The Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment is an unincorporated joint venture between:
ACTEW Corporation Australian Water Quality Centre Australian Water Services Pty Ltd Brisbane City Council Centre for Appropriate Technology Inc City West Water Limited CSIRO Curtin University of Technology Department of Human Services Victoria 2005 - 2006 Griffith University Annual Report Melbourne Water Corporation Monash University Orica Australia Pty Ltd Power and Water Corporation Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific Services RMIT University South Australian Water Corporation South East Water Ltd Sydney Catchment Authority Sydney Water Corporation
The University of Adelaide CRC for Water Quality and Treatment
The University of New South Wales Private Mail Bag 3 The University of Queensland Salisbury United Water International Pty Ltd SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5108 University of South Australia Tel: (08) 8259 0211 University of Technology, Sydney Water Corporation Fax: (08) 8259 0228 Water Services Association of Australia E-mail: [email protected]
Yarra Valley Water Ltd Web: www.waterquality.crc.org.au 2005 - 2006 Annual Report To assist the Australian water industry produce high quality drinking water at an affordable price. Mission To assist the Australian water industry produce high quality drinking water at an affordable price.
Vision By 2010, the Australian water industry will have achieved a high level of community confidence in the safety and We Received Other quality of the country’s water supply systems. Research 9% Cash from Grant undertaken by the Centre will have laid a solid foundation 16% for evidence based investment decisions for water infrastructure, as well as providing innovative solutions for achieving enhanced aesthetic water quality that meets community needs.
Objectives In-Kind from Cash from • Undertaking a high quality, targeted research program Participants Participants 13% that seeks to provide the knowledge and innovative 62% solutions required to meet national and water industry objectives for drinking water quality in the major urban 2005 - 2006 centres and in regional Australia, including small rural and Indigenous communities. • Building on the success of the existing cooperative We Expended Communication & activity between the Parties to incorporate evidence- Commercialisation Administration based guidelines into the Australian drinking water 3% 8% regulatory system. • Involving a high proportion of the water industry end- users in the development, conduct and utilisation of 2005 - 2006 the research and other activities of the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. Education Research • Enhancing the strategic international alliances to ensure 13% 76% that CRC for Water Quality and Treatment activities are well founded on the best experience and knowledge already available, and to provide, where appropriate, the benefit of Australian experience and opinion in the formulation of international water quality management strategies and guidelines. We Received $M • Providing high quality, well trained and informed Cash From Grant 2.50 professionals as future leaders in the industry through an extensive postgraduate student program. Cash From Participants 2.03 • Effectively communicating the outcomes of the CRC In-Kind From Participants 9.69 for Water Quality and Treatment research activity to Other Income 1.40 the industry and the community. Total 15.62 To assist the Australian We Expended $M water industry produce Research 11.89 Education 2.04
Administration 1.18 high quality drinking water Communication & Commercialisation 0.55 Total 15.66 at an affordable price. OUR CRC
Executive Summary 2
Governance, Structure and Management 3
Research Projects 9
Context and Major Developments 13
Commercialisation, Technology Transfer and Utilisation 14
Assessment of Track Record 17
RESEARCH
Program Group One: Health and Aesthetics 22
Program Group Two: Catchment to Customer 36
Program Group Three: Policy, Regulation and Stakeholder Involvement 76
Research Grants 84
SHARING KNOWLEDGE
Education and Training 85
Communication Strategy 92
Performance Measures 95
Specified Personnel 106
Publications 107
FINANCE
Budget and Resources 114
Auditor’s Report 133
Abbreviations 136
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This annual report details the activities and achievements of the water shortages are not particularly high. Details of the study have eleventh year of the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality been published as Research Report 28: Community Views on Water and Treatment. The continuing pressures of a sustained drought and Shortages and Conservation. increasing awareness of the consequences of climate change are changing the way Australians think about and use water. These changes As research outputs grow, the Centre continues to seek ways of continue to impact the Australian water industry, and therefore the transferring knowledge and technology to the Australian water Centre, as we strive to assist the water industry to provide high quality industry. To further this aim the Centre held two series of national drinking water at an affordable price. technology transfer workshops, known as ‘roadshows’, during the reporting period. These events travel to most major capital cities in This Centre also underwent several significant changes during the Australia to present the Centre’s research outcomes. The Distribution reporting period. The most notable was the resignation of CEO, Systems Roadshow covered Centre research on disinfection Professor Don Bursill which came into effect on 22 December 2005. management and biofilms. A case study approach was used to Professor Bursill has been CEO of the Centre since its inception in demonstrate the benefits of the computer-based tools which have 1995. He was also involved in paving the way for the Centre in the four been developed. To complement this event a publication known as a years previous to its operation. It is a fitting tribute to his leadership technical fact sheet was developed on disinfection management. This and abilities that he was awarded the inaugural South Australian publication was downloaded over 63,000 after being placed on the Premier’s Medal by the Minister for Environment and Conservation, website in November 2005. The Natural Organic Matter Roadshow the Honourable John Hill MP for outstanding individual achievement presented information produced during the Centre’s eleven years of in the water industry at the South Australian Branch of the Australian operation. The event focussed on how NOM affects water treatment Water Association Awards. Professor Bursill has achieved a significant and disinfection, complicates manganese problems and more. In national and international reputation in the field of water science as total, over 400 people attended these events. applied to the water industry, both in respect of the utilities sector as well as the natural resources management sector. He forged Keith Stallard and Tony Priestley attended a meeting of the Global valuable links with counterpart individuals and organisations, which, Water Research Coalition (GWRC) and the Emerging Technologies in some cases, led to the development of significant interstate and workshop in Switzerland in May 2006. The Centre is currently international cooperative arrangements for research in water quality playing a lead role in a GWRC project on endocrine disrupting and water treatment. compounds. The Emerging Technologies workshop highlights key technical developments in urban water and is a useful mechanism for The beginning of a new year also saw the commencement of a new international communication in this area. Tony Priestley delivered a CEO for the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. Mr Keith Stallard paper outlining a number of Centre developments in water treatment began his new role on the 23 January 2006. Mr Stallard’s primary and distribution. In addition, two USA/Australian collaborative projects training was in Civil Engineering and Environmental Studies at the on pathogen movement in catchments and storage reservoirs, which University of Wales before completing a number of postgraduate were led by Centre researchers, were highlighted at the specific qualifications. He held varying positions in the water industry request of the American partners. The Centre continues to maintain internationally before setting up his own water consultancy business close working relationships with the GWRC and is currently developing in Sydney in 1997. a research collaboration on amoebae in water.
In other significant personnel changes the Centre welcomed Adam The Centre continues to have a constructive relationship with the Lovell to the position of Deputy Chairman of the Governing Board American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF). after the resignation of Jack McKean from SA Water towards the end The Centre secured one project in response to requests for proposals of 2005. The Program Leaders for both the Rural and Regional Water call and agreed to jointly fund two other projects of mutual interest. Supplies and Toxicology Programs also changed during the reporting period. The Education and Training Program of the Centre continues to grow. In line with a Governing Board decision to accept a new intake of PhD Chairman of the Governing Board, Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis, students another eleven students joined the Centre. A further three was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from La Trobe students will join in 2006. The Centre is also pleased to announce a University. This is a further indication of the high esteem in which further six PhD graduates in the current reporting period with several Professor Millis is held. other awaiting their PhD thesis outcome. This takes the total number of graduates to forty-four since the Centre began in 1995. In the search for responses to continuing water shortages, the issue of water recycling continues to rise on the national water agenda. The Governing Board of the Centre has decided to seek support for Several Centre researchers were involved in the development of an independent research centre rather than apply for another term as Phase 1 of the National Water Recycling Guidelines. The guidelines a Cooperative Research Centre. Planning is well underway and the were released for public consultation from November 2005-February new centre is expected to be formed by July 2007. This will provide a 2006. Revisions have been made and the final draft has been transition year during which both centres are operational and allow an provided to the Environment Protection and Heritage Council and the orderly progression to the new centre. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council for approval. The guidelines cover the reuse and recycling of sewage effluent and grey water from large-scale centralised treatment facilities for non-potable uses. It is anticipated that the guidelines will be approved for release before the end of 2006.
As those responsible for policy development continue to think about how to respond to water shortages this issue has also become important for the community in general. The social research program of the Centre conducted a survey of 3,500 residents in Adelaide, Darwin, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney to explore community attitudes to water shortages and conservation. The study found that people have come to accept the drought and water restrictions as a way of life but that the levels of concern and sense of urgency about
2 GOVERNANCE, STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT
The Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment is Adam Lovell from Sydney Water was elected as the new Deputy Chair. an unincorporated joint venture between 29 participants representing The CEO also sits on the Governing Board as an ex officio member government, industry and research organisations. The Centre and the Business Manager is the Board Secretary. was established in July 2001 under the Australian Government The following list of actions has been taken to ensure a high level of Cooperative Research Centres Program. A formal agreement, known executive involvement from all Centre parties: as the Centre Agreement, between the participating organisations defines the contributions of the parties and the nature and scope of the cooperation. The Centre’s head office is located at the Australian v A meeting of representatives of all Centre parties is held adjacent Water Quality Centre in Adelaide, with parties in all mainland states to all meetings of the Governing Board to provide immediate and territories. communication between all parties and the Governing Board as well as reporting on progress and other key issues. An Annual General Meeting was also held in September 2005. The Centre also operates an Associates Program as a way of involving a broader spectrum of the Australian water industry in the Centre’s v All parties can contribute to the Governing Board agenda and activities. Amongst a range of benefits, associates can be involved all parties receive Governing Board papers for comment prior to in various Centre activities and have access to certain of the Centre’s meetings of the Governing Board. resources. However, associates have no role in Centre governance. v Any party can call a meeting of representatives of all Centre parties.
