge may lead to development of a viable test for saxitoxin- producing strains. The physiological function of these proteins Principal Aims and their possible interaction with saxitoxin will be analysed by • To investigate bacterial isolates from various sources for determination of their ligands and insertional mutagenesis. their resistance to triclosan. • To determine the frequency of development of triclosan Milestones Achieved resistance in selected isolates. • To study triclosan resistance mechanisms. • Complete sequencing of a toxic strain specific gene that shows significant homology to various bacterial sodium dependant-bile acid transporters. Research Plan • Identification of the regions either side of the putative It is planned to develop a residue method for triclosan in water sodium dependant transporter in A. circinalis 131C using using GC-MS techniques. Once that is developed and validated inverse PCR. 3kB of sequence obtained. it is proposed to investigate the adsorption from solution using • Cloning of this gene into pET plasmid and expression in a number of solid phase adsorbents including activated carbons. Escherichia coli strain DH5α. The kinetics of adsorption will be determined and models to • Growth and maintenance of saxitoxin-producing describe the adsorption phenomena will be developed. The cyanobacterial strains including A. circinalis, Nostoc effects of other active ingredients in triclosan-based commercial punctiforme and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. products will also be determined. • Phylogenetic analysis of twelve Anabaena circinalis 16S rDNA sequences.
24 1B Toxicology
Milestones Achieved Milestones Planned for Next Year • Project registered in Project Information Management • GC-MS method refinement commenced. System (PIMS). • GC-MS method optimised. • PhD student enrolled and project commenced. • GC-MS method validated. • Triclosan standards obtained. • Successful culturing of bacterial isolates from selected water • Research on validation of analytical method commenced. sources. • Commencement of studies on bacterial resistance to triclosan.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES Evaluate progress to date in conjunction with industry stakeholders and Toxicology Program meetings have been held to determine research modify program if necessary to maximise outcomes. directions for disinfection by-products. This has resulted in establishment of one project on NDMA and a project proposal for disinfection by-products that was developed with the aid of industry collaborators. Commence toxicological investigations of selected chemical micropollutants A project in combination with the Sustainable Water Sources Program on that are present in Australian drinking waters. health risk from rainwater tanks will be commencing with a PhD student in August 2004. In addition, the Toxicology Program in conjunction with the Sustainable Water Sources Program will be involved in the GWRC project on methodologies for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) commencing later in 2004. Commence toxicological investigations on saxitoxins. The PhD student project 1.2.1.1 Effects Induced by pH, Ionic and Osmotic Stress on PSP Toxin Production in Cyanobacteria has commenced and is investigating the genetics of saxitoxin production. The continuation of the AwwaRF funded project on emerging algal toxins due to commence in July 2004 will investigate combined analytical methodologies for saxitoxins that will facilitate further toxicological investigation. Provide information for formulations of guidelines for cylindrospermopsin The Project 1.2.0.2 on mechanisms of cylindrospermopsin toxicity and and saxitoxins in drinking water. genotoxicity is currently producing mechanistic toxicological information that will be used in human health risk assessment and establishment of guidelines for this toxin. Research on the long-term toxicity of saxitoxins is still required before guidelines can be established and research funding from industry and other sources needs to be sourced before this project can be undertaken. Identify toxicological research needs for other cyanobacterial toxins The need to determine short-term toxicity of cylindrospermopsin and considered relevant to Australian waters. microcystins has been addressed in a GWRC workshop on toxic algae. As a result, a preliminary project proposal has been submitted to the GWRC to address this issue. Investigate potential biomarkers of exposure or effect for DBP’s. The project submitted for determination of the toxicological significance of disinfection by-products will investigate biomarkers as a component of the toxicological investigation. Undertake toxicological investigation of selected DBP’s that are of relevance Disinfection by-products are being investigated in project 1.2.1.2 on NDMA to Australia. formation. A project proposal has been submitted on the determination of disinfection by-products with toxicological relevance to Australian waters. Undertake toxicological investigations on the by-products from the This will be investigated in project 1.2.1.2. interaction of cyanobacterial toxins with disinfection and water treatment. Undertake toxicological studies of dermal, respiratory and gastrointestinal This research has been completed in project 1.2.0.1 on recreational exposure effects of cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial cellular material. to cyanobacteria and comments relevant to guideline setting have been submitted to the NHMRC.
24 25 Program 1C People’s Perspectives
PROGRAM BACKGROUND PROGRAM LEADER The first planning workshop for the People’s Perspectives Program was held in NAOMI ROSETH August 2001. About fifty people attended the workshop. Participants included CRC FOR WATER QUALITY AND representatives from other Centre programs, the water industry, industry TREATMENT regulators and other stakeholders, universities and community groups. During the workshop sessions, five broad research themes emerged for community research, namely:
Program Aim • Views on water • Trust and its drivers (in water and the authorities that deliver it) The purpose of the program is to develop • Risk perceptions and related behaviour an understanding of community views, • Education and communication needs, expectations and preferences • Views on price, value for money, willingness to pay. for water services across Australia. The research will include the views of the A range of community subgroups were identified during the workshop. These general community urban, regional and include people living in urban, regional, rural and remote communities, people rural communities as well as people who from specific cultural groups and health and water industry professionals. are more informed about water issues. The program’s specific objectives are to: The first study of the People’s Perspectives Program, a national community survey on attitudes to water quality, has been undertaken. • Give the community a voice in the planning of water services. CURRENT PROJECT STATUS • Measure and understand the drivers of community trust and satisfaction 1.3.0.2 NATIONAL SURVEY: COMMUNITY VIEWS ON DRINKING WATER with water services. QUALITY– CAPITAL CITIES. • Facilitate the development of user- friendly communication materials Project Leader that address the information needs Naomi Roseth of the community. Budget $148,300 • Understand the extent and reasons for which opinions on water-related Duration Oct 2001 - Dec 2003 issues vary across the country. • Provide regulators and policy makers Background with information on community The People’s Perspectives Program was added to the CRC for Water Quality attitudes, needs, expectations and and Treatment as a new program, designed to add a social and community judgement on standards of service. dimension to its range of scientific/technological research programs. As such, it explores water management matters from the point of view of customers and The program is integrated with the other the community. Centre research programs in that it looks at issues related to the water industry Principal Aims from the point of view of the customers • To gain an understanding of the views of residents of Australia’s capital that the industry serves. cities on the quality of drinking water provided to them by their water authority.
The specific objectives of the research were:
• To provide a national perspective on views held by communities in Australia’s capital cities about the drinking water they receive. • To provide water authorities with the ability to benchmark their performance in the delivery of water services, as judged by their customer. • To provide the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment and water authorities with information that can be used to develop education, communication and promotional materials that are based on understanding of customers’ perceptions, judgements and concerns.
Milestones Achieved The program leader provided oral presentations of the research findings to utility managers in Perth, Brisbane, Melbourne, Canberra and Hobart. 26 1C People’s Perspectives
A workshop attended by representative from all participating critical factor in the implementation of a number of the reuse and utilities was held in August 2003 to receive the detailed study recycling options. Therefore a workshop to review the direction findings and decide on ways of publishing and disseminating the of the People’s Perspective Program is proposed for August 2004. report. The workshop outcomes will be used to develop new project proposals. The detailed report, outlining the mean response, range of responses and the responses for each participating city has been submitted to each participating authority.
Milestones Planned for Next Year The original plan envisaged conducting surveys of rural and regional areas similar to that conducted in the capital cities. However, the continuing drought and water shortages experienced across Australia has caused a growing interest in the sustainable water resource area. Community attitudes will be a
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES Evaluate progress to date in conjunction with industry stakeholders and Program was evaluated during the Second Year Review. modify the program if necessary to maximise outcomes. Social research on relevant topics among more informed members of The project was not undertaken due to a shift in the Program’s direction. the community such as health professionals, water quality experts and regulators completed. Social research among indigenous communities to explore traditional beliefs The project was not undertaken due to a shift in the Program’s direction. in and knowledge of water completed. Complete community surveys to support the development of sustainable The planning of the project is in progress. water resources. This would explore issues such as: • Water conservations • Alternative water sources and methods of water supply.
26 27 PROGRAM GROUP LEADER DR DANIEL DEERE CRC WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT Catchment
to Customer PROGRAM GROUP LEADER MS MARY DRIKAS AUSTRALIAN WATER QUALITY CENTRE
Aims
• Identify and develop effective management processes for the control of problem microorganisms, organic and inorganic pollutants within catchments, reservoirs,PROGRAM GROUP LEADER treatment plants and distributionPROF systems JOHN MCNEIL, MONASH UNIVERSITY • Identify and evaluate alternative approaches to the provision of a high quality water supply
• Evaluate the effectiveness of current technologies for the removal of Programs Part A contaminants from non-conventional water sources and, if required, develop improved Catchments 29 treatment and management processes
• Assess current desalination technology Reservoir Management 33 and develop systems and process improvements appropriate to Australian water supply needs and opportunities Measurement 39
• Provide improved technologies and methodologies for the management of Programs Part B water distribution systems, with special attention to water quality objectives and Water Treatment Technology 46 system maintenance
Distribution 53
Sustainable Water Sources 59
28 Program 2A Catchments
PROGRAM LEADER DANIEL DEERE CRC WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND The Catchments Program is new a new development of the current Centre. The Program Aim first objective of the program was the establishment of collaborative linkages with CRCCH and CRCFE as well as AwwaRF and LWA. This avoided duplication and Estimating risk (the potential for sees the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment value-adding to the established catchment activities to impact water catchment and river health research programs of our collaborative partners. quality) and impact (measuring or estimating the current impacts of An initial research planning workshop involving Centre parties and associates catchment activities on water quality) identified a number of priority contaminants although the program is infact is an integral part of the system and focused heavily on just two: Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and pathogens. risk assessment components of the This is because the nutrient and sediment hazards are being researched by Framework for Management of Drinking our collaborators. The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment is undertaking its Water Quality under the revised NHMRC research to provide additional understanding of pathogen and NOM hazards. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. That understanding is being translated into national catchment modelling Similarly, understanding the influence frameworks, such as the CRCCH TIME modelling environment, and into design that changes in catchment activities may criteria for management practices. have on protecting water quality is an action under the preventive measures component of the Framework. CURRENT PROJECT STATUS
The Catchments Program is providing 2.2.1 INFECTIOUS MICROORGANISMS IN CATCHMENT AND SOURCE and promoting the tools that water WATERS utilities need to prioritise catchment Project Leader management in terms of targeting the Nicholas Ashbolt most significant pollution sources and focusing control programs. Very close Research Staff collaboration is taking place with the David Roser CRC for Catchment Hydrology (CRCCH) and CRC for Freshwater Ecology (CRCFE) Organisations Involved UNSW, SA Water, SA EPA (and two Catchment Management Boards), Water as well as other catchment-related work, Corporation, Melbourne Water, ACTEW Corporation, ECOWISE Environmental, for example projects funded by Land and CSIRO Water Australia (LWA) and American Water Works Association Research Budget $1,021,391 Foundation (AwwaRF). Duration Dec 1999 – Mar 2003 The program focuses on enhancing catchment modelling tools and the Principal Aims pollution source tracing tools that enable To advise on best management practices in relation to assessing pathogens in the relative significance of various tributaries and aquifers, accounting for variations expected from key events. pollution sources to be predicted and measured. The modelling tools also enable changes in catchment activities to Milestones Achieved be simulated along with the water quality • Thirteen papers have been published. benefits. • A decision support system (called FaecalPrint) for faecal sourcing has been written and is under evaluation at Centre party AWQC. It utilises coloured The preventive measures that can be fingerprint banding patters and stargraphs to proportion the source(s) from applied in catchments, often called complex mixes of analytes. management practices, are various and • A relational database consisting of several hundred thousand data points not all adequately understood in relation collected during the project has been complied in MS Access and released to drinking-water-related hazards. This to the principal project collaborators. It allows password-protected access to program is developing a quantitative specific tables and graphs of interest as well as the raw data. understanding of the effectiveness of a • A major advance has been made in pathogen data assessment by taking into selection of preventive measures that are consideration surface runoff. This approach enables a water manager to common to many Australian catchments. predict likely pathogen ranges by land use for given runoff values and scale of event. While pathogen concentration is important, the critical factor for predicting risk is the vast increase in pathogen loads that can occur during events. 28 29 2A Catchments
• Another major advance from Project 2.2.1 has been the 2.1.0.1 UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL collaboration across a range of agencies and laboratories, ACCESS ON DRINKING WATER CATCHMENTS AND which has not only led to a higher level of microbiological STORAGES IN AUSTRALIA and data analyses than previous used by the industry, but a management framework compatible with the CRC Project Leader Research Report 11 A Guide to Hazard Identification and Belinda Bennett Risk Assessment for Drinking Water Supplies and the draft Research Staff Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 2002. Rachael Miller, Daniel Deere, Mark O’Donohue, Melita Stevens, Clairly Lance, Nick Ashbolt, Glyn Ashman, Declan Page, Jan Milestones Planned for Next Year Bowman • Specific industry guidance will be generated and delivered a Organisations Involved national series of industry seminars. SCA, SEQ Water, SA Water, Melbourne Water, Water Corporation, UNSW, Power and Water Corporation, Department of Human 2.2.2 FATE AND TRANSPORT OF SURFACE WATER Services Victoria PATHOGENS IN WATERSHEDS Budget $401,200 Project Leader Nicholas Ashbolt Duration Oct 2003 – Oct 2005 Research Staff Cheryl Davies, Christine Kaucner, Nanda Altavilla, Christobel Principle Aims Ferguson and Daniel Deere • To identify pressures on water supply organisations for access to catchments and storages. Organisations Involved • To collate national and international data and information on SCA, Melbourne Water, UNSW, WSAA, AwwaRF, the relationship between recreational uses, water quality and Budget $1,100,000 catchment health. • To coordinate the efforts of Australian water supply Duration Feb 2001 – Jul 2004 organisations to develop a national understanding of impacts of recreational access on drinking water supplies. Principal Aims • To consider appropriate decision-making frameworks and decision support systems for water supply organisations • To deliver research outcomes designed to advance the to apply to the management of recreational access in state of knowledge regarding sources, fate, and transport of their catchments and storages to ensure their sustainable pathogens in watersheds. management. • To support the development of rational predictive models capable of describing expected concentrations of waterborne pathogens at critical downstream locations. Research Plan Following a national workshop held in early 2004, an Occasional Research Plan Paper is being developed and will be produced in late 2004. • Establish the characteristics of pathogen sources in The paper will outline key issues and decision criteria, an watersheds that will serve as measurable input functions to interim approach for the Australian water industry, a process models for predicting downstream concentrations. for developing a national guideline and a plan of research to fill • Establish the overall scale of pathogen attenuation as a identified knowledge gaps. function of organism characteristics, watershed-specific features (soil type, soluble organics character). Milestones Achieved • Identify and quantify the principal factors affecting the • National workshop held from 23-25 February 2004 in viability of pathogens dispersed in the terrestrial environment Sydney. in transit to local surface water. • Identify and quantify the principal factors affecting transport of mobile (not attenuated) pathogens passing across the Milestones Planned for Next Year terrestrial environment to local surface water. • Development and release of a discussion paper under the • Identify and quantify principal factors contributing to auspices of the NHMRC. disappearance of pathogens from the aquatic environment • Release of an Occasional Paper. following introduction, principally from treated sewage • Initiation of research to fill identified knowledge gaps. sources. 2.1.0.2 CATCHMENT RISK MANAGEMENT: A TOOL TO Milestones Achieved STRUCTURE SOURCE WATER PROTECTION The draft final report has been produced and this received very Project Leader favourable feedback from AwwaRF and the Project Advisory Bruce Whitehill Committee. Four research articles have been published in peer- reviewed journals, two others are currently undergoing peer Research Staff review and three additional papers are in preparation. The key Rachael Miller, Daniel Deere, Christobel Ferguson, Mark outcomes of the project have been summarised in a CRC for O’Donohue, Barry Hart, Mike Grace, Melita Stevens, Peter Engler, Water Quality and Treatment pathogen brochure and are being Karla Billington, Peter Newland presented to Centre participants via a series of seminars. Organisations Involved SCA, SEQ Water, CRCFE, SA EPA, Melbourne Water, Water Milestones Planned for Next Year: Corporation The final report will be submitted to AwwaRF by 1 August 2004 Budget $263,000 and will include a CD-ROM of the data and fieldwork video footage. The three final publications will be completed and Duration Oct 2003 – Oct 2005 submitted to peer-reviewed journals by June next year. Principal Aims Water management organisations around Australia are at various stages of developing programs for catchment risk management. While much conceptual work has been done on the individual
30 2A Catchments
components of catchment risk management, work on these Milestones Planned for Next Year components has not previously been combined to form a • A publication on the pathogen work to date will be submitted management tool for source water protection. This project will for publication in a peer-reviewed journal by December detail the processes of catchment risk management in the form 2004. of a guideline document. The guideline will be developed so • Two conference papers on the pathogen research are to be that it can be applied practically to catchments varying in size, submitted in 2004-05. landscape and information coverage. Considerable interest • A paper on the NOM research will be submitted to a suitable now exists amongst water utilities and regulators regarding conference in 2004-05. the potential for the project to assist with the assessment and planning elements of the draft 2002 Australian Drinking Water 2.1.0.4 COMPARATIVE TRIAL OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM Guidelines. The project team combines research and water PARVUM GENOTYPING METHODS industry professionals with the aim that the project results are both scientifically advanced and practical to apply to give risk Project Leader management guidance for catchments. Christobel Ferguson Research Staff Research Plan Melita Stevens, Daniel Deere, Martha Sinclair The project will proceed as a series of workshops and position papers and take place in collaboration with CRCFE and Land and Organisations Involved Water Australia. SCA, Melbourne Water, Monash University Budget $123,000 Milestones Achieved Duration Apr 2003 – Dec 2004 • Introductory workshop to discuss and confirm project scope (Canberra, October 2003) • Discussion paper investigating the different risk assessment Principal Aims methodologies for catchments and groundwater areas used • To evaluate a range of currently available molecular tools by Australian water utilities, their strengths and weaknesses for tracing and tracking Cryptosporidium parvum isolates and recommending a national approach. capable of causing human infection. • Workshop (Perth, March 2004) discussed and agreed on a • To contribute to the identification and prioritisation of recommended approach (two-stage hybrid of quantitative Cryptosporidium parvum threats to water quality. risk assessment and HACCP) • To provide an objective assessment of the discriminative • Acceptance of discussion paper submitted to 2004 IWA ability of currently available Cryptosporidium parvum World Water Congress, Marrakech. genotyping methods.
Milestones Planned for Next Year Research Plan • Completion of risk assessment manual for catchments. Isolates will be typed by a range of methods and results compared. 2.1.0.3 DEVELOPMENT OF PATHOGEN AND NOM MODULES FOR INTEGRATION INTO THE CRCCH CATCHMENT Milestones Achieved TOOLKIT • The trial has been completed and the final report has been submitted. Project Leader • An oral presentation of the preliminary results was given Shane Haydon at an AwwaRF/UK Drinking Water Inspectorate/UK Water Organisations Involved Industry Research workshop in Boulder, Colorado in August Melbourne Water, CRCCH 2003. Budget $1,090,000 Milestones Planned for Next Year Duration Mar 2003 – Dec 2007 Two workshops will be conducted to discuss the results and conduct technology transfer. An international workshop will be Principal Aims held at IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition in Marrakech • To enable quantitative assessments of the pollution in September 2004, and an Australian workshop will be held in reductions likely, given particular management practices late 2004. within catchments. • To integrate existing data sets, such as those from Projects 2.1.0.5 POLLUTION SOURCE TRACING TOOLS 2.2.1 Infectious Microogranisms in Catchment and Source Project Leader Waters and 2.2.2 Fate and Transport of Surface Water Nicki Davis Pathogens in Watersheds, into existing CRCCH modelling toolkits, such as the EMSS model. Currently these models do Research Staff not consider NOM or pathogens. Paul Greenwood, Nick Ashbolt, David Roser and Daniel Deere • To develop two computer modules on NOM and pathogens Organisations Involved that will attach to EMSS. ACTEW Corporation, Curtin University of Technology, UNSW Budget $600,000 Research Plan Two computer modules, one for pathogens and another for NOM, Duration Jul 2004 – Jun 2008 will be developed and tested against available data from a range of catchments. Principal Aims • To develop a web-based guidance and interpretation system Milestones Achieved for determining the source of faecal pollution by combining • PhD commenced and converted from probationary catchment surveys with analytical assays. candidature to full candidature. • To validate the system and the assays through the use of • Postdoctoral researcher engaged. Australian-based case studies. • Preliminary NOM and pathogen model developed and tested.
30 31 2A Catchments
Research Plan Research Plan Currently under development. • Develop a geographic database of system locations within the catchments. • Quantify the loads of nutrients and pathogens from on-site Milestones Achieved sewage treatment systems. A short paper outlining the research has been drafted and a • Quantify the removal of viruses during transport through soil workshop has been scheduled for 23 July 2004 to finalise the columns. research plan. • Quantify the transport and fate of viruses, as well as other pathogens and nutrients, from on-site sewage land Milestones Planned for Next Year application systems. • Finalise research plan and commence project. • Model the transport and fate of viruses in soils and groundwater in the catchments. 2.2.1.7 RISK ASSESSMENT OF ON SITE SYSTEMS • Using a risk assessment methodology, delineate buffer distances for individual sub-catchments. Project Leader Nick Ashbolt Milestones Achieved Research Staff • Five journal papers and ten conference presentations have Katrina Charles (Student), David Roser, Rob McGuiness, Danielle been delivered on this work. Baker and Daniel Deere • Research has been reported at a national series of industry Organisations Involved seminars. SCA, UNSW, Ecowise Environmental Budget $835,000 Milestones Planned for Next Year: • An additional five journal papers will be submitted. Duration Jun 2000 – Dec 2004 • A final report (PhD thesis) will be submitted.
Principal Aims • To provide a scientific basis for the management of on-site sewage systems within Sydney’s drinking water catchments. • To define appropriate buffer distances between on-site sewage land application areas and waterways.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES Detailed research reports and brief industry summaries giving the new AwwaRF report completed along with more than twenty peer review knowledge generated from research activities focusing on source, transport publications. and inactivation mechanisms of key contaminants. Industry and regulator reports describing the management of barriers to Fact sheets developed from work done so far to be used to support a national contamination, targets and monitoring protocols. series of industry seminars. Industry catchment manual describing practical tools for elucidating specific Project 2105 research planning meeting scheduled to develop the detailed contaminant sources and modes of transport. research plan with the intention of developing a manual. Practical guidance on catchment management techniques for drinking water Fact sheets developed from work done so far to be used to support a national supply resource managers. series of industry seminars.
Preparing the plots for field scale rainfall simulation 32 Program 2B Reservoir Management
PROGRAM BACKGROUND PROGRAM LEADER Australia has a wide range of storage reservoirs which have varying capacities DENNIS STEFFENSEN and water retention times. Reservoirs with lengthy water retention times CENTRE DEPUTY CEO AND provide the potential for water quality improvement through settlement and AUSTRALIAN WATER QUALITY die-off of microorganisms. However, these reservoirs also provide the potential CENTRE for water quality deterioration through, for example, the increased opportunity for cyanobacterial growth. Development of integrated, cost-effective reservoir management practices requires a detailed understanding of the physical, chemical and microbiological processes occurring in reservoirs. Through a combination of specific studies on key chemical and biological processes and mathematical modelling, the Centre will seek to further understand these processes and develop scientifically based guidance manuals for system operators. The output from these studies will provide essential data for the risk- Program Aim based management approach used by the water industry.
The objective of this program is to STATUS OF PROJECTS FROM ORIGINAL CENTRE develop a detailed understanding of The only project from the original CRC that has not been completed is how water quality changes occur in bulk the application of image analysis to the identification and enumeration of water storage reservoirs. The program cyanobacteria (2.3.3.1). The delay was due to the research officer taking focuses on water quality enhancements, maternity leave. The officer has now returned to work part-time and the project specifically, the rates and mechanisms of has resumed. Dr Paul Monis has replaced Bret Robinson as the Project Leader. contaminant attenuation and pathogen inactivation in reservoirs. In addition, All the projects planned for year three of the Centre have been approved and specific projects examine the impacts are proceeding. Funding from AwwaRF has allowed the acceleration of projects of stratification and oxygen depletion, on algal management in reservoirs and quality assurance protocols for toxin which trigger the release of metals, analysis. nutrients and other contaminants from the sediments. Another major focus of the program is phytoplankton growth, CURRENT PROJECT STATUS especially cyanobacteria which produce taste and odour compounds and in some 2.3.3.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION OF CYANOBACTERIA cases, dangerous toxins. Project Leader Paul Monis Research Staff Catherine Bernard, Bret Robinson Organisations Involved AWQC Budget $378,948 Duration Mar 2001 – Mar 2005
Background Excessive growth of cyanobacteria is of concern due to their production of toxins or metabolites with off-flavours and tastes. Semi-automated protocols for the analysis of cyanobacteria should provide rapid more reliable quantitative data on algal samples (including biomass estimates), while releasing expert biologists for other tasks such as data assessment and providing advice.
Principal Aims To semi-automate the tasks of: • counting cyanobacteria to estimate population density. • estimating cell size and biomass. • acquiring morphometric data to apply to taxon identification and recognition.
32 33 2B Reservoir Management
Research Plan which increases the difficulty in determining how much effort to • A preliminary protocol will be developed for producing put in to assess risk. binary images of phototroph autofluorescence, which will then be used to examine some problems anticipated in This project will track and model these flood and transport sample preparation and presentation. processes in a number of different reservoirs nationally. The • Optimisation of image segmentation will be carried out. outcome of this project, for utilities both in Australia and in the • Develop and validate counting and measurement protocols. US, will be to determine the most cost-effective monitoring The image acquisition procedure will be made semi- approach for these pathogens in reservoirs and therefore help automated for counting and measurement by serially linking minimise the risk they pose. The project is a collaborative venture operations from the Video Pro command menu. between the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, the Centre for • Preliminary development and validation of identification Water Research (University of Western Australia), AwwaRF and criteria via database. the US Environmental Protection Agency. It also builds upon • Develop and validate biovolume/biomass computations. a significant existing project being undertaken by the Sydney • Integrate protocols and reporting of project. Catchment Authority to model reservoir processes in Burragorang Reservoir (NSW). Milestones Achieved • Protocols to count and size single-celled Microcystis and Principal Aims trichomes of Cylindrospermopsis have been developed. To develop, test and verify optimum and cost-effective sampling • Semi-automation of the system has been achieved. strategies for detecting pathogens in reservoirs. • Assessment of the efficacy of disaggregation techniques on colonial Microcystis was made using the image analysis Research Plan system. A paper on this subject has accepted for publication This project will include development of a model for pathogen in the Journal of Applied Phycology. movement and fate in reservoirs (pathogen module) that can be • Protocols have been developed to estimate biomass from run within a reservoir 3-D hydrodynamic model. The combined Microcystis and trichomes of Cylindrospermopsis. models can be used to simulate pathogen transport and therefore to design a sampling scheme to detect or “capture” them with a Milestones Planned for Next Year sampling program in a flood event. The 3-D hydrodynamic model • Validate existing programs using new slides with larger will be validated for three different reservoirs in Australia, and will volume to alleviate current limitation of system. be used to design an actual sampling program, which will then • Validate counting cells on black membranes. be applied in an inflow event. These events will be extensively • Develop methods (or adapt from literature) for processing sampled to allow for verification of the optimum sampling fluorescence images. scheme suggested by the modelling work. The findings will • Write programs for processing various types of fluorescent allow for the refinement and development of a validated robust images (autofluorescence, specific stains, fluorescent DNA sampling/detection strategy for pathogen detection in reservoirs. probes). The optimum sampling strategy or “best-practice” scheme will • Validate new programs. be presented so that it can be utilised by utilities, with or without • Optimise methods for elimination of artefacts. the operation of the coupled physical-hydrodynamic models. • Validate the method on field samples. • Develop new programs to allow automated scanning of Milestones Achieved whole slide/multiple slides. • A model for pathogen movement and fate in reservoirs • Publish papers and write up of results in Centre research (pathogen module) that can be run within a reservoir 3-D report format. hydrodynamic model was developed. • Conduct workshops to train staff of interested Centre • The 3-D hydrodynamic model was validated for the three parties. different reservoirs in Australia, and will be used to design an actual sampling program, which will then be applied in an 2.2.0.1 HYDRODYNAMIC DISTRIBUTION OF PATHOGENS IN inflow event. LAKES AND RESERVOIRS • These events were extensively sampled to allow for Project Leader verification of the optimum sampling scheme suggested by the modelling work. Mike Burch • A simpler web-based model (“INFLOW”) was constructed Research Staff to describe the characteristics of the river inflow which Justin Brookes, Peter Hobson, Paul Monis, Chris Saint, Daniel transports the pathogens. The model calculates the travel Deere, Christobel Ferguson, Nick Ashbolt, Melita Stevens, Shane time of the inflow to the offtake point, the depth of the Haydon, Peter Nadebaum, Rudi Regel riverine intrusion and the risk reduction due to dilution. • The draft final report has been delivered to AwwaRF. Organisations Involved AWQC, SCA, UNSW, Melbourne Water, GDH 2.2.0.2 INVESTIGATION OF SURVIVAL OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM Collaborators IN ENVIRONMENTAL WATERS AwwaRF, US EPA, University of Western Australia Project Leader Budget $2,158,000 Paul Monis Duration Mar 2002 – Apr 2005 Research Staff Alex Keegan, Chris Saint, Peter Cox, Monica Logan Background Organisations Involved Pathogens present a challenge to drinking water quality AWQC, Sydney Water, WSAA worldwide. One of the major issues involved is being able to predict potential problems at the water supply off-take to a Budget $890,666 filtration plant. Duration Oct 2002 – Oct 2005
Pathogens usually enter reservoirs from the catchment following heavy rainfall, often as patchy “flood fronts”. Since it is often Background not known how fast they move through the reservoir from inlet The current Framework for the Management of Drinking Water to outlet, they are hard to sample and so potential problems Quality incorporated into the 2002 draft version of the Australian are hard to predict. Monitoring is also currently very expensive, Drinking Water Guidelines is based on Hazard Analysis and
34 2B Reservoir Management
Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles. A key component of 2.2.1.4 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR the framework involves the identification and risk assessment CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF ALGAL TOXINS of hazards. Cryptosporidium is recognised as a hazard to water quality and a potential threat to public health. This threat has been Project Leader realised in the form of waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis Justin Brookes in the USA, Canada and the UK that have been associated with Research Staff contaminated public water supplies. Justin Brookes, Rudi Regel, Mike Burch, Glen Shaw, Maree Smith, Mark O’Donohue A limited number of studies have examined the survival of oocysts in natural waters using indicators of viability, such Organisations Involved as vital dye staining, but such methods are now known to AWQC, SEQ Water, Veolia Water, Griffith University, EnTox overestimate infectivity. Currently, the only methods that appear (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the to be appropriate for evaluating oocyst infectivity are animal or University of Queensland), AwwaRF cell culture models of infection. This project will investigate the Budget $1,379,040 inactivation rates of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental waters using a quantitative Cryptosporidium cell culture Duration Jan 2004 - Jan 2006 infectivity assay. Such information can be used in combination (Second year is dependent on funding) with hydrodynamic models to estimate the risk of infectious oocysts reaching reservoirs off-takes. This is critical for the risk assessment of Cryptosporidium in water and will determine the Background Cylindrospermopsis is a major emerging, problem-causing effectiveness of residence in reservoirs as a barrier. toxigenic cyanobacterium. Historically, it has been implicated in a severe intoxication incident in Solomon Dam, Palm Island in Principal Aims Australia in 1979. Cylindrospermopsis is generally considered Stage 1 Laboratory experiments a tropical species, however, it appears to be invading more • To identify a surrogate species of Cryptosporidium for stages temperate climates. It has recently been detected in toxic blooms 2 and 3. across a wide geographic area in the US, notably in the south • To develop container for suspending oocysts in environmental in Florida and as far north as Indianapolis. The potential health waters. significance of toxic Cylindrospermopsis is currently under review by the US EPA. Stage 2 Pilot study • To assess rates of inactivation of oocysts in natural waters. The project will systematically investigate the environmental factors contributing to Cylindrospermopsis growth, the Stage 3 Assessment of inactivation rates mechanism of release of cylindrospermopsin into the water column • To assess inactivation rates of oocysts in a range of and factors leading to the degradation of cylindrospermopsin in environmental conditions. the reservoir and treatment processes. • To determine the effects of light and temperature on the survival of fresh oocysts. Principal Aims • To elucidate the mechanisms that trigger the production Research Plan and release of algal and cyanobacterial biotoxins into • The primary method will be cell culture infectivity linked with water supplies in response to environmental and treatment real time PCR which can detect infective oocysts. conditions. • Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry will be used • To develop reservoir management approaches for the control in the preparation of the oocyst seeds that will be used in of toxin production or eventual transport into treatment plant experiments. In all experiments sufficient numbers of oocysts intakes. are used to ensure a 1000 fold reduction can be measured. • The models developed in the project Hydrodynamic distribution of pathogens in lakes and reservoirs will be used Research Plan • Examine factors which lead to the growth of to select test sites within reservoirs. Cylindrospermopsis in water supply reservoirs. • Semi-permeable containers will be used to suspend oocysts • By experimentation characterise the light and nutrient in the reservoirs. requirements of Cylindrospermopsis and the influence of these on buoyancy regulation. Milestones Achieved • Determine the responses of Cylindrospermopsis to artificial • Completion of pilot studies using reagent water. destratification in order to optimise destratification operation • Completion of container evaluation. to limit growth. • Transfer of technology to Sydney Water. • By literature review, summarise the light, nutrient and • Completion of milestone report for year 1. buoyancy characteristics of the other problem cyanobacteria, • Completion of Summer Scholarship project. Microcystis, Anabaena and Nodularia. • Establish Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay (for monitoring • Determine whether the accumulation of cylindrospermopsin energy levels in the oocysts). in water is due to active export, cell lysis or toxin stability. • Construct tanks at Australian Water Quality Centre site. • Determine whether pre-treatment oxidation affects the cell integrity of cyanobacteria. Milestones Planned for Next Year • Develop integrated hydrodynamic and kinetic models to describe Cylindrospermopsis growth in response to light, • Complete inter-lab validation. nutrients and mixing. • Complete initial tank study. • Determine mechanisms for toxin degradation and evaluate • Construct tanks at the Sydney Water site. opportunities for optimising degradation prior to entry to • Complete Honours project. treatment plants, by candidate processes such as adsorption, • Complete bench-scale experiments using raw waters. biodegradation and chemical conversion. • Undertake progress report for year two. • Complete tank experiments. The study sites will be North Pine Dam in Queensland, Australia • Complete final report. and Eagle Creek Reservoir in Indianapolis, USA. • Publish results.
34 35 2B Reservoir Management
Milestones Achieved 2. Lipopolysaccharides • Review and assessment of historical data set for North • Extraction, purification and toxicity evaluation. Pine Reservoir (Brisbane) and Eagle Creek Reservoir (Indianapolis) to determine which factors lead to the growth 3. Saxitoxins of Cylindrospermopsis. • Neuroblastoma assays. • Literature review to develop conceptual model of physical • HPLC-MS/MS method using hydrophilic interaction liquid and biological features giving rise to cyanobacteria. chromatography. • Field and laboratory experimentation to determine whether • ELISA (existing kits). accumulation of toxin in water is due to active transport, cell lysis or toxin stability. 4. Cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a • Combine anatoxin-a with cylindrospermopsin method (LC/ MS/MS) to determine both toxins in the same run. Milestones Planned for Next Year • The feasibility of including saxitoxin analysis in • Laboratory experimentation to determine whether pre- the cylindrospermopsin/anatoxin-a method will also treatment oxidation affects cyanobacterial cell integrity/cell be assessed. lysis. • Field experimentation to determine the response of 5. Monitoring US waters used as source waters for drinking Cylindrospermopsis to destratification, wind mixing and Once the analytical methods have been developed they will nutrients– Eagle Creek Reservoir. be utilised in surveys of selected water supplies in the USA • Laboratory experimentation to determine mechanisms for and Australia. toxin degradation. • Laboratory experimentation involving the characterisation of 6. Genetic methods for identifying toxic species the light and nutrient requirements of Cylindrospermopsis The existing DNA based-methods for microcystin and and influence on buoyancy regulation. cylindrospermopsin production and for saxitoxin producing • Development of a toxin production and degradation model species of Anabaena will be applied to field samples that and incorporation into a process-based ecological model potentially contain these toxins. (CAEDYM). • Field experimentation to determine the response of Cylindrospermopsis to artificial destratification using Milestones Achieved historical data set and field experiments involving • Progress reports were provided to AwwaRF in December fluorometry and wind mixing/destratification assessment. 2003. • Experimental work on all sub-projects at AWQC, EnTox and 2.2.0.6 DETERMINATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF EMERGING Wright State University was completed on 30 June 2004. Ten utilities in the USA, one from Canada and four from Australia ALGAL TOXINS (CYANOTOXINS) AWWARF PROJECT have been involved (SA Water, SEQ Water, Sydney Water 2789 and Melbourne Water). Project Leader/Principal Investigator Brenton Nicholson Milestones Planned for Next Year Co-Principal Investigators • Draft final report. John Papageorgiou, Glen Shaw, Wayne Carmichael • Print final report.
Research Staff 2.2.1.2 IMPACTS OF DESTRATIFICATION ON RESERVOIR NOM Chris Saint, Andrew Humpage, Brett Neilan, Tom Linke, Wasa AND ITS REMOVAL BY WATER TREATMENT Wickramasinghe, Ian Stewart Organisations Involved Project Leader John van Leeuwen AWQC, EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the University of Queensland) UNSW, Wright State Researchers University, AwwaRF Justin Brookes, Mike Burch, Kliti Grice, Nira Jayasuriya, Alan Wade, Leon Linden Budget $1,630,000 Organisations Involved Duration Jan 2002 – Dec 2004 AWQC, Curtin University of Technology, RMIT, ACTEW, The University of Adelaide Background $702,630 Algal toxins have been identified as an emerging issue in the USA. Budget The Centre has signed an agreement with AwwaRF to jointly fund Duration Jul 2002 – Dec 2005 research in the USA and Australia to determine the significance of algal toxins in water supplies and refine the methods for their detection. Principal Aims To determine the changes in NOM during water storage in Principal Aims reservoirs and the implication of those changes on removal of • To develop methods for detection of cyanotoxins. NOM by conventional water treatment processes with particular • To assess the significance of these toxins in water supplies in reference to: Australia and the USA. • Impacts of water storage in reservoirs on the character of NOM. • Impacts of de-stratification of Myponga Reservoir on the Research Plan character of NOM. The analytical method development will include the following • The significance of the changes in NOM found in above, toxins: to the capacity of conventional water treatment (using the coagulant alum) to remove NOM from raw water. 1. Microcystins • The colorimetric phosphatase inhibition assay as available in kit form will be compared with existing ELISA methods and Research Plan validation against HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS. The timing • This project utilises the models developed in Centre Projects of this work will depend on the availability of the phosphatase 2.2.0.1 Hydrodynamic distribution of pathogens in lakes and inhibition kit. reservoirs and 3.2.8 Modelling coagulation to maximise removal of organic matter. 36 2B Reservoir Management
• To assess the input of allochthonous NOM into the reservoir, Background inputs from major sources (stream flows of the Myponga A variety of analytical methods are in use to quantify the catchment) will be investigated. Modelling of the Myponga increasing number of algal toxins. Reporting of toxin results varies catchment hydrology will be investigated through RMIT between laboratories depending on the detection methodology University. and analytical standards used. Quality control protocols and • Reservoir hydrology modelling will be investigated through certified standards are required to simplify interpretation and Project 2.2.0.1 Hydrodynamic distribution of pathogens in avoid ambiguity and potential errors. The Centre has signed an lakes and reservoirs. agreement with AwwaRF who will fully cash fund this project in • Characterisation of the NOM based on assimilable organic the USA and Australia. carbon content and microbial activities will be investigated using extracellular enzyme assays and assays incorporating the use of Pseudomonas florescens P17. A range of Principal Aims chemical-structural characterisation techniques will also be • To establish a set of criteria or protocols to be used by incorporated including pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass laboratories providing algal toxin analyses to drinking water spectrometry and C13 CPMAS NMR. utilities. • NOM in water samples obtained following in situ and/or • To determine a quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) laboratory simulated de-stratified and stratified conditions checklist for drinking water utilities to assess the applicability will be characterised using the above methods and and quality of the analytical results they obtain. concurrently assessed for treatability with alum. The alum • To isolate, purify and certify various toxin standards. treatment conditions will be determined using predictions from models developed through Centre Project 3.2.8 Research Plan Modelling coagulation to maximise removal of organic A number of analytical methods will be investigated with a view matter. to establishing optimised procedures and the necessary QC/QA protocols for ensuring reliable and accurate results. These will Milestones Achieved comprise: • Applied jar tests under standard conditions to compare • Chromatographic techniques with mass spectrometric removals of NOM from Myponga (South Australia) Wartook detection for the analysis of saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsin (Victoria) and Googong (ACT) reservoir waters following and anatoxin-a. stratified and de-stratified conditions. • Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) methodology for • Characterised key NOM samples using high performance microcystin determination. size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and compared NOM • Single column method with fluorescence detection for isolated from depth profiles of the three reservoirs studied. determining saxitoxins. • Modelled the Myponga catchment hydrology and the • HPLC-photo diode-array (PDA) methodology for microcystin transport of NOM from the catchment to the reservoir. and cylindrospermopsin determination. • Completion of a report on the transport of NOM in the Myponga Reservoir. The performance of analytical method in terms of linear response • Evaluated seasonal impacts on the character and treatability range, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, interferences, user (with alum) of NOM in influent streams and in Myponga friendliness, analysis time and cost will also be determined. Reservoir waters during 2003-04. Sampling, sample preservation, and sample extraction and concentration will also be determined as part of the overall analytical protocols. Toxin standards will also be isolated and Milestones Planned for Next Year certified. The project will commence in August 2004. • Establish laboratory-based experiments that simulate both stratification and de-stratification conditions of the Myponga IMPACT OF BENTHIC CYANOBACTERIA ON WATER QUALITY Reservoir. There is a considerable body of work that demonstrates • Isolate key NOM samples from laboratory based simulation the impact of planktonic cyanobacteria on water quality in experiments and characterize NOM based on treatability reservoirs, especially with regard to toxins and taste and odours. with alum (using models developed through Centre Project Cyanobacteria also commonly occur around the shores and on 3.2.8 Modelling coagulation to maximise removal of organic the bottom of shallow areas of water supply reservoirs. There is matter.) HPSEC, extracellular enzyme activities and chemical increasing evidence that these benthic forms can also produce structural analytical techniques. toxins and taste and odour compounds. The most dramatic • Characterize key NOM samples isolated from the field using example was at Paskeville Reservoir in South Australia when pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry and the reservoir was taken out of supply due to toxins and methyl thermochemolysis. isoborneol produced by a species of Phormidium. Similar • Prepare a PhD thesis draft. problems have been identified in other reservoirs in South Australia, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia. A PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT proposal will be developed to assess the extent of the problem and to identify the factors that influence the release of the taste 2.2.1.8 CRITERIA FOR QUALITY CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR and odour and toxic compounds. VARIOUS ALGAL TOXIN METHODS AWWARF PROJECT 2942 Project Leader/Principal Investigator Brenton Nicholson Co-Principal Investigators John Papageorgiou, Glen Shaw, Wayne Carmichael Research Staff Tom Linke, Con Kapralos, Wasa Wickramasinghe Organisations Involved AWQC, EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the University of Queensland), Wright State University, AwwaRF Budget $584,108 Duration Aug 2004 – Aug 2006 36 37 2B Reservoir Management
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES Detailed research reports and brief industry summaries giving the new Final report on the project Hydrodynamic distribution of pathogens in lakes knowledge generated from research activities focusing on pathogen and reservoirs has been provided to AwwaRF. inactivation, particle settling, degradation and attenuation mechanisms of A draft final report has been submitted to AwwaRF on emerging algal toxins. selected key contaminants in bulk water storages. Industry and regulator reports describing the management of barrier to A simplified report was presented in the Pathogen Roadshow seminar contamination, targets and monitoring protocols. series which went to Launceston, Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney. Practical guidance on reservoir management techniques for drinking water An operator’s guide for the management of toxic algae in reservoirs is in supply resource managers. preparation and will be completed in 2005.