The parties and associate members are listed in Tables One and Two. v Members of the Governing Board serve staggered three- During the year no participant membership applications were received year terms, with predetermined members up for re-election by the Governing Board but two new associate organisations joined or retirement. The Independent Chair has a casting vote on the Centre from 1 July 2005. decisions of the Governing Board. v All parties are involved in strategic reviews and program development. Governing Board v All industry parties may nominate for industry panels and project The Centre is managed by a Governing Board. This sets policy, advisory groups. strategic directions and budgets for the Centre, as well as monitoring the performance and progress of the full range of Centre activities. v All parties may nominate for committees established by the The Governing Board consists of an independent chairman (Emeritus Governing Board, eg. Commercialisation and Strategy and Professor Nancy Millis AC MBE), seven representatives of industry Planning Committees. parties and three representatives of research parties. Representation on the Governing Board is determined by ballot. Between the October The Governing Board met on four occasions in 2005-06. A meeting of and December 2005 Governing Board meetings Mr Jack McKean representatives of all Centre parties was held in conjunction with each resigined from SA Water, and therefore also as the Deputy Chair of the Governing Board meeting. Centre Governing Board. At the December 2005 Board Meeting Mr
Attendees of the February Participants Meeting held in Melbourne.
3 GOVERNANCE, STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT
As at 30 June 2006, the members of the Governing Board were: The most significant commercialisation activity has been the v Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis, Independent Chair incorporation of a company, Carbon ReGen Pty Ltd, to further develop and commercialise a process for regenerating activated carbon. v Mr Adam Lovell, Sydney Water Corporation, Deputy Chair v Dr Peter Franzmann, CSIRO Strategy and Planning Committee v Ms Jan Bowman, Department of Human Services (Vic) The Strategy and Planning Committee was originally set up to assist v Professor Max Standage, Griffith University the Governing Board in overseeing the Centre’s financial activities. v Mr Peter Scott, Melbourne Water Corporation During the year the Committee’s responsibilities were reviewed and v Professor David Copolov, Monash University changed to reflect a greater emphasis on the creation of a national water research centre past the current seven year commitment from v Mr Darryl Day, Power and Water Corporation the Commonwealth Government. The membership was increased to v Ms Anne Howe, SA Water Corporation accommodate the change in responsibility including a representative v Mr Keith Cadee, Water Corporation from the private sector. The main aims of the Strategy and Planning v Mr Ross Young, Water Services Association of Australia Committee are: v Mr Keith Stallard, Centre CEO (ex officio) v the establishment of a new research entity that will grow out of the current Centre v Mr George Turelli, Centre Business Manager (Board Secretary). v transitional issues concerning the new entity as requested by the Governing Board. Commercialisation Committee
The Commercialisation Committee is comprised of experienced The Committee reports directly to the Governing Board and met on personnel drawn from Centre parties. The Committee has worked four occasions during the year. closely with research program leaders to ensure the relevance of Centre research. This process has been particularly important in refining project approval processes and providing feedback from As at 30 June 2006, the members of the Planning and Strategy end users of Centre research. The Committee reports directly to the Committee were: Governing Board and met on four occasions during the year. v Mr Ross Young, Water Services Association of Australia, Chair v Mr Adam Lovell, Sydney Water Corporation As at 30 June 2006, the members of the Commercialisation Committee v Mr Darryl Day, Power and Water Corporation were: v Dr John Howard, SA Water Corporation v Mr Keith Cadee, Water Corporation, Chair v Dr Peter Franzmann, CSIRO v Dr Therese Flapper/Dr Christobel Ferguson, ACTEW Corporation v Mr Peter Scott, Melbourne Water Corporation Ltd/Ecowise Environmental v Ms Jan Bowman, Department of Human Services (Vic) v Mr Mike Jury, Australian Water Services Pty Ltd v Professor Felicity Roddick, RMIT University v Dr Hung Nguyen, Orica Australia Pty Ltd v Professor John McNeil, Monash University v Professor Felicity Roddick, RMIT University v Mr Chris Davis, Australian Water Association (Private sector v Dr John Howard, SA Water Corporation representative) v Dr Stephanie Rinck-Pfeiffer, United Water International Pty Ltd v Mr Keith Stallard, Centre CEO v Mr Keith Stallard, Centre CEO v Mr George Turelli, Centre Business Manager (Secretary). v Professor Tony Priestley, Centre Deputy CEO v Mr George Turelli, Centre Business Manager (Secretary).
The Centre Management Committee Front (left to right) - Judy Blackbeard, Naomi Roseth, Martha Sinclair, Karin Leder, Fiona Wellby Centre – Heather Chapman, George Turelli, Dammika Vitanage, Keith Stallard, Mary Drikas, Tony Priestley, Dennis Mulcahy Back – Bob Dorrat, Dennis Steffensen, Bob Kagi, Daniel Deere, Gerard Vaughan, Paul Heaton, Glen Shaw.
4 GOVERNANCE, STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT
As an unincorporated joint venture, the Centre uses a centre agent Management Committee for the provision of contractual services and Lee Green & Co. Pty. Ltd. The Management Committee assists the CEO in managing the fulfilled this requirement during 2005-06. Kelly & Co is the provider Centre. This committee is primarily responsible for recommendations of legal advice to the Centre. to the Governing Board on program policies, priorities and budgets, and plays a key role in reviewing progress of projects, ensuring Chief Executive Officer coordination between research and education and the technology transfer programs and the development of a corporate spirit within Professor Don Bursill resigned as CEO on 23 December 2005 and the Centre. The Management Committee consists of the CEO, Mr Keith Stallard was appointed as the new CEO by the Governing the two Deputy CEOs, Program Leaders, and the Business, Project Board on 23 January 2006. The Governing Board has delegated the Services and Communication Managers. The reporting structures are responsibility of day-to-day management of the Centre to the new presented in Figure One. CEO.
The Management Committee met four times during the reporting Deputy CEO period. A Deputy CEO is appointed by the Governing Board to act in the absence of the CEO and to exercise such powers and functions as the Governing Board delegates. The Governing Board may appoint The Business Manager, Mr George Turelli, provides executive level more than one Deputy CEO, each with a specific function and set of support to the CEO and the program management team and delegations. administers a framework for the Centre’s financial, legal, commercial and administrative requirements. As Secretary to the Governing Board, Mr Turelli also has a close working relationship with the Chair, Currently the duties are divided between the two Deputy CEO’s, Governing Board members and other stakeholders. Dr Dennis Steffensen and Professor Tony Priestley. Dr Steffensen is responsible for oversight of Program Groups 1 and 2 Part A. Professor Priestley is responsible for oversight of Program Groups 2 Part B and The Communication Manager, Ms Fiona Wellby, is responsible for 3. (A Program list is provided under the Program Structure). developing and implementing appropriate communication strategies for the Centre.
Executive Management Committee The Project Services Manager, Mr Bob Dorrat, provides support The CEO convenes the Executive Management Committee, whose frameworks for program and project leaders to enable them to meet membership comprises the CEO and the two Deputy CEO’s. The their reporting requirements, including managing project milestones. Business Manager, Project Services Manager and Communication He also liaises between the Executive Management Committee, Manager provide assistance as required. The Executive reviews the management, personnel and Centre parties, ensuring mutual strategic plan and makes decisions to ensure satisfactory progress commitments are met. against the plan is achieved. The Committee also reviews the Centre’s financial information. The Executive Management Committee met four times in 2005-06. Education and Training Steering Committee An Education and Training Steering Committee, formed in 1999, CRC Staff, Administration and Head Office guides the development of all activities in the Education and Training Program. Professor Felicity Roddick of RMIT University chairs the Head Office is at the Australian Water Quality Centre, Bolivar, South Committee. During 2005-06, the Education and Training Committee Australia. Staff based at Head Office are the CEO and Personal met four times. Assistant, Deputy CEO, Business Manager, Communication Manager and administration support staff. The CEO also has an office in Sydney Water. Another Deputy CEO, the Liaison Officer and the Project Centre Visitor Services Manager are located in Melbourne. The Centre Visitor is Mr Tom Fricke, a consulting engineer and Manager, Victoria for Gutteridge Haskins and Davey Pty Ltd. In the past eight Program Structure years, the Centre has benefited greatly from liaising with the Centre Visitor, particularly concerning CRC Programme requirements. There are nine research programs, which fall into two broad categories, Health and Aesthetics, and Catchment to Customer. The latter is subdivided into ‘catchment and source waters’ and ‘treatment and distribution’. A Program Group Leader heads each of these groups of research programs. Program Group 3, Policy, Regulation, and Stakeholder Involvement, is a grouping of six further areas of activity.
Program Group 1 - Health and Aesthetics Epidemiology, Toxicology and People’s Perspective Left to right –Dennis Steffensen, Keith Stallard and Tony Priestley Program Group 2A - Catchment to Customer Catchments, Reservoir Management, Measurement Program Group 2B - Catchment to Customer Water Treatment Technology, Distribution, Sustainable Water Sources Program Group 3 - Policy, Regulation and Stakeholder Involvement Strategic Directions, Policy and Regulation, Regional and Rural Water Supplies, Education and Training, Commercialisation and Communication.
5 GOVERNANCE, STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT
Table 1 - Centre Participants
Organisation Representative Position
ACTEW Corporation Ltd Dr Therese Flapper Research & Development Manager
Australian Water Services Pty Ltd Mr Mike Jury Operations Manager
Australian Water Quality Centre Dr Dennis Steffensen Principal Biologist
Brisbane City Council Ms Julie McLellan Strategic Water Resources Policy & Planning Principal
Centre for Appropriate Technology, Inc. Dr Bruce Walker Director
City West Water Ltd Mr George Ruta Water Quality Scientist
CSIRO Dr Peter Franzmann Research Director, Urban & Industrial Water
Curtin University of Technology Mr Tony Tate Director, Research and Development
Department of Human Services (Vic) Ms Jan Bowman Assistant Director, Public Health Branch
Griffith University Prof Max Standage Pro-Vice Chancellor, Science & Technology
Melbourne Water Corporation Mr Peter Scott General Manager, Research & Technology
Senior Adviser-Special Initiatives, Office of the Vice- Monash University Prof David Copolov Chancellor
Orica Australia Pty Ltd Dr Hung Nguyen Technology & Innovation Manager
Power & Water Corporation Mr Darryl Day General Manager, Water Services
Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific Services Dr Peter Lewis-Hughes State Manager
RMIT University Prof Felicity Roddick Head of School, Civil and Chemical Engineering
SA Water Corporation Ms Anne Howe Chief Executive
South East Water Limited Dr Hamish Reid Manager, Research & Technology
Sydney Catchment Authority Dr Brian Spies Manager Science
Sydney Water Corporation Mr Adam Lovell S & T Program Manager, Sustainability
The University of Adelaide Prof Graeme Dandy Professor of Civil & Environmental Engineering
The University of Queensland Prof Paul Greenfield Senior Deputy Vice Chancellor
United Water International Pty Ltd Dr Stephanie Rinck-Pfeiffer Research & Development Manager
University of New South Wales Prof Colin Sutherland School of Mathematics
University of South Australia Prof Caroline McMillen Pro Vice Chancellor (Research)
University of Technology, Sydney Prof Stuart White Director, Institute for Sustainable Futures
Water Corporation Mr Keith Cadee General Manager, Water Technologies Division
Water Services Association of Australia Mr Ross Young Executive Director
Yarra Valley Water Ltd Mr Sam Austin General Manager, Asset Services
Members of the Governing Board
6 GOVERNANCE, STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT
Figure One The Management Structure
Participants’ Forum Held adjacent to all Governing Governing Board Board meetings; provides Independent chairman, seven immediate communication members from industry parties, between all Parties and the three from research parties Governing Board
Deputy Chief Executive Chief Executive Officer Deputy Chief Executive Dr Dennis Steffensen Prof Don Bursill/Mr Keith Stallard Prof Tony Priestley
Business Manager Communication Manager Mr George Turelli Ms Fiona Wellby
Project Services Manager Industry Liaison Officer Mr Bob Dorrat Dr Gerard Vaughan
Catchment to Customer: Catchment to Customer: Policy, Regulation and Health and Aesthetics Catchments, Storages & Water Treatment Stakeholder Involvement Prof John McNeil Meaurement Ms Mary Drikas Prof Tony Priestley Dr Daniel Deere
Strategic Directions Epidemiology Catchments Distribution Prof Tony Priestley Dr Karin Leder Dr Daniel Deere Mr Dammika Vitanage
Toxicology Water Treatment Policy & Regulation Storages Dr Glen Shaw/ Dr Andrew Technology Prof Don Bursill/Prof Tony Dr Dennis Steffensen Humpage Ms Mary Drikas Priestley
Measurement & Regional and Rural Water People’s Perspectives Sustainable Water Sources Monitoring Supplies Dr Naomi Roseth Dr Heather Chapman Prof Robert Kagi Mr Paul Heaton
Education & Training Prof Dennis Mulcahy
Program Group
Commercialisation Program Prof Tony Priestley
Communication Ms Fiona Wellby
7 GOVERNANCE, STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT
Table 2 - Associates
Organisation Representative Position
Barwon Water Mr Josh Feldman Water Quality Coordinator
Cairns Water Mr Bruce Gardiner General Manager
Central Highlands Water Mr Neil Brennan Chief Executive Officer
Coliban Water Mr Geoff Mitchell Chief Executive
Cradle Coast Water Mr Casy van Eysden Chief Executive Office
Principal Engineer Water Services, NSW Water Department of Commerce (NSW) Mr Kamal Fernando Solutions
Department of Natural Resources, Energy and Mines Mr Ted Gardner Principal Scientist, Natural Resource Sciences (Qld)
Manager Innovation, Water Resources Development Department of Sustainability & Environment (Vic) Mr Graham Pooley Group
Principal Project Officer, Sustainable Industries Environmental Protection Agency (Qld) Dr Greg Jackson Division
Esk Water Mr Barry Cash Chief Executive Officer
GHD Pty Ltd Mr Mike Muntisov Manager Water Technology
Gippsland Water Mr John Mitchell Chief Executive Officer
Gold Coast City Council Mr Shaun Cox Director, Gold Coast Water
Goulburn-Murray Water Mr Pat Feehan Manager Natural Resources Services
Goulburn Valley Water Mr Allen Gale Director Technical Services
Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water Mr Peter McManamon Chief Executive Officer
Hunter Water Corporation Mr Russell Pascoe General Manager Assets and Operations
Lower Murray Water Mr Ron Leamon Chief Executive Officer
Pine Rivers Shire Council Mr Barry Holcroft General Manager Pine Water
South East Queensland Water Corporation Dr Peter Schneider Land & Water Quality Manager
Townsville Thuringowa Water Supply Board Mr Ken Diehm Chief Executive Officer
8 RESEARCH RESEARCH PROJECTS 2005/2006 STATUS l a i e t c r e e l e v i p t m c m m A o o C C
PROGRAM 1A: EPIDEMIOLOGY Project 1.1.5 Drinking Water Quality Management System • Project 1.1.6 Drinking Water Quality Risk Guidance • Project 1.3.1.5 Acute Skin Irritant Effects of Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) in Healthy Volunteers • Project 1.3.3.2 Norwalk-Like Viruses and its Contribution to Drinking Water • Project 1.3.4.1 Economic Evaluation of Community Gastroenteritis • Project 1.3.7.5 Drinking Water and Melioidosis • Project 1.3.8.2 Case Control Study of Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne • Project 1.3.8.3 Case Control Study of Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in Adelaide • Project 1.1.0.2 Literature Review Endocrine Disrupters • Project 1.1.0.4 National Waterborne Disease Surveillance Database • Project 1.1.0.5 Developing Evidence-based Strategic Water Quality Monitoring Systems • Project 1.1.0.6 Water Reuse and Alternative Water Sources: Attitudes, Practices, Risk Assesment and Human Health Outcomes • Project 1.1.0.8 Exposure Assessment for Urban Reticulation Systems • Project 1.1.1.0 Exposure Experiments - Recycled Water and Alternate Water Sources • Project 1.1.1.2 Health Effects of Increased Usage of Recycled Water and Alternative Water Sources • PROGRAM 1B: TOXICOLOGY Project 1.3.1.1 Cyanobacterial Tumour Promotion • Project 1.3.1.6 Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Cylindrospermopsis Raciborski • Project 1.2.0.1 Recreational Exposure to Cyanobacteria • Project 1.2.0.2 Cylindrospermopsin, Carcinogenicity, Genotoxicity and Mechanism of Toxic Action • Project 1.2.0.3 Literature Review Endocrine Disrupters • Project 1.2.0.5 Screening Assays for Waterborne Toxicants • Project 1.2.0.6 Biological Filtration Processes for the Removal of the Cyanobacterial Toxin, Cylindrospermopsin • Project 1.2.0.7 Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Expression of By-Products in Environmental Blooms • Project 1.2.0.8 Gene Expression Profiling of Cylindrospermopsin in Cultured Intestinal Epithelial Cells • Project 1.2.0.9 Screening Assays for Aquatic Toxins • Project 1.2.1.0 Decomposition and Removal of Triclosan from Reused Water as a Drinking Water Source • Project 1.2.1.1 Effects Induced by pH, Ionic and Osmotic Stress on PSP Toxin Production in Cyanobacteria • Project 