38 Program 2C Measurement
PROGRAM BACKGROUND PROGRAM LEADER The measurement program is a new initiative of the current Centre. The priority ROBERT KAGI areas of research for the program are determined through consultation with CURTIN UNIVRSITY OF TECHNOLOGY research and industry personnel associated with other research programs within the Centre. The following topics have been identified as having a high priority for the Centre.
Advanced methods for characterisation of NOM Understanding the origins and nature of natural organic matter (NOM) and its Program Aim potential behaviour in water systems continues to be a high priority for the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. Many of the surface waters and groundwater The aim of the Measurement Program aquifers in Australia contain elevated levels of NOM which can contribute to is to develop a range of measurement various water quality issues, including increased pathogen concentrations, techniques that will support the multi- disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potential, biofilm growth and microbial barrier concept underpinning the regrowth in distribution systems and the aesthetic quality of potable water Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, (i.e., colour, taste and odour). It directly impacts, therefore, on water system resulting in a more cost-effective and management, treatment processes and distribution systems. Characterisation lower risk operation of water systems studies which provide a detailed understanding of the origins, structural from catchment to tap. Complex features and reactivity of NOM in source waters will help predict its impact on challenges in environmental and water potable supplies and allow targeted treatment. quality monitoring are being addressed by the utilisation and development of A current activity in the Measurement Program addressing this issue is the advanced methodologies for the detection development of new size exclusion chromatography (SEC) capability at Curtin and assessment of contaminants in and the Australian Water Quality Centre. One instrument is equipped with a water. Biomarkers of exposure and effect dedicated dissolved organic carbon analyser to measures the molecular weight for use in health studies represent a (MW) distributions, traditionally inferred from UV character. In the recently particular focus. This program supports approved Project 2.3.1.3 Advanced characterisation of NOM in Australian water the entire Centre research portfolio and systems a tool-kit of spectroscopic and other analytical techniques aiding the works closely with researchers from advanced characterisation of NOM will be developed and tested in several other programs to establish key research regional studies (Perth, Adelaide, Canberra and Brisbane). areas.
A high priority for the Measurement Sensors In February 2004 the Measurement Program held a two-day workshop dedicated Program is the encouragement and to online monitoring (OM) issues related to potable water systems. The on-line support of research students. This measurement of water quality parameters (e.g. disinfectant, pH, temperature program currently has eight PhD and more exotic parameters) has been identified as a research priority within the projects. Centre. Several PhD students are currently pursuing projects involving sensors for the detection of water quality parameters.
An AWQC/Griffith University/SA Water collaborative research proposal is being prepared to address several aspects of on-line measurement through the development of a low cost on-line monitoring package to assist water operators to maintain chloramine residual in distribution systems.
Disinfection By-Products (DBP) Identifying the chemical compounds in source and treated waters that pose the greatest risk to the health of consumers remains an active area of research. A better understanding of the chemical structure of the dissolved organic carbon and its DBP precursor sites will be necessary for further improvements in drinking water treatment processes dissolved organic carbon removal.
Projects on taste and odour will be established at the request of the Governing Board. Participants in a number of regions (eg, South Australia, rural Victoria, ACT, Melbourne, rural and metropolitan Western Australia) have particular DBP concerns.
Micropollutants The Measurement Program is supporting a Distribution Program-led research proposal to develop tools that are both practical and useful in analysing polluted
38 39 2C Measurement water samples for information on the likely origin of faecal and Milestones Planned for Next Year other organic contaminants. The tools would be developed for • PhD thesis to be completed. use by water utilities to help define the major contributors to faecal and other organic matter pollution and, therefore, help to 2.3.0.2 THE STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF NOM IN determine catchment management priorities. GROUNDWATERS FROM THE GNANGARA MOUND Monitoring of cyanobacterial toxins Project Leader Robert Kagi, Cynthia Joll, Anna Heitz Project 2.3.0.4 (a joint project with AwwaRF) Early detection of cyanobacterial toxins using genetic methods, finishing at the end Research Staff of the 2003-04 financial year, has developed tests targeting the Daniel Couton (Student), Paul Greenwood genetic component of cyanobacterial toxins. Organisations Involved A recently commenced joint project between AwwaRF and the Curtin University of Technology, Water Corporation CRC for Water Quality and Treatment (Project 2.3.1.4) aims to Budget $24,000 develop biosensors for the analysis of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmim. The genes involved in degradation of MIB and Duration Feb 2002 - Oct 2005 geosmin (the major taste and odour compounds) will be fully characterised and specific probes developed to predict the Principal Aims efficacy of removal of taste and odour compounds in a water • To characterise NOM samples from two sites representative treatment plant. of diverse environments in the Gnangara Mound, a shallow, unconfined aquifer used for supplying the majority of Perth’s CURRENT PROJECT STATUS northern suburbs with drinking water. • To use innovative analytical procedures will be used in the 2.3.0.1 THE CHEMISTRY OF HALOPHENOL TASTES IN structural elucidation of the NOM. • To contribute to the optimisation of new drinking water DRINKING WATER treatment processes, such as the MIEX® process, with Project Leaders the knowledge gained targeting water quality problems Robert Kagi, Cynthia Joll, Anna Heitz associated with NOM. Research Staff Justin Blythe (Student) Research Plan Investigate the mechanisms of thermochemolysis reactions Organisations Involved by comparing both on-line and off-line thermochemolysis Curtin University of Technology with different reagents and optimisation of the following key Budget $24,000 variables: duration of heating, solvent effect and the basicity of the thermochemolytic reagent. Duration Mar 2001 – Sep 2004 Once validated, use the technique to characterise natural organic Background matter contained within two bore water samples from the Bromophenols are the compounds suspected of causing Gnangara Mound in Wanneroo, Perth. These bores are located the “plastic”, “medicinal” or “chemical” taints in Perth’s below differing vegetation so that the effect of surface vegetation groundwater-sourced drinking water after boiling. on the shallow aquifer beneath can be observed.
Principal Aims Milestones Achieved • To develop techniques for the analysis of volatile • Development of a novel technique allowing for GC-MS halophenols. analysis of carbohydrate materials. • To establish rates of formation of bromophenols in waters • Application of enzyme treatment to a NOM sample. from different sources. • Application of a combination of membrane and resin methods • To investigate the effects of various trace components of for the enhanced desalting of NOM sample to improve FTIR natural waters on bromination rates. and NMR spectroscopic analyses. • Data analysis underway. • Preparation of thesis commenced. Research Plan • Optimise the purge-and-trap method for maximum recovery of the bromophenyl analytes. Milestones Planned for Next Year • Assess the effects of MIEX® on bromophenol formations • PhD thesis to be completed. in waters sampled from both conventional and MIEX® treatments at Wanneroo Treatment Plant. 2.3.0.3 DEVELOPMENT OF A RAPID MICROBIAL-BASED • Determining the cause(s) of the different rates of bromination TOXICITY ASSAY USING REDOX INDICATORS of phenol in different source waters, especially the role of Project Leader calcium towards the bromination of phenol. Peter Teasdale, David Welsh Milestones Achieved Research Staff Kylie Catteral (Student) • Investigation of the impact of nitrogenous compounds on the bromination of phenol in laboratory water using bromine as Organisations Involved the brominating agent. Griffith University • Investigation of bromophenol formation throughout the Wanneroo groundwater treatment plant in summer and Budget $24,000 winter. Measurements of DOC, bromide and high HPLC Duration Jun 2002 – Nov 2005 size exclusion were performed to help explain the results for bromophenol formation throughout the Wanneroo treatment plant. Principal Aims • Investigation of bromophenol formation in the kettles of • To investigate the use of artificial electron acceptors for the complaining customers. development of a new microbial-based rapid toxicity assay.
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• To determine the extent of inhibition of microbial respiration genes responsible for the production of microcystin toxin have in the presence of toxic substances, the degree of inhibition been isolated in key species such as Microcystis, Planktothrix being a measure of toxicity. and Anabaena; whilst only some of the genes responsible for • To investigate a series of test toxic compounds and several the production of cylindrospermopsin have been described. The microbial species. genes responsible for the production of neurotoxins are presently unknown. The emergence of improved and highly sensitive methods for DNA detection may provide a platform for the Research Plan routine testing of cyanobacteria by detecting these genes. Due to the shortcomings of existing methodologies, this study investigates two possible approaches for a rapid toxicity assay This project is a joint initiative between AwwaRF and the CRC for using redox indicators, namely ferricyanide and tetrazolium salts. Water Quality and Treatment. Both approaches will involve similar selection and immobilization of the biocatalytic component, however, the methodologies and detection systems of the two assays will be quite different. Principal Aims • To isolate and analyse the genes responsible for microcystin, The innovative approach to this work involves replacing cylindrospermopsin and neurotoxin production by oxygen, the natural electron acceptor in aerobic microbiological cyanobacteria. processes, with an artificial electron acceptor. This greatly speeds • To test the feasibility of targeting genetic information in a up the toxicity measurement process (~1 hr compared with the simple diagnostic test for toxicity that could be performed in traditional 24-96 hrs) without the problems associated with other the laboratory or the field. rapid toxicity methods. Research Plan Milestones Achieved This project has two sections. The first section is a literature • A literature review has been compiled, with particular review summarising the current position with regard to rapid attention focused on studies involving microbial-based testing for toxic cyanobacteria. The second section will be the toxicity assays. preparation of a proposal to develop genetic-based methods for • Proof of concept experiments using free cells (e.g. E.coli) for the detection of toxic cyanobacteria. the new toxicity approaches. • The fundamental experimental parameters of the ferricyanide- Milestones Achieved mediated toxicity (FM-tox) assay have been characterised • Questionnaire completed. and optimised. These include microorganism concentration • Second AwwaRF report completed. and harvesting time, ferricyanide concentration, the effect of • New genes have been identified in Cylindrospermopsis that organic substrate and assay incubation time. are likely to be involved in toxin production and the functional organisation of these genes is being established. Milestones Planned for Next Year • Improved assays for these genes are being developed and • Evaluate the feasibility of the FM-tox assay for providing a assays are available that can discriminate between the rapid microbial-based toxicity assay for aqueous systems. species that produce cylindrospermopsin and identify toxic • Investigate a range of toxins (both organic and non-organic) strains with a very low level of false positives. and a variety of microorganisms. The results in this section • Rapid methods for DNA extraction from toxic strains have will be evaluated by comparing the FM-tox responses to the been established. currently available Microtox assay. • A portable device for conducting assays in the field has been • Continued simplification of the microorganism preparation made available. by employing a freeze-dried microbial component. • Optimization of the immobilisation component using Milestones Planned for Next Year trehalose and other drying additives such as sucrose. • Adaptation of cylindrospermopsin detection assays to • Proof of concept experiments using optimized immobilisation portable device. techniques for the new toxicity approaches. • Development of assays for microcystin and nodularin. • The detection and protocol principles established will • Establishment of the sensitivity and accuracy of the assays. ultimately be incorporated into a prototype on-site analysis • Gene knockout experiments in cylindrospermopsin producing system combining robust electrochemical instrumentation cyanobacteria. with a stable microbial component. • The validity of the analytical protocols will be tested using a variety of synthetic and real samples. 2.3.0.7 DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOSENSOR FOR DETECTION OF • Evaluation of the most appropriate toxicity assay. CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER • Further development of the selected toxicity assay. Project Leaders Nico Voelcker, Chris Saint, Paul Monis 2.3.0.4 EARLY DETECTION OF CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS Research Staff USING GENETIC METHODS Rebecca Campbell (Student) Project Leaders Organisations Involved Chris Saint, Brett Neilan Flinders University, University of South Australia, AWQC Research Staff Budget $24,000 Paul Monis, Paul Rasmussen, Brett Neilan Duration Mar 2003 – Sep 2006 Organisations Involved AWQC, UNSW Background Budget $982,635 This research is driven by the need to establish alternative methods to those currently employed to monitor water quality. Duration Sep 2002 – Dec 2006 It involves examining an alternate method for the sensitive detection of cyanobacterial toxins. Recent studies suggest that Background the sensitive detection of DNA by porous silicon is due to the decrease in effective optical thickness of the porous film, resulting Numerous types of freshwater cyanobacteria produce toxins in large detectable shifts in the Fabry-Perot fringe patterns. The that can be harmful to animals, including humans. The toxins enhanced degradation was a result of the negatively charged are produced as byproducts of cyanobacterial metabolism. The backbone of the DNA polarising the porous silicon interface, 40 41 2C Measurement facilitating nucleophilic attack by water molecules. Transition Principal Aims metal complexes will be used as labels on desired analytes to • To study the chemical processes taking place in a facilitate their detection, through accelerating the degradation chloraminated distribution system, with particular focus of the porous silicon film. An added advantage of the developed on DBP formation, seasonal variation of water quality and technology will be its capacity to be miniaturised for field nitrification. use. Rapid detection of cyanobacterial toxins will also reduce • To conduct an extensive sampling and monitoring study of a the associated health risks and impacts for recreational and chloraminated distribution system. aquaculture industries. • To investigate chloramination of DBPs through a study of mechanisms and factors affecting their formation. Principal Aims • To investigate the occurrence and control of nitrification. • To develop a novel biosensor based on porous silicon, to • To provide information for optimisation of chloramination detect cyanobacterial contaminants in drinking water. practices and for development of better distribution system • To reduce time and labour costs associated with current management strategies. detection methods. Research Plan Research Plan • Develop new and/or improved analytical methods for the The initial stages of the project will involve preparation of determination of chloraminated DBPs in drinking water. porous silicon samples and characterisation of the resultant • Investigate the formation of DBPs on a laboratory scale as morphologies. This will be followed by functionalisation of the well as in the field. porous surface to permit optimal capture of DNA probes. The • Assessment of water quality data obtained from regular probes are designed to recognise gene products that are thought sampling and monitoring of the chosen distribution system, responsible for the production of cyanobacterial toxins. Transition to better understand the dynamics of the system and to metal complexes will be incorporated to act as catalysts and determine variables that may promote DBP formation and enhance sensitivity of the device. After the system is optimised, nitrification. the device will be trialled on environmental samples. Milestones Achieved Milestones Achieved • A literature review has been compiled. • Demonstrated that macroporous silicon can be fabricated by • Analytical method for the analysis of haloacetonitriles has electrochemical methods and that control over resultant pore been developed. size is attainable by change in applied conditions. • Preliminary laboratory work to investigate the factors affecting • Demonstrated by Diffuse-Fourier Transform Infra Red the formation of trihalomethanes during chloramination and (FTIR) methods that the porous surface can be successively chlorination has been carried out. modified. Observation of Fabry-Perot fringe patterns demonstrated that enhanced stability in neutral, aqueous Milestones Planned for Next Year conditions was achieved by subsequent modifications. • Finalise method development for the analysis of haloacetic • Commenced preliminary biosensing assays with gene acids. fragments thought responsible for the production of • Develop analytical method for the analysis of cylindrospermopsin. N-nitrosodimethylamine. • Investigate factors affecting DBP formation during Milestones for Next Year chloramination. • Conduct radiolabelling experiments are planned to quantify • Commence distribution system study. surface coverage as well as determine the optimal linkers and conditions for capture of the DNA probe. 2.3.0.9 DEVELOPMENT OF A REAL TIME, RAPID AND NON- • Conduct stability studies of porous silicon surfaces under DESTRUCTIVE DRINKING WATER MONITORING different pH conditions. SYSTEM • Optimise the bioasssay conditions to permit the sensitive detection of gene fragments thought responsible for the Project Leader production of cylindrospermopsin. Huijun Zhao Research Staff 2.3.0.8 CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN CHLORAMINATED Shoshana Fogelman (Student), Michael Blumenstein, Joe Lee DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Organisations Involved Project Leaders Griffith University Robert Kagi, Cynthia Joll, Anna Heitz Budget $24, 000 Research Staff Duration Mar 2003 – Sep 2006 Ina Kristiana (Student) Organisations Involved Background Curtin University of Technology According to the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines there Budget $24,000 are over 200 parameters that are monitored on either a weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly or yearly basis, to ensure a safe Duration Mar 2003 - Feb 2006 supply of drinking water is delivered to the Australian consumer. System performance monitoring is used to ensure drinking water Background quality meets the levels set by the Australian Drinking Water Various chemical processes, such as disinfection by-product Guidelines. It is also used as a trigger for corrective action to (DBP) formation and nitrification, occur in a chloraminated improve the water quality supply. distribution system. In recognition of the long-term health effects of some DBPs, their drinking water concentrations are now Current monitoring practices adopt a routine test approach to regulated. Nitrification is a bacterial process which leads to rapid assess the water quality, according to prescribed analytical decay in chloramine residuals, thus decreasing the distributed methods. Very few parameters can be measured by on-line water quality. probes, the majority being measured in the laboratory using conventional analytical methods and instruments. As there are many parameters used to evaluate the quality of drinking water, it is not economically feasible to measure the concentration of each 42 2C Measurement
individual parameter. Due to the number of samples needed and Budget $248,000 the economic cost of analysing them, measurements are often limited to a few test sites over a large time scale. It can also Duration Nov 2003 – Nov 2004 mean that in small communities (populations less than 1000) treatment and monitoring occurs less frequently or is absent Background compared to larger communities due to economic constraints. Based on the studies carried out in the first CRC for Water Quality Hence, a general water quality monitoring technique is required and Treatment, the organic compounds which are not easily that can determine sudden or extreme changes in water quality, removed by the current treatment processes (e.g. conventional which will allow operators to quickly respond to any adverse and membrane filtration processes) are believed to be low monitoring signs, as well as indicating when critical limits are molecular weight and hydrophilic neutral compounds, which being approached in real-time. exhibit little or no UV absorbance properties. Hence they are not efficiently detected by the current commercially available HPSEC detection system. The UV detectors that are commonly used in Principal Aims 254 To develop an in situ, real-time, on-line water quality monitoring HPSEC systems cannot detect all components of dissolved organic system based on a new concept of a universal calibration system carbon (DOC), and the detector response is not quantitative even using artificial neural networks (ANNs). for the components that are detectable.
The on-line monitoring system will be able to: Principal Aims • Determine the water quality in any type of water matrix • To develop a custom-made state-of-the-art organic carbon without the need for calibration. detector for HPSEC. • Indicate sudden or extreme changes in water quality, which • To ensure that the system developed is compatible with the might be attributed to microbial contamination or the best available analytical HPSEC separation technologies (i.e. presence of toxic chemicals. analytical columns, rather than preparative columns). • Shift the current reliance on endpoint testing to determine • To improve and optimise the HPSEC separation procedure so drinking water problems, to a preventative measure that an increased number of NOM fractions can be monitored, approach, where the problems are detected before they enabling detailed molecular weight characterisation of reach the consumer’s tap. NOM. • To extend the application of HPSEC with the use of a multi- Research Plan detection system as a characterisation tool for NOM. The software-based system proposed will use artificial neural networks (ANNs) and signals from an optical sensor (eg UV-Vis Research Plan Spectrometry) and other simple measurement signals (still to be The project will be conducted jointly by groups of researchers at confirmed) to determine the quality of drinking water. This will AWQC and Curtin University of Technology. The primary focus be achieved by artificially grading the quality of drinking water of the project will be on the development of a custom-made (where “1” was the best quality and “X” the worst) based on DOC detector, and this will then be integrated with the HPSEC the following drinking water quality parameters: disinfectant (separation) component. The DOC detector to be developed residuals, turbidity, pH, true colour, hardness, total dissolved will consist of several units: (a) inorganic carbon removal unit, solids, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand (b) oxidation cell, (c) CO2 separation unit, and (d) detector. (COD) and inorganic carbon. Various possibilities exist for construction and configuration of each of these units, and the two groups will test several of The success of the ANN is dependent on the learning algorithm these. The two groups bring complimentary skill sets to the used. Learning is accomplished by using examples of the problem project. Curtin has sophisticated instrumentation and expertise in question. In the study, the ANN will be presented with signals in mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy whilst AWQC from the optical sensor as well as other measurement signals has more practical experience in water treatment applications. along with the corresponding categories of drinking water that Each has existing components that can be utilised in the initial certain ranges of those signals pertain to. Subsequently, when experimental trial to identify the most suitable systems to develop the ANN is trained sufficiently based on the signals provided, it the DOC detector. Initially, the two groups will develop their own should be able to determine water quality. components separately, but in consultation with each other. In the latter stages of the project, the groups will work together Milestones Achieved to produce two working HPSEC-UV-DOC systems, one for each • Prototype of on-line monitoring system has been designed group. The technical know-how that is gained will be shared and built, so results can be collected in real-time. by both groups and used to construct an ideal system for the water industry. Each group has already successfully conducted preliminary investigations, demonstrating the viability of the Milestones Planned for Next Year proposed instrumental set-up. • Prove universal calibration system concept. • Validate universal calibration system on synthetic and real world samples. Milestones Achieved • Validate its matrix independency. • Order and assemble apparatus – Curtin. • Interface system with oxidation cell – Curtin. 2.3.1.1 CHARACTERISING NOM: DEVELOPMENT OF A DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON DETECTION SYSTEM Milestones Planned for Next Year FOR SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY • Setup IR sensor – AWQC. • Test and calibrate – Curtin. Project Leader • Test column and solvent system – Curtin. Chris Chow and Anna Heritz • Test IR sensor using analytical column – AWQC. Research Staff • Complete optimisation – Curtin. Mary Drikas, Robert Kagi, Cynthia Joll, Brad Allpike, Geoff • Technology Transfer – Curtin/AWQC. Chidlow, Kerry Wilkinson Organisations Involved Technology Transfer Activities AWQC, Curtin University of Technology • Frequent planning and review meetings between Curtin and AWQC project participants. • A poster paper was presented at the Natural Organic Material Research: Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water Conference (March, 2004). 42 43 2C Measurement
• An oral paper was presented at the combined International Background Humic Substances Society (IHSS) and Australian Organic The main objective of the project is to develop an instrument Geochemists (AOGC) conference held at Leura, NSW, that can be easily transported from site to site for in situ rapid February 2004. determination of a pesticide in aqueous samples. Previous work has been successfully completed using a bench top flow 2.3.1.2 NATIONAL LOW LEVEL NUTRIENT COLLABORATIVE injection chemiluminescence instrument for the determination TRIAL of the pesticide Atrazine. The proposed portable instrument will comprise the third generation flow injection system, with Project Leader fourth generation bead injection analysis technology. The use Gary Prove of beads in a flow injection system will enable a lower detection Organisations Involved limit by concentrating the sample onto the bead surface prior to AWQC, Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services chemiluminescence analysis, while also reducing the amount of reagents and sample required for analysis. Another benefit of Budget $218,581 bead injection analysis is the ability to miniaturise the instrument, Duration Aug 2003 – Jul 2007 making it ideal for a portable application.
Background Principal Aims The existing program is unique to Australia in that it uses real- • To develop a portable instrument based on flow injection time samples that are collected, stored and distributed using chemiluminescence, to detect pesticides in aqueous routine preservation procedures. This permits robust evaluation samples. of all the program components. The sensitivity of previous • To eliminate the time consuming process that is currently measurements has not been sufficient to detect key analytes required when samples are taken back to the laboratory for at the levels at which cyanobacterial blooms, high disinfection analysis. byproduct concentrations or other water system problems may • To ensure that remediation efforts can be implemented as start to occur. Moreover, these programs operate only on an quickly as possible at a contaminated site. ephemeral basis and do not use real-time samples. Research Plan This project will assist in the attainment of comparative results The portable instrument will be based on a Sequential Injection generated for routine water quality measurement and be of Lab-On-a-Valve (SI-LOV) instrument, which is a modern variation direct relevance to modeling and research problem areas such of a Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) instrument. SI-LOV incorporates as toxic cyanobacterial blooms and generation of disinfection the use of bi-directional syringe pumps for the introduction, byproducts. manipulation and reaction of a sample with a reagent or series of reagents with a detection cell located on a multi selection valve. Questions regarding the analysis of samples used in the trials This enables a variety of reagents, samples and carrier solutions (on techniques, instrument types, etc) are distributed with the to be incorporated for sample analysis. The proposed instrument proficiency testing samples. Results from these questionnaires will incorporate fourth generation FIA technology by incorporating are collated and can lead to topics suitable for exploration in a beads. The beads can adsorb the required analyte to their surface, workshop situation. concentrating the sample. The beads are then transferred via the multi selection valve and the bi-directional pump to the Principal Aims detection cell. The reagent(s) is/are then flushed over the beads • To continue and expand an ongoing inter-laboratory in the detection cell where the analyte on the bead surface reacts comparison program for the analysis of soluble and total with the reagent and the product formed is detected. It is fast, nutrients, including carbon, in natural waters. efficient and economical in its use of reagents. The instrument • To achieve Australia-wide uniform quality as regards sample will then be converted to a portable instrument that is controlled collection, storage, preservation, analysis and nomenclature via a laptop computer and powered by a portable power supply. of waters for the above parameters. Several pesticides in drinking water and their suitable reagents will be tested using the proposed instrument in order to obtain a measure of the concentration at or below the values stated in the Milestones Achieved Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. National Low Level Nutrient Collaborative Trial Round 9 data has been sent for statistical analysis. Preparation of the summary report has begun. Milestones Achieved • Successfully used the pesticide Hexazinone with the reagent ruthenium in a basic flow injection system. Milestones Planned for Next Year • Successfully used the pesticide Atrazine with the reagent • Release of summary report. ruthenium in a basic flow injection system. • Conduct a workshop/conference on outcomes from the past nine rounds of the National Low Level Nutrient Collaborative Trial. Milestones for Next Year • Reduce the limit of detection of Atrazine and Hexazinone by incorporating bead injection analysis. 2.3.1.5 DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE INSTRUMENTATION • Build a bead injection analysis instrument capable of FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PESTICIDES IN WATER becoming a portable instrument. Project Leaders • Use other pesticides in chemiluminescence bead injection Felicity Roddick, Nichola Porter analysis with a variety of chemiluminescent reagents.
Research Staff 2.3.1.6 CHARACTERISATION AND TREATABILITY OF NATURAL David Beale (Student) ORGANIC MATTER IN GROUNDWATERS USED FOR Organisations Involved DRINKING WATER RMIT Project Leaders Budget $24,000 Robert Kagi, Cynthia Joll, Paul Greenwood Duration Mar 2004 - Feb 2007 Research Staff Stacey Hamilton (Student)
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Organisations Involved • Examine the organic fractions not removed by the treatment Curtin University of Technology processes in terms of disinfection by-product formation and with various analytical techniques to understand the structure Budget $24,000 and reactivity of the material remaining after treatment. The Duration Mar 2004 - Feb 2007 types of DBPs formed will also be monitored. • Identify better treatment strategies in order to optimise treatment practices. Background The NOM of source waters can affect various aspects of water treatment and water quality. For example, it has the ability to Milestones Achieved cause unpleasant taste and odours, impart a brown colour in • Literature review and candidacy application commenced. water, or act as a substrate for microbial growth. If not effectively • A polymeric adsorbant method development commenced removed by treatment, it may provide precursors for disinfection and preliminary analysis of source waters conducted. by-products and can contribute to biofilm formation and biological growth in the distribution system. NOM directly impacts, Milestones Planned for Next Year therefore, on source water management, treatment processes and • Submission of candidacy application. distribution systems. Characterisation studies providing a detailed • Further develop analytical method for the isolation of NOM understanding of the origins, structural features and reactivity using an a polymeric adsorbant and ultrafiltration method. of NOM in source waters, along with studies of its behaviour in • Separation of NOM from a groundwater sample into fractions drinking water treatment processes, will allow optimisation of based on a polymeric adsorbant and ultrafiltration method. treatment processes for the effective removal of NOM . • Commence treatment of water samples. • Commence analysis of NOM fractions. Principal Aims • To conduct a detailed study of the origins, structural features and reactivity of NOM in a selection of Perth groundwaters. • To help optimise treatment processes which will ultimately contribute to the improved quality of drinking water supplied to consumers.
Research Plan • Develop and refine a polymeric adsorbant method and an ultrafiltration method to isolate NOM from local groundwater supplies into several distinct fractions of reduced complexity. • Characterise the fractions isolated from both methods by various established and yet to be developed analytical techniques, in order to compare and contrast these methods for fractionating NOM. • Subject the fractions to local drinking water treatment processes on a laboratory-scale and to investigate the removal efficiency of the different fractions. The organic extract of the source and treated water will be separately characterised and compared using established and developing analytical techniques.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES Detailed research reports, patents, detailed methodologies, operating Captured in the individual project proposals, project reports, workshop procedures and brief industry summaries giving the new knowledge reports, etc. Will continue to evolve with other projects and activities. Plans generated from research activities. are underway for a patent application on a new SEC instrument with direct DOC detection capability. Reports targeted at the implementation of developed monitoring protocols A proceedings and outcomes report on the online monitoring workshop was and measurement technologies by industry and regulators. widely distributed (and is available from Deputy Program Leader Dr Paul Greenwood). A project on advanced characterisation of NOM commencing in 2004-05 will assemble a tool-kit of advanced analytical techniques. A proposal involving the development of new ammonia detection and monitoring capability is in preparation. Reports on these and other related program activities will soon be available.
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PROGRAM BACKGROUND PROGRAM LEADER An industry workshop was held in July 2001 to identify the research priorities MARY DRIKAS for this program. The key issues for the industry in water treatment, and AUSTRALIAN WATER processes to address them, were identified. The key project areas identified, QUALITY CENTRE in order of priority, were: 1 Combined treatment processes for natural organic matter - bioavailability 2 Effect of UV on bacteria/viruses/protozoa and the remainder of the treatment processes and the distribution system 3 Biodegradation of taste and odour compounds and algal toxins Program Aim 4 Biological reactors for removal of natural organic matter 5 Optimisation of treatment and disinfection processes for destruction of key The purpose of the program is to identify pathogens - pilot plant studies and/or develop improved engineering 6 Biological manganese removal and system management of water 7 Pre-treatment options for membrane desalination. treatment processes to control problem organisms and compounds. Such Projects to address these research areas have been established for all but improvements will be implemented membrane desalination. The project to assess biological reactors for removal within the framework of the multi-barrier of natural organic matter is under development and will begin shortly. Industry approach of managing water quality from parties within the Centre are currently undertaking studies to evaluate membrane catchment to customer. This ensures desalination and their progress will be monitored to determine future action. that improvements implemented as a result of this research program do not CURRENT PROJECT STATUS adversely impact on water quality within the distribution system. 3.2.6 DEVELOPING OPTIMUM ADSORPTION PROCESSES STAGE 2 Project Leader Gayle Newcombe Research Staff David Cook, Lionel Ho Organisations Involved AWQC, University of South Australia Budget $838,727 Duration Oct 2000 – Apr 2003
Principal Aims • To investigate the use of granular activated carbon (GAC), as an adsorber and a substrate for biodegradation, alone or in combination with ozone. • To determine the water quality parameters affecting the application of ozone and activated carbon for the removal of algal metabolites. • To evaluate the efficacy of activated carbon for algal metabolite removal, in particular the lifetime of GAC filters. • To assess the type and quantity of microorganism required on a GAC filter for effective biodegradation.
Milestones Achieved • Investigation of the effect of coagulants on the application of powdered activated carbon (PAC). This resulted in useful information on the size, density, strength and fractal dimension of flocs under different water quality conditions in the presence and absence of PAC. • Postgraduate student Lionel Ho submitted his PhD thesis. • A technology transfer workshop on ozone, activated carbon and biological filtration in water treatment was held for industry parties and associates in November 2003. • A workshop on algal toxins was held in May 2004 under the auspices of the Global Water Research Coalition. • Gayle Newcombe completed a chapter for the Elsevier book Adsorption by Carbons.
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Milestones Planned for Next Year Milestones Planned for Next Year • Postgraduate student David Cook will complete his Master’s Complete project report. thesis. • Project report will be completed. 3.2.9 DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR CONCENTRATED NATURAL ORGANICS STREAMS 3.2.8 MODELLING COAGULATION TO MAXIMISE REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MATTER- A PILOT PLANT AND Project Leader LABORATORY BASED STUDY Jim Morran, Tim Scott Project Leader Research Staff Sandy Brinkmann, Mary Drikas, Chris Saint, Jurg Keller John van Leeuwen Research Staff Organisations Involved AWQC, University of Queensland, Orica Rob Daly, Don Bursill, Mary Drikas, Tung Nguyen, Ian Fisher, George Kastl, Arumugam Sathasivan, Phil Duker, Mike Holmes, Budget $638,268 Craig Heidenreich, Bronwyn Walsh, Uwe Kaeding Duration Dec 2002 – Dec 2005 Organisations Involved AWQC, United Water, Sydney Water Background Budget $994,220 Natural organic matter (NOM) in water results from the decomposition of vegetative and animal organic matter and Duration Oct 2001 – Dec 2004 consists of both biodegradable and recalcitrant components that persist in the environment until the water is treated. Most of the Background current and new treatment methods for NOM removal are “non- Natural organic matter (NOM) is partially removed by conventional destructive” processes. The NOM is removed from raw water water treatment using inorganic coagulants. The NOM remaining and disposed of, in a concentrated form, through either solid after treatment can be a substrate for microbial growth and can waste (sludge from coagulation processes, spent carbon or other react with disinfectants causing a lowering of the concentration adsorption media) or liquid waste (retentate from membrane of disinfectant and the formation of disinfection by-products. For filtration, waste regenerant from ion exchange processes). these reasons there is a need to maximise the removal of NOM in water treatment. The treatment of water using coagulants to Disposal of the liquid wastes is an increasing problem and likely maximise the removal of organics is referred to as enhanced to impede the broader application of new treatment technologies. coagulation. The ability to predict the maximum NOM removable Generation of waste regenerant from ion exchange processes by enhanced coagulation would assist operators to optimise the results in the periodic production of a waste stream with a high performance of their water treatment plants. salt level and an enriched NOM content. Treatment of NOM concentrates by conventional wastewater processes is largely inefficient, resulting in production of an effluent with high colour, Principal Aims limiting disposal to sea outfalls. • To develop models that have raw water quality parameters as input variables for feed-forward prediction of coagulant and pH control reagent doses for attainment of enhanced Principal Aims coagulation. • To investigate biological treatment of concentrated waste • To develop models that describe the removal of dissolved streams by studying the biodegradability of NOM and ways organic carbon (DOC) with variation of coagulant dose rate to improve it. and pH and to validate the models using water treatment • To develop of a continuously operated bio-system to treat pilot plant studies. liquid wastes from NOM removal processes. • To develop environmentally friendly ways to dispose of biomass and treated liquid waste from NOM removal Research Plan processes. Pilot plant studies will focus on application of models to predict treatment for a range of water sources. Raw waters will be selected that vary in qualities such as DOC concentration, turbidity Research Plan and alkalinity. The operation of pilot plants will also be used to The project will initially focus on developing biomass capable of address specific operational issues for United Water International degrading NOM from MIEX® process waste regenerant. Several and Sydney Water Corporation. Most waters applied in pilot bio-treatment systems will be set up and operated in parallel. This plant trials will be source waters of water treatment plants (WTPs) will include a suspended biomass system to be operated in batch currently operated by the project participants. mode, and fixed biofilm systems to be operated in either batch or continuous mode. Inoculum will be sourced from environments with conditions as close as possible to waste brine – such as high Milestones Achieved salinity and NOM concentration. The bio-treatment systems will • Evaluated DOC removal, coagulant dose and pH prediction be fed with the untreated waste regenerant and also pre-treated models using pilot plants at Middle River WTP and Anstey with ozone. Hill WTP, SA and Googong WTP supplying the ACT. • Conducted pilot plant trials at Happy Valley WTP, SA to assess model predicted coagulant doses for removal of algae Milestones Achieved and particles. • Characterisation of NOM waste. • Advanced the development of models for prediction of pH • Several bio-reactor systems tested in laboratory scale following dosing with coagulant. experiments, using both fixed biofilm and suspended • Assessed and further developed models and software for biomass with evaluation in batch and continuous mode. application to large-scale WTPs. • Determined that bio-treatment of raw NOM waste without • Software adopted by management and operators of WTPs in any chemical pre-treatment is extremely slow, even at very the Adelaide metropolitan area. high dilutions. • Project outcomes reported at conferences (MODSIM 2003, • Determined that ozone is effective as a pre-treatment for Ozwater 2003, NOM 2004) and in refereed journal. increasing bio-available carbon in the NOM waste, but only at high exposures.
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Milestones Planned for Next Year • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy protocols have been • Study pH and temperature dependence on production of established and data sets for a range of pilot plant samples biodegradable NOM with ozone. obtained. • Study NOM removal efficacy with sequential ozone/bio- • Laboratory trials of the bioreactor are complete and a new treatment steps. design has been established. • Characterise NOM prior to and after ozone treatment and • A larger scale demonstration plant has been designed. after biological treatment. • Laboratory tests on the effect of soluble manganese on • Abeyance of project activity from August – November 2004 washing efficiency have been completed. due to temporary reassignment of research officer. • Complete review of bio-treatment efficiency. Milestones Planned for Next Year • A study of the effect of loading on bioreactor performance. 2.4.0.1 THE REMOVAL OF MANGANESE FROM DRINKING • Completion of greensand pilot plant filter tests. WATER • Completion of bioreactor pilot plant and demonstration scale Project Leader trials. • Comparison of NOM characteristics from various sources. David Dixon • Definition of biofilm effect on NOM. Research Staff • Completion of trials with a range of point-of-use devices. Nevil Anderson, Tim Hurse, Barry Chiswell, Lindsay Sly, Geoff Hamilton 2.4.0.2 INTERFACE SCIENCE IN DRINKING WATER Organisations Involved TREATMENT CSIRO, University of Queensland, Gold Coast City Council Project Leader Budget $1,340,161 Gayle Newcombe Duration Nov 2002 – Jan 2005 Collaborator David Dixon Background Organisations Involved Despite the low concentrations of manganese in drinking waters AWQC, CSIRO and the fact that there is little threat to the health of consumers, Budget $63,850 there has been a recent worldwide upsurge in interest in manganese-related issues. This is due to the realisation that there Duration Apr 2002 – Apr 2004 is a significant cost associated with the handling of customer complaints from so-called “dirty water” events, many of which Background involve the presence of manganese in water supplied to the Drs Newcombe and Dixon are producing a book describing the household tap. effect of interfacial phenomena in drinking water treatment. The publication will focus on the fundamental science involved in the Within water treatment plants there are a variety of technologies processes taking place during all steps in drinking water treatment, designed to lower the manganese content of the treated water, and will include an applications section, where the fundamental however the problem persists. The technologies used are not all science will be applied directly to the processes themselves. It effective within the conditions of the normal treatment plant or for is envisaged that the audience will consist of surface scientists, all forms of manganese. applied scientists, water treatment scientists, as well as interested managers and treatment plant staff. Principal Aims • To develop a simple, cost effective, technology for the Principal Aim biological removal of manganese from drinking water. To edit and contribute to a book describing the effect of interfacial • To develop a fuller understanding of manganese ion phenomena in drinking water treatment adsorption and oxidation upon substrates used in manganese removal. Milestones Achieved • Agreement to participate has been confirmed with authors. Research Plan Essentially there are three components to this project, each intended to investigate a different method for removing Milestones Planned for Next Year manganese from drinking water. First, the commonly used • Receipt of authors’ contributions. greensand technology will be investigated with the intention • Edit authors’ contributions. of better understanding what occurs at the surface. The second • Submit manuscript to publishers. component involves the development of the bioreactor that utilises the bacteria from the reticulation system ahead of the 2.4.0.3 DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TREATMENT PROCESS treatment plant as a viable alternative process. By using the very FOR THE REMOVAL OF RECALCITRANT ORGANIC same micro-organisms which currently cause problems in the MATTER reticulation systems to solve problems further upstream, it should be possible to learn more about what happens in the reticulation Project Leader system. This will require developing a better understanding of the Mary Drikas environmental factors that regulate the oxidation and removal of Research Staff manganese by bacteria, and optimisation of the configuration of Chris Chow, Rolando Fabris, Colin Ritchie, Stephen Gray, Brian the bioreactor and its performance on a pilot plant scale under Bolto, Eun Kyung Lee, Vicki Chen, Anthony Fane, Felicity Roddick, field conditions. The final component investigates how well the John Harris, Farhana Malek. increasingly popular point-of-use devices remove manganese from the product water at the tap. Organisations Involved AWQC, CSIRO, UNSW, University of South Australia, RMIT, Curtin Milestones Achieved University of Technology • Several project meetings have been held, in Brisbane and Budget $1,849,990 Bendigo and at the Gold Coast pilot plant. Oct 2002 – Oct 2005 • Extensive pilot plant trials of the greensand process have Duration been completed.