1.2.1.2 Investigations of NDMA formation by Chlorination of Model Compounds • Project 1.2.1.4 Determination of Health Risks from Water Chlorination DBP - Stage 1 • Project 1.2.1.6 Field and Laboratory Based Investigations of Triclosan - Induced Cross Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Project 1.2.1.8 Investigation of the Genetroxicity of Disinfection By-Products • Project 1.2.1.9 Reproductive Toxicity of Cylindrospermopsin • Project 1.2.2.0 Investigation of Health Effects of Disinfection By-Products in Australian Drinking Waters. • Measurement and Modelling of the Radiological Impact of Water - Borne Radioactivity in Urban and Rural Project 1.2.2.1 • Environments in Australia PROGRAM 1C: PEOPLE’S PERSPECTIVES Project 1.3.0.2 National Community Survey on Attitudes to Drinking Water Quality, Phase 1 • Project 1.3.0.3 Community Views on Water Shrotages and Conservation • Project 1.3.0.6 In Theory and In Practice - Attitudes to Potential and Actual Use of Recycled Water In and Out of House • PROGRAM 2A: CATCHMENTS Project 2.2.1 Identification and Control of Sources of Infectious Pathogens in Catchments • Project 2.2.1.1 Management of Pathogens in Source Waters (Vic) • Project 2.2.1.2 Management of Pathogens in Source Waters (WA) • Project 2.2.1.3 Management of Pathogens in Source Waters (SA) • Project 2.2.1.4 Management of Pathogens in Source Waters (ACT) • Project 2.2.2 Fate and Transport of Surface Water Pathogens in Watersheds • Project 2.1.0.1 Understanding the impacts of Recreational Access on Drinking Water Catchments and Storages in Australia • Project 2.1.0.2 Catchment Risk Management: A Tool to Structure Source Water Protection •
9 RESEARCH RESEARCH PROJECTS 2005/2006 STATUS l a i e t c r e e l e v i p t m c m m A o o C C
Project 2.1.0.3 Development of Pathogen and NOM Modules for Integration into the CRCCH Catchment Toolkit • Project 2.1.0.4 Comparing Cryptosporidium Genotyping Methods • Project 2.1.0.5 Pollutant Source Tracing Tools • Project 2.1.0.6 Obtaining new data for NOM and Pathogens for CRCCH Catchment Toolkit • Project 2.1.0.9 Construction of a Pathogen Model for Drinking Water Catchments - A Tool for Minimising Risks in Human Health • Project 2.1.1.0 Change in Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and Effect of Chliorination on NOM in the Water Supply System • Project 2.1.1.1 Pathogen Modelling in Watersheds • PROGRAM 2B: RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT Project 2.1.1 Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter • Project 2.1.3 Photochemical Degradation and Remineralisation of Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Warren Reservoir • Project 2.1.4 Microbial Degradation and Remineralisation of Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Warren Reservoir • Project 2.3.1.4 Development of an ELISA Method for Microcystins • Project 2.3.2.1 Genetics of Microcystin Production by Cyanobacteria • • Project 2.3.2.2 Genetics of Saxitoxin Production by Anabaena Circinalis • Investigation of Growth Factors Affecting Production of Cylindrospermopsin and other Toxins by the Project 2.3.2.7 • Cyanobaterium Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii Project 2.3.3.1 Application of Image Analysis to Cyanobacteria • Project 2.3.3.2 Rapid Methods for the Detection of Toxic Cyanobacteria • Project 2.3.3.3 Identification and Enumeration of Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry • Project 2.5.1 Destratification for Control of Phytoplankton • Project 2.5.2 Short-Term Forecasting of Blue-Green Algal Blooms in Drinking Water Reservoirs by Artificial Neural Network • Project 2.6.1 ARMCANZ National Algal Manager • Project 2.2.0.1 Hydrodynamic Distribution of Pathogens in Reservoirs • Project 2.2.0.2 Investigation of Survival of Cryptosporidium in Environmental Waters • Project 2.2.0.4 Iron Transformations in Drinking Water Supplies and their Effects on the Growth Survival and Toxicity of Cyanobateria • Project 2.2.0.5 Carbon & Nutrient Dynamics: Application to Reservoirs • Project 2.2.0.6 Algal Toxin – Management • Project 2.2.0.7 Algal Toxin - LPS Endotoxins • Project 2.2.0.8 Algal Toxin - Saxitoxin Assays • Project 2.2.0.9 Algal Toxin - Gene Probes • Project 2.2.1.0 Algal Toxin – LC/MS/MS Toxins • Project 2.2.1.1 Algal Toxin – Elisa/PPIA Kits • Impacts of De-stratification of Reservoir Waters on the character of Natural Organic Matter and on the Removal of Project 2.2.1.2 • • NOM by Water Treatment Processes Project 2.2.1.3 Generation and transformation of Iron and Manganese in Lake Burragorang • Project 2.2.1.4 Reservoir Management Strategies for Control and Degradation of Algal Toxins • Project 2.2.1.5 Emerging Algal Toxins Prospect Summary • The Role of DNA Transposition in the Acquisition and Evolution of Microcystin and Nodularin Toxicology in Project 2.2.1.6 • Cyanobacteria Project 2.2.1.7 Early Warning for Algal Blooms in Drinking Water Reservoirs by Real - Time Forecasting • Project 2.2.1.8 Criteria for Quality Control Protocols for Various Algal Toxins Methods • Project 2.2.1.9 Effect of Destratification on NOM and its Treatability • Project 2.2.2.0 Identifying and Quantifying the Water Quality Risk from Different Sources of Tastes and Odours in Source Waters • Intelligent Data Warehousing for Real-time Acquisition, Archiving, Forecasting and Early Warning of Algal Blooms Project 2.2.2.1 • in the Myponga Reservior by Means of JAVA/ORACLE and Evolutionary Computation Project 2.2.2.2 Transcription Regulations of Microcystins • PROGRAM 2C: MEASUREMENT Project 2.3.0.1 The Chemistry of Halophenol Tastes in Drinking Water • Project 2.3.0.2 The Structure and Chemistry of Natural Organic Matter in Groundwaters from the Gnangara Mound • The Monitoring of Organic and Biological Contaminants in Reticulated Water by Direct Photochemical Project 2.3.0.3 • Degradation
10 RESEARCH RESEARCH PROJECTS 2005/2006 STATUS l a i e t c r e e l e v i p t m c m m A o o C C
Project 2.3.0.4 Early Detection of Cyanobacteria Toxins using Genetic Methods • Project 2.3.0.7 Development of an Interferometric Nanoscale Silicon Biosensor for Detection of Contaminants in Drinking Water • Project 2.3.0.8 A Study of Disinfection By-Products from Chloramination vs Chlorination • Project 2.3.0.9 Development of a Real Time, Rapid and Non-Destructive Drinking Water Monitoring System • Project 2.3.1.1 Dissolved Organic Carbon Detector for Use in Size Exclusion Chromatography • Project 2.3.1.2 National Low Level Nutrient Collaborative Trial • Project 2.3.1.3 Advanced Characterisation of NOM • Project 2.3.1.4 Development of Biosensors for Analysis of MIB and Geosmin • Project 2.3.1.5 Development of Portable Instrumentation for the Measurement of Pesticides in Water • Project 2.3.1.6 Behaviour of XAD8 NOM Fractions on Treatment • Project 2.3.1.7 Development of a Low Cost On-Line Monitoring Package to Improve Chloramination Control • Thernal Maturation Studies Isotopes for the Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter to Release Project 2.3.1.8 • Macromolecularly Bound Biomarkers and Investigation of Different Organic Precursors of Aquatic Systems The Use of Stable Isotopes for the Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter and Investigation of the Different Project 2.3.1.9 • Organic Precursors of Aquatic Systems Project 2.3.2.0 Causes and Prevention of Chlorinious Off-Flavours in Potable Water • Project 2.3.2.1 Characterisation on NOM in Highly Coloured Surface Waters • PROGRAM 2D: WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY Project 3.1.4 Novel Methods of Pathogen Destruction • Project 3.2.1 Development of Treatment Systems for Removal of Natural Organics • Project 3.2.5 Regeneration of Activated Carbon • • Project 3.2.6 Optimisation of Adsorption Processes - Stage II • Project 3.2.7 Manganese Workshop/Project Allocation • Project 3.2.8 Automated Control of Treatment Plants • • Project 3.2.9 Development of Biological Treatment System for Concentrated Natural Organics Streams • Project 2.4.0.1 Removal of Manganese from Drinking Water • Project 2.4.0.2 Interface Science in Drinking Water Treatment • Project 2.4.0.3 Development of Combined Treatment Processes for the Removal of Recalcitrant Organic Matter • Project 2.4.0.4 Optimising the Water Treatment and Disinfection Train for Cryptosporidium Destruction • Project 2.4.0.5 Biological Filtration Processes for the Removal of Algal Metabolites • Project 2.4.0.6 Biological Removal of UV-Pretreated NOM from Potable Water • Investigation of Advanced Drinking