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Background • The flux for a hydrophobic MF membrane was demonstrated The presence of NOM in source water can be problematic for to improve with increasing vacuum UV (VUV) dose. production of drinking water as it reacts with both the coagulants • Conference papers presented at the SA AWA Regional and disinfectants used in drinking water treatment, and is a food Conference, AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference, source for bacterial growth in distribution systems. Considerable International NOM Conference and Enviro 04. Four research effort has occurred worldwide to try to link NOM international journal papers produced from the completed character to treatability. Based on the studies carried out in related project 3.2.1. the original Centre, the NOM remaining after the conventional treatment process has certain characteristics. It is not easily Milestones Planned for Next Year removed by current treatment processes and can also cause • Complete evaluation of polymerised metal coagulants and fouling of microfiltration (MF) membranes. activated carbon effectiveness. • Establish relationship between NOM character and impact Principal Aims on disinfectant and biodegradability. • To study treatment options for the removal of recalcitrant • Laboratory study of the application of MIEX®. natural organic matter and methods to limit its effect on • Better characterisation of NOM fractions and raw waters microfiltration membranes. through collaboration with Project 2.3.1.3. Advanced • To develop new or modified processes for the removal of Characterisation of NOM. recalcitrant NOM and to develop membrane processes that • Testing of novel coagulant for reducing NOM fouling beyond limit the impact of the major NOM foulants. that achieved with aluminium chlorohydrate. • Evaluate the interaction between PAC adsorption and constant flow MF. Research Plan • Nanofiltration to set benchmark for NOM removal. Treatment processes, including coagulation and adsorption will • Test the performances of PAC adsorption, coagulation and be the main area of study. This project will assess the ability of MIEX® and MF filtration in continuous operating mode. each process to remove the recalcitrant NOM. The magnetic ion- • Determine the effect of VUV radiation dose on the flux ® exchange process, MIEX , has been found to selectively reduce through a hydrophilic MF membrane. trihalomethane formation and will be investigated in more detail • Investigate the effect of VUV treatment on NOM remaining ® With the current operation of two MIEX treatment plants in South after coagulation with aluminium chlorohydrate. Australia and Western Australia, this information is of relevance to the water industry. A major focus of this project will be 2.4.0.4 OPTIMISING THE WATER TREATMENT AND research and development of other processes, such as the use of powdered activated carbon (PAC), which may remove the neutral DISINFECTION TRAIN FOR PATHOGEN DESTRUCTION organic components. In addition, the chemical components of Project Leader NOM that most significantly foul MF membranes will be identified Alex Keegan in an attempt to develop better indicators of membrane fouling rate and to reduce fouling. Research Staff Chris Saint, Paul Monis, Chris Chow, Stella Fanok, David Daminato, Peter Cox, Monica Logan, Heri Bustamante, David In order to understand the impact of the recalcitrant NOM Dixon, Brian Bolto, Pat Hartley on various treatment processes, a major component of this project is to characterise the recalcitrant NOM. The techniques Organisations Involved selected will provide better understanding of the impact AWQC, CSIRO, Sydney Water of the NOM character on treatment processes; however, it Budget $1,895,469 will be beneficial if they are simple enough for treatment operators to use as tools to optimise treatment processes. Duration Nov 2002 – Nov 2005
Milestones Achieved Background • Two project meetings held (Melbourne and Sydney) which Drinking water supplies have a long history of association with a representatives from United Water, Thames Water and wide spectrum of human pathogens including enteric protozoa Veolia Water also attended. (eg Cryptosporidium) and viruses (eg enteroviruses) and are • The rapid fractionation scheme has been simplified. recognised as potential risks to human health. Many studies have Application of this technique in a case study using data from examined the removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts and viruses by two water treatment plants showed that the very hydrophobic water treatment and disinfection processes but such studies have fraction correlated well with DOC removal using alum. assessed the processes in isolation, not in combination, and none • Various polymerised metal coagulants including commercial have looked at the effect of such processes on their infectivity. Chitosan and polyferric sulphate have been tested using Depending on the efficiency of treatment, the organisms may water with unusual organic character. pass through the water treatment process in conventional water • Three different PACs were applied in combination with treatment plants and reach the distribution system. aluminium sulphate to assess the NOM removal in the same unusual water. This confirmed the importance of carbon Principal Aims selection for DOC and trihalomethaneformation potential • To determine the infectivity of oocysts and viruses after reduction. water treatment and to optimise the process for inactivation • Three waters characterised and the short and long term in conjunction with disinfection (including chlorine, chlorine fouling characteristics measured. Interactions between dioxide, ozone and UV). NOM fractions were shown to be important in microfiltration • To examine the level of inactivation achieved using membrane fouling. conventional water treatment practices for a range of water • Extended laboratory trials highlighted the deficiencies of types and conditions. short term laboratory trials usually used to characterise the fouling potential. • The effect of water quality changes on membrane fouling Research Plan was shown to vary between membrane materials and pore The first stage of the project is to conduct bench scale jar tests sizes. to determine the effects of coagulation and flocculation on • Two hollow fibre MF modules have been designed; one Cryptosporidium and virus infectivity using conventional and a single fibre module and the other for a small bundle of dissolved air flotation (DAF) processes. fibres. • The interaction between PAC adsorption and constant pressure MF has been evaluated. 48 49 2D Water Treatment Technology
The methodology developed in stage 1 for chemical dosage and Background treatment will be applied in stage 2 to determine the effects of the With the ongoing concern regarding the addition of chemicals water treatment process combined with disinfection on oocyst and to our water supply, and the potential by-products of oxidation virus infectivity. A further consideration of the treatment process processes, biological treatment techniques are becoming more is the effects of environmental stress on the microorganisms. attractive to water suppliers and the general public. However, for the confident application of biological techniques for the removal Stage 3 of the project will focus on the isolation of environmental of algal metabolites it is essential that the optimum conditions Cryptosporidium and viral samples from water treatment plants. are known, and the complete removal of the potentially harmful organic compounds is guaranteed. The particular algal Milestones Achieved metabolites are methylisoborneol (MIB), geosmin, microcystin • Jar tests with aluminium chloride or ferric chloride have and cylindrospermopsin. demonstrated no effect on the viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium oocysts in cell culture. Principal Aims • A radial flow device has been constructed and tested. Trials • To identify the microorganisms largely responsible for with surrogate (inorganic) colloids have demonstrated that degradation of the metabolites in biological filters. particle deposition is very sensitive to flow patterns and • To establish the design criteria/operating guidelines for the regimes. optimisation of biological filtration processes for the removal • The real-time PCR method for the detection and quantitation of algal metabolites. of Cryptosporidium infection in cell culture has been • To determine the feasibility of “artificially” encouraging successfully transferred from AWQC to Sydney Water. filters to function in an optimised biological treatment mode, • Training in the virus concentration methods was undertaken either by seeding with appropriate bacteria, or spiking at Sydney Water and methods have been transferred to with a substrate known to promote the assimilation of the AWQC. metabolites. • Reovirus, Enterovirus and Adenovirus have been successfully cultured and real-time PCR methods have been developed for their detection. Research Plan • A working model of the biofilm growth chamber has been • Identification of individual bacteria capable of degrading the developed and validation experiments are underway. compounds. • Bench scale sand filters have been tested with polystyrene • Determination of the conditions under which a lag phase can beads with further investigation required into the be expected. enumeration of particles using a particle counter. • Development of methods to determine the ability of a filter to • A researcher has been trained in atomic force microscopy remove transient concentrations of the metabolites. (AFM) methods and is currently working through different • Investigation of the application of pre-ozonation for the oocyst treatments. improvement of biological filtration. • Treatment with chlorine and chloramine at different doses • Development of techniques to modify the biofilm and/or has been completed and baseline data for inactivation rates conditions to produce maximum removal in less than have been determined. optimum conditions.
Milestones Planned for Next Year Milestones Achieved • Application of bench scale jar tests to determine the effects • Project approved, project agreements signed off and lodged of the water treatment process on virus infectivity using with Centre. conventional and DAF processes. • First project meeting held April 2004 in Noosa, Queensland. • Examine the effects of ozone and UV at different doses to • Laboratory column experiments using sand media for the obtain baseline inactivation rates. biofiltration of microcystins, MIB and geosmin are well • Using AFM, determine the changes in surface characteristics underway with initial results indicating that these metabolites of Cryptosporidium oocysts after treatment with coagulants are degradable by bacteria in the biofilm. and disinfectants. • Initial batch degradation experiments for microcystin • Determine the interaction of pathogens with a variety of completed indicating that microcystin is readily degraded. surface chemistries to determine the force of adhesion. • A PCR technique using primers designed for the amplification • Conduct a short-term virus monitoring program for selected of a microcystin degrading gene has been used to determine sites in SA. if this gene is present in the biofilm of the laboratory • CSIRO to finalise their contribution to the project by biofilters. production of a report (November 2004). • Organisms capable of cylindrospermopsin degradation from • Investigate pilot plant studies to determine the effects of slow sand filtration plant have been cultured. filtration on Cryptosporidium. • Cylindrospermopsin degradation efficiency of enriched cultures from slow sand filtration plant determined. 2.4.0.5 BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION PROCESSES FOR THE REMOVAL OF ALGAL METABOLITES Milestones Planned for Next Year • Complete batch experiments for microcystin, MIB and Project Leader geosmin. Gayle Newcombe • Complete isolation of microcystin degrading bacteria. Researcher Staff • Complete first full scale biofiltration of MIB and geosmin at Lionel Ho, Glen Shaw, Chris Saint, Jurg Keller, Linda Blackall, the Noosa Water Treatment Plant (WTP), Qld. Michael Moore, Geoff Eaglesham, Maree Smith, Ross Sadler, • Complete pilot trials at Happy Valley WTP, SA. Mark O’Donohue, Angelika Hesse, Bridget McDowall, Shiromi • Evaluate he effect of temperature on the biofiltration of MIB, Wijesundara geosmin and microcystin. • Optimise PCR techniques for screening potential microcystin- Organisations Involved degrading bacteria in biofilters. AWQC, EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific • Use biochemical and genetic techniques to aid in identification Services and the University of Queensland), University of of isolated cylindrospermopsin-degrading organisms from Queensland, Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific slow sand filtration. Services, SEQ Water, United Water International • Regular collection of samples from slow sand filtration Budget $1,475,460 to determine seasonal influence on degradation efficiency and variation in degrading organisms profile. Duration Mar 2004 - Feb 2008
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• Determine influence of environmental parameters on • The utility and efficiency of the CFS for the removal of efficiency of cylindrospermopsin degradation and length of larger particles will be assessed. lag phase. • The direct observation through membrane (DOTM) technique will be used to visually observe the behaviour of 2.4.1.0 MONITORING FOR MEMBRANE FOULING particles, especially the larger ones. ASSESSMENT Project Leader 2.4.1.2 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR TOXIC BLUE-GREEN Dianne E Wiley ALGAE: A GUIDE FOR WATER UTILITIES Research Staff Project Leader Javeed Mohammed Abdul Gayle Newcombe Organizations Involved Research Staff UNSW Mike Burch, Peter Hobson, Jenny House, Lionel Ho Budget $97,500 Organisations Involved Duration Mar 2003 - Sep 2006 AWQC, United Water, Veolia Water Budget $87,400 Background Duration Nov 2003 - Nov 2004 Existing fouling indices such as Silt Density Index (SDI) and Modified Fouling Index (MFI) do not represent the fouling Principal Aim potential of real field situations. Both are based on dead end To provide a manual consolidating published research and filtration. In these techniques particles of all sizes are convected operational information for the treatment of algae-affected water to the membrane surface in contrast to the crossflow mode that can be put to immediate practical application by source water employed in the field applications, wherein the larger particles and water treatment managers. are moved away from the membrane surface due to sheer and inertial lift generated by the crossflow velocity. Hence, the SDI Research Plan and MFI include the contribution of the particles of all sizes All of the literature that can be used in an operational basis will and overestimate effects of fouling during real operational be evaluated and will be consolidated into an accessible guide. conditions. The manual will cover the topics of health effects, guidelines and standards, sampling and monitoring programs, risk assessment, alert levels for action, mixing strategies, algicides, conventional Principal Aims treatment, oxidation, activated carbon, biological filtration, UV, • To modify the MFI test procedure to reliably determine membranes and multiple barrier options. It will also include the fouling propensity of feed solutions in membrane management strategies for source waters and for all stages of the systems. treatment process. • To investigate the interplay of fouling index of the feed, physicochemical (solute-solute and solute-membrane) Milestones Achieved interactions and membrane operating conditions on • Review of literature containing operational data. particulate/foulant fractionation and membrane fouling. • Preparation of first draft as a literature review.
Milestones Planned for Next Year Research Plan • Completion of the second draft. A cross flow sampler (CFS) will be developed and employed • Incorporation of comments from the committee. upstream to preferentially allow smaller particles to be • Completion of final draft. deposited on an MF/UF membrane. Isoporous membranes will be used in the cross flow sampler to preferentially remove larger particles from the feed solution. Inorganic and organic PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT foulants will be used as model solutes in addition to real field samples to obtain experimental data. 2.4.1.1 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) REMOVAL Project Leader Milestones Achieved Jurg Keller • A cross flow sampler has been designed for preferential removal of larger particles. Research Staff Linda Blackall, Rob Townsley, Felicity Roddick • An artificial feed solution has been developed using different particle sizes of latex polystyrene and silica Organisations Involved particle mixtures. University of Queensland, RMIT, Brisbane City Council • Investigation of analytical techniques to determine the Budget $690,915 mass balance of particles in different streams has been carried out and will be applied after error and bias studies Duration 3 years of the techniques. • The effect of applied pressure on SDI and MFI is being Background studied. Water treatment methodologies have been developed over many decades and are achieving a high degree of removal of pollutants to produce good quality drinking water. Most of the technologies Milestones Planned for Next Year apply physical and/or chemical principles to treat the water. This involves the use of a significant amount of chemicals • Experiments will be conducted to determine the effect of leading to the production of a large quantity of sludge that has particle size and concentration on SDI and MFI indices. to be disposed. Remaining in the water is a small but significant • The effect of larger particles and the contribution to SDI fraction of organics which then can lead to the growth of biofilms and MFI will be studied. in distribution systems.
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The fact that biofilms are growing on this remaining organic provide the relevant design and operating parameters and to material is a clear indication that at least some of it is give confidence in applying such a process in a pilot or full-scale biodegradable. Therefore, by incorporating a biological step in installation. the water treatment process, it should be possible to remove some of these compounds, in particular those that are promoting biofilm growth in the distribution network. This concept is already Principal Aims • To develop and demonstrate specific biological treatment being applied in the Biologically Activated Carbon process and processes for the removal of DOC. to some degree in sand filtration. However, these processes • To complement and improve existing physico-chemical have not been specifically designed or optimised for biological processes. treatment, and are often used only as polishing steps after the physico-chemical treatment. Status From many other environmental applications it is well known The proposal has been reviewed and will be modified following that biological processes can remove pollutants very efficiently suggestions by the reviewers. A project agreement will be and economically. It is therefore envisaged that the integration prepared shortly and the project initiated. of a biological unit in the water treatment system could improve the removal of organic matter from the raw water. The extent of the removal, the optimal operating conditions and the limitations and disadvantages of such a process need to be explored to
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES Evaluate progress to date in conjunction with industry stakeholders and Participants of projects 328, 2401, 2403, 2405 and 2412 are meeting with modify program if necessary to maximise outcomes. industry parties on a regular basis to ensure project outcomes are relevant to industry and project milestones have been modified as required. The outcomes of all key projects have been presented at conferences or technology transfer workshops.
Evaluate appropriate intervention technologies for management and control Project 2404 has shown that fresh Cryptosporidium oocysts are unaffected of pathogens. by water treatment processes of flocculation with alum or ferric chloride as determined by jar test procedures. Identify methods of minimising treatment residues. The consensus at the industry workshop held in July 2001 was that minimising conventional treatment residues was not a priority at this time. Project 329 is evaluating the biological treatment of regenerant waste from ion exchange processes. Evaluate technologies that lead to a significant reduction in problems Project 328 and 2403 have shown that optimisation of coagulation by pH associated with the aesthetic quality of water in distribution systems and control and the use of different coagulants can improve the removal of improved customer satisfaction. NOM. This reduces the required chlorine dose and lowers the chlorine concentration reaching consumers close to the beginning of distribution systems. Evaluate the suitability of new and emerging desalination technologies under Desalination was identified as one of the research issues at the industry Australian operating conditions. workshop held in July 2001 but the consensus at that time was that evaluation of desalination was not a priority. Some industry parties and associates are currently undertaking studies into desalination which are being monitored and may result in proposals for future Centre research.
52 Program 2E Distribution
PROGRAM BACKGROUND PROGRAM LEADER The new projects underway in the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment have DAMMIKA VITANAGE progressed towards achieving milestones that are useful to the water industry. SYDNEY WATER Most of the new projects include case studies. The use of case studies has provided an excellent way to integrate research outcomes during the project. Feedback from the participant meetings and reviews has been excellent with constructive suggestions for further improvement. Periodic and annual reviews of the projects involving the industry participants and the Centre management team have been undertaken.
Two new technology transfer projects commenced during the year to convey the outcomes of modelling and biofilm research. There was enthusiastic industry support for these projects and the Governing Board and Centre management Program Aim have commended the incorporation of technology transfer aspects into the projects. The aim of the Distribution Program is to identify and develop effective A major program achievement was the successful completion of the Distribution management processes for the control System Maintenance Workshop in Sydney in September 2003. Projects of microorganisms, organic carbon and from within this program were included in this workshop which included particles within the distribution system. discussions on current international research in distribution systems and This will result in the provision of linked current projects within the program to international research efforts. improved technologies and methods for International visitors to the workshop included representatives from the the management of water distribution American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF), the Global systems with a focus on water quality Water Research Coalition (GWRC), UK Water Industry Research and Sheffield objectives and system maintenance. University. Excellent feedback was received from the participants and proposed collaborative projects are now being considered by the GWRC.
CURRENT PROJECT STATUS
4.2.3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS ON DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM BIOFILMS AND INCORPORATED PATHOGENS Project Leader Mark Angles Research Staff Joseph Chandy, George Kastl, Sudhi Payyapat, Malcolm Warnecke, Dammika Vitanage Organisations Involved Sydney Water Corporation Budget $ 737,815 Duration Jan 2000 – Sep 2003
Principal Aims • To determine the extent of pathogen recruitment by biofilms. • To assess the impact of shear stress and disinfectant concentration on pathogen recruitment. • To determine the main water quality parameter (temperature, disinfectant residual or biodegradable organic carbon) that drives biofilm formation.
Milestones Achieved Draft final report completed.
Milestones Planned for Next Year Publication of final report.
Technology Transfer Activities • Two conference papers produced. 52 53 2E Distribution
• Working with Project 2.5.0.1 Development of guidelines • To track the movement, fate and transformation of particulate for the management of biofilms in distribution systems to material in the distribution system. produce a quick reference guide for users. • To develop concepts to minimise the entry of particles into the distribution system and improve distribution design to 4.3.1 CONSOLIDATION OF MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR minimise dirty water. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Project Leader Milestones Achieved Ian Fisher • Literature review completed. • Particle Simulation Model (PSM) completed. Research Staff • Particle characterisation work completed. George Kastl, Percy Chen, Arumugam Sathasivan, Laszlo Koska, • Pipe test rig investigations completed. Kevin Xanthis, Richard Walker, Mike Holmes, Graeme Dandy • Method to predict particle adhesion to pipe walls Organisations Involved determined. Sydney Water, Water Corporation, United Water, University of • Seven progress reports completed. Adelaide Budget $ 873,051 Milestones Planned for Next Year • Completion of the final report. Duration Jul 2001 – Jun 2004 • Transfer of the PSM into EPANET format to maximise compatibility with other Centre projects. Principal Aims To develop a modular software toolkit incorporating existing Technology Transfer Activities models of flow, disinfection and biofilms • Demonstration of PSM and presentation of project outcomes to all utilities involved in the project. Research Plan • Workshops for Centre parties conducted. This project proposes the development of disinfection management tools in a staged manner for chlorine decay, 2.5.0.1 DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS FOR IMPROVED trihalomethanes (THMs) and associated gross pipe surface DISINFECTION CONTROL WITHIN DISTRIBUTION effects. Stage 2 involves the incorporation of specific tools to SYSTEMS describe the interaction between chlorine, biofilms and pipe Project Leaders wall materials, as separate entities. Stage 3 adds microbiological Mike Holmes, Chris Chow capabilities to some of the modules developed above. Research Staff Milestones Achieved Holger Maier, John Nixon, Graeme Dandy, Robert May, Alexander Badalyan, Corinna Doolan, Phil Duker, Kathryn • Completed a training session and distributed the model to Clarkson, Vince Sweet, Ken Turner interested Centre parties. • Completed the development of chlorine decay and THM Organisations Involved formation model. AWQC, Melbourne Water, Power and Water, SA Water, Sydney • Partial reservoir mixing and coliform probability incorporated Water, University of South Australia, University of Adelaide, into the model. United Water, Water Corporation • The models were used to improve aesthetic chlorine compliance in North Richmond System for Sydney Water. Budget $1,878,758 Duration Jul 2002 – Dec 2005 Milestones Planned for Next Year • Pipe material module incorporated in toolkit. Principal Aims • Completion of validation studies. • To develop a prototype tool capable of assessing indicative • Completion of final report. chlorine demand rapidly on-line. • To recommend the best commercially available on-line Technology Transfer Activities analysers for use in distribution systems to accurately and A training program and number of sessions were held with reliably measure disinfectant residuals. partners and other interested Centre members on the developed • To develop and assess artificial neural network (ANN) model. The model was also provided to interested Centre parties modelling techniques to predict residual disinfectant and associates. Chlorine workshop held in Sydney 2002 and concentration at key network locations. presentation of papers. Research Plan 4.3.6 PARTICLES IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS • Commercially available sensors will be identified and assessed. Project Leader • Modelling of chlorine and chloramine using ANN models. Greg Ryan, Asoka Jayaratne • When successfully tested in the lab, Disinfectant Residual Research Staff Control Tool (DRCT) system components will be integrated Prem Mathes, Jie Wu, Clive Grainger, Bon Nguyen and installed in the Myponga (SA) and Woronora (NSW) networks. Organisations Involved • Knowledge gained during pilot DRCT studies will be used to Brisbane City Council, CSIRO, Melbourne Water, South East produce a generic DRCT guidance manual. This will be used Water, Sydney Water Corporation, United Water, Water by industry partners to develop DRCT systems for use in any Corporation, Yarra Valley Water network. Budget $1,163,502 Duration Oct 2001 – Dec 2003 Milestones Achieved • Project plan completed. • System and data supply needs identified. Principal Aims • Commercially available on-line sensors identified and • To determine the origins and characteristics of particulate trialled. material within a reticulated water system that causes dirty • Literature assessment undertaken. water customer complaints. 54 2E Distribution
Milestones Planned for Next Year • Further development of the conceptual model software into • Evaluation of sensor performance in distribution system. a more sophisticated management tool in collaboration with • Develop surrogate chlorine sensor. industry parties. • ANN tool developed for Myponga distribution system. Technology Transfer Activities Technology Transfer Activities • Project stakeholder workshops undertaken continuously • Develop and implement a communication plan (technology within stage 1 and 2 ensuring knowledge transfer. transfer package) including fact sheets, partners (research and industry) meetings with industry and research parties 2.5.0.3 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TO MAINTAIN WATER and industry seminars. QUALITY • Number of project partner workshops held. • Technical development with an overseas instrument Project Leader manufacture. Greg Ryan, Asoka Jayaratne • Collaboration with the Australian instrument industry. Research Staff • Conference papers and workshops presentations. Graeme Dandy, Holger Maier, Darren Broad, Matthew Gibbs Organisations Involved 2.5.0.2 UNDERSTANDING DISCOLOURED WATER AT THE CSIRO, South East Water, Sydney Water, Adelaide University, United Water, Water Corporation, Yarra Valley Water CUSTOMER’S TAP AND IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Budget $595,247 Project Leader Peter Teasdale Duration Sep 2002 – Aug 2006 Research Staff Kelly O’Halloran, Corinna Doolan, Lisa Hamilton, Melinda John Principal Aims Organisations Involved • To develop a computer package (Decision Support System (DSS)) that is able to form an addition to the commercially Brisbane City Council, Griffith University, Power and Water, available hydraulic and water quality model. South East Water, Sydney Water, Water Corporation, Yarra Valley • To provide a simple method of representing the system and Water the current problem so that optimal solutions can be quickly Budget $1,008,123 derived. • To identify the most cost effective design and operational Duration Oct 2002 – Oct 2005 measures that should be adopted in order to balance the potentially conflicting needs of a particular water supply Principal Aim system for hydraulic management, water quality, customer To develop an improved understanding of how dirty water events service, environmental and other cost objectives. occur, by linking water quality parameters with operational protocols and dirty water events. Research Plan • Compile a literature review and evaluate the current status of Research Plan decision support modelling tools worldwide. Implementation of this project has occurred in stages, • Develop and test decision support systems for a number of incorporating industry feedback through workshops and water authorities in Melbourne, Adelaide and Sydney and to steering committee sessions. Stage 1 of the project, involves a compare the results of the decision support analysis with comprehensive literature review on all aspects of discoloured current operational practices. water and an evaluation and comparison of data provided by • Develop the Decision Support Model as part of the system. industry parties relating to discoloured water formation. Stage 2 of the project includes undertaking customer surveys, collecting Milestones Achieved and characterising particles at various locations around Australia • Stage 1 of project has been completed. and the development of a flexible software framework to allow • A full literature review of this research area has been further development of a conceptual model. In Stage 3, the completed. conceptual model will be developed further in consultation with • A method has been developed using an Artificial Neural water utilities, where it will be applied to several catchment-to- Network model to simulate the outputs of the hydraulic tap systems. The software may be utilised as a ready reckoner, model in an effort to increase the speed of analysis and an educational tool, as a decision matrix or even to allow mass decrease overall run times. balance calculations on the components involved in dirty water • A method has been developed to assess the success of an events. optimisation. • Methods have been developed to incorporate uncertainty Milestones Achieved into the optimisation program. • After an evaluation, a methodology for problem optimisation • Literature review and desk top study completed. was selected. • Two customer investigations have been completed. One is • Preliminary selection of case study sites has been made. still underway. • Collection of data for the characterisation of discoloured water underway– evaluation of various methods and Milestones Planned for Next Year instruments has been completed. • Obtain a hydraulic model for at least two case study areas • Development of the software framework for the conceptual and undertake optimisation analysis. model is complete. • Determine areas for further data requirements and model • Workshops held with industry parties to obtain information refinement. for use with the conceptual model. • Where possible, laboratory results will be assessed against field data to confirm the accuracy of particular model predictions. Milestones Planned for Next Year • Comprehensive characterisation of discoloured water events at several locations and development of a consistent Technology Transfer Activities approach. • Collaboration workshops during the planning stage. • Finalisation of the next level of the conceptual model software • Technology transfer workshop to be held in late 2004, including information from the industry partner workshops. involving all parties collaborating in the project. 54 55 2E Distribution
2.5.0.5 APPLICATION OF HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL • To assess biochemical pathways for geosmin and MIB CONTROL POINT (HACCP) FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM production. PROTECTION Project Leader Research Plan Melita Stevens (Australia) with Kathy Martel (US) Geosmin and MIB are measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and Research Staff thermal desorption. A comprehensive 12-month sampling regime Daniel Deere, Joanne Mullenger, Greg Ryan, Asoka Jayaratne, was designed and sampling commenced in early 2004. Samples of David Smith, Kathryn Clarkson, Suzanne Phillips, Corinna Doolan, water, sediment and biofilms will be obtained from approximately Dammika Vitanage, Bob Phillips, Kathy Martel, Amie Hanson 40 sites within Gold Coast Water’s distribution system. Isolation of Organisations Involved actinomycetes and cyanobacteria will be conducted using dilution plate techniques and/or micromanipulation onto selective media. Melbourne Water, Sydney Water, South East Water, Yarra Valley The manipulation of growth conditions in laboratory cultures will Water, Department of Human Services (Vic), Power and Water, be based on parameters that emerge as potential triggers during Gold Coast Water, Brisbane Water, Monash University, Economic analysis of field data. Engineering Services (US)
Budget $300,000 Milestones Achieved ($150,000 USD from American Water Works • Extensive 12-month survey of the Gold Coast Water Association Research Foundation - AwwaRF) distribution system is underway. Duration Nov 2002 – Nov 2004 • Detection methods for geosmin and MIB have been optimised. • Isolation of micro-organisms: Twenty types of micro- Principal Aims organisms have been isolated so far and this is ongoing. To develop practical guidance for water utilities seeking to implement water quality risk management plans incorporating the principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). Milestones Planned for Next Year Three case studies are underway following the withdrawal of one • Complete water quality survey by June 2005. of the small United States utilities. • Fully characterise isolates. • Complete survey with DNA probes to identify micro- organisms in situ. Research Plan • Establish laboratory methods for the study of physiological • Modify HACCP model for water distribution systems. triggers. • Conduct desktop analysis of modified HACCP model. • Conduct field audits using modified HACCP model. • Integrate HACCP model with existing practices. 2.5.0.8 IMPACT OF CEMENT-MORTAR LINED PIPES ON PH • Prepare project deliverables. VARIABILITY Project Leader Milestones Achieved Greg Ryan • Status and periodic reports delivered. Research Staff • Planned workshops completed. David McKinnis • HACCP model for the distribution completed. • Evaluation criteria for monitoring finalised. Organisations Involved South East Water, RMIT University Milestones Planned for Next Year Budget $14,000 • Final model HACCP plan submitted to AwwaRF. Duration Jul 2003 - Jun 2004 • Evaluation of utilities experience with HACCP plan. • Monitoring of the HACCP plan. Principal Aims • To determine the factors contributing to elevated pH in a Technology Transfer Activities water distribution system. • Presentation of HACCP at the Risk Management Strategies • To confirm the effect of lime leaching from cement-mortar for Drinking Water Utilities conference, Ann Arbor, USA. lined pipes on pipe life. • Workshop at AWWA annual conference, Orlando, USA. • To evaluate options for in-situ remediation of elevated pH in a distribution system. 2.5.0.6 DEVELOPMENT OF TRIGGERS FOR TASTE AND ODOUR OF MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF GEOSMIN AND MIB Research Plan IN DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS A desktop investigation will evaluate existing information Project Leader associated with high pH levels in cement-mortar lined pipes. An Helen Stratton analysis of existing data from South East Water on pH levels and cement-mortar lined pipes will be conducted. This will assist in Research Staff understanding how pH increases within a distribution system, Heather Uwins, Peter Teasdale what factors magnify the problem and the effects of elevated pH Organisations Involved on the pipes. Gold Coast City Council, Griffith University Again through a desktop investigation the factors contributing to Budget $34,000 high pH levels will be quantified. This will include the contribution Duration Feb 2003 – Feb 2006 of lime leaching to high pH levels and its effect on asset life. Finally options for the treatment of elevated pH levels within the Principal Aims system will be investigated and a pilot design for an in-situ pH • To survey the occurrence of geosmin and MIB within the correction device developed. Gold Coast Water’s distribution system. • To investigate geosmin and MIB-producing microorganisms to determine physiological triggers.
56 2E Distribution
Milestones Achieved • Identification of gaps in the trial platform and preparation of • Conclusions have been reached on the most probable origins a project proposal for gap consolidation. of pH rises in pipes within the South East Water distribution • Development of a business procedure that integrates the system. modelling tools into an organisation’s practice. • A novel prototype pH control device has been designed. • The final report has been completed. 2.5.1.0 DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BIOFILMS IN DISTRIBUTION 2.5.0.9 CONSOLIDATION OF MODELLING TOOLS FOR SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Project Leader Project Leader David Masters Dharma Dharmabalan Research Staff Research Staff Mark Angles, Helen Stratton, Luke Zappia, Peter Franzmann Mark Bruno, Greg Ryan, Asoka Jayaratne, Simon Higgins Organisations Involved Organisations Involved Sydney Water Corporation, University of NSW, Water Brisbane City Council, Central Highlands Water, City West Water, Corporation, Brisbane City Council, SA Water, United Water Melbourne Water, SA Water, South East Water, Sydney Water, International, South East Water, Melbourne Water, Power and Water Corporation, Yarra Valley Water Water Corporation, Griffith University, Gold Coast City Council, CSIRO Land and Water Budget $372,400 Budget $40,000 Duration Dec 2003 – May 2005 Duration Apr 2004 – Apr 2005 Principal Aims • To develop a common platform for the delivery to industry Principal Aims of modelling tools developed in other distribution system To deliver a Quick Reference Guide for water industry use to projects. assess and manage biofilms and bacterial regrowth in distribution • To implement case studies through people known as change systems. agents within each industry organisation collaborating on the project. • To evaluate the cost/benefits and gaps in the models. Research Plan • Set up a development team to oversee, provide direction and • To develop water quality modelling guidelines and identify allocate tasks. strategic directions for the use of such models. • Prepare draft biofilm quick reference guide and have it reviewed by the development team. Research Plan • Conduct a review of the final quick reference guide. This project covers the use of two models in the case studies: • Complete final quick reference guide and distribute to Centre parties and associated groups. • Module 1 (Disinfection, including wall effects and by-product • If it is deemed appropriate, conduct a series of presentations formation) on the quick reference guide to industry parties at selected The aim will be to show whether the variables modelled (e.g. venues. chlorine residual) are well predicted over a full range of seasonal • A Distribution Program workshop including a presentation of conditions. the quick reference guide.
• Module 2 (Particles) The objective of these studies is to assess the use of the particle Milestones Achieved Project agreement signoff. model to better understand movements within the distribution system and also to assist in planning mains cleaning programs. Milestones Planned for Next Year Two other modelling tools, which are now under development All research plan tasks. through limited controlled case studies, are:
• Data based neural network modelling on disinfection PROJECTS IN DEVELOPMENT • Decision support systems. UNDERSTANDING THE GROWTH OF OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIAL Information about these modelling techniques will be PATHOGENS WITHIN DISTRIBUTION MAINS disseminated as part of the project. A joint draft project proposal has been prepared with the Centre’s recently formed Wastewater Program to investigate the impact of Milestones Achieved incorporating recycled water in the distribution system. Once the • The agreement to have EPANET as the common software industry input and budget have been finalised, project approval platform for model delivery. will be sought. The project is scheduled to commence next year. • Change agents have been identified within each organisation. • Case study approaches have been clarified and the studies are currently under way.
Milestones Planned for Next Year • Completion of the case studies, including introductory and final workshops for collaborating parties. • Preparation of a final report on the case studies. • Continuous improvement and trialing of the water quality module platform.
56 57 2E Distribution
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES A manual for assessing the impact of natural organic matter (NOM) This milestone has been deferred as the NOM related distribution projects on distribution system operations and related management strategies were not prioritised by the industry. The agreed position is to utilise the produced. present knowledge base gained from the Water Treatment Technology Program.
Findings from the completed biofilm-related projects have given additional information about the NOM issues related to the distribution system. • Factors effecting biofilm development. • Modelling biofilms and interventions. • Physical and chemical effects of biofilms in distribution systems. Operating practices implemented, based on knowledge of how particles Particle project originate and are transported within the distribution system and their impact • Particle Model completed and trialled in several systems on health and aesthetics. • Characterisation of particles completed. Discoloured water project • Detailed literature review and desk top study completed outlining also the knowledge gaps. • Planning completed for the development of a conceptual model that will lead into a decision support system to manage discolouration. Physical and chemical effect of distribution biofilm • Completion of draft report including literature review.
Decision-making support systems to manage particles in distribution Discoloured water project systems implemented. • Completion of the stage 3 plan to develop a decision support system to manage discolouration. Particle project • Completion of the characterisation of the particles in distribution systems. Decision Support System project • This project has commenced. Management strategies and system designs adopted based on an improved Disinfection-related outcomes understanding of the deterioration of water quality within distribution • Consolidation of management tools (chlorine decay model trialled by service reservoirs. industry). • Melbourne study on modelling chlorine decay to improve system performance completed. • Validation of the chlorine decay model within the Richmond System in Sydney. • Completion of the PhD project on modelling service reservoirs for chlorine decay. Strategies for optimal maintenance of appropriate disinfection levels in Consolidation of management tools project commenced. distribution systems applied. • Disinfection management tool kits Disinfection Control project • Chlorine and chloramine demand assessment complete. • Assessment of the disinfection monitoring in real system underway. Consolidation of modelling tools project • Completion of the research plan.
58 2F Sustainable Water Sources
PROGRAM BACKGROUND PROGRAM LEADER There is growing acceptance that water supply systems for urban communities HEATHER CHAPMAN need to be sustainable. Implicit in the concept of sustainability is the CRC FOR WATER QUALITY AND identification of future demand and factors that control this, as well asthe TREATMENT reliability and capacity of the available sources over time. Future demand for water will depend on what we use it for, how efficient that use is and on our attitudes to water conservation measures. How we interact with the natural environment, our perceptions of needs, and habits of water use will also play a large part in the sustainability of various sources. This program seeks to identify alternate water resources available to urban communities and study how the rate and method of use, community perceptions and environmental conditions impact on the sustainability of these alternate sources. Ecologically sustainable development is defined by the Brundtland Commission (1987) as “Development Program Aim that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. The major capital cities of Australia face growing pressure on water supplies. The Over the last century the way water and wastewater services have been ability of water authorities to build new provided to larger communities has remained relatively unchanged. While dams is limited, demand management the types of treatment equipment and associated processes - pumps, pipeline has a limited ability to accommodate materials and control systems - have undergone incremental improvement over future water demands and the current time, drinking water is still mostly provided direct to the houses in pressurised droughts have reduced yields from pipes, and human wastes are taken away by a mostly water-based gravity catchments. Other pressures on water system. While these systems have served well to date, they are expensive to supplies arise from population growth, maintain and replace and can have major adverse effects on the environment. increased uncertainty about rainfall and The community is beginning to accept that there may be other more appropriate a changing culture towards resource and more sustainable systems of water cycle management. management. These factors are forcing an examination of alternate water CURRENT PROJECT STATUS systems. The use of water conserving strategies such as water recycling and 2.6.0.2 DECENTRALISED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT rainwater tanks are likely to become more common. Project Leader Nick Ashbolt The aim of the Sustainable Water Sources Program is to develop water Research Officers Daniel Livingston (Student), Howard Gibson supply systems based on alternative water cycle management practices that Organisations Involved are sustainable from the economic, UNSW, Brisbane City Council environmental, health and social points of view. Budget $24,000 Duration Sep 02 – Sep 05
Background Decentralised water services provision is thought to be more sustainable than the current centralised systems. Present centralised systems involve the delivery of large quantities of water from one location to another where a variety of nutrients and pollutants are added during once-only use. The resulting waste stream is deposited at a location relatively far removed from its various source locations. The result is that receiving waters become more polluted, water sources become scarcer and nutrients (particularly the nitrogen and phosphorous in human urine) are diluted and removed when they could potentially be reused.
Principal Aims • To develop an understanding of how communication and the process of management can be structured to assist in the assessment of the benefits of alternative technologies. • To recognise and explore the competing values and understanding study participants have about water sustainability.
58 59 2F Sustainable Water Sources
• To investigate how study participants develop a shared 2.6.0.4 WATER QUALITY AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT understanding of water sustainability issues. FROM URBAN RAINWATER TANKS – STAGE 2 • To understand how a shared understanding between study participants can assist in making decisions about urban Project Leader water management. Tony Cartwright Research Staff Research Plan Martha Sinclair, Heather Chapman, Asoka Jayarantne, Paul Belz, Fieldwork for three in-depth case studies of decentralised Julie McClellan management situations will be finalised over the next 12 months. Organisations Involved Fieldwork will include qualitative interviews, as well as more Sydney Water Corporation, Monash University, Yarra Valley quantitative surveys, and also literature review. Two journal Water, Brisbane City Council, ActewAGL, SA Water, Department papers and the final thesis will also be written during the course of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy (DNRME), NSW Health of the project. Budget $181,249 Milestones Achieved Duration Feb 04 – Dec 06 • Literature review and confirmation of candidature. Background Milestones Planned for Next Year In the urban environment, rainwater tanks have the potential • Progress on field work. to supplement mains water as a supply of drinking water and • Analysis of survey data. thereby conserve and reduce the demand on mains water. There have been many studies which examine the hydrological, design 2.6.0.3 RISK IN THE GOVERNANCE OF WATER REUSE and economic aspects of using rainwater tanks for outdoor uses and toilet flushing. However, there are very few intensive studies Project Leader which provide baseline data on rainwater quality in urban areas of David Waite Australia and how that relates to health risk assessment. Research Staff Nyree Stenekes (Student), Hal Colebatch, Howard Gibson, Nick Principal Aims Ashbolt, Paul Sherman, Naomi Roseth • To ensure water quality in urban rainwater tanks is Organisations Involved appropriate for various end uses. UNSW, Brisbane City Council, EPA (Qld) • To detect and enumerate physicochemical variables and microbiological contaminants which may cause poor water Budget $24,000 quality in rainwater tanks in urban/industrial areas. Duration Apr 01 – Dec 04 • To monitor and review critical control points (first flush devices, UV disinfection and hot water units) for effectiveness in pathogen removal. Background While there is a general consensus that smarter water uses, including reuse and recycling, would improve urban water Research Plan sustainability, such schemes have not been widely implemented National Survey - Urban Water Quality Monitoring in Australia. In the pursuit of sustainability, water authorities A survey of chemical pollution and microbial activity is to be at the local and metropolitan government level in Australia undertaken for water quality in rainwater tanks in several urban have attempted to introduce innovative water and wastewater areas of Australia. The sites chosen will be existing rainwater management practices, but the outcomes of many of these tank sites located in urban areas with known or suspected initiatives have been mixed, especially those involving personal chemical pollution. Initial sampling will be conducted in Broken uses of the product water. One of the main issues complicating Hill, Melbourne, Sydney, Wollongong, Brisbane, Canberra and the implementation of water recycling has been the reaction of Adelaide. the public. However, there are other issues including regulative frameworks, decision-making processes, funding sources, Monitoring and Evaluation of Devices organisational cultures and broader societal expectations which This study will be applying the Framework for Drinking Water are important in determining the outcomes of sustainable water Quality Management in a catchment to tap scenario (i.e. from roof initiatives. to final end use). A focus of this stage of the project will be on verifying the critical control points in the removal of organisms, including first flush devices, hot water systems and possible Principal Aims physical disinfection technologies such as UV. Both Yarra Valley • To explore the role of stakeholders in the development of Water and Brisbane City Council are monitoring rainwater tanks water recycling projects from an institutional perspective. connected to hot water systems and UV treatment devices and • To suggest ways that institutional capacity could be will contribute data to this evaluation. improved to promote the development of sustainable urban water systems in Australia. Data will be collected from several projects involving urban rainwater tanks that are either underway or about to start. These Research Plan projects are: Empirical data related to three case studies has been collected • Water quality study on two facilities containing rainwater and is currently undergoing analysis. Case study information tanks in CERES in Melbourne. and case findings are to be written up. Plans are also in place • Water quality study on thirty rainwater tanks in Brisbane. to present the research at an international conference on water • Roof/first flush study in Brisbane (Project 2609). governance in September 2004. Best Practice Manual Milestones Achieved A best practice manual will be developed on the operation and • Field work completed. management of rainwater tanks in the urban context.
Milestones Planned for Next Year • Complete data analysis. • Write and review remaining chapters. • Submit thesis. 60 2F Sustainable Water Sources
Interim Report 2.6.0.7 URBAN PLANNING AND INTEGRATED WATER A report shall be produced in late 2004 which summarises and MANAGEMENT: TOWARDS AN ALTERNATE develops recommendations from year 1 of this project. The INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK recommendations of the report will guide the remaining part of the project. Project Leader Brendan Gleeson Milestones Achieved Research Staff Stage 1 (a literature review) completed in December 2003. Jodi Dong (Student), Heather Chapman Organisations Involved Milestones Planned for Next Year Griffith University, Gold Coast City Council • Best practice manual and national survey. Budget $108,500 • Appoint PhD student to project. • Report on year 1 of project. Duration Apr 04 – Mar 07
2.6.0.6 SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER – SCHEMES AND Background TECHNOLOGIES The environmental consequences of traditional “big pipe” urban water management are well documented. In recent years a great Project Leaders deal of effort has been put into new technologies to alleviate Stephen Gray and Gunnar Kirchhof these effects, for example, on-site water recycling, supplying Research Staff potable water from rainwater tanks and bio-swales for storm Stephen Gray, Gunnar Kirchhof, Heather Chapman water filtration.
Organisations Involved However, less attention has been paid to the institutional barriers CSIRO, UQ, EPA (Qld) that exist to the implementation of these technologies. In order Budget $323,287 to achieve ecologically sustainable management of urban water supply, sewerage and storm water drainage, it will be necessary Duration Jan 04 – Jun 05 to integrate some of the functions of water authorities with those of urban planning. This coordination will require a change in Background professional attitudes and institutional structures. There is little Many alternative water systems have been implemented guidance about how to facilitate change in this area. into urban areas and many more are planned. The operating characteristics and reliability of these systems are not well Principal Aims understood, as these types of systems are relatively new and • To examine the institutional barriers to achieving ecologically there is little operating history with regard to their performance. sensitive urban water management. • To review how the urban water cycle has traditionally been Principal Aims managed. • To gather data on the operating characteristics and • To examine the involvement of land use planning in this performance of alternative water systems. process and the barriers to integrating this with urban water • To provide timely guidance on the best available designs of cycle management. these systems. • To provide recommendations on achieving an improved • To construct a database to store and manage the information institutional framework to implement a sustainable urban collected from alternate urban water schemes. water management approach. • To provide information that will assist proponents of these schemes and regulators with necessary information to make Research Plan informed, educated decisions on the relative worth of new In order to achieve the project objectives, the first year will be system proposals. spent examining the literature on water management, urban planning, institutional theory and approaches to sustainability. Research Plan The empirical component of the research will also be designed A range of data and other information will be collected from during this year. The second year will be spent conducting the existing sites on a wide selection of schemes and processed into research, via interviews with key informants. The final year will a suitable form for incorporation into the database. The schemes see the compilation of results, conclusions and the writing of the will cover all alternate water-sources including rainwater, storm thesis. water and wastewater, as all are important components of the total urban water cycle. Milestones Achieved PhD student appointed April 2004. The data should provide an indication of water use, water quality variability, the effectiveness and reliability of particular technologies and provide data for appropriate monitoring Milestones Planned for Next Year strategies to be developed. A final report will be produced at the • Confirmation of candidature. end of this project. • Commencement of surveys.
2.6.0.8 ROLE OF SOCIAL PROCESSES IN SUSTAINABLE Milestones Achieved Stage 1 commenced in January 2004 and is ongoing. Several URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT monitoring sites have been identified. McGillray Oval, Rouse Hill Project Leaders and Inkerman Oasis are amongst these. The details of stage 2 of Blair Nancarrow and Geoff Syme this project are still being defined. Research Staff Brad Jorgensen, Kelly Fielding, Victoria Ross (Student) Milestones Planned for Next Year • Commence stage 2 of project. Organisations Involved • Appoint research fellow. CSIRO Land and Water, UQ Budget $108,500 Duration Apr 04 – Mar 07 60 61 2F Sustainable Water Sources
Background PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT Australia is the world’s driest inhabited continent, with a highly variable climate, and at the same time its per capita consumption BEST PRACTICE COST ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY FOR of water is one of the highest in the world. This makes sustainable SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER SYSTEMS water use one of the nation’s major challenges. Expectations for lifestyle, varying cultural experiences, and socioeconomic Project Leader differences will affect how communities respond to the issues and Stuart White to the acceptability of proposed policy and management options. Organisations Involved UTS and others. A basic research and policy question is how best to involve local people so that (1) their preferences, values and constraints upon their actions are incorporated in policy formulation; (2) Background their awareness and knowledge levels are maximised to assist The interest in sustainable urban water in recent years, including informed debate on strategic issues and their participation in water sensitive urban design, total water cycle management and decision making. water conservation, has seen a significant number of studies conducted which assess the cost effectiveness or life-cycle costing of alternative strategies or systems. There has been wide Principal Aims variation in the approaches taken to these costing studies. An • To assess the processes needed to engage the community in agreed methodology is needed as it is evident that there is a large long-term planning for urban water supply. variation in assumptions underpinning the work. • To examine the role of trust in community acceptance of water management strategies. Principal Aims This project aims to facilitate the inclusion of sustainable Research Plan urban water strategies and systems into utility planning, As well as exploring the relationship between risk and trust, the through providing a guide to best practice in determining the study aims to develop and test a social-psychological model for cost effectiveness of these strategies and systems. Its key the characteristics of trust and the factors that determine trust. objectives are: This model will be applied to both a high perceived risk situation (potable reuse) and a low perceived risk situation (non-potable • To promote consistency and transparency in cost analysis and reuse). After conducting preliminary meetings with a variety of life-cycle costing of sustainable urban water alternatives. focus groups, community attitudes will be explored through face- • To allow a true comparison at a given location of the cost of to-face structured interviews with urban residents. Participants sustainable urban water alternatives to the cost of servicing will be recruited through a random sample of householders in via existing systems or conventional alternatives. the cities of Brisbane and Perth. During the first year, a literature • To place selected existing costing studies of sustainable review will be completed and a model of trust developed. Focus urban water into context, thereby making these studies and group meetings and data collection will take place throughout the their results useful to urban water planners. second year, while data analysis and write up of results will occur during the final year.
Milestones Achieved PhD student appointed April 2004.
Milestones Planned for Next Year • Confirmation of candidature. • Identification of case studies.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES Methodologies for assessment of health risk associated with alternative Health risk rainwater tank study in progress. water systems tested and confirmed.
Methodologies for assessment of social and environmental costs associated Several projects underway (2.6.0.1, 2.6.0.3, 2.6.0.7 and 2.6.0.8). with alternative water systems tested and confirmed. Economics project in development.
Reliability of pollutant removal from conventional and advanced treatment In development. technologies understood and quantified.
62 Policy, Regulation and Stakeholder Involvement
PROGRAM GROUP LEADER PROF TONY PRIESTLEY CENTRE DEPUTY CEO AND CSIRO Aims This program brings together the output of the research programs and emphasises the uptake of research outcomes by end-users. The program will: • Coordinate water industry involvement in policy and regulatory activities. • Direct industry involvement in forums to consider alternative approaches to the future provision of water services and the best use of the significant investment in water infrastructure in Australia. • Examine treatment technologies for small systems, the water supply and health needs of indigenous communities and the issues associated with water supplies in tropical Australia. • Provide education and training for the industry future leaders, with a strong emphasis on developing postgraduate students with industry focus and experience. • Identify and exploit the intellectual property developed by the Centre. • Maximise industry involvement in all aspects of the Centre’s activities.
Programs
3A Strategic Directions 64
3B Policy and Regulation 65
3C Regional and Rural Water Supplies 67
3D Education and Training 70
3E Commercialisation see Commercialisation, Technology Transfer and Utilisation 14
3F Communication see Public Presentations and Communication 92
62 63 Program 3A Strategic Directions
PROGRAM ACTIVITY As is implied by its title, this program was designed to influence the direction of PROGRAM LEADER new research projects across the entire spectrum of activity of the Centre. The TONY PRIESTLEY identification of emerging issues requires excellent communication linkages CENTRE DEPUTY CEO AND CSIRO with the international water research community, as well as an ongoing dialogue with industry practitioners.
Dialogue with members of the water industry has occurred on a regular basis through research planning workshops and discussions at the quarterly participant meetings. Two workshops specifically targeted at long term strategic issues have been held. Important emerging issues which were identified at Program Aim these workshops include: • Sustainability of water supplies This program will seek to identify ‘over • Viruses the horizon’ water quality issues and • Endocrine disrupting chemicals develop strategies to address emerging • Social attitudes to alternative supply systems. issues before they become of major public concern. As a direct result of these concerns, projects have commenced in other programs specifically targeting viruses and sustainable water supplies. The People’s Perspective Program is currently formulating a project on community attitudes to alternative water supplies.
Strong linkages with the international water research community have been established through the Centre’s leading role in the establishment and operation of the Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC). The GWRC has a membership of twelve leading research organisations drawn from seven countries and is a prime vector for communicating knowledge and information about emerging water research issues. As a direct result of this activity, the Centre is involved in international research initiatives targeting endocrine disrupting chemicals, disinfection by-products and algal toxins.
In direct response to another identified industry need, this program is funding an investigation into the establishment of a national water laboratory network.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES Further research programs identified as a result of continuing foresighting Projects on sustainability of water supplies, endocrine disrupting chemicals, exercises. social attitudes and disinfection by-products identified. At least two research programs underway in response to issue Specific projects underway on viruses in biofilms and catchments and identification. sustainable water supplies. Communication of research program outputs established with Centre Travelling seminar series know as the Pathogen Roadshow was held to parties. communicate outcomes of virus movement in catchments studies.
64 Program 3B Policy and Regulation
PROGRAM BACKGROUND The Centre’s involvement in the on-going refinement of the Australian policy PROGRAM LEADER and regulatory framework for public water supplies is intended to promote a DON BURSILL better basis for setting guidelines, by promoting a more credible, logical use CENTRE CEO AND AUSTRALIAN of scientific data to deliver an intelligent and appropriate regulatory system. WATER QUALITY CENTRE The Centre has available the necessary scientific, technical and managerial resources to play a central role in developing and implementing a rational and scientifically based approach to regulation.
The logical and systematic approach to the upgrading of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines lead by the Centre with the support of key industry and health agencies will provide a better basis for regulation of water quality in Australia. The Centre is also working with organisations such as the World Health Program Aim Organization (WHO) to introduce these advances to international guidelines. MILESTONES ACHIEVED The main objective of this program is The draft version of the revised Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, to apply the collective knowledge and incorporating the Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality experience of the Centre’s key staff, (the Framework) that was developed within the Centre, has become the de supplemented by Centre research and facto Australian guidelines document. Formal approval of the revisions to the international developments, to the on- Australian Drinking Water Guidelines has continued to be delayed by the NSW going refinement of the Australian policy Government. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and regulatory framework for public approved the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines revision in April 2003 and water supplies. This program will also over the following few months, the approval of all States, other than NSW provides coordinated, industry-wide was obtained under the Natural Resources Management Ministerial Council input into the processes for changing (NRMMC). It is understood that the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines may drinking water policy and regulation. be promulgated by NHMRC without NRMMC involvement. This would break The outcome for Australia should be a long standing working relationship between the two peak councils, but such systems and standards for public water action by the NHMRC action is strongly supported, since the Australian Drinking supply regulation that are intelligently Water Guidelines revisions are being used already by the industry and have directed at achieving public health or been widely acclaimed internationally. It is not known what objection the NSW other benefits. The aim is also to ensure Government has with the document. that public health is maintained without overly restrictive standards that result in The European Commission has clearly indicated that it is including a risk- significant and unnecessary public cost. based approach to its current review of the drinking water aspects of the EU regulations. Together with the adoption of Water Safety Plans by WHO, it is clear that the work undertaken by Australia in the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, an effort that was led by the Centre with the support of key industry and health agencies, has strongly influenced this new direction internationally.
The Centre is significantly involved in the review of the National Water Recycling Guidelines being undertaken for the direction of a Joint Steering Committee established by the Environment Protection and Heritage Council and the Natural Resources Management Ministerial Council. Three working groups have been established covering risk management, public health and environmental aspects of the review. Centre staff are involved in the Joint Steering Committee and the working groups. The Framework developed by the Centre for the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines has been accepted as the basis for the development of a risk framework for the water recycling guidelines, providing the potential for a uniform and consistent approach to water quality regulations across the drinking water and recycled water applications.
The Centre has also had an involvement in the development of the Victorian Safe Drinking Water Act 2003. This Act became the basis of the regulation of drinking water quality in Victoria on 1 July 2004. Amongst the changes it introduces in that jurisdiction is the requirement that water suppliers in Victoria must prepare and implement risk management plans in relation to their supply of water. Research and related activities by the Centre facilitate the preparation of such plans.
64 65 3B Policy and Regulation
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES Finalise the best practice guide to drinking water regulation following Completed. In addition, a guide is being produced by the NHMRC on drinking consultation. water quality in rural and remote communities.
Adoption by WHO of risk based water quality management processes as a Completed. Revised WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality are being key aspect of the WHO drinking water guidelines. launched at the International Water Association Biennial World Water Congress in Marrakesh in September.
66 Program 3C Regional and Rural Water Supplies
PROGRAM BACKGROUND As an outcome of the original CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, it was PROGRAM LEADER recognised that regional and remote communities experience many challenges DARRYL DAY in providing and maintaining good quality drinking water. To address these POWER AND WATER issues, the Regional and Rural Water Supplies Program was included in the current CRC for Water Quality and Treatment.
A focus on issues affecting Indigenous communities is a feature of the Regional and Rural Water Supplies Program.
CURRENT PROJECT STATUS
3.3.0.1 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER OFFICER DEALING WITH WATER QUALITY Program Aim AND TREATMENT IN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES
This program aims to address key Project Leader issues that affect the provision of good Darryl Day quality drinking water to regional and rural communities in Australia, identify Research Staff research that will provide affordable and Robyn Grey-Gardner sustainable solutions to water supply Organisations Involved problems and assist with representation Centre for Appropriate Technology, Power and Water Corporation of regional and rural areas in industry policy, regulation and strategic directions Budget $498 000 of the industry. Duration Jun 2001 - Jun 2008 In particular, the Regional and Rural Water Supplies Program aims to: Principal Aims • To provide definitive responses to local government, Aboriginal and Torres • Establish and maintain effective Strait Islander Regional Councils and other appropriate bodies to improve communication across industry and the quality of water supplies. research parties in water related • To develop research proposals to improve Indigenous health through activities in rural communities. improved water supplies in Indigenous communities. • Identify water issues for research that will provide better, appropriate and more affordable water Research Plan A project review was conducted in mid-2003 for the Technology Transfer Officer supply solutions to indigenous Project. The outcomes of this review identified a new strategic direction for the communities. project and specific research questions. The strategy ‘Water in the Bush for • Develop and maintain an Australia- Life’ was redeveloped to mirror the outcomes of the review and is reflected in wide network of key stakeholders developing projects. involved in regional and rural water supplies. Milestones Achieved • Collaborative research on risk management strategies for outstations and small Indigenous communities in negotiations with a presentation of findings with stakeholders. • Development and implementation of Water in the Bush for Life strategic direction. • Continuation of interventions with a focus on measured outcomes. • Researched and developed the implementation of the Water Quality Framework in Small Communities. • Development of protocols for effective consultation on water quality and treatment issues.
Milestones Planned for Next Year • Further development of protocols for effective consultation on water quality and treatment issues. • Implementation of Water in the Bush for Life strategic direction. • Continuation of interventions with a focus on measured outcomes. • Continued collaborative research on risk management strategies for outstations and small Indigenous communities. 66 67 3C Regional & Rural Water Supplies
3.3.0.2 MUTITJULU RAINWATER TANK AND POINT OF USE Research Plan TREATMENT SYSTEM TRIAL Research will focus on working in conjunction with environmental health officers, architects and the National Aboriginal Health Strategy to develop an appropriate infrastructure design. Project Leader Implementation and maintenance of the operating systems Robyn Grey-Gardner will be examined, along with cost-benefit analysis and system Organisations Involved sustainability. Centre for Appropriate Technology Budget $286,991 Milestones Achieved Research project outputs include: Duration Jun 2002 – Dec 2004 • appropriate infrastructure design • cost-benefit analysis and an evaluation of long term Background maintenance This project developed from expressed Indigenous community • system sustainability for rainwater supplies in a Top End need for the development of robust water harvesting and environment. treatment systems for small remote communities. Milestones Planned for Next Year This project is trialing a rainwater harvesting system and a point- • Infrastructure and system designed and installed. of-use filtration device on a number of houses in the Mutitjulu • Community education and awareness strategy township near Uluru. The aim is to provide a well designed, implemented. robust and reliable system for rainwater harvesting suitable for use in remote communities. 3.3.9.0 SMALL TOWN WATER SUPPLIES
Principal Aims • To design and trial best practice rainwater harvesting Project Leader Stephen Gray design. • To trial point of use water treatment systems. Organisations Involved • To integrate community management of household water CSIRO supplies. Budget $140 000 Research Plan Education and maintenance training courses will continue to be Duration Nov 2002 – Dec 2004 conducted throughout the Mutitjulu community. Recognising that households are likely to change, strategies to hand over Background long-term maintenance responsibilities to the community and The Centre was asked by the Victorian Department of Sustainability capacity-building initiatives will be discussed with the community. and Environment to visit four of North East Water’s water Production of an operational and maintenance video featuring treatment systems and to help achieve better microbiological community members speaking in Pitjantjatjara is planned. Water performance of these systems. This project involves analysis and sampling and reporting will continue to assess the efficiency of assessment of the North East Water’s water treatment systems. the operating systems. The assessment for North East Water is conducted in conjunction with evaluation and research into Grampians Water systems with Milestones Achieved particular emphasis on disinfection only supplies and point-of- • The rainwater tank infrastructure and the treatment system use devices. have been designed and installed. • Community training program has been completed. Principal Aims • Production of an operation and maintenance video featuring • To develop solutions in conjunction with North East Water community members speaking in Pitjantjatjara has been regarding problems associated with water supplies that have completed. no residual disinfectant. • A maintenance and monitoring schedule has been • To enhance Grampians Water’s understanding of implemented. opportunities and risks regarding point-of-use and point-of- • Sampling and testing of supply has commenced. entry treatment technologies.
Milestones Planned for Next Year Research Plan • Final report and recommendation of findings. This project aims to assist both North East Water and Grampians • Presentation to community on findings. Water in understanding their ability to meet microbiological compliance parameters, better understanding of how to achieve 3.3.0.7 MABUNJI RAINWATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM compliance for particular water qualities, and understanding of what point-of-use devices are available, and how they might be Project Leader effectively used by water authorities in providing customers with potable water. This includes: Robyn Grey-Gardner Organisations Involved • assembly and testing of various styles of water treatment Centre for Appropriate Technology devices • testing on point-of-use reverse osmosis and nanofiltration $274,767 Budget treatment devices Duration Jan 2004 – Jan 2006 • testing on sand and carbon filters.
Principal Aims Milestones Achieved The project draws on lessons learnt from the Mutitjulu Rainwater North East Water Tank and Point of Use Treatment System Trial, current • Four of North East Water’s water supply systems were international evidence and community participation with Mabunji reviewed and recommendations were made. residents regarding sustainable water supplies for the community. • The microbiological sampling and analysis regime used The project was created through a community-initiated water by North East Water was reviewed and reported on. management plan. 68 3C Regional & Rural Water Supplies
• An experimental program to lower the biological regrowth Milestones Achieved potential of raw waters has been performed. • Surveys and discussions with communities completed. • A final report has been completed. • Research analysed. Grampians Water • Final report finalised. • Development and completion of Grampians Water component of the project. Milestones Planned for Next Year Review of findings to be presented to communities. 3.3.0.4 WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN REMOTE COMMUNITIES Other Achievements In late September 2003, the paper Water Consumption Patterns Project Leader in Remote Communities was presented at the 9th WEDC (Water Darryl Day Engineering and Development Centre) Conference - Millennium Development Goals - Actions for Water and Environmental Organisations Involved Systems’ in Nigeria. This paper reflected the outcomes (to date) Murdoch University, Power and Water Corporation of the project put forward and approved by the CRC for Water Budget $28 000 Quality and Treatment under the Regional and Rural Water Supplies Program. Duration Nov 2002 – Dec 2004 PROJECTS IN DEVELOPMENT Principal Aims The project aims to identify indigenous values of water resulting from different lifestyle requirements and needs. Poverty, cultural REMOTE COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT attitudes and remote living environments result in different This research proposal is currently being developed (in conjunction attitudes to palatability, health problems, uses of water, and with Desert Knowledge CRC) and focuses on the application of the access to services. framework for drinking water (incorporated in the draft Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG)) for small remote indigenous communities. The project proposal will contribute to an initiative Research Plan of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) for There is a limited understanding of what indigenous communities the management of rural and remote water quality. The NHMRC actually require to meet their needs as well as meet minimum has also established a steering committee and working party to health requirements. Quantification of water supply on a develop resource material for the application of the Framework community wide basis is insufficient to determine whether health for Management of Drinking Water Quality. outcomes are achieved. This project will pinpoint research at the household level.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 COMMONWEALTH SCHEDULE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTION FROM PROJECT MILESTONES Further research projects identified as a result of continuing Remote community water supply has been identified as a key issue/concern for foresighting exercises. the future viability of Arid Zone communities. Discussions have been held with the Desert Knowledge CRC, regarding a joint research proposal. This is currently being developed.
At least two research projects underway in response to issue The Remote Community Water Management research proposal is currently being identification. developed and focuses on the application of the framework for drinking water (incorporated in the draft Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG)) for small remote indigenous communities, based on piloting three to five communities with different source/supply systems. The project proposal will contribute to an initiative of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) for the management of rural and remote water quality.
The NHMRC has also established a steering committee and working party to develop resource material for the application of the Framework for Drinking Water Quality Management. This initiative, with a budget of $400 000, is an outcome of the joint CRC for Water Quality and Treatment/NHMRC workshop Water and Public Health in Regional and Rural Australia held in Alice Springs in August 2002. The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment is represented on the working party with and also on the steering committee. This project is being closely monitored by the World Health Organisation and an international workshop is proposed in mid-2005 to present the outcome from the project and case studies of the application of the Framework to rural and remote water supplies. Input into industry policy, regulation and strategic direction facilitated Establishment of an Indigenous Community Water Research Forum between the on an ongoing basis. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, CRC for Aboriginal Health and Desert Knowledge CRC.
68 69 Education and Training Program
2003 / 2004 ACTIVITIES
PROGRAM LEADER Summer Research Scholarships DENNIS MULCAHY Fifteen Summer Research Scholarships were awarded over the 2003-04 long UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA vacation. Students were able to select from twenty-two projects promoted via the Centre website. There were thirty one applications for the program.
Industry parties Power & Water Corporation (NT), Queensland EPA, Queensland Health and Scientific Services, South East Water, United Water and Yarra Valley Water hosted Summer Scholars in this round. For the fourth time a student was placed at the Centre for Appropriate Technology (CAT) in Alice Springs. In addition, Hannah Hueneke, a second candidate for the Summer Research Scholarship at CAT, was instead taken on as a research assistant there from January to June 2004. She deferred the final year of her studies to take up this Program Aim opportunity. Her work had excellent outcomes.
The Summer Research Scholarship Reporting Seminars were held over two The Education and Training Program days in mid-February at RMIT. aims to provide specialist undergraduate and postgraduate experience in water Honours Scholarships science and technology. This was the third year in which Honours Scholarships were provided. There were seven Honours students. Four of the Centre’s eight member universities The Program encompasses: participated. The purpose of these Scholarships is better articulation between Summer Research Scholarship activities and the Centre’s postgraduate research • PhD and Masters research projects training program. • Coursework postgraduate activity Postgraduate Students • Honours scholarships The Centre is pleased to report eight more graduates : Paul Chuo, Kim Fergusson, Tanja Jankovic-Karasoulos, David Lewis, Rudi Regel, Katarzyna Rojek, Karen • Summer Research Scholarships and Westwood and Huimin Zhou. Rodney Magazinovic, Shaun Thomas and Hugh some undergraduate project activity Wilson are awaiting conferral of their awards. A further five are awaiting their thesis examination outcomes. • Postgraduate Student Conferences and other support for conference Node Meetings for Students attendance, including international A Queensland node meeting was held from 4-5 September 2003 at Griffith conferences University, Gold Coast Campus. It incorporated Honours and postgraduate student presentations, a communication skills session and a session in which • Participation in the CRC Water Gold Coast Water representatives spoke on their research and development Forum’s Young Water Scientist of efforts and water quality management systems. the Year competition
• Involvement of researchers in Postgraduate Student Conference Our fourth Postgraduate Student Conference was held at the Noosa Lakes course-work postgraduate and Resort, Noosaville, Queensland from 14 – 16 April 2004. Forty-three students undergraduate lectures attended and thirty-two presented their work. Three German exchange students also joined us. A technical tour on the morning of 15 April was arranged by • State node meetings Dr Keith Craig of Veolia Water Australia. Both the Noosa and Landers Shute Water Treatment Plants were visited. On the afternoon of 16 April, Mr David • Staff training activities. Lindelien of Technology Commercialisation Group provided a workshop on commercialisation and intellectual property. There was excellent participation by industry representatives and researchers on each of the three days.
Overseas Placements and Conference Presentations In March/April 2004, Katrina Charles (UNSW) presented a paper at the American Society for Agricultural Engineers 10th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems. The Symposium was held in Sacramento, California, USA. Katrina then undertook a US study tour, visiting University of California Riverside, University of Maryland, University of North Carolina and the New York Department of Environmental Protection. She also travelled to The Netherlands to present a paper at the IWA Young Researchers Conference 70 Education and Training Program
in Wageningen (23 – 24 April). For this latter purpose Katrina was International Centre of Excellence in Water Resource partially supported by the AWA. She spent a week working with Management Jack Schijven at the Institute for Environment and Health (RIVM). The CRC was a partner in a successful bid for an International Centre of Excellence in Water Resource Management. The new Leanne Pearson (UNSW) spent three weeks at the Institute of Centre, called WaterEd Australia, established with funding from Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, with Professors DEST, The South Australian Government and six University Elke Dittmann and Thomas Boener (Molecular Ecology). She then parties, is currently in the process of setting up its various travelled to Bergen, Norway for the 6th International Conference programs. on Toxic Cyanobacteria (21 – 26 June). Leanne presented a paper at that Conference on her CRC research. Indigenous Student Mentoring Matthew Gibbs (University of Adelaide) presented a paper Sponsorship and mentoring of Angela Flynn, an undergraduate on his recent work at the 6th International Conference on student in Chemical Engineering and Science at University of Hydroinformatics in Singapore in June 2004. Adelaide, continued. During February 2004 Angela was placed at Queensland Health and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains. Robert May (University of Adelaide) presented a paper at the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress held in In June 2004, applications were called for a new Indigenous Salt Lake City, Utah, USA in June/July 2004. This Congress Undergraduate Scholarship Scheme via the CRC website. incorporated the 6th Annual Symposium on Drinking Water Distribution Systems Analysis. Internal Training Two postgraduate students, Katrina Charles and Ina Kristiana, Sineaid Lagan, a postgraduate student from the University of attended the 7th BHERT – Melbourne Business School Leadership Waterloo, Canada is working with Drs David Dixon and Patrick and Career Development Course in September 2003. Both were Hartley of CSIRO, Melbourne, on the project Atomic Force awarded competitive scholarships. Ina went on to Sydney to Microscopy Study of the Interaction Between Cryptosporidium attend a relevant Distribution Program workshop. The pair led all Oocysts and Filter Media. Her University of Waterloo supervisor the students at the Postgraduate Student Conference in April 2004 is Dr Monika Emelko. through one of the activities from the Melbourne course. This was a highly rated exercise which added value for the CRC to Katrina Wolfgang Aunkofer and Sebastian Brunner of the Georg – Simon and Ina’s original experience. – Ohm University of Applied Sciences, Nurnberg, Germany, took up four month placements at the Australian Water Quality Centre The commercialisation/intellectual property session at the in March 2004. Wolfgang worked with Mr Lionel Ho and Dr Gayle Postgraduate Student Conference was another internal Newcombe on the Biological Filtration for the Removal of MIB training activity as was the communication skills session at the and Geosmin from Drinking Water and Sebastian worked with Ms Queensland Node Meeting. Fiona Fitzgerald and Dr Mike Holmes on the Development of Tools for Improved Disinfection Control within Distribution systems. Excellent Publication Award Philipp Kuntke of the University of Duisberg, Germany, worked In 2003 the CRC’s Education and Training Steering Committee under Dr Chris Chow at the Australian Water Quality Centre for decided to introduce in an annual Excellent Publication Award four months on his Bachelor’s thesis project Development of for students. The inaugural recipient was Daniel Hoefel (UniSA/ Analytical Techniques for Disinfection Control in a Drinking Water AWQC) for a publication in the journal Microbiological Methods. Distribution Network. All the entries were excellent.
All three German exchange students and Sineaid Lagan attended the Postgraduate Student Conference at Noosa in April 2004. Environmental Engineering Research Events (EERE) The Environemental Engineering Research Event (EERE) was held from 1–4 December 2003, at the Cumberland Hotel and Coursework Masters, Undergraduate and Other Teaching Conference Centre, Marysville, Victoria. The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment was again a Gold Sponsor. This is an excellent Activities student conference organised by students and the Centre has had Professor Nicholas Ashbolt of the University of New South Wales significant involvement with it since 1998. The 2004 event will be again presented postgraduate course material on Microbial Risk held in Wollongong, NSW, from 6 – 9 December. Assessment, focusing on its application to the drinking water industry and in particular, to the new NHMRC Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality. Showcasing Postgraduate Students Daniel Hoefel from the University of South Australia was one Involvement of Centre researchers in the presentation of the of four CRC postgraduates chosen to make a four minute Masters in Hydrology and Water Resources at University of South presentation at the CRC Association Conference in Adelaide on 8 Australia continued. The 2004 enrolment included nine students June, 2004 in the popular Showcasing Postgraduates session. His from the Yellow River Conservancy Commission in China and a topic was Wanted Dead or Alive: Bacteria in Your Water Supply. student from Sri Lanka. The final year undergraduate subject in Civil and Water Engineering at the University of South Australia, Young Water Scientist of the Year Water Quality Processes, was presented for the second time. David Moore from the University of Queensland is the CRC’s candidate for this year’s Young Water Scientist of the Mr Peter Baker again presented a small undergraduate unit at the Year competition. The presentations will take place at the University of Adelaide. It covered identification, enumeration and RiverSymposium in Brisbane during the first week of September ecology of phytoplankton. 2004.
Integrated Catchment Management Short Course Education and Training Steering Committee Dr Friedrich Recknagel of University of Adelaide set up an This Committee, which drives the Education and Training Integrated Catchment Management Course for undergraduate Program, continued to meet quarterly in 2003-04 with Professor students and external candidates. The CRC recognised this Felicity Roddick (RMIT University) as Chair. Meetings were new initiative as part of its education and training activity and arranged to coincide with the Queensland node meeting, the assisted Centre postgraduate student David Moore of University Summer Scholarship Reporting Seminars and the Postgraduate of Queensland to attend. The course was of two weeks duration Student Conference. (22 September - 3 October 2003). Lectures were held at the Waite Campus with fieldwork in the Bradbury catchment. 70 71 Education and Training Program
Links with other CRCs to help the program leader identify employment opportunities for The Water Forum’s Young Water Scientist of the Year competition Centre graduates. In 2004 a mentoring scheme is being initiated is one of our best linkage activities. This year the competition for the new postgraduate students. was organised by the CRC for Freshwater Ecology. The annual Future Plans Education and Training Managers Satellite Workshop at the A Technical Writing Workshop is in the final stage of planning. CRC Association Conference provides excellent opportunities for information exchange. This year it shared a session with the Communication with supervisors of postgraduate students will Communication Managers. The CRC Association’s Showcasing continue to be a focus. of Postgraduate Students provides another valuable interaction interface. Honours scholarships will be provided for an additional year (2005). Graduate Employment Action Group This Group has been expanded to include a Queensland member, Dr Mark O’Donohue of South East Queensland Water. It continues
SUMMER SCHOLARSHIP STUDENTS 2003/2004 STUDENT SUPERVISOR(S) LOCATION PROJECT David BEALE Mr Peter Ralph Yarra Valley Water, Melbourne Establishment of Turbidity Trigger Levels to Mr Asoka Jayaratne Determine Water Mains Cleaning Frequencies
Richard BIDDLE Mr Lionel Ho (AWQC) AWQC, Adelaide Optimisation of the Ozone / Granular Activated Dr Gayle Newcombe (AWQC) Carbon (Ozone/GAC) Process for the Removal of Mr Keith Craig (Veolia Water Aust) Trihalomethanes (THMs) from Drinking Water
Peyi Pey GUO Dr David Lewis Department of Chemical The Production and Degradation of Dr Justin Brookes (AWQC) Engineering, University of Cyanobacterial Toxins and Geosmin Adelaide, Adelaide
Kylie HARVEY Dr Alex Keegan AWQC, Adelaide What’s Eating Cryptosporidium? Dr Paul Monis
Paul HOCHMAN Mr Mike Holmes (United Water) AWQC, Adelaide Optimising Treatment Processes to Minimise Dr Rob Daly (AWQC) Filtered Water Particle Counts and Algae Dr John van Leeuwen (CSIRO) Breakthrough at Happy Valley Water Treatment Plant
Georgina HOLBECHE Dr John Harris RMIT University, Melbourne Combined Coagulation / Sand Filtration / Ms Farhana Malek Microfiltration Water Treatment Process for Mr Keith Craig (Veolia Water Aust) Removal of NOM
Jason KERR Mr Paul Sherman Environmental Protection Using Water from Sewage Treatment Plants as a Agency, Brisbane Resource - The Role of Phosphorus
Carolyn MADDEN Dr Karin Leder Monash University, Central & Pesticide Use and Drinking Water Supplies in Dr Martha Sinclair Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Rural Victoria Hospital, Melbourne
Megan O’MULLANE Ms Robyn Grey-Gardner Centre for Appropriate A Remote Indigenous Community Survey to Mr Steve Fisher Technology, Alice Springs Understand the Systemic Factors Contributing to Dr Bruce Walker Water Treatment Technology Breakdowns
Amanda POSSELT Dr Helen Stratton Griffith University, Nathan Isolation and Characterisation of Geosmin and Dr Peter Teasdale Campus, Brisbane MIB Producing Organisms
Dean RICHARDS Dr Ross Sadler Queensland Health and Formation of Disinfection By-products by Dr Glen Shaw (NRCET) Scientific Services, Brisbane Chlorination of Model Compounds Dr Wasa Wickramasinghe, A/Prof Barry Chiswell, A/Prof Barry Noller
Jekabs ROZITIS Dr Rob Daly (AWQC) AWQC, Adelaide and United Application of Model Predicted Treatment Dr John van Leeuwen (CSIRO) Water Conditions for Maximising Removal of Organics Mr Mike Holmes (United Water) and Turbidity at Anstey Hill Water Treatment Plant
Annie SANDERSON Mr Guy Boggs Northern Territory University and A Catchment Management Plan for the Darwin Dr Declan Page Power and Water Corporation, River Dam Using a GIS Approach Darwin
Grant SMITH Dr Greg Ryan South East Water, Melbourne Determining When to Clean - The Association between the Amount of Sediment in a Water Main and the Likelihood of a Dirty Water Customer Complaint
Matthew THOMPSON Prof Graeme Dandy School of Civil and Optimal Control of Chlorine Dosing in Water Environmental Engineering, Distribution Systems University of Adelaide 72 Education and Training Program
POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS
STUDENTS SUPERVISOR(S) LOCATION PROJECT
Javeed ABDUL Prof T Fane UNSW, UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science Monitoring for Membrane Fouling (started March 2003) A/Prof D Wiley & Technology Assessment (2.4.0.8) PhD Mrs M Drikas * (CRC Support)
Brad ALLPIKE Dr C Joll School of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University Improved Drinking Water Quality : (started July 2002) Dr A Heitz of Technology Investigation of Advanced Drinking PhD Prof R Kagi (APA (I) and CRC Support) Water Treatment Technologies for Reducing Taste and Odour Problems and Disinfection By-Products (2.4.0.7)
Peter BAIN A/Prof B Patel School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Gene Expression Profiling of (started April 2003) Dr G Shaw Griffith University and EnTox (Queensland Cylindrospermopsin Toxicity in Cultured PhD Dr T Greene Health Pathology and Scientific Services and Intestinal Epithelial Cells (1.2.0.2) the University of Queensland), (CRC Support)
David BEALE Dr N Porter Dept of Applied Chemistry, RMIT Development of Portable Instrumentation (started March 2004) Prof F Roddick (APA and CRC Support) for the Measurement of Pesticides in PhD Water (2.3.1.5)
Sean BLASDALL A/Prof N Ashbolt School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Molecular Typing of Cryptosporidium (started January 2000) Dr D Roser UNSW parvum (2.2.1) PhD A/Prof J Ongerth (UNSW Postgraduate Award and CRC Support)
Sandy BRINKMANN A/Prof J Keller AWMC, University of Queensland, Development of a Biological Treatment (started March 2003) Mr J Morran * Australian Water Quality Centre and Orica System for Concentrated Natural M Phil Mr T Scott * (CRC Research Officer) Organics Streams (3.2.9)
Justin BLYTHE Dr C. Joll School of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University The Chemistry of Halophenol Tastes in (started July 2001) Dr A. Heitz and Water Corporation, WA Drinking Water (2.3.0.1) PhD Prof R Kagi (APA and CRC Support) Mr B O’Leary *
Darren BROAD Prof G Dandy School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Decision Support System to Maintain (started March 2003) Dr H Maier University of Adelaide and South East Water Water Quality in Water Distribution PhD Mr G Ryan * (University of Adelaide Scholarship and CRC Systems (2.5.0.3) Dr J Nixon* Support)
Sam BROOKE Dr G Newcombe * Australian Water Quality Centre and School The Destruction of Cyanobacterial Toxins (started August 1999) Dr B Nicholson * of Pharmaceutical, Molecular & Biomedical in Drinking Water by Ozone. (3.2.6) PhD (converted from M App Dr G Klass Sciences, University of South Australia, Sc) (AwwaRF, SA Water and CRC Support)
William BUCHANAN Prof F Roddick School of Civil & Chemical Engineering, RMIT Biological Removal of UV-Pretreated (started February 2002) Dr N Porter (APA and CRC Support) Natural Organic Matter (2.4.0.6) PhD Mrs M Drikas *
Rebecca CAMPBELL Dr C Saint* Australian Water Quality Centre, Flinders Development of an Interferometric (started March 2003) Dr P Monis * University and Nanoscale Silicon Biosensor for PhD Dr N Voelker School of Pharmaceutical, Molecular & Detection of Contaminants in Drinking Biomedical Sciences, University of South Water (2.3.0.7) Australia, (CRC Support)
Kylie CATTERALL Dr P Teasdale School of Environmental & Applied Sciences, Development of a Rapid Microbial-Based (started June 2002) Griffith University, (Gold Coast Campus) Toxicity Assay Using Redox Indicators PhD (APA and CRC Support) (2.3.0.3)
Katrina CHARLES A/Prof N Ashbolt School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Risk Assessment of On-Site Sewage (started April 2001) Dr D Roser UNSW, Systems in Sydney’s Drinking Water PhD (Sydney Catchment Authority Support) Catchments (2.2.2)
Paul CHUO Dr J Ball School of Civil & Environmental Hydraulic and Water Quality Modelling in (started October 1997) Dr I Fisher * Engineering,UNSW and Sydney Water Service Reservoirs (4.1.3.1) PhD (converted from MEng) (CRC Support)
David COOK Dr G Newcombe * Australian Water Quality Centre and School Optimising Powdered Activated Carbon (started August 2000) Dr G Klass of Pharmaceutical, Molecular & Biomedical (PAC) Dosing to Remove Unpleasant MAppSc Sciences, University of South Australia Taste and Odour Compounds in Water (CRC Research Officer) Treatment (3.2.6)
Daniel COUTON Dr C Joll School of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University Novel Approaches to the Structural (started February 2002) Dr A Heitz of Technology and Water Corporation, WA Elucidation of Natural Organic Matter in PhD Prof R Kagi (APA (I) and CRC Support) Source Waters Mr B O’Leary * (2.3.0.2)
72 73 Education and Training Program
POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS
STUDENTS SUPERVISOR(S) LOCATION PROJECT
Jodi DONG Prof B Gleeson School of Environmental Planning, Griffith Urban Planning and Integrated Water (started March 2004) Dr H Chapman University, Nathan Campus Management : Towards an Alternative PhD (CRC Support) Institutional Model (2.6.0.7)
Shengfu FANG A/Prof P Pendleton School of Pharmaceutical, Molecular & Decomposition and Removal of Triclosan (started February 2004) Biomedical Sciences, University of South from Reused Water as a Drinking Water PhD Australia Source (1.2.1.0) (US-APA and CRC Support)
Christobel FERGUSON Dr B Neilan School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Construction of Pathogen Budgets to (started July 2002) Prof N Ashbolt Science, UNSW, Sydney Catchment Authority Minimise Health Risks in Drinking Water PhD Dr D Deere * and ANU Catchments (2.2.2) Dr B Croke (Sydney Catchment Authority Support)
Kim FERGUSSON Dr C Saint * Australian Water Quality Centre and School Rapid Methods for the Detection of Toxic (nee Wilson) Dr S Andrews of Pharmaceutical, Molecular & Biomedical Cyanobacteria (2.3.2.6) (started January 1999) Sciences, University of South Australia PhD (APA and CRC Support)
Shoshana FOGELMAN Dr H Zhao School of Environmental & Applied Sciences, Development of a Real Time, Rapid (started March 2003) Dr M Blumenstein Griffith University (Gold Coast Campus) and Nondestructive Drinking Water PhD (CRC Support) Monitoring System (2.3.0.9)
Matthew GIBBS Prof G Dandy School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Decision Support System to Maintain (started March 2003) Dr H Maier University of Adelaide and South East Water Water Quality in Water Distribution PhD Mr G Ryan * (APA and CRC Support) Systems (2.5.0.3) Dr J Nixon*
Stacey HAMILTON Dr C Joll Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin Fractionation and Characterization (started March 2004) Dr P Greenwood University of Natural Organic Matter in Perth PhD A Heitz (CRC Support) Groundwater and Behaviour of NOM Prof R Kagi Fractions in Local Drinking Water Treatment Processes (2.3.1.6)
Melissa HEWETT Mr B Robinson Australian Water Quality Centre and School Characterisation of Bacterial Symbionts (nee Todd) Dr C Saint * of Pharmaceutical, Molecular & Biomedical of Amoebae (4.2.2.2) (started February 2000) Dr S Andrews Sciences, University of South Australia PhD (APA and CRC Support)
Lionel HO Dr G Newcombe * Australian Water Quality Centre and School Removal of Taste and Odour Compounds (started August 1998) Dr G Klass of Pharmaceutical, Molecular & Biomedical and Algal Toxins from Drinking Water PhD Sciences, University of South Australia Using Ozone and Granular Activated (US-APA and CRC Support) Carbon (3.2.2)
Daniel HOEFEL Dr C Saint * Australian Water Quality Centre and School Identification and Enumeration of (started February 2001) Dr W Grooby * of Pharmaceutical, Molecular & Biomedical Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry (2.3.3.3) PhD Dr S Andrews Sciences, University of South Australia (APA and CRC Support)
Anna HURLIMANN Prof J McKay School of International Business, University of In Theory and In Practice – Attitudes (started March 2004) Dr N Roseth * South Australia to Potential and Actual Use of Recycle PhD (CRC Support) Water In and Out of House (1.3.0.6)
Graeme JABLONSKAS Dr F Recknagel Department of Soil & Water, University of Photochemical Degradation and (started October 1996) Adelaide Remineralisation of Dissolved Organic PhD (SA Water and CRC Support) Carbon in the Warren Reservoir (2.1.3)
Tanja JANKOVIC- A/Prof D Chittleborough Department of Soil & Water, University of The Effect of Reservoir Dynamics on KARASOULOS Dr J van Leeuwen * Adelaide and Australian Water Quality Centre Bacterioplankton Composition and (started April 1998) Dr S Rogers (APA(I) and CRC Support) Dissolved Organic Carbon Removal (2.1.3) PhD Dr R Smernik
Christine KAUCNER Prof N Ashbolt School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Surface Properties and Transport of (started July 2002) Dr C Davies UNSW Pathogens in Runoff (2.2.2) M.Sc (part time) (CRC Research Officer)
Alexandra KNIGHT A/Prof B Neilan School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular The Role of DNA Transposition in the (started March 2004) Dr B Burns Sciences, University of New South Wales Acquisition and Evolution of Microcystin PhD (APA and CRC Support) and Nodularin Toxicity in Cyanobacteria (2.2.1.8)
Ina KRISTIANA Dr C Joll School of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University A Study of Disinfection By-Products from (started March 2003) Dr A Heitz of Technology Chloramination vs Chlorination (2.3.0.8) PhD Prof R Kagi (CRC Support)
74 Education and Training Program
POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS
STUDENTS SUPERVISOR(S) LOCATION PROJECT
Andrew LEE Prof A Fane School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Effect of Floc Properties on Water (started January 1999) Prof D Waite Chemistry, UNSW and CSIRO Molecular Treatment Using Membrane Filtration PhD Dr N Booker * Science (3.1.3) (CRC Support)
Eun Kyung LEE Dr V Chen School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Development of a Combined Membrane (started February 2003) Mrs M Drikas * Chemistry, UNSW and Australian Water Quality Treatment Process for the Removal of PhD Centre Recalcitrant Organic Matter (2.4.0.8) (Faculty of Engineering Scholarship and CRC Support)
David LEWIS Dr M Lambert School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Artificial Mixing for Destratification (started February 1999) Dr J Brookes * University of Adelaide and Australian Water and Control of Cyanbacterial Growth in PhD Quality Centre Reservoirs (Engineering) (2.5.1) (CRC Support)
Leon LINDEN Dr J Van Leeuwen * School of Environmental Biology, University of Impacts of Reservoir Storage on Natural (started July 2002) Dr J Brookes * Adelaide and Australian Water Quality Centre Organic Matter and its Treatability PhD A/Prof G Ganf (CRC Support) by Conventional Water Treatment Processes (2.2.1.2)
Daniel LIVINGSTON Prof N Ashbolt School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Decentralised Urban Water Management (started March 2002) Dr H Colebatch UNSW (2.6.0.2) PhD Dr H Chapman (APA and CRC Support)
Bridget MC DOWALL Dr G Newcombe * Australian Water Quality Centre, Dept of Development of Biological Filter for (started February 2004) Dr K Davey Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide Removal of Microcystin Algal Toxins PhD Dr C Saint * and EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology (2.4.1.3) Dr G Shaw and Scientific Services and the University of Queensland), University of Queensland (University of Adelaide and CRC Support)
Rodney MAGAZINOVIC Prof D Mulcahy School of Pharmaceutical, Molecular & Effects of Halide Species on Disinfection (started March 1997) Dr D Davey Biomedical Sciences, University of South By - Product Formation (3.2.3) PhD Dr B Nicholson* Australia and Australian Water Quality Centre (CRC Support)
Farhana MALEK Prof F Roddick School of Civil & Chemical Engineering, RMIT Development of Pretreatment Strategies (started March 2003) Dr J Harris (CRC Support) to Reduce Flux Loss in Microfiltration and PhD Ultrafiltration Membranes (2.4.0.9)
Robert MAY Prof G Dandy School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Disinfection Residual Control Tools for (started March 2003) Dr H Maier University of Adelaide Water Distribution Systems (2.5.0.1) PhD Dr J Nixon* (CRC and United Water Support)
David MOORE Dr G Shaw EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Ecology and Health Implications of (started March 2001) Prof C Critchley Scientific Services and the University of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria in PhD Dr M O’Donohue * Queensland), University of Queensland and Queensland (1.3.1.6) South East Queensland Water (NRCET Scholarship and CRC Support)
Joanne O’TOOLE Dr K Leder Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Water Reuse and Alternative Water (started March 2004) Dr M Sinclair Medicine, Monash University Sources : Attitudes, Practices, Risk PhD Prof J McNeil (CRC Support) Assessment and Human Health Outcomes (1.1.0.6)
Leanne PEARSON Dr B Neilan School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Iron Transformations in Drinking Water (Started February 2002) Prof K Barrow Sciences and Supplies and Their Effects on the Growth, PhD Prof D Waite School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Survival and Toxicity of Cyanobacteria UNSW (2.2.0.4 ) (APA and CRC Support)
Jasper PENGELLY A/Prof B Neilan School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Effects Induced by pH, Ionic and Osmotic (started March 2004) Dr B Burns Sciences, University of New South Wales and Stress on PSP Toxin Production in PhD Dr P Hawkins * Sydney Water Cyanobacteria (1.2.1.1.) (APA and CRC Support)
An Ninh PHAM Prof D Waite School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Generation and Transformation of Iron (started August 2002) Dr A Feitz UNSW, and Manganese in Lake Burragorang PhD Dr B Vigneswaran * Sydney Catchment Authority and Sydney Water (2.2.1.3) Dr P Hawkins * (CRC Support)
Phillip POPE A/Prof B Patel School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Cyanobacterial Diversity and the (started January 2003) Dr T Greene Griffith University and EnTox (Queensland Expression of By-Products in PhD Dr G Shaw Health Pathology and Scientific Services and Environmental Blooms (1.2.0.7) the University of Queensland), (APA and CRC Support) 74 75 Education and Training Program
POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS
STUDENTS SUPERVISOR(S) LOCATION PROJECT
Rudi REGEL A/Prof G Ganf Department of Environmental Biology, Artificial Mixing for Destratification and (started March 1999) Dr J Brookes * University of Adelaide and Australian Water Control of Cyanobacterial Growth in PhD Quality Centre Reservoirs (Biology) (2.5.1) (Faculty of Science Scholarship and CRC Support)
Katarzyna ROJEK Prof F Roddick School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, NOM Degradation by Phanerochaete (started July 2002) RMIT chrysosporium (2.4.0.6) M.Eng (RMIT Scholarship and CRC Support)
Victoria ROSS Dr B Jorgensen Department of Psychology, University of Utilisation of Fungi for the Removal of (started March 2004) Dr B Nancarrow * Queensland and CSIRO Land & Water, WA Natural Organic Matter (2.6.0.8) PhD Dr G Syme * (CRC Support)
Nyree STENEKES Prof D Waite School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Risk in the Governance of Water Reuse: (started February 2002) Dr H Colebatch UNSW The Case for the Reuse of Wastewater PhD Dr H Chapman (APA (I) and CRC Support) (2.6.0.3) Mr P Sherman * Dr N Roseth *
Ian STEWART Dr G Shaw EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Freshwater Cyanobacteria : Epidemiology (started January 2002) Dr P Webb * Scientific Services and the University of of Recreational Exposure and Their PhD Dr M O’Donoghue * Queensland), University of Queensland, Dermal Toxicity Queensland Instititute of Medical Research and (1.3.1.5) South East Queensland Water (EnTox Scholarship and CRC Support)
Sylwia SOLARSKA Prof F Roddick School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, RMIT Utilisation of Fungi for the Removal of (started April 2004) Prof T Priestley * (CRC Support) Natural Organic Matter (2.4.1.4) PhD
Shaun THOMAS Dr C Chow * Australian Water Quality Centre and School The Role of Natural Organic Matter in (started March 1998) Dr D Davey of Pharmaceutical, Molecular & Biomedical Flocculation with Inorganic Coagulants PhD Prof D Mulcahy Sciences, University of South Australia (3.2.1) Mrs M Drikas * (CRC Support)
Heather UWINS Dr H Stratton School of Environmental Engineering, Griffith Triggers for Taste and Odour - Microbial (started February 2003) Mr G Hamilton * University Production of Geosmin and MIB in PhD (Nathan Campus) and Gold Coast Water Drinking Water Distribution Systems (APA and CRC Support) (2.5.0.6)
Jon VARCOE Dr D Chittleborough Department of Soil & Water, University of The Influence of Natural Organic Matter (started May 1999) Dr J van Leeuwen * Adelaide and Australian Water Quality Centre on the Movement of Phosphorus in Soils PhD Dr J Cox (CRC Support) (2.1.2)
Todd WALLACE A/Prof G Ganf School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Carbon and Nutrient Dynamics: (started March 2002) Dr J Brookes * University of Adelaide and Australian Water Application to Reservoirs ( 2.2.0.5 ) PhD Quality Centre (APA and CRC Support)
Amber WELK Dr F Recknagel Department of Environmental Biology, Early Warning for Algal Blooms in (started March 2004) Dr H Maier University of Adelaide and Australian Water Drinking Water Reservoirs by Real – Time PhD Mr M Burch * Quality Centre Forecasting (University of Adelaide and CRC Support) (2.2.1.7)
Karen WESTWOOD A/Prof G Ganf Department of Environmental Biology, Blue-Green Algal Ecology (started April 1996) Mr P Baker * University of Adelaide and Australian Water (2.4.2) PhD Quality Centre (Faculty of Science Scholarship and CRC Support)
Shiromi WIJESUNDARA Dr G Shaw EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Biological Filtration Processes for the (started March 2003) Dr G Newcombe * Scientific Services and the University of Removal of the Cyanobacterial Toxin, PhD Queensland), University of Queensland and Cylindrospermopsin (1.2.0.6) Australian Water Quality Centre (CRC Support)
Hugh WILSON Dr F Recknagel Departments of Environmental Biology and Soil Forecasting of Blue-Green Algal (started April 1996) Dr H Possingham & Water, University of Adelaide and Australian Blooms in Australian Drinking Water PhD Mr M Burch * Water Quality Centre Reservoirs and Implications for Real Time (SA Water and CRC Support) Monitoring and Control. (2.5.2)
Huimin ZHOU Dr L Doukas School of Civil & Chemical Engineering, RMIT Development of a Decision Support Tool (started February 1999) Dr I Fisher * and Sydney Water for Water Distribution Systems (4.3.2) PhD Prof F Roddick (RMIT Scholarship and CRC Support)
Graduated Awaiting Thesis Outcome Awaiting Conferral of Award * Industry Supervisor 76 Education and Training Program
HONOURS STUDENTS STUDENTS PROJECT SUPERVISOR(S) & UNIVERSITY Sean ALEXANDER Solution Effects of Cylindrospermopsin Dr S Pike Dept of Chemistry, University of Adelaide Dr A Humpage, AWQC Luke CALLAGHAN Characterisation of Noncovalent and Covalent Interaction Dr P Burcham Between Cylindrospermopsin and DNA Dept of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, Adelaide University Dr A Humpage, AWQC Hanna DRIESSEN The Effect of Alkaline Earth Metals on Halogenation and/or Dr C Joll THM Formation Reaction Rates from Phenols Dept of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University Kylie HARVEY What’s Eating Cryptospridium? Dr P Monis, AWQC Mr B King, AWQC Mr B Robinson, AWQC School of Pharmaceutical, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Australia Jason KERR Cycling of Nutrients from Reclaimed Water in the Ewen Dr P Teasdale Maddock Dam School of Environmental and Applied Science, Griffith University Amanda POSSELT Characterisation of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) - Dr H Stratton Producing Organisms and the Search for a Nutritional Trigger School of Biomedical & Biomoleculer Sciences, Griffith University Edward WONG Hepatic Metabolism of the Blue-Green Algal Toxin Dr P Burcham Cylindrospermopsin Dept of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, Adelaide University Dr A Humpage, AWQC
The postgraduate students and researchers at the fourth Postgraduate Student Conference, held at the Noosa Lakes Resort, Noosaville, Queensland from 14 – 16 April 2004.