Water Treatment Technologies for Reducing Taste and Odour Problems and Project 2.4.0.7 • Disinfection By-Products Project 2.4.0.8 Development of a Combined Membrane Treatment Process for the Removal of Recalcitrant Organic Matter • Project 2.4.0.9 Development of Pre-treatment Strategies to Reduce Flux Loss in Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Membranes • Project 2.4.1.0 Monitoring for Membrane Fouling Assessment • Project 2.4.1.1 Biological Processes for Dissolved Organic Carbon Removal • Project 2.4.1.2 Management Strategies for Toxic Blue-Green Algae: A Guide for Water Utilities • Project 2.4.1.3 Development of Biological Filter for Removal of Microcystin Algal Toxins • Project 2.4.1.4 Utilisation of Fungi for the Removal of Natural Organic Matter • Project 2.4.1.5 Biological Filtration Processes for the Removal of the Cyanobacterial Toxin, Cylindrospermopsin • Project 2.4.1.8 Mitigation of Fouling of Membranes Used in Desalination of Algae-Containg Water • PROGRAM 2E: DISTRIBUTION Project 4.1.1 Factors Affecting Biofilm Development • Project 4.2.2.1 Interactions between Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Drinking Water Pipe Biofilms • Project 4.2.2.2 Bacterial Symbionts of Amoeba • Project 4.1.3 Modelling Biofilms and Interventions • Project 4.2.3 Physical and Chemical Effects on Distribution System Biofilms and Incorporated Pathogens • Project 4.3.1 Modelling System Flows, Biofilms and Pathogens • Project 4.3.2 Optimisation of Chlorine Residuals in a Distribution System - Melbourne •
11 RESEARCH RESEARCH PROJECTS 2005/2006 STATUS l a i e t c r e e l e v i p t m c m m A o o C C
Project 4.3.6 Aesthetic Water Quality in Distribution Systems - Melbourne • Project 2.5.0.1 Development of Tools for Improved Disinfection Control within Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.0.2 Understanding Discoloured Water - at the Customer’s Tap and in Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.0.3 Decision Support Systems to Maintain Water Quality • Project 2.5.0.5 Application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points for Distribution System Protection • Project 2.5.0.6 Triggers to Taste and Odour-Microbial Production of Geosmin and MIB in Drinking Water Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.0.7 Understanding the Growth of Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens within Distribution Mains • Project 2.5.0.8 Impact of Cement-mortar Lined Pipes on pH Variability • Project 2.5.0.9 Consolidation of Modelling Tools in Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.1.0 Development of Guidelines for the Management of Biofilms in Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.1.1 Control of Disinfection Residual in Water Distribution Systems • Project 2.5.1.2 Reliability and Improving Computational Efficiency for WQ Decision Support • Project 2.5.1.3 Optimisation Algorithms and their Calibration for WQ Decision Support • Optimisation of Water Mains Flushing Techniques and Development of an Indicator to Determine Mains Cleaning Project 2.5.1.4 • Frequencies Project 2.5.1.5 Countermeasures for Contamination of Urban Water Supplies • Project 2.5.1.6 Improved Methods for Optimising Water Quality in Distribution Systems • PROGRAM 2F: SUSTAINABLE WATER SOURCES Project 2.6.0.2 Decentralised Urban Water Management • Project 2.6.0.3 Risk in the Governance of Water Reuse • Project 2.6.0.4 Water Quality and Health Risk Analysis of Water from Rainwater Tanks • Project 2.6.0.6 Sustainable Urban Water - Schemes and Technologies • Project 2.6.0.7 Urban Planning and Integrated Water Management - Towards an Alternative Institutional Model • Project 2.6.0.8 Role of Social Processes in Sustainable Urban Water Management • Project 2.6.0.9 An Assessment of Chemical Contamination of Rainwater Tanks in Urban/Industrial Areas of Australia • Project 2.6.1.0 Best Practice Cost Analysis Methodology for Sustainable Urban Water Systems • Project 2.1.1.1 Bench Marking Water Sensitive Urban Deveopment - Cluster Housing • Project 2.6.1.2 Social Interactions with Rainwater Tank Technologies • Project 2.6.1.3 People’s Attitude to Water and the Associated Impacts of Water Use Behaviour • Project 2.6.1.4 Development of Process-based Water Quality Models for Urban Design Systems • Project 2.6.1.5 Investigation into the Effects of Salinity and Turbidity in Freshwater Ecosystems • PROGRAM 3A: STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS Project 3.1.0.1 Global Water Research Coalition • Project 3.1.0.2 Establishment of a National Water Laboratory Network • Project 3.1.0.5 Tools for Analysing Estrogenicity in Environmental Waters • Project 3.1.0.6 Proficiency Testing Workshop/Summit • PROGRAM 3C: REGIONAL AND RURAL WATER SUPPLIES Project 3.3.0.1 Technology Transfer Officer dealing with Water Quality and Treatment in Indigenous Communities • Project 3.3.0.2 Mutitjulu Rainwater Tank and Point of Use Treatment System Trial • Project 3.3.0.3 Water and Public Health in Regional and Rural Australia • Project 3.3.0.4 Water Consumption Patterns in Remote Communities • Project 3.3.0.5 Water Quality and Testing in Outstations Across the Northern Territory • Project 3.3.0.6 Remote Community Water Management Project (Desert Knowledge CRC) • Project 3.3.0.7 Mubunji Rainwater Harvesting Management Project • Project 3.3.0.8 Investigation of Defluoridation of Water Supplies in Rural and Remote Communities •
Note: Four projects with potential commercial opportunities have been identified.
12 CONTEXT AND MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
The major change in the Australian water industry is the continuing Key staff drought and increasing pressure on existing water resources. This has The foundation Director, Professor Don Bursill, retired in December stimulated an increased interest in alternative water sources including 2005 and Mr Keith Stallard was appointed as CEO in January 2006. recycled waste water and high salinity waters including sea water. In response to this change the Epidemiology and People’s Perspectives Programs have changed their focus to address reuse issues. Two Between the October and December 2005 Governing Board meetings projects on exposure assessment to recycled water have been Mr Jack McKean resigned from SA Water, and therefore also as the initiated, while a major study on water reuse and conservation has also Deputy Chair of the Centre Governing Board. At the December 2005 been undertaken. A workshop to identify and prioritise research issues Governing Board Meeting Mr Adam Lovell from Sydney Water was associated with desalination was also held during the year. elected as the new Deputy Chair.
With a number of projects completed, the Centre is putting greater Two Program Leaders resigned during the reporting period. Mr Darryl emphasis on ensuring that the outcomes are made known to and taken Day resigned as Leader of the Rural and Regional Water Supplies up by the industry partners. Initiatives include conducting technology Program and was replaced by Mr Paul Heaton from Power and Water transfer seminars known as ‘Roadshows’, where researchers conduct Corporation. Towards the end of the reporting period, Dr Glen Shaw a series of presentations on their research findings to industry parties resigned as Leader of the Toxicology Program. Dr Andrew Humpage in capital cities around Australia. Fact sheets and guidance manuals, from the Australian Water Quality Centre was approved as Dr Shaw’s based on the research outcomes, are being made available during replacement in May 2006. these ‘Roadshows’. The material is written to help the industry apply the Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality, a key document developed by the Centre and now incorporated within the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines.. These events allow direct communication to a greater number and range of staff than is possible in centrally based workshops.
The Board of the CRC has decided that it will not bid for further CRC funding. It is currently gathering support from potential partners for an independently funded research centre that will continue the work of the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment beyond 2008.
The financial position of the Centre has been reviewed to ensure that there are sufficient funds for the completion of all commitments including the milestones in the Commonwealth Agreement. This resulted in some changes in priorities and the adjustment of allocations to some programs.