76 77 Collaboration
Effective and sustainable cooperative linkages across the Cooperation in Technology Transfer Australian and international water industries are critical to the Cooperation is an essential component of effective technology success of the Centre. transfer. The Centre fosters cooperation by involving end-users and researchers in research projects from planning through to Linking the Water Industry packaging of outputs for industrial application. The Centre links water suppliers, water regulators, and water researchers across the country and internationally. In 2001 Mark II The Centre holds regular issue-based technology transfer of the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment commenced. The new seminars and workshops, to share research outcomes with all Centre has 29 Participants and 16 Associates, from every State stakeholders. An excellent example of cooperation in technology and Territory in Australia. transfer within the CRC are the recent Pathogen Roadshow seminars held in Launceston, Adelaide, Perth, Melbourne, The Associates Program provides a vehicle for small to medium Canberra and Sydney. The seminars conveyed the outcomes enterprises to benefit from its activities. The Centre has increased from a number of pathogen projects in the Catchment and the Associate Membership from nine to sixteen since the current Reservoir Programs via a series of presentations and a booklet Centre began. of fact sheets. Industry feedback has been extremely positive and more events of this nature will be planned in future. Strategies for Cooperation Cooperation between the member parties and the researchers are Links with Other CRCs a vital component of the Centre. A broad range of strategies have The Centre is an active member in the Water Forum, a group been adopted to ensure maximum cooperation. consisting of the five CRCs involved in water-related research. The Water Forum undertakes joint education and training and • The Centre held strategic planning workshops for all promotional activities. Cooperation is fostered through regular Programs in year one. All stakeholders contributed to the Directors’/CEOs meetings, and networks of the Education and identification of priority issues and to the development of Training and Communication Managers. collaborative research plans to address those issues. The planning workshops continue as required but usually on The Centre is involved in ongoing relationships with the more specific topics such as the recreational use of reservoirs Australian CRC for Renewable Energy, the CRC for Aboriginal and and on-line monitoring techniques. Tropical Health and the Desert Knowledge CRC to develop new ways of meeting the essential service needs of small and remote • Involvement in research projects by more than one research indigenous communities. node is encouraged and the direct participation of industry is promoted. In several cases, industry parties have provided The Centre also actively participates in the activities of the CRC addition funds to extend or accelerate projects of particular Association. This year the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment interest. was a sponsor of the CRC Association Annual Conference, CRCs: from strength to strength – sharing experiences, held in Adelaide • The Centre holds regular issue-based technology transfer from 8-10 June 2004. Professor Don Bursill, CEO of the CRC seminars and workshops, to share research outcomes with for Water Quality and Treatment, was Chair of the organising all stakeholders. committee.
• A fortnightly e-mail newsletter, Neon, is sent to all Centre International Links personnel. Neon facilitates cooperation and knowledge The Centre maintains its strong commitment to collaboration sharing between individuals from different parties, with other leading drinking water research centres around the promotes Centre events, and raises awareness amongst world. The Centre has previously signed a Memorandum of Centre participants of current issues in the Australian and Understanding (MOU) between international research agencies international water industries. from Germany, the Netherlands, South Africa and the USA to ‘promote the planning and execution of a coordinated water • The Centre maintains several electronic mailing lists to research agenda on selected issues’. This MOU continues to encourage information flow, they include–one for all CRC provide a strong platform for the Centre’s international research personnel, one for Centre postgraduate students and another collaboration. for CRC postgraduate student supervisors. The Centre is also a founding member of the Global Water • The Centre previously produced a quarterly hard-copy Research Coalition, which was established in Melbourne in April newsletter, Water Quality News, to provide information 2002. The Centre is responsible for the management of two about current Centre research and encourage participation in international research topics – Algal Toxins, and Water Quality relevant projects. In the coming year Water Quality News will in Distribution Systems. In May 2004, a Global Water Research be re-launched in a new electronic format. Coalition workshop on algal toxins was held in Adelaide. It was well attended by CRC researchers and overseas visitors. • Postgraduate students and their supervisors meet biannually Joint project proposals are being developed as a result of that for a two-day student conference, which encourages the meeting. sharing of cross-disciplinary knowledge and the building of networks across parties. The most recent student conference The Centre has commenced a number of major joint research was held at the Noosa Lakes Resort, Noosaville, Queensland projects with one of the world’s most influential drinking water from 14–16 April, 2004. The conference was well attended research centres, the American Water Works Association by forty-three students and an additional three German Research Foundation (AwwaRF). These projects include work exchange students. on pathogens in catchments, management of algal toxins in reservoirs, chemical and genetic methods for detecting algae and Cooperation in Research their toxins. These projects include collaboration with researchers The Centre places a high priority on maximising collaboration and water utilities in the USA and Canada. in research projects, linking PhD students with Centre research projects and including industry parties in research planning and The Centre encourages international exchange between implementation. researchers and students and has sponsored a number of visits.
All projects have active industry participation and two of the Centre’s Programs are managed by staff from industry parties.
78 Management and Operating
Centre Professional Staff The expansion in the number of staff and students working in the Details of professional staff involved in Centre projects by Centre continued in the third year. Management continued to organisation and on a program basis are provided in Appendix plan and implement the new projects arising from the business A. This information is summarised as in-kind and as CRC-funded plan for the Centre, while finalising a number of research projects research staff. from the original Centre. The tables include details of activities with researchers shown under R, education under E, commercialisation under C and New Appointments administration support under A. Continued recruitment across all programs to enable new research activities to commence continued in the third year. At the end of June 2004 there were 219 researchers and support Three Program Leaders, Dr Heather Chapman, Dr Dan Deere staff contributing to Centre activities. This was equivalent to 59.5 and Dr Naomi Roseth were employed through the Centre Agent full-time staff, compared to 52.9 in the previous reporting period. during the year. In February 2004, Ms Fiona Wellby commenced as the Communication Manager, replacing Katrina Nitschke who resigned in October 2003. In the period covered by this report, Accommodation 219 staff and 62 PhD students made up the Centre’s resources. The administration office for the Centre is based in South Australia at the Australian Water Quality Centre, Bolivar, but research activity is being carried out in a number of sites throughout Administration Australia. Accommodation for the Centre’s activities is being The administration team consists of the Business Manager, Mr provided by the participating organisations. George Turelli, the Finance Analyst, Mr Fred Fleuren and the Personal Assistant to the CEO, Ms Susan Spragg. Additional part- time administrative assistance will be obtained as required. Computing Resources The Centre established a computing infrastructure that served Accounting support for the Centre was provided by Lee Green the needs of management and researchers in the first Centre. & Co Pty Ltd. Kelly and Co continued to provide legal and This financial reporting and project management system is being commercial advice to the Centre. PKF replaced Ernst & Young as upgraded to meet the needs of the Centre and in particular, the auditors in 2002-03 and continued to undertake the audit in the reporting requirements of management and the Governing current financial year. Board.
The Centre administration office is connected to the AWQC area Project Information Management System (PIMS) network, which allows sharing of printers, files and the provision A new web-based project information management system of IT supportfrom SA Water Corporation. This support has been (PIMS) was commissioned in March 2003. PIMS allows a central of great benefit during the first CRC and also in the second repository of essential project information to be accessed by Centre. The Centre is very appreciative of having its computing participants wherever they are located. Information about the responsibility handled by SA Water Corporation under its status and history of research projects, central to accountability cooperative arrangements. within the CRC, is now accessible by all levels of management in the Centre. Library The CRC library is a valuable resource for the Centre, with an Time Sheets: Effort Reporting System (ERS) up-to-date collection of journals, periodicals and papers, as well Complimentary to PIMS, a web-based effort reporting system as a wide range of basic texts books and copies of all Centre (ERS) was trailed during the year for implementation in July 2004. publications and students theses. The library forms part of the ERS will replace the hardcopy time sheets system in place since AWQC resource and is serviced by SA Water Corporation library 1995 and allow secure entry of data via the Internet without the staff on a regular basis. Interlibrary loans are available thorough need for special end-user software. partner universities. Regular updates to the library are available on the CRC website. Specified Research Personnel The details of Specified Research Personnel as identified in the Equipment Purchases Commonwealth Agreement and as actually utilised in 2003-04 are There were no major equipment purchases during the Centre’s shown in the Specified Personnel section. third year.
(Left to right) George Turelli, Justin Gibbs, Daniel Couton, Eun Kyung Lee and Dennis Mulcahy
78 79 Specified Personnel
SPECIFIED RESEARCH PERSONNEL 2003/04 Name Title and Organisation % Time Agreement % Time Actual
Prof D Bursill CEO, AWQC 80 80
Prof A Priestley Deputy CEO, CSIRO 80 80
Dr D Steffensen Deputy CEO, AWQC 60 84
Mr G Turelli Business Manager, SA Water Corporation 100 100
Mr R Dorrat Project Services Manager, CRC 100 100
Ms K Nitschke/ Communication Manager, CRC 100 71 Ms F Wellby
Prof J McNeil Program Group Leader, Monash University 25 22
Dr D Deere Program Group Leader, CRC 25 30
Ms M Drikas Program Group Leader, AWQC 60 59
Dr M Sinclair Program Leader, Monash University 40 92
Dr G Shaw Program Leader, Queensland University 60 100
Dr N Roseth Program Leader, CRC 50 42
Prof R Kagi Program Leader, Curtin University of Technology 50 43
Mr D Vitanage Program Leader, Sydney Water Corporation 50 35
Ms H Chapman Program Leader, QHPSS 100 89
Mr D Day Program Leader, PAWA 10 17
Prof D Mulcahy Program Leader, University of SA 70 100
Notes: 1 Ms K Nitschke resigned on 30 October 2003 and Ms F Wellby commenced on 16 February 2004. 2 Dr H Chapman replaced Mr H Gibson as Program Leader from 11 August 2003. 3 Dr D Deere resigned from the Sydney Catchment Authority on 5 September 2003 and is CRC funded as from 8 September 2003. 4 Dr N Roseth resigned from the Sydney Water Corporation on 6 February 2004 and is CRC funded as from 1 March 2004.
80 Publications
80 81 Publications
PAPERS IN REFEREED JOURNALS Davies CM, Ferguson CM, Kaucner C, Krogh M, Altavilla N, Deere DA and Ashbolt NJ (2004) Dispersion and transport Ashbolt NJ and Bruno M (2003) Application and refinement of of Cryptosporidium oocysts from fecal pats under simulated the WHO risk framework for recreational waters in Sydney rainfall events. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Australia. Journal of Water and Health 1 (3): 125-131. 70(2): 1151-1159.
Ashbolt NJ (2004) Microbial contamination of drinking water and Davies C, Kaucner C, Altavilla N, Ashbolt N, Hijnen W, Medema disease outcomes in developing regions. Toxicology 198 (1- G, Deere D, Krogh M, Ferguson C (2004) Pathogen fate and 3): 229-238. transport in surface water flow. Water 31: 57-62.
Ashbolt NJ (2004) Risk analysis of drinking water microbial Drikas M, Chow CWK and Cook D (2003) The impact of recalcitrant contamination versus disinfection by-products (DBPs). organic character on disinfection stability, trihalomethane Toxicology 198 (1-3): 255-262. formation and bacterial regrowth - an evaluation of magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX®) and alum coagulation. Journal Assemi S, Newcombe G, Hepplewhite C and Beckett R (2004) of Water Supply: Research and Technology – AQUA 52 (7): Characterization of natural organic matter fractions separated 475-487. by ultrafiltration using flow field-flow fractionation. Water Research 38(6): 1467-1476. Fastner J, Heinze R, Humpage AR, Mischke U, Eaglesham, GK and Chorus I (2003) Cylindrospermopsin occurrence in Bomo A-M, Storey MV and Ashbolt NJ (2004) Detection, two German lakes and preliminary assessment of toxicity integration and persistence of aeromonads in water and toxin production of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii distribution pipe biofilms. Journal of Water and Health 2(2): (Cyanobacteria) isolates. Toxicon 42: 313-321. 83-96. Ferguson CM, Altavilla N, Ashbolt NJ and Deere DD (2003) Brookes JD, Regel RH and Ganf GG (2003) Changes in the photo- Prioritizing Watershed Pathogen Research. Journal of the chemistry of Microcystis aeruginosa in response to light and American Water Works Association 95(2): 92-102. mixing. New Phytologist 158: 151-164. Ferguson CM, de Roda Husman AM, Altavilla N, Deere D and Brookes JD, Antenucci J, Hipsey M, Burch MD, Ashbolt N and Ashbolt NJ (2003) Fate and transport of surface water Ferguson C (2004) Pathogen transport, distribution and fate pathogens in watersheds. Critical Reviews in Environmental in lakes and reservoirs. Environment International 30: 741- Science and Technology 33(3): 299-361. 759. Ferguson CM, Ashbolt NJ and Deere DA (2004) Prioritization Chapman HF (2003) Removal of endocrine disruptors by tertiary of catchment management in the Sydney catchment treatment processes in subtropical Queensland. Water - construction of a pathogen budget. Water Science and Science and Technology 47(9): 151-156. Technology 4(2): 35-38.
Chapman HF, Hughes JM, Ritchie S and Kay BH (2003) Population Froscio SM, Humpage AR, Burcham PC and Falconer IR (2003) structure and dispersal of the freshwater mosquitoes Culex Cylindrospermopsin-induced protein synthesis inhibition and annulirostris and Culex palpalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Papua it’s dissociation from acute toxicity in mouse hepatocytes. New Guinea and Northern Australia. Journal of Medical Environmental Toxicology 18(4): 243-251. Entomology 40 (2): 165-169. Hepplewhite C, Newcombe G and Knappe DRU (2004) NOM Chapman HF and Dale PER (2003) Rainwater tanks: Alternate and MIB, who wins in the competition for activated carbon water source or health risk. Bulletin of the Mosquito Control adsorption sites? Water Science and Technology 49(9): 257- Association of Australia Inc. 15(2): 34-41. 265.
Chapman HF (2003) Removal of endocrine disruptors by tertiary Heitz A, Blythe J, Allpike B, Joll CA and Kagi RI (2003) Plastic treatment processes in subtropical Queensland. Water tastes in drinking water: Factors affecting the chemistry of Science and Technology 47(9): 151-156. bromophenol formation. Water Science and Technology 2: 179-184. Charles K, Roser D, Ashbolt N, Deere D and McGuinness R (2003) Buffer distances for on-site sewage systems in Sydney’s Hewett MK, Robinson BS, Monis PT and Saint CP (2003) drinking water catchments. Water Science and Technology Identification of a new Acanthamoeba 18S rRNA gene 47 (7-8): 183-189. sequence type, corresponding to the species Acanthamoeba jacobsi Sawyer, Nerad and Visvesvara, 1992 (Lobosea: Charles K, Ashbolt N, Ferguson C, Roser D, McGuinness R and Acanthamoebidae). Acta Protozoologica 42: 325-329. Deere D (2003) Centralised versus decentralised sewage systems: a comparison of pathogen and nutrient loads Ho L, Croué JP and Newcombe G (2004) The Effect of water released into Sydney's drinking water catchments. Water Science and Technology 48 (11-12): 53-60. quality and NOM character on the ozonation of MIB and geosmin. Water Science and Technology 49(9): 249-255. Chow CWK, Thomas SD, Davey DE, Mulcahy DE and Drikas M (2003) Development of an on-line electrochemical analyser Hoeger SJ, Shaw G, Hitzfeld BC and Dietrich DR (2004). Occurrence for trace level aluminium. Analytica Chimica Acta 499 (1-2): and elimination of cyanobacterial toxins in two Australian 173-181. drinking water treatment plants. Toxicon 43(6): 639-649.
Chow CWK, Fabris R and Drikas M (2004) A rapid fractionation Jegatheesan V, Kastl G, Fisher I, Chandy J and Angles M (2004) technique to characterise natural organic matter for the Modeling bacterial growth in drinking water: effect of optimisation of water treatment processes. Journal of Water nutrients. Journal of American Water Works Association Supply: Research and Technology – AQUA 53(2): 85-92 96(5): 129-141.
Davies CM, Kaucner C, Ashbolt NJ and Deere DD (2003) Recovery Joll CA, Huynh T and Heitz A (2003) Off-line tetramethylammonium and enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum from animal hydroxide thermochemolysis of model compound aliphatic fecal matrices. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 and aromatic carboxylic acids: Decarboxylation of some (5): 2842–2847. ortho- and/or para-substituted aromatic carboxylic acids. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 70: 151-167. 82 Publications
Joll CA, Couton D, Heitz A and Kagi R (2004) Comparison of Parkinson A, Roddick FA and Hobday MD (2003) UV photooxidation reagents for off-line thermochemolysis of natural organic of NOM: issues related to drinking water treatment. Journal matter. Organic Geochemistry 35: 47-59. of Water Supply: Research and Technology – AQUA 52(8): 577-586. Kastl G, Fisher I, Sathasivan A and van Leeuwen J (2004) Modelling DOC removal by enhanced coagulation. Journal Pilotto L, Hobson P, Burch MD, Ranmuthugala G, Attewell of American Water Works Association, 96(2): 79-89. R, Weightman W (2004) Acute skin irritant effects of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in healthy volunteers. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 28: Kay D, Bartram J, Prüss A, Ashbolt N, Dufour A, Wyer M, Fleisher 220-224. J, Fewtrell L and Rogers A (2004) Derivation of numerical values for the World Health Organization guidelines for Regel RH, Brookes JD and Ganf GG (2004) Vertical migration, recreational waters. Water Research 38(3): 1296-1304. entrainment and photosynthesis of the freshwater dinoflagellate Peridinium cinctum in a shallow urban lake. Långmark J, Storey MV, Ashbolt NJ and Stenström TA (2004) Journal of Plankton Research 26 (2): 1-15. Artificial groundwater treatment: biofilm activity and organic carbon removal performance. Water Research 38(4): 740- Regel RH, Ganf GG, Brookes JD and Griffiths R (2004) The 748. influence of grid-generated turbulence on Microcystis aeruginosa. Hydrobiologia 517 (1): 107-120. Leder K, Sinclair M, Mitakakis TZ, Hellard M, Forbes A and Fairley C (2003) A Community-Based Study of Respiratory Events in Senogles-Derham P-J, Seawright AA, Shaw G, Wickramasinghe Melbourne. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public W and Shahin M (2003) Toxicological aspects of treatment Health 27(4): 399-404. to remove cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water determined using the heterozygous P53 transgenic mouse Lepesteur M, Blasdall S and Ashbolt NJ (2003) Particle dispersion model. Toxicon 41: 979-988. for further Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection by flow cytometry. Letters in Applied Microbiology 37(3): 218-229. Storey MV and Ashbolt NJ (2003) Enteric virions and microbial biofilms - a secondary source of public health concern.Water Lewis DM, Elliot A, Brookes JD, Irish AE and Reynolds CS Science and Technology 48(3): 97-104. (2003) The effects of artificial mixing and CuSO4 dosing on phytoplankton in a simulated Australian reservoir. Lakes and Storey MV and Ashbolt NJ (2003) A risk model for enteric virus Reservoirs: Research and Management 8: 31-40. accumulation and release from recycled water distribution pipe biofilms. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply Maier H, Morgan N and Chow CWK (2004) Use of artificial neural 3(3): 93-100. networks for predicting optimal alum doses and treated water quality parameters. Environmental Modelling and Thomson J, Parkinson A, Roddick FA (2004) Depolymerization of Softwares 19: 485-494. Chromophoric Natural Organic Matter, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 38(12), 3360-3363. Marshall JA, Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Fairley CK, Cox BJ, Catton MG, Kelly H and Wright PJ. (2004) Failure to detect Norovirus Thomson J, Roddick FA, Drikas M (2004) Vacuum Ultraviolet in a large group of healthy individuals. Public Health 118: 230- Irradiation for Natural Organic Matter Removal. Journal of 233. Water Supply: Research and Technology – AQUA 53(4): 193- 206. McKay J and Hurlimann A (2003) Attitudes to reclaimed water for domestic use: Part 1. Age. Water 30(5): 45-49. Westrell T, Bergstedt O, Stenström TA and Ashbolt NJ (2003) A theoretical approach to assess microbial risks due to Mitakakis TZ, Sinclair MI and Leder K (2004) Alternative water failures in drinking water treatment. International Journal of sources and reuse: what are the public health issues? Environmental Health Research 13(2): 181-197. National water-recycling guidelines will address both health and environmental risks. Medical Journal of Australia 180: 260-261. PAPERS IN NON-REFEREED JOURNALS
Mitakakis TZ, Sinclair MI, Fairley CK, Lightbody PK, Leder K, and Angles M (2004) Rolling revisions of the WHO drinking water Hellard ME. (2004) Food safety in family homes in Melbourne, guidelines and emerging microbial issues in drinking water. Australia. Journal of Food Protection. 67(4): 818-822. Water Services Association of Australia Journal, 1:6-9.
Mitakakis TZ, Wolfe R, Sinclair MI, Fairley CK, Leder K, and Hellard Keegan AR, Monis PT, Daminato D, Cox P, Bustamante H ME. (2004) Dietary intake and domestic food preparation and and Saint CP. (2004) Environmental and water treatment handling as risk factors for gastroenteritis: a case-control processes that contribute to microbial destruction- hidden study. Epidemiology and Infection 132 (4): 601-606. sources of disinfection. Journal of Australian Water Association, 31(1): 26-33. Moore D, O’Donohue M, Shaw G and Critchley C (2003) Potential triggers for akinete differentiation in an Australian strain of Labza B (2004) Landmark Safe Drinking Water Legislation For the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (AWT Victoria. Journal of the Australian Water Association, Volume 205/1). Hydrobiologia 506-509: 175-180. 31 No 4 June: 79 – 84.
Newcombe G and Burch M (2003) Toxic blue-green algae, coming Storey MV (2004) Viral haven in the water supply. Australasian soon to a neighbourhood near you? Opflow 29(5): 1. Science, 25(4): 34-36.
Nicholson BC, Shaw GR, Morrall J, Senogles P-J, Woods TA, AUTHORSHIP OF BOOKS OR CHAPTERS OF BOOKS Papageorgiou J, Kapralos C, Wickramasinghe W, Davis BC, Eaglesham GK and Moore MR (2003) Chlorination for Ashbolt NJ (2003) Chapter 9: Methods to identify and enumerate degrading saxitoxins (paralytic shellfish poisons) in water. frank and opportunistic bacterial pathogens in water and Environmental Technology 24: 1341-1348. biofilms.In J. Bartram, J. Cotruvo, M. Exner, C. Fricker, and A. Glasmacher (eds.), Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking- Papageorgiou J, Linke TA, Kapralos C, Nicholson BC and water Safety. The Significance of HPCs for Water Quality and Steffensen DA (2004) Extraction of cyanobacterial endotoxin. Human Health. IWA Publishing, London, pp. 146-176. ISBN: Environmental Toxicology 19: 82-87. 1843390256. 82 83 Publications
Blasdall SA, Ongerth JE and Ashbolt NJ (2003). Differentiation of Broad DR, Dandy GC and Maier HR (2004) A Metamodeling Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes by a novel microsatelite- Approach to Water Distribution System Optimization. telomere PCR with PAGE, pp. 181-185. In R. C. Thompson, Proceedings of the 6th World Water and Environmental A. Armson, and U. M. Ryan (eds), Cryptosporidium: From Resources Congress CD-ROM, June, Salt Lake City, USA. Molecules to Disease. Elsevier BV, Amsterdam. Brookes JD, Hipsey M, Antenucci J, Burch MD and Regel RH Cox P, Hawkins P, Warnecke M, Ferguson C, Deere DA, (2004) Pathogen fate and Transport. Presented at Emerging Bustamante H, Swanson P, Griffith M, Tamsitt L, Nicholson Technologies XI meeting, 18-21 April, Genoa, Italy. C (2004) The risk of Cryptosporidium to Sydney’s drinking water supply. In R. C. Thompson, A. Armson, and U. M. Ryan Buchanan W, Roddick F and Porter N (2004) Enhanced (eds), Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease. Elsevier biodegradability of UV and VUV pre-treated natural organic BV, Amsterdam. matter. Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Ferguson C, Medema G, Teunis P, Davison A, Deere DA (2004) Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. Microbiological health criteria for Cryptosporidium. In R. C. Thompson, A. Armson, and U. M. Ryan (eds), Bursill D (2004) Water Resources and Water Supply – How Goes it Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease. Elsevier BV, Down Under. Presentation to The Vakantiecursus– The 56th Amsterdam. Annual Conference of the Water Industry in the Netherlands, January, The Netherlands. Hunter PR, Payment P, Ashbolt N and Bartram J (2003) Chapter 3. Assessment of risk. In Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Bursill D (2004) Evidence Based Health Risk Management for Water: Improving Approaches and Methods. OECD/WHO Public Water Supplies. Presentation to Canadian Water and guidance document. Ronchi E and Bartram J. (eds). OECD/ Wastewater Association Biannual Conference, April, Calgary, WHO, Paris, pp79-109. ISBN: 9264099468. Canada.
Köster W, Egli T, Ashbolt N, Botzenhart K, Burlion N, Endo Chandy J, Warnecke M and Angles M (2003) Interaction of T, Grimont P, Guillot E, Mabilat C, Newport L, Niemi M, Cryptosporidium oocysts with drinking water biofilms. Payment P, Prescott A, Renaud P and Rust A (2003) Chapter 8. Presented at the Health-Related Water Microbiology IWA Analytical methods for microbiological water quality testing. Conference, 14-18 September, Cape Town, IWA Publishing In Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water: Improving , London, CD-ROM. Approaches and Methods. OECD/WHO guidance document. Ronchi, E and Bartram, J (eds.) OECD/WHO, Paris, pp 237- 292. ISBN: 9264099468. Chapman HF (2003) Direct Toxicity Assessment of Acid Mine Water - Mount Morgan Mine Site, Queensland, Australia. SETAC Robertson B, Fairley CK, Sinclair MI, Forbes AB, Veitch MGK, Asia Pacific and Australasian Society for Ecotoxicology, Kirk MD, Willis J and Cunliffe D (2003) Case-control studies Solutions to Pollution Conference, October 20, Christchurch, of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne and Adelaide. New Zealand. In R. C. Thompson, A. Armson, and U. M. Ryan (eds), Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease. Elsevier BV, Charles KJ and Ashbolt NJ (2004) Quantitative Microbial Risk Amsterdam. Assessment: a catchment management tool to delineate setback distances for septic systems. Young Researchers Shaw, GR, Moore, DP and Garnett C (2003) Eutrophication and Conference 2004. Water and Environmental Management Algal Blooms, in Environmental and Ecological Chemistry, Series. P. Lens and R. Stuetz. Wageningen, the Netherlands, edited by A. Sabljic. In Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems IWA: 139-146. (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK (http://www.eolss.net). Charles KJ, Ashbolt NJ, Roser DJ, McGuinness R and Deere D (2004) Effluent quality from 200 on-site sewage systems: Design values for guidelines. 6th Specialised Conference on CONFERENCES: INTERNATIONAL WITH PROCEEDINGS Small Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants, February, Fremantle, International Water Association, CD-ROM. Alessandrino M, Heitz A, Joll CA and Kagi RI (2004) Formation Charles KJ, Schijven JF, Roser DJ, Deere DA and Ashbolt NJ (2004) of disinfection by-products from halogenation of natural Transport and fate of nutrients and pathogens during sewage products as model compounds for natural organic matter. treatment in a mound system. 10th National Symposium on Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications Decentralised Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems, for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, March, Sacramento, USA. Australia, CD-ROM. Chow C, Fabris R and Drikas M (2003) Application of rapid organic Alessandrino M, Heitz A, Joll CA and Kagi RI (2004) Formation characterisation to optimise water treatment processes. of disinfection by-products from halogenation of natural Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Water products as model compounds for natural organic matter. Quality Technology Conference, November, Philadelphia, 2nd International Water Association Young Researchers CD-ROM. Conference, May, Wageningen, Netherlands. Chow CWK, Fabris R, Drikas M and Holmes M (2004) The impact Allpike BP, Joll CA, Heitz A, Warton B, Kagi RI, Masters D and of organic character on water treatment plant performance. O’Leary B (2004) Comparing natural organic matter removal Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications by Alum Coagulation or MIEX® Treatment using structural for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, characterisation techniques. Proceedings of NOM Research: Australia, CD-ROM. Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. Chow CWK, Favier M and Drikas M (2004) Evaluation of dissolved organic carbon detector for high performance size Ashbolt NJ and Roser D (2003) Interpretation and management exclusion chromatography as a tool to study water treatment implications of event and baseflow pathogen data. processes. Proceedings of NOM research: Innovations and Presentation to Watershed Management for Water Supply Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Systems, New York City, New York June 30-July 2, American Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. Water Resources Association, CD-ROM.
84 Publications
Cinque K, Stevens M, Haydon S, Roser D, Ashbolt N and Leeming Greenway M, Dale P and Chapman H (2003) Constructed wetlands R (2003) Tracing and quantifying turbidity and suspended for wastewater treatment – macrophytes, macroinvertebrates particles in protected catchments. Presented at the Health- and mosquitoes. IWA: 5th Biofilm System Conference, Related Water Microbiology IWA Conference, 14-18 September, Cape Town. September, Cape Town, IWA Publishing, London, CD-ROM. Greenwood PF, Couton D and Grice K (2004) The use of stable Cook D and Newcombe G (2004) Characterising NOM to predict carbon isotopes to study NOM. Proceedings of NOM the adsorption of tastes, odours and algal toxins onto PAC. Research: Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. Hainthaler M, Ho L, Newcombe G and Kaeding U (2003) A Spectroscopic and Molecular Weight Analysis of the Effect Couton D, Joll CA, Kagi RI and Heitz A (2004) Insights into of Six Water Treatment. Processes on NOM. Proceedings carbohydrate moieties contained within natural organic of the American Water Works Association Water Quality matter. Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and Technology Conference, November 2-5, Philadelphia, USA, Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor CD-ROM. Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. Hainthaler M, Ho L and Newcombe G (2004) A spectroscopic Daly R, van Leeuwen J, Holmes M, Mobius W, Kastl G, Sathasivan and molecular weight investigation of the effect of six A and Fisher I (2004) Model predictions of coagulant doses water treatment processes on Myponga Reservoir NOM. to maximise removal of DOC from humic water and residual Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications DOC after treatment. Proceedings of NOM Research: for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, Australia, CD-ROM. March, Victor Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. Hamilton S, Joll C, Warton B, Heitz A, Zappia L, Franzmann P, Dandy GC and Gibbs MS (2003) Optimising System Operations Masters D, O’Leary B (2004) The effect of prechlorination of and Water Quality. Proceedings of the World Water and bioavailable carbon in distribution systems. Proceedings of Environment Congress, June, Philadelphia, CD-ROM. NOM Research: Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. Davies CM, Kaucner C, Ferguson CM, Altavilla N, Deere D and Ashbolt NJ (2003) Dispersion and transport of Hipsey MR, Antenucci J, Brookes JD, Burch MD and Regel RH Cryptosporidium oocysts from faecal pats under simulated (2004) Simulation Tools for Minimizing Pathogen Risk In rainfall events. Presented at the Health-Related Water Drinking Water Reservoirs. Proceedings of 6th International Microbiology IWA Conference, 14-18 September, Cape Town, Conference on Hydroinformatics - Liong, Phoon & Babovic IWA Publishing, London, CD-ROM. (Eds.), Singapore. World Scientific Publishing Company, ISBN 981-238-787-0. Drikas M (2004) Recent Advances in NOM Removal. Proceedings of the Second IWA Leading Edge Conference on Drinking Ho L and Newcombe G (2004) Adsorption of MIB by PAC during Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, June, alum coagulation – Effect of NOM, turbidity and floc size. Prague. Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Fabris R, Chow C and Drikas M (2004) Practical application of a Australia, CD-ROM. combined treatment process for removal of recalcitrant NOM – Alum and PAC. Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations Hrudey SE and Rizak S (2003) Understanding of environmental and Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor monitoring evidence for risk management decision-making. Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. International Society for Environmental Epidemiology Conference, Perth, Australia, September. Abstracts published Fauser J, Keegan AR Andrews S and Monis PT (2003) Taqman in Epidemiology 14(5) Supplement. PCR for the detection and quantitation of Reovirus from environmental waters. Micro NZ-Australian and New Joll CA, Couton D, Heitz A and Kagi RI (2004) A New Zealand Societies for Microbiology, September, Auckland, Thermochemolysis reagent for characterisation of natural New Zealand. organic matter. Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Fisher I, Kastl G, Sathasivan A, Chen P, van Leeuwen J Daly R and Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. Holmes M (2004) Tuning the enhanced coagulation process to obtain best chlorine and THM profiles in the distribution Kaeding UW, van Leeuwen J, Walsh BK, Holmes M and Daly system. Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and R (2003) Commissioning an acid dosing facility to optimise Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor coagulation for improved DOC removal - A full scale case Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. study. Proceedings of NZWWA 45th Annual Conference and Expo, September, Auckland, New Zealand, CD-ROM Fitzgerald F, Chow CWK and Holmes M (2004) Link between Organic Character and Disinfection - Australian Experience. Kastl G, Fisher I, Sathasivan A, Chen P, and van Leeuwen J Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications (2003) Modelling water quality from source water to tap for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, by integration of process models. Proceedings of MODSIM Australia, CD-ROM. 2003, International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, July, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, CD-ROM. Gibbs MS, Maier HR and Dandy GC (2004) Applying Fitness Landscape Measures to Water Distribution Optimization Keegan AR, Fanok S, Saint CP and Monis PT (2003) Survival th Problems. Proceedings of the 6 International Conference on of Cryptosporidium in environmental waters and water Hydroinformatics CD ROM, June, Singapore. treatment plants. Micro NZ-Australian and New Zealand Societies for Microbiology, September, Auckland, New Gray SR, Richie CB and Bolto BA (2004) Effect of fractionated Zealand. NOM on low-pressure membrane flux declines. Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM.