13 COMMERCIALISATION/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER/UTILISATION
As the Centre undertook its fifth year of operation, an increasing continuing sequence of them has been held in 2004-05. A Roadshow number of projects neared completion and efforts to ensure uptake on natural organic matter toured all of the mainland capitals in August of the research outcomes expanded. Of the 105 projects undertaken 2005 and received widespread support and interest. The highlight by the Centre, 33 have been completed and the flow of research was Perth, where over 90 water professionals attended and were reports, scientific papers and occasional papers has expanded strongly engaged with the proceedings and fact sheets. A Roadshow accordingly. However, the main approach to technology transfer has on management of distribution systems travelled the country in late been through the avenues described in previous Annual Reports. The 2005 and early 2006, visiting Melbourne, Sydney, Perth, Adelaide original Technology Transfer Plan developed in 2001 was based on 20 and Darwin. Again, these events were well received by the industry, activities involving: although feedback indicated the need to produce even more detailed v Production of reports, papers, occasional papers etc guidance manuals from the fact sheets presented. v Running targeted technology transfer workshops v Expanded use of the website As a direct response to this expressed need, the Centre has initiated work on a series of guidance manuals. The areas covered include v Education and Training program biofilms, toxic cyanobacteria, rainwater tanks and disinfection v Links with key organisations eg. NHMRC, WHO modeling tools. Also, a number of software toolkits, which can be v Expansion of the Associates Program used to assist water system operations, are at an advanced stage of development. The toolkits being developed in this work will assist v Direct industry participation in research projects operations in the following areas. v Pathogen and NOM movement in catchments While all of these activities have continued to be pursued, the focus of v Prediction of discoloured water events efforts changed in 2003 to incorporation of the principles described in the Framework for the Management of Drinking Water Quality, which v Disinfectant decay and formation of disinfection is now embedded within the revised 2004 Australian Drinking Water byproducts Guidelines. This approach, described in previous Annual Reports, v Particle movement in distribution systems remains at the core of the Centre’s technology transfer activities. Its v On-line control of enhanced coagulation main impact is on the structure of written material provided to the industry, whether this is an occasional paper or fact sheets provided to support the continuing sequence of technology transfer seminars, In addition, a number of other projects were undertaken with the also known as “Roadshows”. specific intention of facilitating transfer of knowledge gained during research projects. A summary of these projects is given below. The concept of the Roadshow was described in last year’s Annual Report and, such has been the success of this approach, that a
Table 3 – Projects Initiated to Facilitate Knowledge Transfer
Project Title Project Leader Purpose
Developing evidence based, strategic Samantha Rizak – Monash Provide guidance on designing cost effective monitoring water quality management University programs to increase understanding and improve management of individual water supply systems
Pathogen & NOM modules for integration Shane Haydon – Melbourne Models will allow water managers to make quantitative with CRCCH tookit Water assessments of catchment contributions to pathogen loads in raw waters
Catchment risk management: a tool to Bruce Whitehill- Sydney Produce guidelines for establishing a catchment risk structure source water protection Catchment Authority management plan utilising available risk assessment methodologies
Management strategies for toxic blue- Gayle Newcombe - AWQC Develop a guide for water utilities which will consolidate all green algae: A guide for water utilities available current knowledge on management of toxic blue- green algae
Application of hazard analysis and critical Melita Stevens – Melbourne Develop practical guidelines for water utilities wishing control points for distribution system Water to implement HACCP based risk management plans for protection distribution system operation
Consolidation of modelling tools in Dharma Dharmabalan – Central Cost effective and user friendly distribution of water quality distribution systems Highlands Water modelling outcomes from previous Centre research projects
Development of guidelines for David Masters – Water Produce a quick reference guide (Tool Kit) for management management of biofilms Corporation of biofilms, consolidating knowledge gained during a number of biofilm research projects
With the success of the concept, a new series of Roadshows on toxic 2006. The incorporation of the concepts underlying the Framework cyanobacteria is planned for late 2006. for Management of Drinking Water Quality (the Framework) into the guidelines was a direct result of the influence of working group members from the Centre. A number of other activities undertaken during the year are worthy of mention here. The first one is the involvement of Centre staff in the working groups developing the National Water Recycling Guidelines. A second activity was the Centre’s involvement in the testing and The guidelines have been developed to a draft stage and were released successful distribution of an updated software tool which assists rural for public comment in late 2005. The working groups are currently and remote communities to implement the Framework. This software analysing the comments and plan to submit a final version later in tool was developed in collaboration with the NHMRC in recognition of
14 COMMERCIALISATION/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER/UTILISATION
the fact that it is small communities which face the biggest challenge IP Management in undertaking this task. Carbon ReGen, the company formed to commercialise activated carbon regeneration technology developed within the Centre, has Another initiative was the development of an interrogatable database, entered into discussions with Pica Pty Ltd., a subsidiary of Veolia Water, which contains information on a wide range of innovative Australian which produces and regenerates activated carbon for water treatment water supply schemes. The intent of this database, known as NaiadTM, and other applications. Pica has expressed interest in investigating the is to promote knowledge sharing between water professionals and technical and economic feasibility of the technology and has agreed thus facilitate collaboration between them. The database is now to send samples of exhausted carbon to Australia for regeneration in accessible via the web at www.naiad.net.au and a series of forums the RMIT University test facility. to promote use of the product will be held around Australia in late 2006. End User Involvement The table below summarises some projects with close end user involvement undertaken within the last 12 months.
Table 4 – The Involvement of End Users in CRC Activities
Industry user Type and location of activity Nature and scale of benefits Actual or expected benefit
Authorities supporting A double blinded intervention Design and operating protocols Study currently underway. installation of rainwater tanks study to assess health effects of which protect public health. Results will support use of an eg. SA Water, Sydney Water drinking water from rainwater alternative water source in tanks – Adelaide. urban areas. Authorities considering Melbourne based experiments Results will inform the draft Results will make available a water recycling schemes eg. to assess exposure and National Water Recycling new water source. If 10% of Melbourne Water, Sydney subsequent risk from use of Guidelines. Rationally based wastewater is reused, value of Water recycled water of varying guidelines will provide new resource is $180 million qualities. confidence in reusing water in per annum. urban environments. All major metropolitan water Assessment of community Knowledge of community views Behavioural change will authorities views on water shortages and will guide water authorities in significantly reduce demand on conservation – nationwide. community education. water resources. Sydney Catchment Authority Development of a tool to Tool will provide optimal Protection of public from structure catchment risk decisions to be made on potential water quality management decisions catchment protection options. incidents. – Sydney. SA Water Corporation, Water Reservoir management Understanding of mechanisms Reduction in the use Corporation strategies to control algal involved in controlling growth of activated carbon for toxins – Adelaide, Perth. of toxic cyanobacteria and toxin removal and better enhancing degradation of management techniques worth toxins. about $20 million per annum. United Water, Sydney Water, Development of a low cost Better control over Protection of public from SA Water on-line monitoring package to chloramination will deliver potential water quality improve chloramination control higher water quality and incidents. – Adelaide, Sydney. savings in direct operating costs. Water Corporation Understanding mechanisms More aesthetically pleasing Avoidance of so-called behind production of water will increase public ‘averting behaviours’ can save chlorinous off-flavours in acceptance of tap water as the community money- $300 drinking water – Perth. a safe and pleasant drinking million in the case of Sydney. water source. Gold Coast Water Better process for removal of A biological process for Mn removal is a problem for a manganese from drinking water enhanced Mn removal has number of water authorities in – Gold Coast. been demonstrated on pilot warmer climates. The process plant scale. Further work has will provide enhanced removal confirmed key process design and reduced operating costs parameters. Sydney Water, Water A range of tools for managing Better management decisions See comments on ‘averting Corporation, disinfection and particle on disinfection control and behaviours above. Also, South East Water, Yarra Valley accumulation in distribution dirty water events will improve reduced operating costs could Water, Brisbane City Council systems has been consolidated customer satisfaction and total about $2-3 million per into a common software reduce operating costs. annum. platform – Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane. Power and Water Corporation A rainwater harvesting Knowledge on appropriate Rainwater can potentially – Darwin management project for management strategies for provide a lower salt content Mabunji Outstations. harvesting rainwater in remote and more aesthetically pleasing communities water source for remote communities.
15 COMMERCIALISATION/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER/UTILISATION
UTILISATION OF RESEARCH – PROGRESS AGAINST MILESTONES Progress against Milestone contained in Schedule 6 of the Commonwealth Agreement is summarised in the table below.
Milestone over life of Centre Progress achieved to date Current activities to meet milestones
Results from Epidemiology WQMS now incorporated within newly approved ADWG – used as a Projects to provide accurate and Toxicology Programs used basis for water quality regulation in Victoria. data for risk assessment for as a basis for ongoing review Specific information on hazard identification and risk management National Water Recycling of Australian Drinking Water provided in Research Report No. 11. Guidelines currently underway. Guidelines and the National Significance of endocrine disruptors for Australian drinking water Formation of NDMA Water Quality Management supplies reviewed and reported (Occasional Paper No. 7). during chlorination under Strategy (NWQMS). Data on toxicity of algal toxins incorporated into ADWG and WHO investigation. guidelines. Epidemiological studies Draft of National Water Recycling Guidelines issued for public on DBP health effects in comment. preparation.
Results from People’s National survey on community attitudes to water supply completed A project on community Perspective Program used to and discussed with industry participants. views on recycled water - the gauge community consultation Industry participants engaged in debate on community attitudes to impact of information, is in exercises and gauge community water reuse. development. response to water quality issues. Project on community views on water shortages and conservation completed and the report will be launched at Parliament House in Canberra.
Future management of Information on the origins, transport and fate of pathogens in a Comprehensive modelling catchments and reservoirs to number of Australian water catchments has been provided to the of pathogens and NOM be based on information from industry through a series of nationwide presentations. movement through the Catchment and Reservoir A genotyping method for identifying viable Cryptosporidium Parvum catchments in progress. Management Programs. has been developed and introduced to the industry. Techniques for tracing the Destratification techniques for the control of Phytoplankton in origin of faecal and organic reservoirs have been developed and demonstrated on operating pollution being developed. reservoirs. Advanced analytical techniques developed and applied for detection of a range of algal toxins in water. Hydrodynamic models for distribution of pathogens in reservoirs have been developed and applied at full scale.
Water quality monitoring Development of a real time, rapid and non-destructive water quality Low cost on-line monitoring practices to reflect lessons monitoring tool is underway. package to improve learnt in the Measurement National low level nutrient trial is encouraging inter-laboratory best chloramination control has Program. practice protocols for nutrient analysis. obtained Governing Board approval.
New approaches to water New process for activated carbon regeneration has been devised Biological approaches to treatment based on output and a spin-off company formed to license the technology removal of NOM are being from the Water Treatment A model to predict optimum coagulation conditions for NOM removal investigated. Technology Program adopted has been field tested with three industry parties. Overseas marketing Biological approaches to by water authorities. of model is being promoted. removal of algal toxins are Optimal use of activated carbon for algal toxin removal, based on being investigated. deeper understanding of competitive adsorption mechanisms, has been communicated to industry parties. Guidebook on management strategies for blue-green algae has been produced. The role of natural organic matter in water treatment has been elucidated and implications for plant operation identified. Membrane fouling mechanisms resulting from NOM have been related to process design and membrane selection.