84 85 Publications
Kristiana I, Joll CA, Heitz A and Kagi RI (2004) Management of Roser DJ, Ashbolt NJ, Leeming R, Kagi R and Waite TD (2003) Disinfection by-product formation in distribution systems Source water fingerprinting using sterols and particle size using chlorine and chloramine as disinfectants. Proceedings analyses and the management of faecal pollution and of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications for Drinking turbidity, p. 355-362. In M. J. Boyd, J. E. Ball, M. K. Babister, Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. and J. Green (ed.), Proceedings of the 28th International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, 10-14 Långmark J, Storey MV, Ashbolt NJ and Stenström TA (2003) The November, vol. 2, ISBN 0 85824 060 2. The Institution of pilot- and field-scale facilities for investigations of biofilms Engineers, Australia, Barton ACT. within an urban water distribution system. Proceedings of the Shen X, Shaw GR, Codd GA, Burgess V, Zhuang WJ, Fong WF, 5th IWA Conference on Biofilm Systems, 14-18 September, Yang M and Lam PKS (2003) DNA microarray analysis of Cape Town. IWA Publishing, London, CD-ROM. gene expression in mice treated with the cyanobacterial toxin, cylindrospermopsin. Proceedings of the Eighth Långmark J, Storey MV, Ashbolt NJ and Stenström TA (2003) Canadian Workshop on Harmful Marine Algae, Canadian Pilot- and laboratory-scale facilities for the investigation of Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2498. Ed biofilms formed within an urban water distribution system. Stephen S. Bates, Fisheries and Oceans Canada. ASM Conference on Biofilms 2003, 1–6 November, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Sinclair MI and Rizak S (2003) Drinking Water Quality Management: The Australian Framework. In: Hrudey SE Linden LG, Brookes JD, Hipsey MR, Ganf GG and van Leeuwen (Editor) Drinking Water Safety: A Total Quality Management JA. (2004) Natural organic matter and water quality during Approach. Proceedings of the International Conference on inflow events: Linking reservoir processes and water Water and Health, Ottawa, Canada, September. Published treatment. Natural Organic Material Research: Innovations by the Institute for Risk Research, University of Waterloo, and Applications for Drinking Water. March, Victor Harbour, Canada. ISBN 0-9684982-3-X. South Australia. Sinclair MI, Gasser RB, Abs El-Osta YG, Robertson B, Cunliffe DF, Livingston D, Ashbolt NJ and Colebatch HK (2004) Urban Fairley CK (2003) Genotyping of human Cryptosporidium water management as a changing socio-technical system: infections in Australia. International Society for Environmental participation, decentralisation and sustainability. Proceedings Epidemiology Conference, September, Perth, Australia. of the 6th IWA Specialist Conference on Small Water & Abstracts published in Epidemiology 14(5) Supplement. Wastewater Systems; and 1st International Conference on Onsite Wastewater Treatment & Recycling, February 11-13, Steffensen D, Burch MD, Newcombe G, Nicholson BC, Brookes Murdoch University, Fremantle, CD-ROM. J and Baker P (2003) Management of cyanobacteria in water supplies. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on May RJ, Maier HR, Dandy GC, Nixon JB and Holmes M Water Quality Management and Treatment Technology, (2004) General Regression Neural Networks for Modeling September 8–10, National Taiwan University, Taipei. Disinfection Residual in Water Distribution Systems. Proceedings of the 6th World Water and Environmental Steffensen D, Burch MD, Newcombe G, Nicholson B, Brookes th Resources Congress, CD ROM, June, Salt Lake City, USA. JD and Baker P (2003) Proceedings of the 9 International Workshop on Water Quality Management and Treatment McKay J and Hurlimann A (2003) Water Resources Management Technology, September 8-10, National Taiwan University, at Mawson Lakes, South Australia, An Innovative Dual Water Taipei. Supply System: Development of the Scheme and Community Attitudes. Proceedings of the International Water Resources Stewart I, Papageorgiou J, Shaw G, Moore M (2004) Estimation Association’s 11th World Water Congress, October, Madrid of the mammalian toxicity of a range of cyanobacterial Spain, CD-ROM. lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Sixth International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria, 21 to 26 June, Bergen, Norway. Newcombe G, Brooke S, Chia K, Slyman N, Ho L and Rinck- Pfieffer S (2003) Removal of algal toxins from drinking water. Storey MV, Långmark J, Ashbolt NJ and Stenström TA (2003) Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Water The fate of Legionellae within distribution pipe biofilms; Quality Technology Conference, November 2-5, Philadelphia, Quantification of persistence and detachment phenomena. USA, CD ROM. Oral presentation at the Proceedings of the 5th IWA Conference on Biofilm Systems, 14-18 September, Cape Nicholson B, Ho L, Newcombe G and Craig K (2003) The Search Town, IWA Publishing, London, CD-ROM. for the Origins of Specific UV Absorbance. Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Water Quality Storey MV, Långmark J, Ashbolt NJ and Stenström TA Technology Conference, November 2-5, Philadelphia, USA, (2003) Biofilms, thermophilic amoebae and legionellae CD ROM. - A quantitative risk assessment for distributed water. Oral presentation at the Health-Related Water Microbiology Pearson LA, Hisbergues M, Börner T, Dittmann E and Neilan Conference, 14-18 September, Cape Town, IWA Publishing, BA (2004) Mutational and Structural Analysis of the mcyH London, CD-ROM. Gene Encoding a Putative Microcystin Exporter in the Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. The 6th Storey MV, Långmark J, Ashbolt NJ and Stenström TA (2003) International Conference for Toxic Cyanobacteria, June, Quantification of the accumulation, persistence and Norway. detachment of Legionella within distribution pipe biofilms, ASM Conference on Biofilms 2003, November 1 - 6, Victoria, Rizak S and Hrudey SE (2004) Improved Understanding of British Columbia, Canada. American Society for Microbiology, Water Quality Monitoring Evidence. 11th Canadian National Washington D.C. Conference and 2nd Policy Forum on Drinking Water, April, Calgary, Canada. van Leeuwen J, Page D, Spark K, Fabris R and Sledz L (2004) Pyrolysis and Thermochemolysis Products from Organics Rojek K, Roddick F and Parkinson A (2004) Effect of environmental Recalcitrant to Removal by Alum. Proceedings of NOM conditions on NOM decolourisation by Phanerochaete Research: Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water chrysosporium. Proceedings of NOM Research: Innovations Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. and Applications for Drinking Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM.
86 Publications
Warton B, Zappia LR, Heitz A, Joll CA, Masters D, O’Leary B, CONFERENCES: DOMESTIC WITH PROCEEDINGS Franzmann PD and Kagi RI (2004) MIEX® Treatment for NOM removal and improved drinking water quality. Proceedings Aldridge K, Brookes JD and Ganf GG (2003) Structure and function of NOM Research: Innovations and Applications for Drinking of mediterranean streams along a rural-urban gradient; Water Treatment, March, Victor Harbor, Australia, CD-ROM. influence on phosphorus dynamics. Joint Australian Society for Limnology and New Zealand Limnological Society Warton B, Zappia L, Heitz A, Joll C, Masters D, O’Leary B, Congress, 1-5 December, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia. Franzmann P and Kagi RI (2004) MIEX® treatment for NOM removal and improved drinking water quality. Allpike BP (2004) Size exclusion chromatography to evaluate DOC 2nd International Water Association Young Researchers removal in drinking water treatment processes. Proceedings Conference, May, Wageningen, Netherlands. of the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Westrell T, Schönning C, Stenström TA and Ashbolt NJ (2003) Postgraduate Student Conference, April 14-16, Noosa, Integration of QMRA and HACCP for management of Australia. pathogens in wastewater and sewage sludge treatment and reuse: a case study in Sweden. Presented at the 4th Allpike B, Heitz A, Joll CA and Kagi RI (2004) HP-size exclusion International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and chromatography to evaluate natural organic matter (NOM) Reuse, November 12-14, Mexico City, International Water removal in drinking water treatment processes. Combined Association, CD-ROM. national conference of the Australian Organic Geochemists and the International Humic Substances Society, February, CONFERENCES: INTERNATIONAL WITHOUT PROCEEDINGS Blue Mountains, New South Wales, pp 27-28.
Fastner J, Heinze R, Humpage AR, Eaglesham GK, and Blythe J (2004) Evaluation of the formation of bromophenols in Chorus I (2004) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and water throughout the Wanneroo Groundwater Treatment cylindrospermopsin in German fresh waters – Current Plant. Proceedings of the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and knowledge on their occurrence, and the toxicity and growth of Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, April 14-16, isolates. 6th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria, Noosa, Australia. 21-27 June, Bergen, Norway. Bowden GJ, Nixon JB, Maier HM, Dandy GC and Holmes M Fontaine F, Humpage AR, Burcham P, Falconer IR (2004) (2003) Forecasting Chlorine Residuals in a Water Distribution Cylindrospermopsin is a more potent genotoxin than System using a Generalised Regression Neural Network. cytotoxin in isolated moise hepatocytes. 6th International Proceedings MODSIM 2003 CD ROM, July, Townsville. Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria, 21-27 June, Bergen, Norway. Bowman J (2003) Update on the Safe Drinking Water legislation for Victoria. Proceedings of the Australian Water Association Gray SR and Bolto BA (2003) Predicting NOM fouling rates of low Victorian Regional Conference, October, Lorne, Victoria. pressure membranes. 5th International Membrane Science and Technology Conference, IMSTEC’03, 10-14 November, Buchanan W, Roddick F and Porter N (2003) Biological removal of Sydney. UV and VUV pre-treated natural organic matter. Proceedings of the 11th annual RACI analytical and environmental research Hobson P, Burch MD, Pilotto L, Ranmuthugala G, Attewell R, and development conference, December 8-10, Hawkesbury, Weightman W (2004) Skin Contact with Cyanobacteria (Blue- Sydney. Green Algae) and Development of a Recreational Guideline. 6th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria, 21-27 Bursill D (2004) Recycling Water– Risk Management, Public Health June, Bergen, Norway. and Water Quality Standards. Presentation to Australian Water Summit, February, Melbourne. Jardim FA, Magalhães VF, Azevedo SMFO, Moreira AA, de Lima LPJ, Humpage AR (2004) Evidence of cyanotoxin Brinkmann S (2004) Salinity Effect on Biological Removal in the freshwater cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii of Organic Carbon from High Organic Waste Streams. isolated from Brazil. 6th International Conference on Toxic Proceedings of the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Cyanobacteria, 21-27 June, Bergen, Norway. Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, April 14-16, Noosa, Australia. Törökné A, Asztalos M, Bánkiné M, Bickel H, Borbély G, Carmeli S, Codd GA, Fastner J, Huang Q, Humpage A, Metcalf JS, Buchanan W, Roddick F and Porter N (2004) Biodegradability of UV Rábai E, Sukenik A, Surányi G, Vasas G, Weiszfeiler V (2004) and VUV pre-treated natural organic matter. Proceedings of Inter-laboratory comparison trial on cylindrospermopsin the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Postgraduate measurement. 6th International Conference on Toxic Student Conference, April 14-16, Noosa, Australia. Cyanobacteria, 21-27 June, Bergen, Norway. Charles K, Schijven J, Ferguson C, Roser D, Deere D, Ashbolt N Wallace TA, Ganf GG and Brookes JD (2003) Bioavailability of (2003a) Human enteric viruses: designing on-site sewage dissolved organic carbon in rural and urban streams of the disposal systems to protect public health. In On-site 03. Torrens River catchment. Presentation at the Symposium on Future Directions of on-site systems: Best Management Urbanisation and Stream Ecology, December, Melbourne, Practice, 30 September-2 October, CD-ROM, University of Australia. New England, Armidale, NSW.
Wallace TA, Ganf GG and Brookes JD (2003) The role of in-stream Charles KJ, Schijven JF, Ferguson C, Roser DJ, Deere DA, Ashbolt physical structure in regulating DOC transport in the Torrens NJ (2003b) Designing on-site sewage disposal systems to River Catchment. Presentation at the Australian Society for protect public health. In On-site 03. Future Directions of on- Limnology and New Zealand Limnological Society joint site systems: Best Management Practice, 30 September-2 congress (42nd Annual ASL Congress) 1 - 5th December, October, CD-ROM, University of New England, Armidale, Warnambool, Victoria. NSW. Charles KJ (2004) Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment: a Catchment Management Tool to Delineate Setback Distances for On-site Sewage Systems in Sydney’s Drinking Water Catchments. Proceedings of the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, April 14- 16, Noosa, Australia. 86 87 Publications
Chow C, Fabris R, Drikas M and Holmes M (2003) A case study to Kastl G, Fisher I, Sathasivan A, Chen P and van Leeuwen J link organic character and treatability for conventional water (2003) Modelling water quality from source water to tap by treatment processes. Proceedings of the Australian Water integrated process models. MODSIM Integrative Modelling Association South Australian Branch Regional Conference, of Biophysical, Social and Economic Systems for Resource Australian Water Association, August, Adelaide. Management Solutions, 14-17 July, Townsvillle, CD-ROM, pp. 1799-1804. Chow CWK, Fitzgerald F and Holmes M (2004) The impact of natural organic matter on disinfection demand - a tool to Kristiana I (2004) Disinfection by-product formation from improve disinfection control. Proceedings of Enviro 04, AWA, chlorination and chloramination. Proceedings of the Fourth March, Sydney, CD-ROM. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, April 14-16, Noosa, Australia. Cook D (2004) Prediction of the adsorption of algal toxins onto PAC based on water quality measurements. Proceedings of Labza B (2004) Landmark Safe Drinking Water Legislation For the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Postgraduate Victoria. Proceedings of the Enviro 04 Convention and Student Conference, April 14-16, Noosa, Australia. Exhibition, March, Sydney, Australia, CD-ROM
Couton D (2004) Structural characterisation of aquatic natural Lee EK and Chen V (2004) Development of Membrane Hybrid organic matter: Flash pyrolysis vs. On-line thermochemolysis. Process for Removal of Recalcitrant Organic Matter in Proceedings of the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Drinking Water. Proceedings of the Fourth CRC for Water Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, April 14-16, Quality and Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, Noosa, Australia. April 14-16, Noosa, Australia.
Fabris R, Chow C, Drikas M and Holmes M (2004) The link of Linden LG, van Leeuwen J, Brookes JD, Gupta V and Ganf GG organic character and coagulation performance – a practical (2004) Microbial processing of organic matter in a drinking experience. Proceedings of Enviro 04, AWA, March, Sydney, water reservoir during an intruding inflow.Proceedings of the CD-ROM. Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, April 14-16, Noosa, Australia. Ferguson C (2004) A deterministic model to quantify pathogen loads in drinking water catchments. Proceedings of the Livingston D (2004) Decentralised urban water management Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Postgraduate for sustainability: frames and change pathways for a socio- Student Conference, April 14-16, Noosa, Australia. technical problem. Proceedings of the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, Gibbs MS, Morgan N, Maier HR, Dandy GC, Holmes M and April 14-16, Noosa, Australia. Nixon JB (2003) Use of Artificial Neural Networks for Modelling Chlorine Residuals in Water Distribution Systems. Livingston D, Stenekes N, Colebatch HK, Ashbolt NJ and Proceedings, MODSIM 2003, CD ROM, July, Townsville. Waite TD (2004) Water management planning in local government: organisational factors impacting effective Greenwood PF, Leenheer JA, McIntyre, C (2004) GCMS(MS) policy for sustainability. In Conference Proceedings, Sewage detection of bacterial markers in thermally matured Management: Risk Assessment and Triple Bottom Line, dissolved organic matter. Combined national conference of Queensland EPA, April 4-6, Cairns. CD-ROM. the Australian Organic Geochemists and the International Humic Substances Society, February, Blue Mountains, New May RJ, Maier HR, Dandy GC and Nixon JB (2004) Control- South Wales, pp 62-63. Oriented Water Quality Modelling Using Artificial Neural Networks, Proceedings of Enviro 04, CD ROM, March, Harris J, Malek F, Daley M and Roddick F (2004) Investigation Sydney. of pre-treatment strategies for flux improvement in the microfiltration of drinking water. Proceedings of Enviro 04 McDougall J, Porter NA and Roddick F (2003) Identification of Convention & Exhibition, March, Sydney, NSW, CD-ROM. degradation products following UV and VUV irradiation of atrazine spiked water samples. Proceedings of Chemeca Harvey F, Burch MD Herbert A and Linden L (2003) The Effects of 2003, September-October, Adelaide, CD-ROM, ISBN 0 86396 the Drought on Aspects of Water Quality and Ecology in the 829 5. Lower River Murray and Lake Alexandrina in South Australia. Proceedings of the South Australian Regional Conference of Moore D (2004) Preliminary investigations into akinete germination the AWA, August 6, Adelaide. in the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Proceedings of the Fourth CRC for Water Quality Ho L (2004) Predicting granular activated carbon adsorption of and Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, April, cyanobacterial metabolites from drinking water. Proceedings Noosa Lakes, Queensland. of the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, April 14-16, Noosa, Nixon JB, Bowden GJ, Dandy GC, Maier HR and Holmes M Australia. (2003) Forecasting chlorine residuals in a water distribution system using an artificial neural network. Proceedings of Ho L, Newcombe G and Craig K (2004) Implementation of the the Australian Water Association South Australian Branch UV technique for the determination of THMs in drinking Regional Conference, Australian Water Association, August, water. Proceedings of the AWA Enviro 04 Convention and Adelaide. Exhibition, March 28-April 1, Sydney, Australia. Parkinson A, Madden C, Nguyen N and Roddick FA (2003) Hurlimann A and McKay J (2004) Governance Structures that Investigation of the use of oxidative and biological Build Knowledge and Trust in Water Supply Authorities and pretreatments to reduce flux loss in microfiltration the Positive Impact on Community Use of Recycled Water membranes. Proceedings of Chemeca 2003, Adelaide, Proceedings of Enviro 2004, April, Sydney, CD-ROM. September-October, CD-ROM, ISBN 0 86396 829 5.
Linden LG, van Leeuwen J, Brookes JD, Gupta V and Ganf Parkinson A, Thomson J and Roddick F (2003) Comparison of three GG (2003) Aquatic enzyme activities in some Australian oxidative pre-treatment methods for the biological removal freshwater systems. Joint Australian Society for Limnology of trihalomethane precursor compounds. Proceedings of and New Zealand Limnological Society Congress, 1-5 Chemeca 2003, September-October, Adelaide, CD-ROM, December, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia. ISBN 0 86396 829 5.
88 Publications
Rojek K, Roddick F and Parkinson A (2003) Factors affecting the Consultation in the Australian Water Industry Conference, 19 decolourisation of natural organic matter in solution by August, Sydney, New South Wales. Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Proceedings of Chemeca 2003, September-October, Adelaide, CD-ROM, ISBN 0 86396 Hamilton S, Joll C, Heitz A, Warton B, O’Leary B and Slunjski M 829 5. (2003) Water chemistry of a unique water treatment process at Wanneroo. Water: Histories, Cultures, Ecologies, July, Roser D, Ashbolt N, Charles K, Deere D, Steffensen D and Perth, Western Australia. Ferguson C (2003) Transforming pathogen water quality data and collection experiences into source water management Hamilton S, Joll C, Warton B and Heitz A (2004) Chemistry of products. Presentation at the Ozwater, Perth, AWA. natural organic matter removal in drinking water treatment processes. Rottnest Symposium, June, Rottnest Island, Ruebhart DR (2004) Investigation of a Range of Bioassays, Western Australia. Alternative to the Mouse Bioassay, Using Lower Order Organisms for the Detection of Aquatic Toxins. Proceedings Kristiana I, Heitz A, Joll C and Kagi RI (2003) Chemical research of the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment into drinking water treatment: tastes and odours. Water: Postgraduate Student Conference, April 14-16, Noosa, Histories, Cultures, Ecologies, July, Perth, Western Australia. Australia.
Ryan G (2004) Revised Total Coliform Requirements: Water Kristiana I, Joll CA, Heitz A and Kagi RI (2004) Effects of Authorities Practices, Proceedings of Enviro 2004, March 28- nitrification control in chloraminated systems on formation April 1, Sydney. of disinfection by-products. ENVIRO2004, March, Sydney, New South Wales. Ryan G, Jayaratne A, Wu J, Grainger C, Nguyen B, Noui-Mehidi N, Mathes P (2004) Particles in the Distribution System, Newcombe G (2004) Natural Organic Matter, an Introduction. Proceedings of Enviro 2004, March 28-April 1,Sydney. Australian Water Association One Day Seminar Series, Water Quality Issues in Distribution Systems, December, Melbourne Sinclair MI (2003) Principles and application of the epidemiological and Adelaide, Australia. approach to measuring disease risk from alternative water sources. Health Risk Workshop, Water Recycling 2nd Newcombe G (2004) Dealing with NOM. Australian Water National Conference, September, Brisbane, Australia. Association One Day Seminar Series, Water Quality Issues in Distribution Systems, December, Melbourne and Adelaide, Sinclair MI (2003) How safe is rainwater as an alternative water Australia. source for individual dwellings? Health Risk Workshop, Water Recycling 2nd National Conference, September. van Leeuwen J, Spark K and Page D (2004) Variation in Dissolved Brisbane, Australia. Organic Matter down a hillslope in Mount Bold Catchment, South Australia. Organic matter: Interfaces and interactions, Stenekes N, Colebatch HK and Waite TD (2003) Water recycling Combined national conference of the Australian Organic and policy-making. In: Water Recycling Australia, 2nd Geochemists and the International Humic Substances National Conference, 1-3 September, Australian Water Society, 16 - 19 February, Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Association, Brisbane. Australia.
van Leeuwen J, Holmes M, Heidenreich C, Daly R, Fisher I, Kastl G, REPORTS Sathasivan A and Bursill D (2003) Modelling the Application of Inorganic Coagulants and pH Control Reagents for Chalmers R, Ferguson CM, Elwin K, Hadfield S, Xiao L, Caccio S, Removal of Organic Matter from Drinking Waters. MODSIM Heijnen L, Gasser R, Blasdall S, Ashbolt NJ, Sinclair M, Deere Integrative Modelling of Biophysical, Social and Economic DA, Stevens M (2004) A comparative trial of Cryptosporidium Systems for Resource Management Solutions, 14-17 July, genotyping methods. National Public Health Service, UK, Townsvillle, CD-ROM, pp. 1835-1840. Swansea.
Wallace T, Ganf GG and Brookes J (2003) The role of in-stream Grainger C, Nguyen B, Wu J, Ryan G, Jayaratne A, Mathes P physical structure in regulating DOC transport in the Torrens (2003) Particles in the Water Distribution System. 5th Progress River Catchment. Joint Australian Society for Limnology and report, Part I: settling, re-suspension and transport, CRC 4.3.6 New Zealand Limnological Society Congress, 1-5 December, Project Team. Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia. Heitz A, Allpike B, Blythe J, Burkett G, Bursill D, Joll C, Koska L, Wallace T, Ganf GG and Brookes J (2004) Transport and McDonough A, Smith R, O’Neill S, Trolio R, Walker R, Xanthis metabolism of dissolved organic carbon in the Torrens River K (2004) Bromophenol Tastes in Perth Drinking Water. A Catchment. Proceedings of the Fourth CRC for Water Quality report to the Water Corporation of Western Australia from and Treatment Postgraduate Student Conference, April 14- Curtin University of Technology, Curtin Water Chemistry 16, Noosa, Australia. Research Group, April, 215 pp.
Wijesundara S, Shaw G, O’Donohue M and Newcombe G House J, Ho L, Newcombe G and Burch M (2004) Management (2004) Biological filtration processes for removal of the strategies for toxic blue-green algae: Literature Survey. A cyanobacterial toxin, Cylindrospermopsin. Proceedings of report for the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Project the Fourth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Postgraduate 2.0.2.4.1.2. Student Conference, April 14-16, Noosa, Australia. Millis N (2004) Case Study: Urban Water Cycle. In CEDA Growth CONFERENCES: DOMESTIC WITHOUT PROCEEDINGS 52, Water and the Australian Economy, p54-60. Committee for Economic Development of Australia. Lloyd S and Hurlimann A (2003) Community Acceptance of Water Sensitive Urban Design. Managing the Changing Colours of Rathjen D, Cullen P, Ashbolt N, Cunliffe D, Langford J, Listowski Water, November, Melbourne. A, McKay J, Priestley T and Radcliffe J (2003) Recycling Water for Our Cities. Report to Prime Minister’s Science, Grey-Gardner R (2003) Consultation for sustainable water Engineering and Innovation Council (PMSEIC), 28 November. supplies in remote Indigenous communities. Community Federal Government of Australia, Canberra.
88 89 Publications
Wallace TA and Ganf GG (2003) Review of Water Quality Ho L (2004) Chlorination of Toxins and Proposed Collaboration Management Options for Kensington Park Lake. Report with TOXIC. Global Water Research Coalition Workshop prepared for the Australian Water Quality Centre. 11pp. on Current Research and Strategic Directions for the Management of Toxic Algae in Water and Drinking Water Wu J, Noui-Mehuidi N, Grainger C, Nguyen B, Ryan G, Jayaratne Supplies, May 4-6, Adelaide. A, Mathes P (2003) Particles in the Water Distribution System. 6th Progress report, Particle Sediment Modeling Software: Humpage AR, Falconer IR and Shaw GR (2004) Current Status PSM, CRC 4.3.6 Project Team. and Knowledge Gaps in Research on the Toxicology of Cyanotoxins. Global Water Research Coalition Workshop on Current Research and Strategic Directions for the WORKSHOPS – INTERNATIONAL Management of Toxic Algae in Water and Drinking Water Supplies, May 4-6, Adelaide. Ashbolt N (2003) QMRA methods. Presentation at Emerging Risk to Global Water Supplies: Best Practice for Improved Newcombe G (2003) Treatment options for the removal of algal Management and Preparedness to Protect Public Health, 28- toxins. United Water International Workshop on Toxic 30 July, Cuernavaca, Mexico. Cyanobacteria Research, October 30, Adelaide.
Ashbolt N (2003) Using QMRA to assess the health risk from Newcombe G (2004) Biological Filtration Processes for the coastal bathing waters in Sydney. Presentation at WHO Risk- Removal of Algal Metabolites. Global Water Research Based Guidelines, 19 September, Cape Town, South Africa. Coalition Workshop on Current Research and Strategic Directions for the Management of Toxic Algae in Water and Ashbolt N (2003) QMRA for SARS-CoV. Presentation at Risk Drinking Water Supplies, May 4-6, Adelaide. assessment and management for droplet transmission of SARS CoV from faecal and other excreta, 23-25 September, Newcombe G (2004) Overview of other AWQC toxin projects. Rome, Italy. Global Water Research Coalition Workshop on Current Research and Strategic Directions for the Management of Ashbolt N (2003) Microbial contamination of drinking water and Toxic Algae in Water and Drinking Water Supplies, May 4-6, disease outcomes in developing regions, and Risk analysis of Adelaide. drinking water microbial contamination versus disinfection by-products (DBPs). Presentation at International Organizing Nicholson BC (2004) Detection and monitoring: Chemical methods. Committee for the 5th Congress of Toxicology in Developing Global Water Research Coalition Workshop on Current Countries (5CTDC), 10-13 November, Guilin, China. Research and Strategic Directions for the Management of Toxic Algae in Water and Drinking Water Supplies, May 4-6, Ashbolt N (2004) Faecal Sterols for source load and tracing. Adelaide. Presentation at Methods of Tracing Sources of Faecal Contamination in Bathing and Shellfish Waters, 12 -13 Saint C, Monis P, Giglio S, Campbell R and Fergusson K (2003) January, Barnett Hill Conference Centre, Wonersh Guildford, Molecular detection of cylindrospermopsin producing England. cyanobacteria. HABTECH 2003 Workshop, Nelson New Zealand. Brookes JD (2004) Ecology and Management of Cyanobacteria. Global Water Research Coalition Workshop on Current Storey MV (2003) Municipal wastewater reuse – an Australian Research and Strategic Directions for the Management of case study. Chemical and Microbial Risks Associated with Toxic Algae in Water and Drinking Water Supplies, May 4-6, Urban Wastewater Systems. MISTRA Sustainable Urban Adelaide. Water Management Program, November, Lund, Sweden.
Burch MD (2004) The Australian National Algal Management WORKSHOPS – DOMESTIC Program- Guidelines and Management of Blooms. Global Water Research Coalition Workshop on Current Research Ashbolt N (2003) Using QMRA to assess the health risk from and Strategic Directions for the Management of Toxic Algae coastal bathing waters in Sydney. Water Recycling Australia, in Water and Drinking Water Supplies, May 4-6, Adelaide. 2nd National Conference, 3-4 September, Brisbane, Australia. Chow C (2003) The impact of organic character on treatment Ashbolt N (2003) CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Project processes- two new CRC for Water Quality and Treatment 2.2.1. Summary workshops, 17 July, Melbourne Water, projects, Past and Future Research on Water Treatment & Melbourne; 13 August, ECOWISE Environmental, Fishwick; Distribution. United Water International Workshop on Toxic 9 September, SA Water, Adelaide, 11 September, Water Cyanobacteria Research, October 30, Adelaide. Corporation, Leederville. Ferguson C, Chalmers R, Stevens M, Sinclair M, Elwin K, Ashbolt N (2003) Pathogen Issues for Water Distribution Systems. Hadfield S, Deere D (2003) Comparative trial assessing AWA Distribution Workshops, 9 December, Carlton Crest Cryptosporidium genotyping methods. In The application of Hotel, Melbourne; 10 December, Stanford Hotel, Glenelg. genetic fingerprinting for the monitoring of Cryptosporidium in humans animals and the environment, Boulder, Colorado. Ashbolt N (2004) Attacking pathogens: risk-based assessment that Awwa Research Foundation, Drinking Water Inspectorate, UK accounts for treatment steps’ performance & reliability within Water Research Ltd. a broader view of sustainability. Sewage Management: Risk Assessment and Triple Bottom Line 5-7 April, Convention Fisher I, Kastl G, Sathasivan A, and Chen P (2003) Use of models Centre, Cairns, Queensland. of distribution systems to improve disinfection– Australian perspective, Workshop on Maintenance and Assessment Ashbolt N (2004) Baseline storm event export patterns. CRC for of Distribution Systems to Improve Water Quality, Sydney, Water Quality and Treatment Pathogen Roadshow seminar December. series, June, Launceston, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth. Gray SR (2004) Quantum leap in membrane technology, National Brookes JD (2004) Pathogen fate and Transport. CRC for Water Water Research Institute, 29-31 March, Hawaii, USA. Quality and Treatment Pathogen Roadshow seminar series, June, Launceston, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth.
90 Publications
Burch MD (2003) Control and Management of cyanobacteria Newcombe G (2003) Activated carbon removal mechanisms, in reservoirs and rivers. Past and future on cyanobacteria/ physical or biological? CRC Workshop on Ozone, Activated cyanotoxins, and network modelling, United Water Research Carbon and Biological Filtration, November, University of and Development workshop, Glenelg, Adelaide, 31 October. South Australia, Adelaide.
Bursill D (2004) Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Update. Newcombe G (2003) Applying ozone for algal toxin removal, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment/Australian Water laboratory and pilot plant studies, CRC Workshop on Ozone, Association – Tasmanian Branch workshop, June, Activated Carbon and Biological Filtration, November, Launceston, Tasmania. University of South Australia, Adelaide.
Chapman HF (2003) Endocrine disruptors – an Australian Newcombe G (2003) Taste and Odour – CRC for Water Quality Perspective. Water Services Association of Australia (WSAA) and Treatment Current and Future Research Directions, SEQ members meeting, August, Terrigal, NSW. Water workshop on Taste and Odour Issues, November, Brisbane. Chapman HF (2003) An update on the endocrine disruptor debate. Ryan G and Jayaratne A (2003) Particles in Distribution Systems AWA Queensland technical meeting, 12 February, Brisbane. and Assessment of Discoloured Water. Maintenance and Assessment of Distribution Systems to Improve Water Chapman HF (2003) Removal of endocrine disruptors from Quality. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Technology tertiary treated wastewater. AWA Operators Workshop, May, Transfer Workshop, September, Sydney, New South Wales. Caloundra, Queensland. Ryan G (2004) South East Water’s experience with on-line Charles KJ (2004) Movement from onsite sewage systems: monitoring, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment on-line implications for managers. CRC for Water Quality and water quality monitoring seminar, February, Sydney Water, Treatment Pathogen Roadshow seminar series, June, Sydney. Launceston, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth. Sinclair MI (2004) The Netherlands Example. Workshop on Chow C and Holmes M (2004) Application of a multiparameter National Water Recycling Guidelines, February, Adelaide, (chlorine, monochloramine, ph, redox, temperature) solid South Australia. state sensor in water distribution systems. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Measurement Program - On-line Sinclair MI (2004) The Water Quality Management Framework. monitoring workshop, February, Sydney Water, Sydney. Workshop on National Water Recycling Guidelines, February, Adelaide, South Australia. Chow C (2004) Ammonia sensing in distribution system: microdistillation as a sample preconcentration step for van Leeuwen J (2004) Modeling Coagulation Software: ammonia. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Measurement Implementation Trial: Stage 1, Pilot Plant trials at Anstey Hill Program- On-line monitoring workshop, February, Sydney WTP, Middle River WTP, Happy Valley WTP, Googong WTP Water, Sydney. (Canberra).
Cook D (2003) Applying computer models for prediction of PAC doses, CRC Workshop on Ozone, Activated Carbon THESES and Biological Filtration, November, University of South Australia, Adelaide. Chuo P (2004) Hydraulic and Water Quality Modelling in Service Reservoirs. PhD Thesis, University of New South Wales, Sydney. Copelin C, Doolan C, Jayaratne A (2003) Mains cleaning Australian Perspective. Maintenance and Assessment of Distribution Fergusson K (2004) Rapid Methods for the Detection of Toxic Systems to Improve Water Quality.CRC for Water Quality Cyanobacteria. PhD Thesis, University of South Australia, and Treatment Technology Transfer Workshop, September, Adelaide. Sydney, New South Wales. Jankovic-Karasoulos T (2004) The Effect of Reservoir Dynamics Ferguson C (2004) Fate and transport of pathogens in catchments. on Bacterioplankton Composition and Dissolved Organic Carbon CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Pathogen Roadshow Removal. PhD Thesis, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide. seminar series, June, Launceston, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth. Lewis D (2004) Surface mixers for destratification and management of Anabaena circinalis. PhD Thesis. The University Fisher I (2003) Overview of the DSMtool, Disinfection System of Adelaide, Adelaide. Management Tool (DSMtool) Application Workshop, October, Sydney. Regel R (2003) Phytoplankton and turbulence at selected sites. PhD Thesis, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide. Ho L (2003) Application of ozone for MIB and geosmin removal, CRC Workshop on Ozone, Activated Carbon and Biological Rojek K (2003) NOM degredation by Phanerochaete Filtration, November, University of South Australia, Chrysosporium. PhD Thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne. Adelaide. Westwood K (2004) Blue-Green Algal Ecology. PhD Thesis, The Kastl G (2003) Simple applications of the DSMtool, Disinfection University of Adelaide, Adelaide. System Management Tool (DSMtool) Application Workshop, October, Sydney. Zhou H (2003) Knolwedge-based decision support tool for water quality assessment in water distribution systems. PhD Thesis, Kastl G (2003) Disinfection system management using the RMIT University, Melbourne. DSMtool, Disinfection System Management Tool (DSMtool) Application Workshop, October, Sydney. Note: CRC personnel are highlighted in bold. Kastl G and Chen P (2003) Case studies, Disinfection System Management Tool (DSMtool) Application Workshop, October, Sydney.
90 91 Public Presentations, Public Relations and Communication
Communication strategy The Communication Strategy outlines the major communication goals of the PROGRAM LEADER COMMUNICATION Centre for 2003-04: FIONA WELLBY CRC FOR WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT • Ensure effective two-way communication within the Centre, so that knowledge flows between researchers and industry and across projects and programs. • Build a strong corporate culture within the Centre, to strengthen staff and student commitment to the organisation and foster collaborative work between participants. • Raise awareness of, and build support for, the Centre, its role and its achievements amongst the Australian water industry, water regulators, the research and education communities and the broader public. • Work with decision-makers within the Australian water industry to understand their needs and provide scientific information that will assist The CRC’s mission is to help the Australian them supply high quality water to Australian communities. water industry provide high quality • Work with policy makers to develop a scientifically based water quality water at an affordable price. Effective regulatory environment that meets the needs of Australian communities. communication between researchers, • Raise awareness, and improve understanding, of water quality issues research users, governments and the amongst the Australian community. general community is critical in achieving Promote the CRC Program and its objectives. this mission. •
Communication activities The Centre uses a variety of tools to achieve the goals outlined in the Communication Strategy, including:
• Workshops, seminars and meetings. • An information-rich, frequently updated website. • Frequent personal contact between parties, associates and Centre management. • Mass, specialist and trade media. • Industry-focused Occasional Papers. • Research Reports. • Publications for the general public. • A quarterly external newsletter, Health Stream, with a circulations over 3500, reaching more than 50 countries. • An internal e-mail newsletter, Neon, that keeps Centre parties and associates up to date with Centre activities and research.
Media Relations The Centre has continued to build effective relationships with key media over the past year, briefing journalists and editors on emerging issues, participating in public debate as appropriate, and raising the profile of the Centre, the CRC Program and drinking water issues in general.
The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment has provided expert comment for media personnel on the following issues:
• Rainwater tanks. • Drinking water chlorination and health. • Endocrine distruptors in drinking water.
The Centre participated in two formal media releases during this period:
• Cleaner, cheaper drinking water • Australia’s Water Champion Is….
92 Public Presentations, Public Relations and Communication
Publications CRC Workshops The Centre has produced a number of publications over the year. • Maintenance and Assessment of Distribution Systems to Improve Water Quality. The following Occasional Papers were produced: • Ozone, Activated Carbon and Biofiltration. Occasional Paper 5: Disinfection Byproducts and Health Effects. • Development of Wastewater Strategy Workshop. Occasional Paper 6: Natural Organic Matter in Drinking Water: • Recreational Assess to Catchments and Storages. Problems and Solutions. • Online Water Quality Monitoring. Occasional Paper 7: Endocrine Disruptors in the Context of • Movement of Pathogens in Catchments seminar series held Australian Drinking Water. in Launceston, Adelaide, Perth and Melbourne. • Modelling of Water Flocculation for Optimum NOM Removal The following Research Reports have been produced in a printed format: Joint Workshops Research Report 10: Determination of Peptide Hepatotoxins • Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry Treatment Strategies. (Mycrocystins). A joint workshop organised by the CRC for Water Quality and Research Report 11: A Guide to Hazard Identification and Risk Treatment and the Victorian Water Industry Association. Assessment for Drinking Water Supplies. • Integrated Catchment Management Course. Research Report 13: Oral Toxicity of Cylindrospermopsin: No A joint initiative with the University of Adelaide. Observed Adverse Effect Level Determination in Male Swiss • Application of Risk Management to Drinking Water Supply. Albino Mice. This workshop was presented jointly by the Centre and the Australian Water Association. These papers and reports are distributed to all Centre parties • Research Planning Workshop on Toxic Algae. and associates and have been made available for sale via the This workshop was hosted by the Centre and sponsored by the Australian Water Association bookshop. All titles are available in Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC). The purpose of the full in the Participants area of the Centre website. workshop was to establish an international collaborative agenda for cyanobacterial research. The following Research Report was produced in an electronic format: Associates Program Research Report 20: Factors Influencing the Development of The Associates Program was established by the Centre to Biofilms Under Controlled Conditions. enable small to medium enterprises to participate in Centre activities. There are now sixteen organisations participating in the The Centre produces a quarterly newsletter called Health Stream. Associates Program (see Structure and Management for detail), It presents relevant health research in an accessible form, and up from fourteen last year. provides informed comment on the implications of research findings for the water industry. The publication has achieved Amongst a range of benefits, associates can be involved in a high international profile among water quality researchers. It various Centre activities and have access to certain of the Centre’s currently has a circulation over 3500. resources, but have no role in Centre governance. The Centre’s Liaison Officer, Dr Gerard Vaughan, assists the CEO with the The Centre previously produced a quarterly hard-copy newsletter, management of the Associates Program. Water Quality News, to provide information about current Centre research and encourage participation in relevant projects. In the Public Presentations coming year Water Quality News will be re-launched in a new Ashbolt N (2003) Needs, gaps and opportunities for microbial electronic format. risk assessment in food and water. Presentation to Health Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, November. See the Publications section in this Annual Report for detail on scientific publications and presentations. Ashbolt N (2004) Exposure Assessment of Pathogens and Toxic Chemicals in Drinking Water Distribution Systems. Workshop to the US-EPA, Office of Water, United States Environmental Events Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA, March. The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment sponsored two conferences, one workshop and one seminar over the year. Ashbolt N (2004) Protecting Public Health in Small Water Systems. Workshop at Montana State University, Water • Sewage Management: Risk Assessment and Triple Bottom Center, Bozeman Montana, USA, May. Line. • The 2003 Symposium of the Australian Academy of Technical Ashbolt N (2004) WHO 2003 and Draft NHMRC Guidelines for Safe Sciences and Engineering, Water- The Australian Dilemma. Recreational Water Environments. Presentation to the Upper • Workshop on Health Risk Assessment of Water Recycling Parramatta Catchment Management Trust, Baulkham Hills Schemes. Council Offices, Parammatta, June. • RMIT Seminar on Recycled Water: Chemical Water Quality Concerns. Bowman J (2004) Update on the Safe Drinking Water Legislation for Victoria. Presentation to the Board of Western Water, The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment organised and Victoria, April. sponsored the International NOM Research Conference: Innovations and applications for drinking water, held in Victor Brookes J (2003) Plant Mechanics and Hydrodynamics. Harbour, South Australia in February 2004. Presentation to the Joint Australian and New Zealand Society for Limnology Congress, Warrnambool, December. Centre CEO, Professor Don Bursill, was Chair of Organsing Committee for the CRC Association Conference held in Adelaide Burch MD (2004) Control of Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria). in June 2004. Presentation to the Sri Lankan Water Board, Colombo, Sri Lanka, May. Workshops for Centre parties and associates play a vital role in Centre research planning and technology transfer. Bursill D (2003) Public Water Supply Treatment – A look Behind the Scenes. Key note presentation for Chemica, the national The Centre held fourteen workshops in 2003-04– ten of these conference of Australian Chemical Engineers, Adelaide, were conducted solely by the CRC and four of these were held in September. partnership with other organisations.
92 93 Public Presentations, Public Relations and Communication
Bursill D (2003) The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Drikas M (2003) Chemical treatment of water. Lecture to – an Update. Key note presentation for the Australian undergraduate Civil Engineering Environmental Study, Water Association – ACT Branch annual meeting, Canberra, University of South Australia, Adelaide, March. October. Drikas M (2004) Chemical Treatment of Water. Lecture to the Joint Bursill D (2003) The Quality of your Public Water Supply University Masters Program, University of South Australia, – How Science Plays a Role. Public lecture presented at the Adelaide, May. University of South Australia, Adelaide, October. Fisher I (2003) Application of CRC management tools to improve Bursill D (2003) Sustainability Issue for Australian Water Supplies. disinfection, Presentation to the CRC for Water Quality and Presentation to a visiting scientific delegation from the Treatment Representatives Meeting, September. Indian Academy of Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, November. Fisher I (2003) Maintaining a chlorine residual. Seminar presented at the Australian Water Association Seminars on Issues Bursill D (2003) Health Implications of Alternative Water Sources. in Water Distribution Systems, Melbourne and Adelaide, Presentation to the Strategic Advisory Committee of the December. Water Proofing Adelaide, December. Fisher I (2003) Routine tests for distribution water quality. Seminar Bursill D (2004) The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. presented at the Australian Water Association Seminars Presentation at an international meeting held in Bonn, on Issues in Water Distribution Systems, Melbourne and Germany, February. Adelaide, December.
Bursill D (2004) Health Risk Management for Public Water Fisher I (2004) Setting water treatment goals to achieve Supplies. Seminar presentation to the Faculty of Medicine, downstream water quality targets. Seminar presented to University of Alberta, Canada, March. theTechnical University of Berlin, Department of Water Quality Control, Berlin, Germany, June. Bursill D (2004) Key Research Issues on Water Quality. Presentation to the Board of Water Service Association of Ho L (2003) Chlorination of microcystin. Presentation to the Australia, Gold Coast, May. United Water International Research and Development Seminar Series, Adelaide, August. Chapman HF (2003) Endocrine Disruptors Down Under. Workshop for the Australasian Society for Ecotoxicology, in association Humpage AR (2003) The relevance of cyanobacterial toxins to the with SETAC Asia Pacific, September. water industry. Presentation to Water Services Managers at South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, December. Charles KJ (2003) Assessing the impact of on-site sewage disposal on water quality in Sydney’s drinking water catchments. Labza B (2004) Update on the Safe Drinking Water Legislation Lecture at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, for Victoria. Presentation to the Australian Water September. Association/Institute of Water Administration conference on Drinking Water, Phillip Island, February. Charles KJ (2003) On-site sewage treatment & disposal systems research: Delineation of buffer zones & Investigation of on- Labza B (2004) Update on the Safe Drinking Water Legislation site sewage treatment system performance. Presentation at for Victoria. Presentation to the joint DHS/Victorian Water the Sydney Catchment Authority, Sydney. October. Industry Association workshop on the Safe Drinking Water regulatory framework for Victoria, Melbourne, April. Charles KJ (2003) What buffer distances for on-site systems are required to protect water quality? Presentation to the Hunter Livingstone D (2004) Urban water management as a changing Septic Tank Action Group, November. socio-technical system: participation, decentralisation and sustainability. Presentation to the School of Civil and Charles KJ (2004) Setback distances for septic tanks in Sydney’s Environmental Engineering at the University of New South drinking water supply watersheds. Presentation at the Wales, Sydney, March. Sydney Catchment Authority, Sydney. March. Millis N (2003) Presentation to the Strategic Advisory Committee Charles KJ (2004) Setback distances for septic tanks in Sydney’s of the Water Proofing Adelaide, December. drinking water supply watersheds. Presentation to the New York Department of Environmental Protection, University Saint C (2003) Slime Busters to the Rescue! Presentation to the of Maryland Baltimore County and North Carolina State CSIRO Helix Club, Investigator Science Centre, August. University. April. Sinclair MI (2003) Water and public health in Australia. Seminar Chow C (2004) Sampling for Water Quality Monitoring. Lecture given to the Department of Microbiology Seminar, Monash to undergraduate Civil Engineering Environmental Study, University, Melbourne, July. University of South Australia, Adelaide, March. Sinclair MI (2003) How safe is the water we drink? Lecture Chow C (2004) Sampling for Water Quality Monitoring. Lecture to Master of Public Health students, Monash University, to the Joint University Masters Program, University of South Melbourne, September. Australia, Adelaide, March. Sinclair MI (2004) Drinking water quality management. Lecture Chow C (2004) Chemical Equilibrium Modelling. Lecture to the to Master of Public Health students, Corporate Postgraduate Joint University Masters Program, University of South Studies Program, Department of Health and Aging, Canberra, Australia, Adelaide, April. January.