Distribution system Risk management tool developed through two field case studies at A decision support system management practices Katherine and Woronora. to manage the risk of water influenced by understanding A suite of modelling tools to manage chlorine residuals and dirty discolouration and linked generated in the Distribution water events has been developed and tested in four industry systems. to implementation of the Program. A guidance manual on the management of biofilms in distribution National Water Quality systems has been produced and presented to industry parties. Management Strategy is being developed.
New sustainable approaches to A database on alternative system designs has been constructed and is PhD projects on institutional water system design, emanating being populated with data from a wide range of projects. and social barriers to new from the Sustainable Water Data on water quality variations and a best practice manual for system implementation are Sources Program, to be tested rainwater tanks is being produced in close collaboration with industry underway. in real systems. parties.
16 ASSESSMENT OF TRACK RECORD
MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS effect human hormones) has been undertaken and provided critical Since its inception in 1995, the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment information for assessing their impact on proposed water recycling has provided the Australian urban water industry with a continuing schemes. sequence of research outputs designed to facilitate the provision of high quality water at an affordable price. In all, $153 million worth The potential exposure of people to particular chemicals formed of research has been undertaken, incorporating not only research during disinfection of water has been facilitated by the development outputs but also skills development and knowledge transfer. In a direct and evaluation of biomarkers. confirmation of the perceived value of this research, membership of the Centre has grown from an initial level of 17 partners in 1995 to 29 partners and 21 associates in 2006. Between them, the partners and Important information on meliodosis, a water borne disease in associates provide water services to well over 90% of the Australian Northern Australia, has been collected to assist management in population. decision making.
Savings produced by this research have been estimated in a report Pathogens by the CRC Association to be in excess of $26 million per year in A series of Australia-wide studies has provided knowledge and direct treatment and operational costs alone. However, the biggest understanding of the sources, movement and survival of a range of savings to the community are in the avoidance of unnecessary capital water borne pathogens, from catchments, across the landscape and expenditure, possible water quality incidents and improved levels of through storage, treatment and the distribution system, all the way to trust in the community. A study on economic benefits of the Centre’s the customer’s tap. research work has estimated that the avoidance of one significant water quality incident saves the Australian community in excess of $100 million, while improved levels of community trust can easily avert A pathogen infectivity test using mammalian cell culture and real-time $300 million of unnecessary expenditure. gene based technology has been developed. Had this technique been available to Sydney Water in 1998, the Cryptosporidium crisis would have been avoided. The CRC for Water Quality & Treatment has established itself as the truly national centre for water quality research and it has received significant international recognition for this role. It has cemented Natural Organic Matter (NOM) strong and enduring relationships with the World Health Organisation A detailed understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics (WHO), the American Water Works Association Research Foundation of NOM, which influence its removal during water treatment, has been (AwwaRF), the Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC) and the developed. A number of advanced analytical methods have been Emerging Technologies Group (ET). These excellent strategic developed for this purpose. Based on this work, a model that predicts international alliances ensure the rapid transfer of knowledge and the demand for coagulant chemicals for a range of water qualities skills on emerging threats to water quality and public health. has been developed and successfully applied in a range of Australian water treatment plants. An important example of outcomes from the Centre’s research is the development of the Framework for Management of Water Quality, An improved understanding of the sources of NOM in catchments its inclusion within the latest version of the Australian Drinking Water and the changes in character that occur during storage in reservoirs Guidelines (ADWG) and the subsequent adoption of this Framework has also been developed. by the WHO and the European Community. The success of this work demonstrated the close collaboration between public health officials, researchers, regulators, water technologists and utility operators – a This understanding has also been applied to the selection of activated truly unique example of the importance of collaboration fostered by carbons for taste and odour removal and has led to the construction the CRC model. of guidelines for selecting activated carbon in water treatment plants. It has also resulted in the development of a novel approach to the regeneration of activated carbon, which is discussed later under Underpinning all of this work are substantial knowledge gains in the Commercialisation. following areas: v Catchment management Micropollutants v Source water protection Micropollutants in water supplies cover a range of chemicals from v Management of storages disinfection by-products, through algal toxins to man-made chemicals v Treatment technologies which can disrupt the human endocrine system. v Distribution system management This research activity has been assessed by six comprehensive external Centre research has improved the understanding of the mechanisms reviews covering research, education and training, administration for the formation of disinfection by-products, thus pointing to and financial performance. In all cases, the Centre’s work has been operational practices which will minimise their formation. assessed as excellent and of high quality internationally. It is vital to understand which disinfection by-products may form a RESEARCH OUTCOMES potential threat to human health. In this regard, epidemiological studies have shown no association between the trihalomethane group Health of disinfection by-products and genetic damage in bladder cells. Centre researchers completed the first major epidemiological study on water quality and public health in Australia. This Melbourne-based project clearly showed no linkage between gastro-intestinal disease Nitroso-dimethyl-amine (NDMA) has been identified as a potential and water quality in that city, thus saving Melbourne water around high risk disinfection by-product. A sensitive method has been $500 million in capital expenditure. The study received excellent developed for it’s detection at the nanogram/litre level. international peer reviews and the methodology was subsequently utilised for a US-based study. An extensive literature review has been conducted on the significance of endocrine disrupting chemicals in water supplies and methods An early warning health surveillance system has been set up to detect developed for determining the levels of estrogenicity in water. water borne disease outbreaks, thus giving health authorities and water utilities more scope to reduce the severity of such incidents. An improved method has also been developed for measuring the A strategic review of endocrine disrupting chemicals (chemicals that presence of very low levels of triclosan (a dry cleaning fluid) in water. 17 ASSESSMENT OF TRACK RECORD
Cyanobacteria v A novel method has been developed for the reactivation of Centre research has developed and applied a number of operational spent activated carbon. A spin off company, Carbon Regen control options for the removal and/or destruction of algal toxins from Pty. Ltd., has been formed to explore commercialisation water supplies. These options are based on improved laboratory and pathways for this technology. field-based monitoring technologies, which provide faster, cheaper v A model has been developed and field tested to predict the and more reliable measurements of algal toxicity. coagulant dose required to treat waters of varying quality. The model has been made freely available to the Australian water industry, but commercial sales in the USA are currently The genetic pathways which lead to toxin production in three of the being explored. four common algal species in Australia have been discovered. This knowledge has underpinned the development of better monitoring v A model to predict chlorine decay and control disinfectant and control technologies. residuals in distribution systems has been made freely available to the Australian water industry. Incorporation of this model into commercial software packages which The Centre is recognised as a world leader in cyanobacterial research simulate distribution systems is currently being discussed. and has contributed to substantial sections of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) manual on management of cyanobacteria. It has also resulted in the identification and adoption of guideline values COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER for toxin levels in both Australia and the WHO manual. As a key success factor for the CRC’s research program is to maximise Centre researchers have produced a number of comprehensive texts uptake by the water industry, communication of the centre’s work on the taxonomy of toxic cyanobacteria and these are widely used has been a vital mechanism for facilitating technology transfer. internationally as a reference material. The sections below summarise activity and achievements in this multifaceted approach.
Aesthetics Roadshows Although health has been a primary focus, improving the aesthetics of drinking water has also received attention within the CRC’s research Technology transfer seminars, known as Roadshows, have been program. A major focus has been on managing disinfectant residuals popular with the water industry as a method for transferring research within distribution systems and, in this area, models for predicting and outcomes to the industry. Roadshows tour the major capital cities in minimising chlorine residuals have been developed and applied to a Australia thereby allowing a greater number of people to attend the number of major city distribution systems. Another set of models has presentations. They usually consist of 6-10 presentations on a theme also been developed into a risk management system for controlling of research within the Centre. So far the Centre has completed series discoloured water and taste and odours in distribution systems. of roadshows on pathogens, natural organic matter and distribution systems. In total over 600 people have attended the presentations and excellent feedback has been received. A roadshow presenting Procedures have been developed and applied for the control of the Centre’s cyanobacterial research will occur towards the end of bromophenol formation in drinking water. This is a particular problem 2006. in the Perth distribution system.
Publications Guidance manuals have been produced to help minimize the The Centre uses a number of different publications to showcase its production of toxins and off-flavours from cyanobacterial blooms. research.