Daly R (2003) Pilot Plant Studies to Improve DOC Removal at Sinclair MI (2004) Water quality and public health. Lecture to Middle River WTP. Seminar presentation at the Thebarton undergraduate Engineering students, University of South Research Seminar, Thebarton, November. Australia, March.
Daly R (2003) Optimized DOC Removal Made Easy: Pilot Plant van Leeuwen J (2004) Characterisation of NOM 1, Lecture to Trials of Chemical Prediction Software. Seminar presentation the Joint University Masters Program, University of South to United Water International, Hope Valley, November. Australia, Adelaide, April.
Daly R (2003) Optimized DOC Removal Made Easy: Pilot Plant van Leeuwen J (2004) Characterisation of NOM 2, Lecture to Trials of Chemical Prediction Software. Seminar presentation the Joint University Masters Program, University of South at the AWQC Research Seminar, March. Australia, Adelaide, May.
94 Grants and Awards
A number of Centre personnel received recognition for their work Ian Falconer is Editor of the Environmental Toxicology journal, during the year. published by John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Centre Chairman Nancy Millis AC, MBE, FAA, FTSE received the Centre Researcher Alex Keegan was awarded the Tecra Rapid distinguished honour of being elected to the Australian Academy Methods Prize (second place) at the Micro NZ-Australian and New of Science for her service in the area of public awareness of Zealand Societies for Microbiology conference in Auckland in science. September 2003.
Centre CEO Don Bursill was appointed the position of chairman Tony Priestley was appointed to the Advisory Board for the of the national Risk Management Framework and Infrastructure National Centre for Sustainability located at Swinburne University Issues Working Group for the Joint Steering Committee on of Technology. National Guidelines on Water Recycling. Nick Ashbolt, Daniel Deere, Peter Donlon, Peter Scott, Melita Stevens and Martha PhD students Ina Kristiana and Katrina Charles were both Sinclair are members of the Working Group. awarded scholarships to attend the Business/Higher Education Round Table– Melbourne Business School Leadership and Career Deputy CEO Tony Priestley was appointed an Adjunct Professor at Development Course in Melbourne, 1-5 September 2003, held at RMIT University from September 2004. the Melbourne Business School.
Nick Ashbolt was promoted to full Professor at the University of Honours student Stacey Hamilton was runner up in the Western New South Wales from 1 January 2004. Australian Branch of the AWA Undergraduate Water Prize 2003. She gave a presentation on her Honours project titled Chemistry Don Bursill is a member of the NHMRC Rural and Remote Water of Natural Organic Matter Removal in Drinking Water Treatment Quality Steering Group. Darryl Day, Robyn Grey-Gardner, Martha Processes. Sinclair and Richard Walker served as members of the NHMRC Rural and Remote Water Quality Working Committee. Postgraduate student Daniel Hoefel was one of eight students awarded the opportunity to present his research at the 2004 CRC Tony Priestley was a member of the Committee that submitted Association conference in the Showcasing CRC Students session. the paper Recycling Water for our Cities to The Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council.
External Research Funding External research grants provide additional support for projects within the Centre. The table below outlines the external research funding achieved by Centre personnel.
Researcher Organisation Project Title Granting Body Period 2003-04 Value ($) Total Value ($) N Ashbolt UNSW Fate and transport of AwwaRF 2001-04 283,000 850,000 surface water pathogens in watersheds. AwwaRF Project 2694. N Ashbolt UNSW Three year study of the impact Sydney Catchment 2000-03 75,000 225,000 of on-site systems in Sydney’s Authority catchments. N Ashbolt UNSW Development of fluorescent ARC SPIRT 2001-04 31,602 82,635 oocysts for testing the efficacy Scheme PhD of water treatment plants to scholarship with remove Cryptosporidium and Biotechnology Giardia. Frontiers Pty Ltd N Ashbolt UNSW Dispersion, transport ARC SPIRT 2001-04 19,216 79,029 and persistence of viable Scheme PhD Cryptosporidium oocysts in scholarship with catchments. SCA N Ashbolt UNSW Australian input to system MISTRA 2002-05 32,794 123,730 analysis of urban water management program– phase 2. N Ashbolt UNSW Managing microbial drinking DEST 2002-05 32,794 377,603 water safety from source to tap (EU-MicroRISK).
94 95 Grants and Awards
External Research Funding (cont)
Researcher Organisation Project Title Granting Body Period 2003-04 Value ($) Total Value ($) N Ashbolt UNSW Pathogen budget – for SCA 2003-06 32,000 178,103 prioritisation of land uses and rectification actions to reduce public health risks from pathogens. B Neilan UNSW Molecular methods for SCA 2003-06 32,000 178,103 N Ashbolt tracing faecal bacteria and bacteriophages in the catchment. D Steffensen AWQC Determination and significance AwwaRF 2002-04 121,300 364,000 of emerging algal toxins (Cyanobacteria). AwwaRF Project 2789. M Burch AWQC Hydrodynamic distribution AwwaRF 2002-04 384,000 769,000 of pathogens in lakes and reservoirs. AwwaRF Project 2752. R Grey-Gardner CAT Rainwater harvesting ATSIC 2003-05 161,290 254,530 management for Mabunji Outstations. P Greenwood Curtin The composition of unique Curtin Strategic 2004 $10,000 $10,000 highly branched C3n alkanes Grant in Cretaceous sediments (Qld) and surface and ground water of the Clare valley (SA). Total 1,214,996 3,491,733
96 Performance Measures
Performance Indicators 2003-04 Targets and Goals for the Current CRC In order to achieve its goals, the CRC for Water Quality and The major performance measure for the CRC Water Quality and Treatment must look for high degrees of efficiency and Treatment is the degree of adoption of the research outcomes and effectiveness. their influence on the Australian Water industry.
• Efficiency measures the extent to which the resources are The tables that follow show the Centres performance against the utilised optimally to produce the service. currently approved performance indicators listed in the Schedule • Effectiveness measures the extent to which the targeted 6 of the Commonwealth Agreement. These indicators are objectives are achieved. grouped into six categories:
A performance indicator is a quantitative or qualitative indicator, • Centre Objectives related to a particular aspect of performance or standard of • Quality and Relevance of Research Program service that essentially enables the efficiency and effectiveness • Strategy for Utilisation and Commercialisation of Research of the CRC to be determined. It expresses the level of actual • Education and Training performance achieved in respect to one of the objectives • Collaborative Arrangements simplifying an otherwise complex evaluation. • Resources, Management Structure and Performance Evaluation.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Performance Target over life of Key measurement Performance 2001-02 Performance 2002-03 Performance 2003-04 indicator Centre parameters Centre Objectives Clarity of objective Maintain clarity of Acceptance of key Participants Forum Participants Forum Participant’s forum held each quarter. definition. definition. objectives by Centre implemented prior held adjacent to Program leaders presented their program parties and review to each quarterly each quarterly reviews to members in September 2003. panels. Governing Board Governing Board Second year review completed in August and Meeting. Meeting. Research October 2003. Presentations made during year. Undertake high See next section. See next section. See next section. See next section. Quality of research endorsed by the second quality research year technical review panel in August 2003. program. Evidence based Australian Water Inclusion in NHMRC adopted NHMRC completed The CEO has ongoing chairmanship of the Australian water Quality Management Australian Drinking Framework for public consultation rolling review of ADWG guidelines. NMRC regulatory system. Framework adopted Water Guidelines Management of and approved revision of the Framework is to be released by all elements of (ADWG). Drinking Water Framework. Waiting for targeted consultation in August 2004. industry. Quality and started adoption by NRMMC The Framework concept is being adopted for public consultation. (NSW yet to accept). the national reuse guidelines currently being developed. Close involvement Direct involvement of Number of projects All approved All project All research projects have industry party of water industry in water industry parties with direct industry projects have at commenced with involvement and support. research activities. in majority of Centre party involvement. least 1 industry party multi-industry party research projects. involved. involvement. Strong international Create an Number and size Global Water Attendance at GWRC Attended GWRC Board meeting April 2004 alliances. international network of collaborative Research Coalition Board meetings in Italy. Hosted two GWRC workshops: of collaborating water agreements. (GWRC) formed in alternated with Distribution Systems in Sydney September research institutions. Berlin October 2001. WSAA. Algal Toxin 2003 and Algal Toxins in Adelaide May 2004. Centre to manage workshop planned for Collaborative projects identified and 3 international June 2003 postponed submitted to GWRC. research topics. to February 2004. Planning completed The Centre led the preparation of a for Distribution background paper for the GWRC Board Workshop in Sydney on concerns raised by recently published September 2003. research work on copper in drinking water and Alzheimer’s Disease.
Memorandum of understanding with Sheffield University for the prediction of discoloration in distribution systems.
96 97 Performance Measures
Performance Target over life of Key measurement Performance 2001-02 Performance 2002-03 Performance 2003-04 indicator Centre parameters Provision of high Significant Number of graduates 54% (12 out of 22) 74% of completed 81% (21/26) graduates employed in the areas quality future proportion of Centre who obtain PhD graduates PhD students now of water, environment or health related industry leaders. postgraduate employment in are now employed employed in water, industries. students to enter industry. within the Water environment or health technical and or Environmental related industries. Sixty-one students currently active in PhD managerial positions Industries. Another Fifty-seven program. in industry. three are currently postgraduate seeking employment. students currently Five Honours sponsorships at four active universities. Honours students sponsored in six universities. Centre research Water industry to be Survey of industry to Survey planned for Survey deferred Developed policy for Technology Transfer. outcomes fully utilising Centre quantify degree of 2002-03. until after the year 2 Knowledge Transfer workshops held on effectively research output. research adoption. review. completed projects. Survey now planned for communicated. late 2004. Benefits to Actual and future Assessment of First year review 2nd yr review Independent experts gave good report at the Australia. benefits more than economic, social completed March. scheduled for second year review. The value to industry of five times resources and environmental 2002, depending on 4-8 August 2003. completed research to be quantified in more committed. benefits of Centre CRC Secretariat. Quality of research detail. A value plan based on the Framework projects – to be to be assessed by was presented to June 2004 Governing carried out prior to independent experts. Board. 2nd and 5th Year Reviews. Benefits to the Adding value to Demonstrated Assessment of Benefits to industry Commenced a process of valuing the benefits Centre. intellectual capital application of Centre economic, social now part of the of selected completed projects. Five projects at least equal to IP to water supply and environmental summary text in the identified for initial benefits review in 2004. CRC Commonwealth problems. benefits of Centre Project Information funding. projects to be carried Management System out prior to 2nd and (PIMS) and reported 5th year reviews. each quarter to the Governing Board.
Additional income Value of external R&D External income External funds $1.029M external funds received this year. of at least $2.4 contracts – evaluated budget over 7yrs received this year The total committed external funds for life million from outside at 2nd and 5th Year is $2.8M. $218.782 were $1.248M. Total of Centre is now $3.885M of which $1.39M is contracts for R&D. Reviews. of external funds committed external due in subsequent years. received in year 1. funds for life of CRC The total committed is now $2.74M. This Additional research funds to be sourced so far for the life of exceeds the target for for new projects by all programs in coming the CRC is $2.48M. the life of the Centre. years.
Benefits to Actual and future Assessment of No Projects Projects completed Projects completed this year are: participants. benefits worth more value of particular assessed in first year. this year are: 314. 116 Drinking Water Quality Risk Guidance than three times Centre projects Completed projects Novel Pathogen published as Research Report 11. resources committed. to participants were: 126, 1351, 2311, Destruction 1383 Case control studies into sporadic – evaluated at project 2321, 2324, 2327, 312, 411 Biofilms, and is Crypto – Adelaide. completion. 321. identified for benefit 2211-2214 Management of pathogens in evaluation. source waters. 1203 Endocrine 2508 Impacts of cement mortar lined pipes Disrupter, on pH. 1311 Cyanobacterial 1302 National survey on attitudes to drinking tumour, 1332 Norwalk water quality. Viruses, 1382 Crypto Case Control Melbourne.
98 Performance Measures
Performance Target over life of Key measurement Performance 2001-02 Performance 2002-03 Performance 2003-04 indicator Centre parameters Quality and Relevance of Research Program Scientific status High peer recognition Number of 12 Research Reports 22 Research Reports 23 Research Reports published and 4 of research of research output publications in published. published. Occasional Papers. output and user including refereed journals, 33 refereed acceptance. 100 publications in international and publications in 57 refereed 58 refereed publications in Journals and 4 refereed journals national conferences. Journals and 9 non- publications in non-refereed. 100 papers in refereed. Journals and 8 non- international 8 papers presented refereed. 9 papers presented and 61 proceedings at conferences and 97 proceedings International and 2/50 National Conferences. 100 papers in national at International 11 papers presented conferences. Conferences and and 38 proceedings 34 presentations at CRC workshops. 5/16 at National at International Conferences. Conferences and 63 presentations at 12/68 at National CRC Workshops. Conferences.
31 presentations at CRC workshops. Close industry Number of research AwwaRF: 4 projects: AwwaRF funded Current AwwaRF funded projects include: involvement in all projects involving 2964 Catchments, project commenced. 222 Fate and Transport of Pathogens research projects. international 2752 Reservoirs, (2505 - Application 2201 Hydrodynamic Distribution of Pathogens collaboration. 2789 Algal Toxins, of HACCP for 2206 Emerging Algal Toxins 2881 Cyanobacteria. distribution system 2214 Management of algal toxins in Global Research protection). reservoirs. Coalition: Two 2218 QA protocols for algal toxin analytical projects as lead PhD project (2410) methods (new project awarded in 2004). agent. initiated with Penta 2304 Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Toxins Party. 2314 Develop biosensors for analysis of MIB 2505 HACCP in Distribution Systems.
A list of possible joint projects prepared and forwarded to AwwaRF for funding consideration. Successful reviews Number of research 100% of projects 100% of projects All projects continue to have active industry of scientific quality of projects involving have active industry have active industry participation. research. industry participant participation. participation. collaboration. Programs managed Review of modeling by Industry parties projects completed in (Distribution, Rural & Distribution Program. Regional, Sustainable Water, Peoples Perspective). Projects prior to 2nd Qualitative and NA 2nd yr technical The second year technical review, held in and 5th Year Reviews. quantitative review planned 5-8 August 2003, received excellent feedback. measurement of August 2003. The administration review, completed in outcome of scientific October 2003, also received an excellent reviews in years 2 review. Additional activity will be undertaken and 5. with regard to valuing the benefits of completed research. Strategy for Utilization and Commercialisation of Research Adoption of Results from Qualitative and Development of Revisions to the International water agencies adopt the research outputs Epidemiology and quantitative risk management Australian Drinking Centre’s approach to risk management from by industry or Toxicology research assessment of impact procedures by major Water Guidelines source to tap (ie Canada and WHO). The community programs used on water quality parties. Certification including the Australian Framework approved by all States generally. as a basis for the regulation. by major parties in Framework approved and Territories except NSW. NHMRC has ongoing review of the HACCP. by NHMRC in adopted the Framework for Management of Australian Drinking April 2003. The Drinking Water Quality. Water Guidelines and Natural Resources the National Water Management Quality Management Ministerial Council Framework. to consider in September 2003. Results from the Number and scale First project Research activities The national review of community attitudes People’s Perspective of community on community completed for the in major capital cities was completed. Each program used to consultation views planned for national community participating water business received guide community exercises affected. November 2002. survey of attitudes feedback on customer attitudes in their consultation to drinking water region. For the purpose of comparison, exercises and gauge in major capital they also received information on national community response cities. Presentations averages. Centre members can use this to water quality to participants information to explore methods of influencing issues. progressing. customer attitudes in their regions.
98 99 Performance Measures
Performance Target over life of Key measurement Performance 2001-02 Performance 2002-03 Performance 2003-04 indicator Centre parameters
Adoption of Future management Number and scale Identification and Fate and transport The Hydrodynamic Distribution of Pathogens research outputs of catchments and of catchments Control of Pathogens of pathogens in in Reservoirs (2201) has provided models that by industry or reservoirs to be and reservoir (221) has changed the surface watersheds enable the passage of pathogens through community based on information management plans priority of catchment (222) has provided reservoirs to be accurately predicted. This generally. from the Catchment affected. management results that indicate allows for the identification of high risk and Reservoirs strategies from that the design periods and for more meaningful and cost Programs. human faecal criteria adopted for effective monitoring. sources via septic phosphorus and tank effluent to sediment removal A series of technology transfer workshops pathogens from are likely to be on combined pathogen projects was held animals (cattle). effective for pathogen in major capital cities during May and June entrapment, further 2004. This revealed that good design and supporting the maintenance of agricultural riparian regions importance of riparian and effluent discharge from onsite systems buffers in catchment in rural areas were the top priorities for management. catchment management attention across Australia. Water quality Qualitative Turbidity, long Approved new Dr Steve Hrudey from the University of monitoring practices assessment of impact proposed as project 1105 Alberta, Canada, is actively participating to reflect lessons on water quality a surrogate of Developing evidence- in this project. A paper on Improved learnt in the monitoring practices. indicators for based strategic Understanding of Water Quality Monitoring Monitoring program. pathogens was water quality Evidence was presented at the Canadian shown to be of water monitoring Drinking Water Conference, Calgary April limited value. Storm systems. This will 2004. event grab sampling move towards more may actually be directed, strategic cost effective for monitoring and estimating making better use of pathogens (2.2.1). available evidence. New approaches Number and scale of Enhanced The optimum The models and software to maximise to water treatment new approaches to coagulation conditions for removal of organic matter during coagulation based on output treatment adopted. implemented by a removal of NOM have been adopted by some industry from the Treatment number of water using alum, ferric partners and are currently being evaluated program adopted by utilities. Ozone/ chloride and for commercial value. water authorities. granular activated poly aluminium carbon has been chlorohydrate were installed in at least determined and this 3 WTPs. Two plants information will be incorporating used to assist water MIEX® have been treatment plant commissioned. operators. Distribution system Qualitative Improved Biofilm Research Strategic reviews were carried out on management assessment of impact understanding of strategy initiated to research themes for discoloured water, practices strongly on distribution system biofilms their control produce guidelines modeling and biofilms. Two technology influenced by operating practices. and prediction of for the management transfer projects for modeling and biofilms understanding chlorine demand. of biofilms in were initiated to enhance the uptake of generated in the distribution systems. research by industry. Distribution program. Model for predicting Model on chlorine decay, project 431 was chlorine decay being distributed to members for their use. trialed in three States. New sustainable Number of new Program development New Program Leader Project 2606 Sustainable Urban Water approaches to water approaches identified has identified for Sustainable Water commenced with strong links to CSIRO’s supply system design, and trialed. research themes. was appointed. Healthy Country program. emanating from the Program Steering Commenced New Sustainable Water Committee formed project on 2604 Water National Health and Environment Recycling Sources program, June 2002. quality and health Guidelines steering group chaired by CEO. to be tested in real risks from rainwater First meeting held February 2004. systems. tanks.
100 Performance Measures
Performance Target over life of Key measurement Performance 2001-02 Performance 2002-03 Performance 2003-04 indicator Centre parameters Education and Training Postgraduate Offer ten new Enrolment and Nine new graduates Six new graduates Eight new graduates and a further four student training postgraduate completion of PhD and two awaiting and three awaiting awaiting conferral of their awards. and mentoring. scholarships per year theses. conferral of conferral of their Sixty-one students are listed in the in years 1-4 awards. Twelve awards. A further five Postgraduate (Ph D) Program. Twelve of 30 students enrolled new postgraduate are awaiting their these were appointed in the 2003-04 period. at peak. students enrolled thesis examination this year, ten outcomes. Katrina Charles (UNSW) and Ina Kristiana on scholarship Fifty-seven students (Curtin) attended the BHERT residential supplements, are listed in the PhD course at Melbourne Business School in the other two program. September 2003. independently Twenty of these were supported. Forty nine appointed in the 2002- active at present. 03 period. Postgraduate student Successful staging of Planning for first Conference held at Postgraduate Student Conference held in conference every 2 conferences. conference in late Old Reynella Winery Noosa, Queensland in 14-16 April 2004. years. 2002 complete. SA, from 17-19 October 2002. Node meetings NA Node meetings held Node meetings in Perth 30 June-1 July 2003 in years between in Melbourne 14 May and Gold Coast 4-5 September 2003. student conferences. 2003. Development of links Attendance of Invitations to student The first formal CRC Node meetings interfaced with with industry. industry partners conference. Node Meeting was representatives from local water business. at the student held in Melbourne on conference. 14 May 2003. Submit candidate in Winner of 2002 Young Candidate submitted. David Moore was nominated to present the annual CRC Water Water Scientist of the at the Young Water Scientist of the Year Forum’s Young Water Year: Kim Ferguson. session at the River Symposium in Brisbane Scientist of the Year in early September 2004. competition. Showcasing NA Showcased Dr Daniel Hoefel was selected to present in the postgraduate Michael Storey Showcasing PhD students session at the students at the annual at the May 2003 CRC Association Conference in Adelaide in CRC Association CRC Association June 2004. conference. conference. Direct involvement of Widespread industry Industry supervision Joint industry and university supervision in staff from outside the supervision. continues. the majority of student projects. universities in thesis supervision. Undergraduate Offer nine summer Number of summer Nine summer Ten Summer Thirty-four applications were received for student training. scholarships per projects completed. research Research twenty-two Summer Research Scholarship year. scholarships Scholarships projects. Fifteen projects were completed. completed at were offered and A two-day reporting seminar was held in reporting seminar in completed at the Melbourne in February 2004. Melbourne. Forty- reporting seminar in eight applications Adelaide. Twenty- were received. three applications were received for the program. Introduce Numbers of Six honors The second year Four universities had honors scholarships scholarships for scholarships taken scholarships taken in which Honors during the year. (Two at Griffith University honors students. up. up six of the Centre’s Scholarships were and One full-time and one part-time at the eight member provided at six of University of Adelaide, one at the University universities. the Centre’s eight of South Australia and one at Curtin member universities. University of Technology).
100 101 Performance Measures
Performance Target over life of Key measurement Performance 2001-02 Performance 2002-03 Performance 2003-04 indicator Centre parameters Collaborative Arrangements Development of All projects to be Number and All programs Program workshops Program reviews initiated in People’s projects. developed jointly success of project completed industry not required as Perspective and Epidemiology Programs. between researchers development planning workshop implementation of Planning workshops to be held in early and industry. workshops. (except Policy and new projects was 2004-05. Regulation). the main focus. Distribution program commenced review of industry benefits to existing long running projects. Collaboration 80% of all projects Number of partners 100% of all projects 100% of all projects Greater emphasis this year to ensure active within projects. have more than involved in each have partners directly have partners directly involvement by parties. PIMS used to assist one partner directly project. involved. involved. with project communication. involved. Development Involvement of all Number of full Management Management Cooperation on strategic research across of a collegiate Program Group management meetings held meetings held during programs ie with rainwater tanks, pathogens, management Leaders and meetings per year. during the year: four year: NOM, recycled water and drinking water culture Program Leaders Governing Board, four Governing Board projects. in the management four meetings, decisions. At least Commercialisation four Eleven management meetings held during six full management eight Management Commercialisation, the year including five Executive and Finance meetings per year. Committee meetings. six Management Committee meetings and six Management Committee Meetings, Committee meetings. five Executive and Finance Committee (new initiative). Development of Maintain links to Number of meetings CRCWQT hosted Participate in Water The CEO was on organizing committee for external links. other water based of the Water Forum. meeting of Forum in Forum. CRC Association Conference held in Adelaide CRCs through the Adelaide on 5 June in June 2004. Water Forum. 2002. Number of joint Pathogens Collaborative Joint project with CRCCH progressing with projects with the modeling potential project commenced the development of a “testbed” to refine Water forum. collaboration with with CRCCH, 2103 the model before it is incorporated into the CRC Catchment Pathogens and NOM CRCCH toolkit. Hydrology (CRCCH). modules in CRCCH Catchment tool kit. Promotion and Consolidate the Signed agreements Penta Party MOU PhD project initiated Two GWRC workshops held. Distribution extension of linkages with the on research signed off in Berlin with Penta Party. Systems (September 2003) and Algal toxins international leading water collaboration Oct 2001 with Kiwa, Active participation (May 2004). Three research concepts from linkages. research centres AwwaRF, TZW and in Global Water Distribution submitted to GWRC Board in in USA France UK Water Research. Research Coalition April 2004. Three potential Algal projects The Netherlands The Global Water (GWRC). Centre identified for further development. Germany and South Research Coalition taking lead role in Africa by signing a (12 international developing a more Centre asked to develop an endocrine formal agreement partners) had first detailed research disruptor project for GWRC. on research Board meeting in strategy on Algal collaboration. Melbourne during Toxins and Water March 2002. Quality in Distribution Systems. Continue linkages Number of working Twenty international Continued extensive Continued extensive international working with overseas visits between the visits by Centre international working visits by Centre representatives. researchers. Centre and overseas representatives visits by Centre research agencies. representatives. Number of projects Signed agreement Participate as Active foundation member of GWRC. The supported through with GWRC. member of GWRC. Centre is managing Distribution and Algal the Technology toxins research initiatives. Diffusion Program. Continue to be Number of Centre Eight to Water Maintain involvement Continued leadership and active participation directly involved staff involved with Regulation workshop with WHO. in risk management approach to drinking with the water WHO. in Bonn. Participants water regulation at international forums (ie quality guideline in working groups Bonn (II) and USA). development process and water safety with the World Health plans. Organization (WHO).
102 Performance Measures
Performance Target over life of Key measurement Performance 2001-02 Performance 2002-03 Performance 2003-04 indicator Centre parameters Resources, Management Structure and Performance Evaluation Development Establish a Number of full All programs Review of distribution Management committee met on 6 occasions of a collegiate management management, and completed planning projects with industry during the year. Regular communication management committee with industrial committees workshops. Steering parties. between deputy CEO’s and program leaders. culture. representation per year. Committee formed for Completed review of Performance evaluation at the program level from research and Sustainable Water modeling projects. and project level now in PIMS reports. industrial partners. Sources Program. Establish an industry based review committee for each Research Program Group. Development of Revise and up date Operating protocols Protocols reviewed Protocols reviewed Alterations to protocols during year clear operating the existing Operating in place. and updated to reflect and hosted on for funding support and holding event guidelines. Protocols. new Centre. website. applications. Project Timely completion of Adherence to the Review of current Web-based project Monthly reporting of all projects and Management. all projects. project milestones. project management management. performance against milestones in PIMS. systems and Information Auto e-mail reminders for non compliance of appointment of Management reports initiated in June 2004. Project Services System (PIMS) Management now able to determine all manager. implemented March project status on-line via internet. Web-based project 2003. Adherence management systems to milestones and identified. exception reporting automatically collated for all management meetings. Budget control. All projects to Adherence to budget. Budget for 2002/03 Centre Cash flow New improved reporting of project operate within the approved by Board. system implemented. expenditures developed and approved for approved budgets. Seven year cash-flow Expenditure lower implementation of own ACCPAC accounting and budget review than budget due to system in 2004-05. process initiated. slower startup of new projects. Protection of All IP developed IP clauses signed All IP agreements Policy continued Intellectual property training given to intellectual within the projects by all parties prior to signed before to have all IP students at student conference in Noosa, property. fully protected. commencement of commencement of agreements Queensland in April 2004. any project. projects. signed before commencement of projects. Commercialisation. Maximum commercial Number of patents Carbon Regen Carbon Regeneration Carbon Regeneration project continuing with benefit obtained from obtained. Pty Ltd formed to project continuing. due diligence investigations. IP developed during comercialisation projects. carbon regeneration process. Number of Reactivation of Four projects Projects identified for cost benefit evaluation: commercialised Carbon in progress. identified as 2.2.1 Identification and control of sources of projects. potential projects for infectious pathogens in catchments. commercialisation. 2.5.1 Destratification for control of Modeling project phytoplankton. being actively 3.2.2 Optimisation of Adsorption processes considered for - Stage 1. commercialisation. 3.2.8 Modeling coagulation to maximize removal of organic mater – A pilot and laboratory based study. 4.3.2 Optimisation of chlorine residual in a distribution system – Melbourne. 4.3.6 Understanding particles in distribution systems – Melbourne.
Planning. Strategic plan Completion of the Draft Plan submitted Annual review Executive committee reviews business plan developed in year strategic plan. to Board June 2002. of strategic plan actions each quarter. one. On-going annual completed. review of Strategic plan.
102 103 Budget and Resources
GEORGE TURELLI BUSINESS MANAGER
TABLES Aim The Centre’s Governing Board and Appendix A – Research Staff Resources Management recognise that effective management of financial and other resources is essential for the delivery of Research Staff - In-Kind Contributions world-class research. To achieve this, the Centre has established systems and Research Staff - CRC funded resources frameworks to ensure efficient project and financial management. Summary of Contributions
Table 1. In-kind Contributions from Participants
Table 2. Cash Contributuions
Table 3. Summary of Resources Applied to Activities
Table 4. Allocation of Resources between Categories of Activities 104 Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
APPENDIX A - RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES PERCENTAGE TIME ALLOCATION OF RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES IN-KIND CONTRIBUTION FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 2003/2004
Organisation: Australian Water Quality Centre % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Research Administration 1 2 3
Dr D Steffensen R 83.8 83.8 83.8
Dr J Papaegeorgiou R 66.7 66.7 66.7
Dr C Chow R 65.7 65.7 65.7
Dr G Newcombe R 62.0 62.0 62.0
Ms M Drikas R 59.2 54.6 54.6 4.7
Mr M Burch R 56.0 56.0 56.0
Dr A Humpage R 53.3 45.8 7.5 53.3
Dr A Keegen R 49.4 49.4 49.4
Dr J Van Leeuwen R 33.3 33.3 33.3
Dr P Monis R 30.2 30.2 30.2
Mr J Morran R 24.3 24.3 24.3
Ms S Fanok R 17.5 17.5 17.5
Dr B Nicholson R 10.9 10.9 10.9
Mr D Cook R 9.7 9.7 9.7
Dr C Saint R 9.0 9.0 9.0
Mr P Hobson R 5.3 5.3 5.3
Mr P Baker R 2.0 1.4 1.4 0.6
Ms K Billington R 1.1 1.1 1.1
TOTAL 639.4 63.3 570.9 0.0 634.2 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Centre for Appropriate Technology Inc. % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Ms K Rea R 10.3 10.3 10.3
Mr S Boyce R 8.0 8.0 8.0
Mr S Fisher R 5.3 5.3 5.3
Ms R Ellis R 1.9 1.9 1.9
TOTAL 25.5 0.0 0.0 25.5 25.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: CSIRO % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Dr B Bolto R 51.6 51.6 51.6
Dr D Dixon R 50.2 50.2 50.2
Dr S Gray R 18.3 18.3 18.3
Dr N Anderson R 8.3 8.3 8.3
Ms J Wu R 5.5 5.5 5.5
Ms T Lwin R 1.5 1.5 1.5
Mr R Jarrett R 0.7 0.7 0.7
Dr A Priestley A 60.0 0.0 60.0
TOTAL 195.9 0.0 136.0 0.0 136.0 0.0 0.0 60.0 0.0
104 105 Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
Organisation: Curtin University of Technology % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Prof R Kagi E 43.0 0.3 5.6 5.8 37.2
Dr A Heitz E 12.6 5.2 5.2 7.4
Dr C Joll E 0.5 0.0 0.5
TOTAL 56.1 0.3 10.8 0.0 11.1 45.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Department of Human Services (Vic) % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Mr B Labza R 46.6 46.6 46.6
Mr J Siapantas R 7.6 7.6 7.6
Ms S Phillips R 5.4 2.4 3.0 5.4
Ms A Savage R 0.3 0.3 0.3
TOTAL 59.9 2.4 3.3 54.2 59.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Environmental Protection Agency (QLD) % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Mr P Newland R 0.7 0.7 0.7
TOTAL 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Griffith University % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Dr P Teasdale R 6.8 3.5 3.5 3.4
Dr H Zhao R 4.7 0.0 4.7
A/Prof B Patel E 6.9 5.4 5.4 1.5
TOTAL 18.4 5.4 3.5 0.0 8.9 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Melbourne Water Corporation % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Mr S Hayden R 49.4 49.4 49.4
Dr M Stevens R 34.0 33.4 33.4 0.5
Ms K Hunter R 15.5 15.5 15.5
Mr S Wilson R 2.6 2.6 2.6
Mr A Blums R 1.8 1.8 1.8
TOTAL 103.2 0.0 102.7 0.0 102.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
106 Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
Organisation: Monash University % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Dr M Sinclair R 33.8 16.3 1.7 9.2 27.1 2.9 3.8
Prof J McNeil R 21.8 19.8 1.3 21.1 0.7
Dr Karin Leder R 20.7 18.6 18.6 2.1
Dr T Mitikakis R 11.3 4.6 6.7 11.3
A/Prof M Sim R 1.0 1.0 1.0
A/Prof A Forbes R 0.7 0.7 0.7
Ms P Lightbody C 47.9 7.9 7.9 11.3 28.8
TOTAL 137.2 68.9 1.7 17.1 87.7 16.9 0.0 0.0 32.5
Organisation: Orica Australia Pty Ltd % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Mr M Slunjski R 2.8 2.8 2.8
Dr H Nguyen R 2.7 2.7 2.7
Mr T Scott R 1.0 1.0 1.0
Ms J Obrien R 0.9 0.9 0.9
Mr S Harrison R 0.2 0.2 0.2
TOTAL 7.5 0.0 7.5 0.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Power & Water Corporation % Allocation of Time Spent % Allocation of Time Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Ms S Powell-Harbour R 57.8 57.8 57.8
Mr D Day R 17.4 0.6 16.8 17.4
Ms P Hariram R 2.8 2.8 2.8
Ms K Clarkson R 0.4 0.4 0.4
TOTAL 78.4 0.0 3.4 75.0 78.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific Services % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Mr G Prove R 66.7 66.7 66.7
Mr G Eaglesham R 30.0 18.4 11.7 30.0
Mr D Wruck R 8.3 2.5 5.8 8.3
Dr R Sadler R 6.1 1.3 3.2 4.5 1.6
Ms M Smith R 0.9 0.9 0.9
TOTAL 112.1 23.1 87.4 0.0 110.5 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
106 107 Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
Organisation: RMIT University % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Mr F Younos R 21.7 21.7 21.7
Prof F Roddick R 17.4 15.4 15.4 2.0
Dr J Harris R 14.4 14.4 14.4
Ms B Adams R 10.8 10.8 10.8
Mr M DeSouza R 8.3 8.3 8.3
Dr N Jayasunya R 4.0 2.7 2.7 1.3
A/Prof L Doukas R 3.3 1.1 1.1 2.2
Dr N Porter E 9.7 8.4 8.4 1.3
TOTAL 89.6 0.0 82.8 0.0 82.8 6.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: SA Water Corporation % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Ms K Billington R 4.5 4.5 4.5
Mr V Sweet R 0.3 0.3 0.3
TOTAL 4.8 0.0 4.8 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Sydney Catchment Authority % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Ms C Ferguson R 42.8 42.8 42.8 0.0
Dr D Deere R 7.0 7.0 7.0
Mr B Whitehill R 6.6 6.6 6.6
TOTAL 56.4 0.0 56.4 0.0 56.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
108 Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
Organisation: Sydney Water Corporation % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Mr A Cartwright R 44.8 44.8 44.8
Ms D Vitanage R 34.8 4.2 30.6 34.8
Mr G Kastl R 34.6 34.6 34.6
Dr I Fisher R 32.9 32.9 32.9
Ms Y Cheng R 25.8 25.8 25.8
Dr N Roseth R 18.3 18.3 18.3
Dr P Cox R 15.7 15.7 15.7
Dr H Bustamante R 14.0 14.0 14.0
Ms M Riley R 12.6 12.6 12.6
Dr M Angles R 11.1 11.1 11.1
Ms C Doolan R 9.9 9.9 9.9
Mr T Tam R 9.3 9.3 9.3
Mr B Budanovic R 7.5 7.5 7.5
Ms M Mulder R 6.9 6.9 6.9
Mr S Payyappat R 5.7 5.7 5.7
Mr C Copelin R 5.2 5.2 5.2
Mr I Carmichael R 4.2 4.2 4.2
Mr P Chen R 2.8 2.8 2.8
Ms S Ye R 2.7 2.7 2.7
Mr A Venturino R 2.1 2.1 2.1
Mr G Rossington R 2.0 2.0 2.0
Ms J Hu R 1.6 1.6 1.6
Mr P Hannington R 1.2 1.2 1.2
Mr P Cresta R 1.2 1.2 1.2
Mr M Healy R 0.8 0.8 0.8
Dr J Chandy R 0.7 0.7 0.7
Mr N Barratt R 0.7 0.7 0.7
Mr W Wolf R 0.6 0.6 0.6
Mr P Hawkins R 0.3 0.3 0.3
Ms V Rothwell R 0.3 0.3 0.3
Mr L Rogerson R 0.3 0.3 0.3
Ms M Logan R 0.2 0.2 0.2
Mr M Goh R 0.2 0.2 0.2
TOTAL 310.7 22.5 288.2 0.0 310.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: United Water International Pty Ltd % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Mr M Holmes R 84.3 84.3 84.3
Dr J Nixon R 7.6 7.6 7.6
TOTAL 91.9 0.0 91.9 0.0 91.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
108 109 Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
Organisation: University of Adelaide % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Prof G Dandy R 20.9 20.9 20.9
Prof I Falconer R 20.3 20.3 20.3
Dr H Maier R 15.9 15.9 15.9
Dr P Burcham R 14.2 14.2 14.2
Dr F Recknagel R 10.5 10.5 10.5
TOTAL 81.8 34.5 47.3 0.0 81.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: University of New South Wales % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Prof N Ashbolt R 63.2 49.6 10.2 59.7 3.5
Mr D Roser R 20.9 20.9 20.9
Dr D Waite R 6.9 0.0 6.9
A/Prof V Chen R 4.8 4.8 4.8
TOTAL 95.8 0.0 75.2 10.2 85.4 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: University of Queensland % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Dr G Shaw R 60.0 60.0 60.0
Mr J Keller R 8.5 7.0 7.0 1.5
Prof M Moore R 8.4 7.3 0.9 8.2 0.2
A/Prof B Chiswell R 0.1 0.1 0.1
TOTAL 77.0 67.3 8.0 0.0 75.3 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: University of South Australia % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Dr A Badalyan R 22.3 22.3 22.3
Dr G Klass R 0.5 0.5 0.5
A/Prof D Mulcahy E 100.0 0.0 100.0
Dr J Mckay E 12.2 0.0 12.2
Dr S Andrews E 8.4 0.0 8.4
Dr P Pendleton E 6.7 0.0 6.7
Dr D Davey E 2.2 0.0 2.2
TOTAL 152.2 0.0 22.8 0.0 22.8 129.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Water Corporation % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Mr D Masters R 2.0 2 2.0
Mr P Engler R 1.8 1.8 1.8
Mr K Xanthis R 0.2 0.2 0.2
TOTAL 4.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 110 Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
Organisation: Yarra Valley Water Ltd % Allocation of Time Spent Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research
Mr A Jayaratne R 17.5 17.5 17.5
Mr M Bruno R 2.0 2.0 2.0
Mr P Higgins R 0.8 0.8 0.8
TOTAL 20.2 0.0 20.2 0.0 20.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
GRAND TOTAL 2418.8 287.6 1629.6 181.9 2099.2 227.3 0.0 60.0 32.5
110 111 Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
Research Staff - CRC funded resources % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Sub program
Main Total % Total Name Activity of time 1 2 3 Research Education Commercialisation Administration Communication
Ms S Rizak R 100.0 100.0 100.0 MONASH UNI
Mr R Fabris R 100.0 100.0 100.0 AWQC
Dr T D Nguyen R 100.0 100.0 100.0 RMIT
Dr J Brookes R 100.0 100.0 100.0 AWQC
Ms F Fitzgerald R 100.0 100.0 100.0 AWQC
Ms R Grey-Gardner R 100.0 100.0 100.0 CAT
Mr D Daminato R 95.3 95.3 95.3 AWQC
Mr T Linke R 91.7 91.7 91.7 AWQC
Ms S Brinkman R 91.7 91.7 91.7 AWQC
Dr H Chapman R 89.3 89.3 89.3 QHPSS
Dr G Vaughan R 84.5 84.5 84.5 CSIRO
Mr R Daly R 83.3 83.3 83.3 AWQC
Mr N Anderson R 82.6 82.6 82.6 CSIRO
Ms R Miller R 82.0 82.0 82.0 SCA
Ms J Blackbeard R 78.3 78.3 78.3 CSIRO
Mr A Wickramasinghe R 74.2 29.4 44.8 74.2 QLD UNI
Mr C Ritchie R 72.9 72.9 72.9 CSIRO
Mr R Regel R 66.7 66.7 66.7 AWQC
Mr L Ho R 66.7 66.7 66.7 AWQC
Dr C Davies R 59.0 59.0 59.0 UNSW
Dr P Greenwood R 58.3 58.3 58.3 CURTIN UNI
Dr M Sinclair R 57.9 57.1 0.8 57.9 MONASH UNI
Dr T Mitakakis R 54.2 37.5 16.7 54.2 MONASH UNI
Ms K O’Halloran R 53.6 53.6 53.6 GRIFFITH UNI
Mr T Hurse R 53.0 53.0 53.0 QLD UNI
Mr B Allpike R 52.7 52.7 52.7 CUT
Ms C Kaucner R 50.0 50.0 50.0 UNSW
Mr B King R 47.9 47.9 47.9 AWQC
Dr F Fontaine R 43.6 43.6 43.6 UNI OF ADEL
Mr T Tam R 41.4 41.4 41.4 SWC 112 Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
Research Staff - CRC funded resources % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Sub program
Main Total % Total Name Activity of time 1 2 3 Research Education Commercialisation Administration Communication
Dr G Shaw R 40.0 38.1 1.9 40.0 QLD UNI
Mr S Ye R 38.7 38.7 38.7 SWC
Ms P Lightbody R 37.5 37.5 37.5 MONASH UNI
Ms Ying Cheng R 35.7 35.7 35.7 SWC
Ms X Shen R 34.1 34.1 34.1 UNI OF ADEL
Dr S Gray R 32.4 23.1 9.3 32.4 CSIRO
Mr A Sathasivan R 31.1 31.1 31.1 SWC
Ms L Hamilton R 27.9 27.9 27.9 GRIFFITH UNI
Ms J Faucer R 27.1 27.1 27.1 AWQC
Ms TLewanowitsch R 25.0 25.0 25.0 UNI OF ADEL
Ms C West R 25.0 25.0 25.0 QLD UNI
Ms K Rock R 25.0 25.0 25.0 SWC
Dr N Roseth R 23.3 23.3 23.3 CRC
Dr D Deere R 22.5 22.5 22.5 CRC
Ms J House R 21.1 21.1 21.1 AWQC
Mr M Bruno R 20.6 20.6 20.6 YVW
Ms K Wilkinson R 19.6 19.6 19.6 AWQC
Ms J Hu R 17.7 17.7 17.7 SWC
Mr R Dean R 17.4 17.4 17.4 QLD UNI
Mr I Stewart R 16.7 16.7 16.7 QLD UNI
Mr B Budanovic R 14.5 14.5 14.5 SWC
Mr P Mathes R 14.1 14.1 14.1 SEWL
Dr P Teasdale R 14.1 14.1 14.1 GRIFFITH UNI
Mr P Chen R 13.9 13.9 13.9 SWC
Mr N Mehidi R 13.3 13.3 13.3 CSIRO
Ms M Smith R 13.0 13.0 13.0 QLD UNI
Prof I Falconer R 11.7 11.7 11.7 UNI OF ADEL
Dr D Dixon R 8.3 8.3 8.3 CSIRO
Ms S Fanok R 8.3 8.3 8.3 AWQC
112 113 Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
Research Staff - CRC funded resources % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Sub program
Main Total % Total Name Activity of time 1 2 3 Research Education Commercialisation Administration Communication
Mr B Davies R 6.8 6.8 6.8 QLD UNI
Mr G Chidlow R 5.5 5.5 5.5 CUT
Ms E Takahsahi R 5.0 5.0 5.0 QLD UNI
Mr B Nguyen R 3.7 3.7 3.7 CSIRO
Mr A Grant R 2.5 2.5 2.5 CSIRO
Mr C Grainger R 2.5 2.5 2.5 CSIRO
Mr P Chuo R 2.3 2.3 2.3 SWC
Ms C Bellamy E 76.6 0.0 76.6 UNI SA
Ms C Joll E 10.4 0.0 10.4 CUT
Ms F Wellby C 37.5 0.0 37.5 AWQC
Ms K Nitschke C 33.3 0.0 33.3 AWQC
Dr A Priestley C 20.0 0.0 20.0 CSIRO
Mr G Turelli A 100.0 0.0 100.0 AWQC
Mr B Dorratt A 100.0 0.0 100.0 YVWL
Mr F Fleuren A 100.0 0.0 100.0 AWQC
Prof D Bursill A 80.0 0.0 80.0 AWQC
Ms S Spragg A 60.0 0.0 60.0 AWQC
GRAND TOTAL 3526.1 398.6 2182.7 327.0 2908.3 87.0 20.0 440.0 70.8
114 Table 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PARTICIPANTS
CUMULATIVE TOTAL EXPENDITURE TO DATE GRAND TOTAL PARTICIPANT YEAR 1 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 YEAR 5 YEAR 6 YEAR 6 YEAR 7 YEAR 7 TOTAL AGREEMENT DIFFERENCE 2001/02 2001/02 2002/03 2002/03 2003/04 2003/04 ACTUAL AGREEMENT 2004/05 2004/05 2005/06 2005/06 2006/07 2006/07 2007/08 2007/08 7 YEARS 7 YEARS 7 YEARS ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT
ACTEW Corporation Ltd Salaries 37,916 26,050 14,239 26,050 4,088 26,050 56,243 78,150 26,050 26,050 26,050 26,050 26,050 26,050 26,050 26,050 160,443 182,350 (21,907) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 35,714 23,950 77,864 23,950 29,384 23,950 142,962 71,850 23,950 23,950 23,950 23,950 23,950 23,950 23,950 23,950 238,762 167,650 71,112 TOTAL 73,630 50,000 92,103 50,000 33,472 50,000 199,205 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 399,205 350,000 49,205
Australian Water Quality Centre Salaries 396,876 569,039 506,839 569,492 529,498 574,488 1,433,213 1,713,019 577,389 577,389 577,389 577,389 577,389 577,389 577,388 577,388 3,742,768 4,022,574 (279,806) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 1,424,432 798,480 1,276,759 799,115 1,238,649 806,125 3,939,840 2,403,720 810,196 810,196 810,196 810,196 810,196 810,196 810,197 810,197 7,180,625 5,644,505 1,536,120 TOTAL 1,821,308 1,367,519 1,783,598 1,368,607 1,768,147 1,380,613 5,373,053 4,116,739 1,387,585 1,387,585 1,387,585 1,387,585 1,387,585 1,387,585 1,387,585 1,387,585 10,923,393 9,667,079 1,256,314
Australian Water Services Pty Ltd Salaries 2,336 0 3,504 0 3,504 0 9,344 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,344 0 9,344 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 1,382 0 2,894 0 1,692 0 5,968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,968 0 5,968 TOTAL 3,718 0 6,398 0 5,196 0 15,312 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,312 0 15,312
Brisbane City Council Salaries 19,723 28,646 22,622 28,646 9,280 28,646 51,625 85,938 28,646 28,646 28,646 28,646 28,646 28,646 28,646 28,646 166,209 200,522 (34,313) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 25,115 31,354 18,864 31,354 4,648 31,354 48,627 94,062 31,354 31,354 31,354 31,354 31,354 31,354 31,354 31,354 174,043 219,478 (45,435) TOTAL 44,838 60,000 41,486 60,000 13,928 60,000 100,252 180,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 340,252 420,000 (79,748)
Centre for Appropriate Technology Inc. Salaries 0 0 15,922 21,815 23,331 21,937 39,253 43,752 21,937 21,937 21,937 21,937 21,937 21,937 21,937 21,937 127,001 131,500 (4,499) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 113,143 29,476 117,507 29,642 230,650 59,118 29,642 29,642 29,642 29,642 29,643 29,643 29,643 29,643 349,220 177,688 171,532 TOTAL 0 0 129,065 51,291 140,838 51,579 269,903 102,870 51,579 51,579 51,579 51,579 51,580 51,580 51,580 51,580 476,221 309,188 167,033
CSIRO Salaries 238,468 205,544 210,324 205,544 186,842 205,544 635,634 616,632 205,544 205,544 205,544 205,544 205,543 205,543 205,543 205,543 1,457,808 1,438,806 19,002 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 513,206 267,191 491,288 267,191 541,839 267,191 1,546,333 801,573 267,191 267,191 267,190 267,190 267,190 267,190 267,190 267,190 2,615,094 1,870,334 744,760 TOTAL 751,674 472,735 701,612 472,735 728,681 472,735 2,181,967 1,418,205 472,735 472,735 472,734 472,734 472,733 472,733 472,733 472,733 4,072,902 3,309,140 763,762
115 Table 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PARTICIPANTS (Cont.)
CUMULATIVE TOTAL EXPENDITURE TO DATE GRAND TOTAL PARTICIPANT YEAR 1 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 YEAR 5 YEAR 6 YEAR 6 YEAR 7 YEAR 7 TOTAL AGREEMENT DIFFERENCE 2001/02 2001/02 2002/03 2002/03 2003/04 2003/04 ACTUAL AGREEMENT 2004/05 2004/05 2005/06 2005/06 2006/07 2006/07 2007/08 2007/08 7 YEARS 7 YEARS 7 YEARS ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT
Curtin University of Technology Salaries 57,070 183,497 68,943 183,497 127,287 183,497 253,300 550,491 183,497 183,497 183,497 183,497 183,497 183,497 183,498 183,498 987,289 1,284,480 (297,191) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 65,072 217,746 112,293 217,746 259,746 217,746 437,111 653,238 217,746 217,746 217,746 217,746 217,745 217,745 217,745 217,745 1,308,093 1,524,220 (216,127) TOTAL 122,142 401,243 181,236 401,243 387,033 401,243 690,411 1,203,729 401,243 401,243 401,243 401,243 401,242 401,242 401,243 401,243 2,295,382 2,808,700 (513,318)
Department of Human Services (VIC) Salaries 8,253 12,731 73,262 12,731 56,415 12,731 137,930 38,193 12,731 12,731 12,731 12,731 12,730 12,730 12,730 12,730 188,852 89,115 99,737 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 9,045 17,269 90,929 17,269 70,009 17,269 169,983 51,807 17,269 17,269 17,269 17,269 17,270 17,270 17,270 17,270 239,061 120,885 118,176 TOTAL 17,298 30,000 164,191 30,000 126,424 30,000 307,913 90,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 427,913 210,000 217,913
EGIS Consulting Australia Pty Ltd Salaries 46,447 50,242 24,863 50,242 0 50,242 71,310 150,726 50,242 50,242 50,242 50,242 50,242 50,242 50,242 50,242 272,278 351,694 (79,416) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 49,794 49,330 22,313 49,330 0 49,330 72,107 147,990 49,330 49,330 49,329 49,329 49,329 49,329 49,329 49,329 269,424 345,307 (75,883) TOTAL 96,241 99,572 47,176 99,572 0 99,572 143,417 298,716 99,572 99,572 99,571 99,571 99,571 99,571 99,571 99,571 541,702 697,001 (155,299)
Environmental Protection Agency (QLD) Salaries 2,400 26,246 2,400 26,246 476 26,246 5,276 78,738 26,246 26,246 26,246 26,246 26,245 26,245 26,245 26,245 110,258 183,720 (73,462) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 37,763 0 37,763 686 37,763 686 113,289 37,763 37,763 37,763 37,763 37,763 37,763 37,762 37,762 151,737 264,340 (112,603) TOTAL 2,400 64,009 2,400 64,009 1,162 64,009 5,962 192,027 64,009 64,009 64,009 64,009 64,008 64,008 64,007 64,007 261,995 448,060 (186,065)
Griffith University Salaries 3,396 101,220 30,099 101,220 27,708 101,220 61,203 303,660 101,220 101,220 101,220 101,220 101,219 101,219 101,219 101,219 466,081 708,538 (242,457) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 1,126 125,982 102,843 125,982 96,665 125,982 200,634 377,946 125,982 125,982 125,982 125,982 125,982 125,982 125,983 125,983 704,563 881,875 (177,312) TOTAL 4,522 227,202 132,942 227,202 124,373 227,202 261,837 681,606 227,202 227,202 227,202 227,202 227,201 227,201 227,202 227,202 1,170,644 1,590,413 (419,769)
Melbourne Water Corporation Salaries 12,980 100,193 50,512 100,194 155,148 100,194 218,640 300,581 100,194 100,194 100,194 100,194 100,195 100,195 100,196 100,196 619,419 701,360 (81,941) Capital 0 0 0 0 82,769 0 82,769 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82,769 0 82,769 Other 9,796 133,359 61,552 133,359 340,689 133,359 412,037 400,077 133,359 133,359 133,359 133,359 133,359 133,359 133,358 133,358 945,472 933,512 11,960 TOTAL 22,776 233,552 112,064 233,553 578,606 233,553 713,446 700,658 233,553 233,553 233,553 233,553 233,554 233,554 233,554 233,554 1,647,660 1,634,872 12,788
116 Table 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PARTICIPANTS (Cont.)
CUMULATIVE TOTAL EXPENDITURE TO DATE GRAND TOTAL PARTICIPANT YEAR 1 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 YEAR 5 YEAR 6 YEAR 6 YEAR 7 YEAR 7 TOTAL AGREEMENT DIFFERENCE 2001/02 2001/02 2002/03 2002/03 2003/04 2003/04 ACTUAL AGREEMENT 2004/05 2004/05 2005/06 2005/06 2006/07 2006/07 2007/08 2007/08 7 YEARS 7 YEARS 7 YEARS ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT
Monash University Salaries 189,608 181,472 120,796 181,472 123,351 181,472 433,755 544,416 181,472 181,472 181,472 181,472 181,472 181,472 181,474 181,474 1,159,645 1,270,306 (110,661) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 394,896 248,999 341,379 248,999 308,059 248,999 1,044,334 746,997 248,999 248,999 248,999 248,999 248,999 248,999 248,998 248,998 2,040,329 1,742,992 297,337 TOTAL 584,504 430,471 462,175 430,471 431,410 430,471 1,478,089 1,291,413 430,471 430,471 430,471 430,471 430,471 430,471 430,472 430,472 3,199,974 3,013,298 186,676
Orica Australia Pty Ltd Salaries 11,844 20,063 5,690 21,125 15,579 22,125 33,113 63,313 23,250 23,250 24,438 24,438 25,750 25,750 26,749 26,749 133,300 163,500 (30,200) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 11,092 25,680 6,453 27,040 17,432 28,320 34,977 81,040 29,760 29,760 31,280 31,280 32,960 32,960 34,240 34,240 163,217 209,280 (46,063) TOTAL 22,936 45,743 12,143 48,165 33,011 50,445 68,090 144,353 53,010 53,010 55,718 55,718 58,710 58,710 60,989 60,989 296,517 372,780 (76,263)
Power and Water Corporation Salaries 47,103 68,811 63,487 68,811 84,114 68,811 194,704 206,433 68,811 68,811 68,811 68,811 68,812 68,812 68,812 68,812 469,950 481,679 (11,729) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 137,093 86,028 79,762 86,028 102,252 86,028 319,107 258,084 86,028 86,028 86,028 86,028 86,027 86,027 86,025 86,025 663,215 602,192 61,023 TOTAL 184,196 154,839 143,249 154,839 186,366 154,839 513,811 464,517 154,839 154,839 154,839 154,839 154,839 154,839 154,837 154,837 1,133,165 1,083,871 49,294
Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific Services Salaries 16,552 96,464 85,859 96,464 79,414 96,464 181,825 289,392 96,464 96,464 96,464 96,464 96,465 96,465 96,465 96,465 567,683 675,250 (107,567) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 32,300 230,974 164,687 230,974 419,923 230,974 616,910 692,922 230,974 230,974 230,974 230,974 230,975 230,975 230,975 230,975 1,540,808 1,616,820 (76,012) TOTAL 48,852 327,438 250,546 327,438 499,337 327,438 798,735 982,314 327,438 327,438 327,438 327,438 327,440 327,440 327,440 327,440 2,108,491 2,292,070 (183,579)
RMIT University Salaries 72,837 108,666 74,219 108,666 85,171 108,666 232,227 325,998 108,666 108,666 108,666 108,666 108,667 108,667 108,669 108,669 666,895 760,666 (93,771) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 144,961 146,947 161,916 146,947 136,498 146,947 443,375 440,841 146,947 146,947 146,947 146,947 146,948 146,948 146,948 146,948 1,031,165 1,028,631 2,534 TOTAL 217,798 255,613 236,135 255,613 221,669 255,613 675,602 766,839 255,613 255,613 255,613 255,613 255,615 255,615 255,617 255,617 1,698,060 1,789,297 (91,237)
SA Water Corporation Salaries 8,064 0 9,216 0 14,283 0 31,563 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31,563 0 31,563 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 233,007 230,000 234,127 230,000 239,510 230,000 706,644 690,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 1,626,644 1,610,000 16,644 TOTAL 241,071 230,000 243,343 230,000 253,793 230,000 738,207 690,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 1,658,207 1,610,000 48,207
117 Table 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PARTICIPANTS (Cont.)
CUMULATIVE TOTAL EXPENDITURE TO DATE GRAND TOTAL PARTICIPANT YEAR 1 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 YEAR 5 YEAR 6 YEAR 6 YEAR 7 YEAR 7 TOTAL AGREEMENT DIFFERENCE 2001/02 2001/02 2002/03 2002/03 2003/04 2003/04 ACTUAL AGREEMENT 2004/05 2004/05 2005/06 2005/06 2006/07 2006/07 2007/08 2007/08 7 YEARS 7 YEARS 7 YEARS ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT
South East Water Ltd Salaries 17,979 20,116 22,889 20,820 4,533 21,549 45,401 62,485 22,303 22,303 23,084 23,084 23,891 23,891 24,727 24,727 139,406 156,490 (17,084) Capital 0 25,000 37,500 25,000 0 0 37,500 50,000 0 0 0 0 37,500 50,000 (12,500) Other 65,731 24,585 68,580 25,446 8,324 26,336 142,635 76,367 27,258 27,258 28,212 28,212 29,200 29,200 30,222 30,222 257,527 191,259 66,268 TOTAL 83,710 69,701 128,969 71,266 12,857 47,885 225,536 188,852 49,561 49,561 51,296 51,296 53,091 53,091 54,949 54,949 434,433 397,749 36,684
Sydney Catchment Authority Salaries 57,151 107,653 48,698 107,653 46,955 107,653 152,804 322,959 107,653 107,653 107,653 107,653 107,653 107,653 107,653 107,653 583,416 753,571 (170,155) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 486,147 145,847 439,901 145,847 60,983 145,847 987,031 437,541 145,847 145,847 145,847 145,847 145,847 145,847 145,847 145,847 1,570,419 1,020,929 549,490 TOTAL 543,298 253,500 488,599 253,500 107,938 253,500 1,139,835 760,500 253,500 253,500 253,500 253,500 253,500 253,500 253,500 253,500 2,153,835 1,774,500 379,335
Sydney Water Corporation Salaries 312,530 288,867 280,215 258,757 278,877 192,290 871,622 739,914 192,290 192,290 192,290 192,290 192,290 192,290 192,291 192,291 1,640,783 1,509,075 131,708 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 597,465 365,804 523,027 327,674 452,976 243,505 1,573,468 936,983 243,505 243,505 243,505 243,505 243,505 243,505 243,505 243,505 2,547,488 1,911,003 636,485 TOTAL 909,995 654,671 803,242 586,431 731,853 435,795 2,445,090 1,676,897 435,795 435,795 435,795 435,795 435,795 435,795 435,796 435,796 4,188,271 3,420,078 768,193
United Water International Pty Ltd Salaries 29,969 32,666 47,928 32,666 82,479 32,666 160,376 97,998 32,666 32,666 32,666 32,666 32,666 32,666 32,666 32,666 291,040 228,662 62,378 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 40,569 38,790 54,759 38,790 94,041 38,790 189,369 116,370 38,790 38,790 38,790 38,790 38,790 38,790 38,790 38,790 344,529 271,530 72,999 TOTAL 70,538 71,456 102,687 71,456 176,520 71,456 349,745 214,368 71,456 71,456 71,456 71,456 71,456 71,456 71,456 71,456 635,569 500,192 135,377
University of Adelaide Salaries 97,794 81,167 65,472 81,167 99,143 81,167 262,409 243,501 81,167 81,167 81,167 81,167 81,167 81,167 81,167 81,167 587,077 568,169 18,908 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 166,139 127,151 152,122 127,151 202,324 127,151 520,585 381,453 127,151 127,151 127,151 127,151 127,151 127,151 127,151 127,151 1,029,189 890,057 139,132 TOTAL 263,933 208,318 217,594 208,318 301,467 208,318 782,994 624,954 208,318 208,318 208,318 208,318 208,318 208,318 208,318 208,318 1,616,266 1,458,226 158,040
University of NSW Salaries 73,086 109,670 65,997 109,670 105,216 109,670 244,299 329,010 109,670 109,670 109,671 109,671 109,671 109,671 109,671 109,671 682,982 767,693 (84,711) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 379,669 171,333 264,448 171,333 205,293 171,333 849,410 513,999 171,333 171,333 171,333 171,333 171,333 171,333 171,334 171,334 1,534,743 1,199,332 335,411 TOTAL 452,755 281,003 330,445 281,003 310,509 281,003 1,093,709 843,009 281,003 281,003 281,004 281,004 281,004 281,004 281,005 281,005 2,217,725 1,967,025 250,700
118 Table 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PARTICIPANTS (Cont.)
CUMULATIVE TOTAL EXPENDITURE TO DATE GRAND TOTAL PARTICIPANT YEAR 1 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 YEAR 5 YEAR 6 YEAR 6 YEAR 7 YEAR 7 TOTAL AGREEMENT DIFFERENCE 2001/02 2001/02 2002/03 2002/03 2003/04 2003/04 ACTUAL AGREEMENT 2004/05 2004/05 2005/06 2005/06 2006/07 2006/07 2007/08 2007/08 7 YEARS 7 YEARS 7 YEARS ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT
University of Queensland Salaries 274,438 256,872 209,645 256,872 88,808 256,872 572,891 770,616 256,872 256,872 256,872 256,872 256,873 256,873 256,874 256,874 1,600,382 1,798,107 (197,725) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 196,961 398,665 403,522 398,665 256,945 398,665 857,428 1,195,995 398,665 398,665 398,665 398,665 398,666 398,666 398,666 398,666 2,452,090 2,790,657 (338,567) TOTAL 471,399 655,537 613,167 655,537 345,753 655,537 1,430,319 1,966,611 655,537 655,537 655,537 655,537 655,539 655,539 655,540 655,540 4,052,472 4,588,764 (536,292)
University of South Australia Salaries 95,241 156,868 106,533 156,868 161,554 156,868 363,328 470,604 156,868 156,868 156,868 156,868 156,869 156,869 156,870 156,870 990,803 1,098,079 (107,276) Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 141,041 243,367 184,815 243,367 277,072 243,367 602,928 730,101 243,367 243,367 243,367 243,367 243,367 243,367 243,368 243,368 1,576,397 1,703,570 (127,173) TOTAL 236,282 400,235 291,348 400,235 438,626 400,235 966,256 1,200,705 400,235 400,235 400,235 400,235 400,236 400,236 400,238 400,238 2,567,200 2,801,649 (234,449)
Water Corporation Salaries 25,779 0 67,839 0 13,304 0 106,922 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 106,922 0 106,922 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 77,225 0 89,104 0 9,577 0 175,906 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175,906 0 175,906 TOTAL 103,004 0 156,943 0 22,881 0 282,828 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 282,828 0 282,828
Water Services Association of Australia Salaries 8,260 0 9,440 0 7,080 0 24,780 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24,780 0 24,780 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 2,432 0 1,533 0 2,064 0 6,029 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,029 0 6,029 TOTAL 10,692 0 10,973 0 9,144 0 30,809 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,809 0 30,809
Yarra Valley Water Ltd Salaries 5,917 0 20,706 0 17,470 0 44,093 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44,093 0 44,093 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 18,792 0 102,617 0 27,963 0 149,372 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 149,372 0 149,372 TOTAL 24,709 0 123,323 0 45,433 0 193,465 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 193,465 0 193,465
119 Table 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PARTICIPANTS (Cont.)
CUMULATIVE TOTAL EXPENDITURE TO DATE GRAND TOTAL PARTICIPANT YEAR 1 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 YEAR 5 YEAR 6 YEAR 6 YEAR 7 YEAR 7 TOTAL AGREEMENT DIFFERENCE 2001/02 2001/02 2002/03 2002/03 2003/04 2003/04 ACTUAL AGREEMENT 2004/05 2004/05 2005/06 2005/06 2006/07 2006/07 2007/08 2007/08 7 YEARS 7 YEARS 7 YEARS ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT
TOTAL IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS Salaries 2,170,017 2,832,763 2,328,157 2,826,690 2,430,908 2,767,068 6,929,083 8,426,521 2,771,848 2,771,848 2,773,818 2,773,818 2,775,939 2,775,939 2,777,782 2,777,782 18,028,470 19,525,908 (1,497,438) Capital 0 25,000 37,500 25,000 82,769 0 120,269 50,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120,269 50,000 70,269 Other 5,260,202 4,186,594 5,643,494 4,180,796 5,522,750 4,105,973 16,426,446 12,473,363 4,112,406 4,112,406 4,114,878 4,114,878 4,117,549 4,117,549 4,119,850 4,119,850 32,891,129 28,938,046 3,953,083
GRAND TOTAL (IN KIND) (T1) 7,430,219 7,044,357 8,009,151 7,032,486 8,036,427 6,873,041 23,475,798 20,949,884 6,884,254 6,884,254 6,888,696 6,888,696 6,893,488 6,893,488 6,897,632 6,897,632 51,039,868 48,513,954 2,525,914
Basis of Valuation
1. Salaries have been valued at actual cost based on time spent on relevant activities.
2. Participants contributions have been valued seperately for each paticipant organisation utilising the multiplier shown in the Commonwealth Agreement. For participants without a derived multiplier, the average multiplier for the CRCWQT was applied.
3. City West Water Ltd was approved by the Governing Board to join the CRC in Year 3, but as of the date of this Report, they had not been formally admitted as a new party to the Centre by the Commonwealth. City West Water Ltd contributed $12,781 of in-kind during Year 3.
4. Non - participant contributions in Year 3 amounted to $87,679.
5. Total contributions including those of Notes 3 and 4 total $8,136,887.
120 Table 2. CASH CONTRIBUTIONS GRAND TOTAL PARTICIPANTS YEAR 1 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 3 CUMULATIVE TOTAL YEAR 4 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 YEAR 5 YEAR 6 YEAR 6 YEAR 7 YEAR 7 TOTAL AGREEMENT DIFFERENCE 2001/02 2001/02 2002/03 2002/03 2003/04 2003/04 TO DATE 2004/05 2004/05 2005/06 2005/06 2006/07 2006/07 2006/07 2006/07 SEVEN SEVEN SEVEN ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT YEARS YEARS YEARS ACTUAL AGREEMENT
ACTEW Corporation Ltd 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 37,500 50,000 137,500 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 337,500 350,000 (12,500)
Australian Water Quality Centre 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 60,000 60,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 140,000 140,000 0
Australian Water Services Pty Ltd 63,000 63,000 63,000 63,000 63,000 63,000 189,000 189,000 63,000 63,000 63,000 63,000 63,000 63,000 63,000 63,000 441,000 441,000 0
Brisbane City Council 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 350,000 350,000 0
CSIRO 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 45,000 45,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 105,000 105,000 0
Curtin University of Technology 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 350,000 350,000 0
Department of Human Service (VIC) 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 300,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 700,000 700,000 0
Egis Consulting Australia Pty Ltd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Environmental Protection Agency (QLD) 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 300,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 700,000 700,000 0
Griffith University 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 120,000 120,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 280,000 280,000 0
Melbourne Water Corporation 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 350,000 350,000 0
Monash University 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 180,000 180,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 420,000 420,000 0
Orica Australia Pty Ltd 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 350,000 350,000 0
Power & Water Corporation 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 350,000 350,000 0
Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RMIT University 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 45,000 45,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 105,000 105,000 0
SA Water Corporation 400,000 400,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 900,000 900,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 1,900,000 1,900,000 0
South East Water Ltd 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 350,000 350,000 0
Sydney Catchment Authority 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 600,000 600,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 0
Sydney Water Corporation 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 450,000 450,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 1,050,000 1,050,000 0
Townsville Thuringowa Water Supply Board 50,000 50,000 0 0 0 0 50,000 50,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 50,000 0
United Water International Pty Ltd 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 300,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 700,000 700,000 0
University of Adelaide 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 90,000 90,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 210,000 210,000 0
University of New South Wales 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 300,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 700,000 700,000 0
University of Queensland 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 350,000 350,000 0
University of South Australia 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 350,000 350,000 0
Water Corporation 175,000 175,000 175,000 175,000 175,000 175,000 525,000 525,000 175,000 175,000 175,000 175,000 175,000 175,000 175,000 175,000 1,225,000 1,225,000 0
Water Services Association of Australia 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 330,000 330,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 770,000 770,000 0
Yarra Valley Water Ltd 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 350,000 350,000 0
TOTAL CASH FROM PARTICIPANTS 2,228,000 2,228,000 2,028,000 2,028,000 2,015,500 2,028,000 6,271,500 6,284,000 2,028,000 2,028,000 2,028,000 2,028,000 2,028,000 2,028,000 2,028,000 2,028,000 14,383,500 14,396,000 (12,500)
121 Table 2. CASH CONTRIBUTIONS (Cont.) GRAND TOTAL
YEAR 1 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 3 CUMULATIVE TOTAL YEAR 4 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 YEAR 5 YEAR 6 YEAR 6 YEAR 7 YEAR 7 TOTAL AGREEMENT DIFFERENCE 2001/02 2001/02 2002/03 2002/03 2003/04 2003/04 TO DATE 2004/05 2004/05 2005/06 2005/06 2006/07 2006/07 2006/07 2006/07 SEVEN SEVEN SEVEN ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT YEARS YEARS YEARS ACTUAL AGREEMENT
OTHER CASH
Participants (Note 1) 105,000 0 562,125 0 650,803 0 1,317,928 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,317,928 0 1,317,928
Associates 90,000 90,000 122,500 90,000 150,000 90,000 362,500 270,000 100,000 90,000 100,000 90,000 100,000 90,000 100,000 90,000 762,500 630,000 132,500
Interest 105,242 50,000 138,661 50,000 150,944 50,000 394,847 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 594,847 350,000 244,847
Sundry income 430 0 0 0 53,631 0 54,061 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54,061 0 54,061
Contract Research (Note 2) 113,782 0 775,771 400,000 382,863 400,000 1,272,416 800,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 2,872,416 2,400,000 472,416
Note 3 0 0 0 0 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 250,000 250,000 0
TOTAL OTHER CASH 414,454 140,000 1,599,057 540,000 1,438,241 590,000 3,451,752 1,270,000 600,000 590,000 600,000 590,000 600,000 590,000 600,000 590,000 5,851,752 3,630,000 2,221,752
FUNDING FROM THE CRC GRANT 1,906,000 1,906,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 6,906,000 6,906,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,344,000 2,344,000 16,750,000 16,750,000 0
TOTAL CASH CONTRIBUTION CRC (T2) 4,548,454 4,274,000 6,127,057 5,068,000 5,953,741 5,118,000 16,629,252 14,460,000 5,128,000 5,118,000 5,128,000 5,118,000 5,128,000 5,118,000 4,972,000 4,962,000 36,985,252 34,776,000 5,839,252
Cash carried over from previous year 1,436,122 0 1,393,716 0 3,019,903 0 5,849,741 0 2,276,284 (2,000) 2,284,284 (4,000) 2,242,284 (6,000) 2,200,284 (8,000) 1,992,284 (176,000) 2,168,284
LESS Unspent Balance 1,393,716 468,000 3,019,903 (102,000) 2,276,284 (2,000) 6,689,903 364,000 2,284,284 (4,000) 2,292,284 (6,000) 2,300,284 (8,000) 2,142,284 (176,000) 2,848,446 14,000 2,834,446
TOTAL CRC CASH
EXPENDITURE (T3) 4,590,860 3,806,000 4,500,870 5,170,000 6,697,359 5,120,000 15,789,090 14,096,000 5,120,000 5,120,000 5,120,000 5,120,000 5,120,000 5,120,000 5,130,000 5,130,000 36,279,090 34,586,000 1,693,090
Note 1 : Year 1 : Melbourne Water $50,000: WSSA $50,000 and Power & Water $5,000. Year 2 : ACTEW $33,846: Australia Water Services $15,000: Brisbane City Council $2,500: Department of Health $15,000: Melbourne Water $144,993: Orica Australia $15,000: Power & Water $15,000: SA Water $39,457: South East Water $23,149: Sydney Catchment Authority $100,000: Sydney Water Corp $15,000: United Water $5,000: Water Corporation $43,847: WSAA $73,333: and Yarra Valley Water $21,000. Year 3 : ACTEW $6,000: Brisbane City Council $21,000: City West Water $6,000: Department of Health $124,874: Melbourne Water $250,000: Power & Water $10,000: SA Water $35,177: South East Water $6,000: Sydney Water Corp $73,000: United Water $39,252 and WSSA $79,500.
Note 2 : Year 1 : Funds contributed by ARMAHNZ $40,000 and AWWARF $73,782. Year 2 : Funds contributed by AWWARF $520,922: Department of Health NSW $20,000: DNRE (Vic) $140,000: Gold Coast City Council $20,000 Hobart Water $6,000: Torrens Catchment Water Management Board $23,849: and WTA $45,000. Year 3 : Funds contributed by AWWARF $271,863: Department of Health & Ageing $15,000: EPA Qld $15,000: Hobart Water $6,000: South East Queensland Water $30,000 and WTA $45,000. Note 3 : City West Water Ltd was approved by the Governing Board to join the CRC in Year 3, but as of the date of this Report, they had not been formally admitted as a new party to the Centre by the Commonwealth. During the year, City West contributed $50,000.
122 Table 3. SUMMARY OF RESOURCES APPLIED TO ACTIVITIES GRAND TOTAL
YEAR 1 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 3 CUMULATIVE TOTAL YEAR 4 YEAR 4 YEAR 5. YEAR 5 YEAR 6 YEAR 6 YEAR 7 YEAR 7 TOTAL AGREEMENT DIFFERENCE 2001/02 2001/02 2002/03 2002/03 2003/04 2003/04 TO DATE 2004/05 2004/05 2005/06 2005/06 2006/07 2006/07 2000/01 2001/02 SEVEN SEVEN SEVEN ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT ACTUAL AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT BUDGET AGREEMENT YEARS YEARS YEARS ACTUAL AGREEMENT
GRAND TOTAL (IN KIND)
from TABLE 1 (T1) 7,430,219 7,044,356 8,009,151 7,032,486 8,136,887 6,873,041 23,576,257 20,949,883 6,884,254 6,884,254 6,888,696 6,888,696 6,893,488 6,893,488 6,897,632 6,897,632 51,140,327 48,513,953 2,626,374
GRAND TOTAL (CASH)
from TABLE 2 (T3) 4,590,860 3,806,000 4,500,870 5,170,000 6,697,359 5,120,000 15,789,090 14,096,000 5,120,000 5,120,000 5,120,000 5,120,000 5,120,000 5,120,000 5,130,000 5,130,000 36,279,090 34,586,000 1,693,090
TOTAL RESOURCES
AVAILABLE TO CRC 12,021,079 10,850,356 12,510,021 12,202,486 14,834,246 11,993,041 39,365,347 35,045,883 12,004,254 12,004,254 12,008,696 12,008,696 12,013,488 12,013,488 12,027,632 12,027,632 87,419,417 83,099,953 4,319,464
ALLOCATION OF TOTAL RESOURCES APPLIED TO ACTIVITIES OF CENTRE BETWEEN HEADS OF EXPENDITURE
TOTAL SALARIES
(CASH AND IN - KIND) 5,024,799 4,926,062 4,854,955 5,425,190 6,986,571 5,340,568 16,866,324 15,691,820 5,345,348 5,345,348 5,347,318 5,347,318 5,349,439 5,349,439 5,356,282 5,356,282 38,264,711 37,090,207 1,174,505
TOTAL CAPITAL
(CASH AND IN - KIND) 16,350 25,000 126,131 25,000 82,769 0 225,250 50,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 225,250 50,000 175,250
TOTAL OTHER
(CASH AND IN - KIND) 6,979,930 5,899,294 7,528,936 6,752,296 7,764,907 6,652,473 22,273,773 19,304,063 6,658,906 6,658,906 6,661,378 6,661,378 6,664,049 6,664,049 6,671,350 6,671,350 48,929,456 45,959,746 2,969,710
TOTAL ALLOCATION 12,021,079 10,850,356 12,510,021 12,202,486 14,834,246 11,993,041 39,365,347 35,045,883 12,004,254 12,004,254 12,008,696 12,008,696 12,013,488 12,013,488 12,027,632 12,027,632 87,419,417 83,099,953 4,319,464
123 Table 4 . ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES BETWEEN CATEGORIES OF ACTIVITIES PROGRAM
RESOURCE USAGE
Staff Staff Funded PROGRAM $Cash (1) $ In - kind Contrib. (2) by CRC (2)
Research 4,984,686 6,559,035 21.0 29.1
Education 494,163 782,715 2.3 0.9
Commercialisation 17,016 27,758 0.0 0.2
Administration 953,542 586,861 0.6 4.4
Communications 247,953 180,517 0.3 0.7
TOTAL 6,697,359 8,136,887 24.2 35.3
(1) Cash from all sources, including CRC program. (2) Person years, professional and support staff. (3) Table 4 is unaudited.
124 A Member Firm of PKF International
Chartered Accountants & Business Advisers INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT TO 1st Floor 44 Greenhill Road Wayville THE COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRES PROGRAM, South Australia 5034 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TRAINING GPO Box 2505 REPRESENTING THE COMMONWEALTH IN RESPECT OF THE Adelaide SA 5001 COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE FOR WATER QUALITY & TREATMENT DX 221 Adelaide Tel: 618 8373 2070 Fax: 618 8373 2087 FINANCIAL INFORMATION FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2004 www.pkf.com.au
Scope
We have audited the financial information of the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment as set out in Tables 1, 2 and 3 of the Annual Report for the year ended 30 June 2004. The parties to the Cooperative Research Centre are responsible for the preparation and presentation of the financial information. We have conducted an independent audit of the financial information in order to express an opinion on it to the parties to the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment.
The financial information has been prepared for the parties to the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment for the purposes of fulfilling their annual reporting obligations under clause 14(1)(f) of the Commonwealth Agreement and for distribution to the Cooperative Research Centres Program, Department of Education, Science and Training, representing the Commonwealth of Australia. We disclaim any assumption of responsibility for any reliance on this report or on the financial information to which it relates to any person other than those mentioned above or for any purpose other than that for which it was prepared.
Our audit has been conducted in accordance with Australian auditing standards to provide reasonable assurance as to whether the financial information is free of material misstatement. Our procedures included examination, on a test basis, of evidence supporting the amounts and other disclosures in the financial information and the evaluation of accounting policies and significant accounting estimates. These procedures have been undertaken to form an opinion whether, in all material respects, the financial information is presented fairly in accordance with Australian accounting concepts and standards and requirements of the Commonwealth Agreement in terms of Clauses 4 (Contributions), 5(1), 5(2) and 5(3) (Application of the Grant and Contributions), 9(1) and 9(5) (Intellectual Property) and 12(2) (Financial Provisions), so as to present a view of the sources of funding and the application of funding of the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment and the application of which is consistent with our understanding of its financial activities during the year and its financial position.
While we have not performed any audit procedures upon the estimates for the next period, and do not express any opinion thereon, we ascertained that they have been formally approved by the Board as required under the Joint Venture Agreement.
The audit opinion expressed in this report has been formed on the above basis.
114 115125 Audit Opinion 1. The multipliers adopted by the Centre to value in-kind contributions, other than salary costs, have a sound and reasonable basis and each partner’s component of the Researcher’s contributions for the year under report has been provided at least to the value for that year committed in the Budget as specified in the Agreement, with the following exceptions: Amount Amount Committed Committed Organisation $ $ ACTEW Corporation 100,000 76,972 Brisbane City Council 110,000 84,928 Curtin University of Technology, School of Applied Chemistry 451,243 437,033 EGIS Consulting Australia Pty Ltd 99,572 - Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland 164,009 101,162 Griffith University, Australian School of Environmental Studies 267,202 164,373 Orica Australia Limited 100,445 83,011 RMIT University, School of Civil and Chemical Engineering 270,613 236,669 South East Water Limited 97,885 68,857 Sydney Catchment Authority 453,500 307,938 University of Queensland, Department of Microbiology andParasitology 705,537 395,753
With the exception of the ACTEW Corporation, whose final cash contribution was received in July 2004, all cash committed to the Centre was received during the year.
During the year ended 30 June 2003 the involvement of the EGIS Consulting Australia Pty Ltd as a supporting participant was discontinued as the Company ceased trading.
The total value of all contributions for the year under report equalled or exceeded the amount of the Grant paid during the year, not including advances.
2. The Researcher has used the Grant and the Researcher’s contributions for the activities of the Centre and in our professional opinion there appear to be no material reporting irregularities.
3. The Researcher’s allocations of the budgetary resources between Heads of Expenditure has been lower or higher than the allocation in the budget by $100,000 or 20%, whichever is the greater amount, without prior approval by the Commonwealth. The variation related to salaries expenditure where actual expenditure of $6,986,571 exceeded budgeted expenditure of $5,340,568 by $1,646,003.
4. Capital Items acquired from the Grant and Researcher’s contributions are vested as provided in the Joint Venture Agreement.
5 A statement signed by the Chief Executive Officer to the effect that Intellectual Property in all contract material is vested as provided in the Joint Venture Agreement and no Intellectual Property has been assigned or licensed without the prior approval of the Commonwealth has been seen by us.
6. Proper accounting standards and controls have been exercised in respect of the Grant and Researcher’s Contributions and income and expenditure in relation to the Activities of the Centre have been recorded separately from other transactions of the Researcher. PKF Chartered Accountants
D A MAJOR Partner Signed at Adelaide, this 23rd day of August 2004.
126116 Abbreviations
ADWG Australian Drinking Water Guidelines
AFM Atomic force microscopy
ANN Artificial neural networks
Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia ARMCANZ and New Zealand
AWQC Australian Water Quality Centre
AwwaRF American Water Works Association Research Foundation
BAC Bacterial artificial chromosome
CAT Centre for Appropriate Technology
CDNA Communicable Diseases Network of Australia
CFS Cross flow sampler
COD Chemical oxygen demand
CRC Cooperative Research Centre
CRCCH CRC for Catchment Hydrology
CRCFE CRC for Freshwater Ecology
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
DAF Dissolved air floatation
DBP Disinfection by-products
DOC Dissolved organic carbon
DRCT Disinfectant residual control tool
DSS Decision support system
EERE Environmental Engineering Research Event
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunoassay
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FTIR Fourier transform infra red
GAC Granular activated carbon
GC-MS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
GWRC Global Water Research Coalition
HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
HPSEC High performance size exclusion chromatography
126116 117127 Abbreviations
LPS Lipopolysaccharides
LWA Land and Water Australia
MF Microfiltration
MFI Modified fouling index
MIB 2-methylisoborneol
MW Molecular weight
NDMA Dimethylnitrosamine
NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council
NOAEL No observable adverse effect level
NOM Natural organic matter
NRMMC Natural Resources Management Ministerial Council
OM Online monitoring
PAC Powdered activated carbon
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PDA Photo diode-array
QC/QA Quality control/quality assurance
QHPSS Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services
SBSE Stir bar sorptive extraction
SCA Sydney Catchment Authority
SDI Silt density index
SME Small to medium enterprise
THM Trihalomethanes
UDS Unscheduled DNA synthesis
UNSW University of New South Wales
UQ University of Queensland
UTS University of Technology, Sydney
WHO World Health Organization
WQ Water Quality
WSAA Water Services Association of Australia
WTP Water Treatment Plant
118128 Mission To assist the Australian water industry produce high quality drinking water at an affordable price. We Received Other 10% Cash from Grant Vision 18% By 2010, the Australian water industry will have achieved a high level of community confidence in the safety and quality of the country’s water supply systems. Research undertaken In-kind from Cash from Participants Participants by the Centre will have laid a solid foundation for evidence 57% 15% based investment decisions for water infrastructure, as well as providing innovative solutions for achieving enhanced aesthetic water quality that meets community needs.
Objectives We Expended • Undertaking a high quality, targeted research program that Communication & Commercialisation 3% seeks to provide the knowledge and innovative solutions Administration 10% required to meet national and water industry objectives for drinking water quality in the major urban centres and in regional Australia, including small rural and indigenous communities. Education Research 9% 78% • Building on the success of the existing cooperation activity between the Parties to incorporate evidence-based guidelines into the Australian drinking water regulatory system. • Involving a high proportion of the water industry end-users in the development, conduct and utilisation of the research and other activities of the CRC for Water Quality and We Received $M Treatment. Cash from Grant $2.50 • Enhancing the strategic international alliances to ensure Cash from Participants $2.07 that CRC for Water Quality and Treatment activities are In-Kind from Participants $8.14 well founded on the best experience and knowledge already available, and to provide, where appropriate, the benefit Other Income $1.34 of Australian experience and opinion in the formulation of Total $14.05 international water quality management strategies and guidelines. We Expended $M • Providing high quality, well trained and informed Research $11.53 professionals as future leaders in the industry through an Education $1.28 extensive postgraduate student program. • Effectively communicating the outcomes of the CRC for Administration $1.54 Water Quality and Treatment research activity to the Communication & Commercialisation $0.47 industry and the community. Total $14.82 AnnualReport2003-2004
CRC for Water Quality and Treatment
Private Mail Bag 3
Salisbury
SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5108
Tel: (08) 8259 0211
Fax: (08) 8259 0228
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.waterquality.crc.org.au
Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment
Annual Report 2003 - 2004 Cooperative Research Centre forWater QualityandTreatment
The Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment is an unincorporated joint venture between:
ACTEW Corporation Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific
Australian Water Quality Centre Services
Australian Water Services Pty Ltd RMIT University
Brisbane City Council South Australian Water Corporation
Centre for Appropriate Technology Inc South East Water Ltd
CSIRO Sydney Catchment Authority
Curtin University of Technology Sydney Water Corporation
Department of Human Services Victoria The University of Adelaide
City West Water Limited The University of New South Wales
Environmental Protection Agency Queensland The University of Queensland
Griffith University United Water International Pty Ltd
Melbourne Water Corporation University of South Australia
Monash University Water Corporation
Orica Australia Pty Ltd Water Services Association of Australia Established and supported under the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program Power and Water Corporation Yarra Valley Water Ltd