COMMERCIALISATION AND UTILISATION Upon completion most projects are required to produce a research The main focus of the Centre’s activities has been to assist its report. These reports provide a detailed record of the research that participants to provide high quality water at an affordable price. In this has been carried out and the outcomes that were achieved. In the regard, direct utilisation of the Centre’s research output has been of past couple of years there has been an emphasis on ensuring that higher priority than any commercialisation activity. Consequently, the these reports are accessible to industry by shortening their length and Centre has made almost all of its research output freely available to using plain language where possible. All reports are produced as PDF the Australian water industry and has pursued only a few commercial files and placed in the Participants area of the Centre website; many outcomes as outlined below. are also produced in hard copy. So far the Centre has produced 27 reports. Production of these reports will be a particular focus for the remainder of the Centre. The success of this approach can be measured in a number of ways. Firstly, there is the close involvement of water supply authorities in many of the Centre’s research projects, largely through the provision Occasional papers are produced in response to an issue of interest of field sites, but also through project leadership. As outlined in the in the Australian water industry or following a topic-based workshop. sections above, many of the research outputs have found direct These publications are produced as PDF files and also as hard copies. application in field operations. Another measure of the value of the To date the Centre has produced ten occasional papers on topics Centre’s research output has been the continuing growth in industry such as blue-green algae, endocrine disruptors and natural organic participation. Starting with an original membership of 17 in 1995, the matter. Centre has now involves 29 Participants and 21 Associates. Between them, the Participants and Associates of the Centre now provide water services to over 90% of the Australian population - a truly national As mentioned above, Roadshows have been very successful in water research centre! presenting research outcomes. An essential part of the success was the production of a booklet of technical fact sheets to accompany the presentations. The booklets aim to provide an overview of the The final measure of the value of the Centre’s research output is essential information needed for water industry to begin using the the current commitment by the industry participants to form a new research outcomes. They provide further resources for users and a industry funded research centre to take over from the existing Centre contact person for questions. The booklets are produced in hard when it ceases to operate in June, 2008. Plans for this new centre are copy and given to participants at the events. Downloadable copies already well advanced. are also placed on the public area of the Centre website. The most popular downloadable file from the Centre website in 2005-06 was the Disinfection Management booklet which was produced for the Despite this focus on direct utilisation of research outputs, a number of Distribution Systems Roadshow. This booklet was downloaded 63, projects have produced outputs which are currently being evaluated 046 times after being placed on the website in November 2005. for commercial exploitation. These include:
18 ASSESSMENT OF TRACK RECORD
Several recent Centre projects have investigated areas of research of Research Coalition and the American Water Works Association interest which lend themselves to being produced as guidance manuals Research Foundation. On average the Centre would be involved in or guides. In late 2006 it is anticipated that guidance manuals will be three events of this type each year. produced for rainwater tanks and a cost assessment methodology for sustainable urban water schemes. It is anticipated that this type of publication will become increasingly popular with industry parties. Over the past five years the Centre has sponsored a number of conferences and workshops of benefit to Centre students and the Australian water industry. Some of those conferences include: With an increasing emphasis on access to outputs from research the Centre has investigated ways in which it can provide the results of international research and collaborations to our participants. To this v Managing for Safe Drinking Water: An International end the Centre set up a webpage within the participants area which Conference on the Challenges of Small Water Systems provides parties direct access to Global Water Research Coalition (2006) (GWRC) reports. Currently there are 21 reports available to Centre v Australian Young Water Professionals Conference (2006) participants. The Centre is also working with the American Water v Proficiency Testing Summit (2005) Works Association Research Foundation to allow Centre participants v International Natural Organic Matter Research Conference: direct access to final project reports that Centre members have been Innovations and Applications for Drinking Water (2004) involved in producing. v Environmental Engineering Research Event (2004) v Symposuim of the Australian Academy of Technical Sciences A series of four brochures, known as Drinking Water Facts, has been and Engineering, Water- The Australian Dilemma (2003) produced to assist in sharing knowledge with the general public. These brochures are written in plain English and provide information v World Melioidosis Congress (2001) on topics of general interest. The four Drinking Water Facts produced are Water Treatment, Blue-Green Algae: A guide, All About Australia’s Associates Program Drinking Water and Keeping Water Safe: Chlorination and Disinfection By-Products. These brochures are mainly used by water utilities and The Associates Program was established by the Centre to enable small schools. to medium enterprises to participate in Centre activities. Significant growth has been experienced in the Associates Program over the five years of operation of the Centre. When the Centre began in 2001 In addition to series of publications there have been several one off there were 10 associates there are now 21. publications that have been produced by the Centre over the past 5 years. Amongst a range of benefits, associates can be involved in various Centre activities and have access to certain of the Centre’s resources, The Consumers Guide to Drinking Water provides an overview of but have no role in Centre governance. The Associates Program is water in Australia and around the world and discusses how water is managed by Dr Gerard Vaughan, the Centre’s Liaison Officer. collected, treated, distributed, used and regulated. It was originally produced in 2001 and updated in 2006. It is accessible via the public area of the Centre website. Website In 2001 the Centre website was receiving around 1000 hits per week or around 4000 per month. By 2005-06 this has grown more than ten- The Centre currently has 10 research program and over 100 research fold to around 58,000 hits per month. projects. As the outputs from projects began to increase, participants asked the Centre Executive Committee to produce a document that would simply explain how the research outcomes fit into their The Participants Area of the website was added in July 2001 to businesses. This document was called the Research Themes document provide a means members access to CRC publications and material and was produced in 2005. The themes document divides research not available to the public. This includes a growing list of publications. projects on a theme basis rather than by programs. The themes Also accessible from the Participants area of the website is the projects chosen were Aesthetics, Cyanobacteria, Micropollutants, Natural information management system (PIMS) and the effort reporting Organic Matter, Pathogens and Sustainability. Research projects, their system (ERS). These systems have assisted the Centre streamline outputs and any industry uptake were detailed in each of the themes. reporting procedures. The document was well received by participants and has subsequently been used as the basis for technology transfer reviews in individual In the public area of the website the most popular downloads are the water utilities. Consumer’s Guide to Drinking Water and the Drinking Water Facts series. As has already been mentioned the technical fact sheet on Events disinfection management was also incredibly popular when it was Centre workshops and seminars are an important way of involving added to the website. particularly industry participants in Centre research. In earlier years of the Centre this involved planning workshops where researchers met with industry participants to prioritise Centre research and formulate COLLABORATION research projects. The supply of safe and aesthetically pleasing water is a universal need. Research and knowledge generation on the provision of high More recently, Centre events have been seminars where transfer of quality water is going on world wide. Consequently, it is essential knowledge and expertise is the main aim. that the Centre maintains linkages with key national and international generators of knowledge and research and ensures that the knowledge Workshops have increased from seven in 2001-02 to thirteen in gained is available to the Australian industry. The dot points below 2005-06. summarise the activity of the Centre in this area.
While staging our own events has been a focus for this Centre, there v Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC) – the CRC is a have also been many occasions where the Centre has joined with founding member of the GWRC, which is comprised of other organisations to hold joint workshops. Prominent organisations 15 national water research agencies from 9 countries. It include the Australian Water Association, Water Services Association undertakes collaborative research with the GWRC and of Australia, the National Health and Medical Research Council, its members and facilitates access for Australian water various state-based Government departments, the Global Water authorities to GWRC research outputs.
19 ASSESSMENT OF TRACK RECORD
v Emerging Technologies Workshop – these biennial water industry. Applicants should be completing third or fourth year workshops involve key water research agencies from around degree programs. Usually nine or ten places are offered. the globe in a closed forum where emerging technologies and new knowledge are revealed and discussed in a Participant organisations submit projects which are promoted via the collaborative environment. The Centre has been involved in Centre website. Students are encouraged to submit applications, such workshops since its inception in 1995. including their academic record, ranking the top three projects they v American Water Works Association Research Foundation would like to be involved in. (AwwaRF) – the Centre has maintained a close working relationship with AwwaRF and undertakes a number of collaborative research projects with this organisation. As a This program has been very popular with students. Each year many result, the Centre has been able to significantly expand the more applications are received than there are places available. In resources applied to these research areas. mid- February of each year a Summer Research Scholarship Reporting Seminar is held for students to present the results of their projects. v Collaboration with other CRCs – over its life the centre has The event is a highlight in the Centre calendar with the Governing collaborated with the following CRCs – Freshwater Ecology, Board Chairman, Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis often opening the Catchment Hydrology, Desert Knowledge and Aboriginal event. Interested supervisors, postgraduate students and industry Health. These collaborations have involved joint research personnel also attend these events. projects of common interest to the CRCs involved. v National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) – Because of its close involvement in the development of Since 2001, sixty-nine Summer Research Scholarship students have national guidelines for both drinking water and recycled been funded by the Education and Training Program, other Centre water, the Centre has maintained a close working research programs or industry. Seven students who completed relationship with the NHMRC. This relationship has provided Summer Research Scholarships continued on to do PhD’s with the a national focus and impact for the CRC’s research output. Centre. Joint workshops have been held on water in indigenous communities and the development of an electronic decision Honours Scholarships support tool to help small communities apply water quality regulatory frameworks. Honours Scholarships were introduced in 2001-02 to provide better articulation between Summer Research Scholarship activities and the Centre’s postgraduate research program. Since the scholarships were introduced twenty-eight students have been awarded scholarships. EDUCATION AND TRAINING Five students who were awarded Honours scholarships continued PhD studies with the Centre. The aim of the Education and Training Program is to provide specialist undergraduate and postgraduate experience in water science and technology. Young Water Scientist of the Year This award is organised by a group of CRC’s known as the Water The program encompasses: Forum. All of the Centre’s involved have some interest in water. While membership of this group has changed over the years this award has v PhD and Masters research projects continued. Traditionally this award was held at the Australian Water v Coursework postgraduate activity Association Convention (as part of the ENVIRO Conference), However v Honours scholarships since 2004 the award has been held at the RiverSymposium. Another v Summer Research Scholarships and some undergraduate project change to the award has been the entrants. Since the inception of activity the competition only students at Water Forum CRC’s were eligible to enter, however, in 2005 the conditions were changed so that students v Postgraduate Student Conferences and other support for from any Cooperative Research Centre could enter the award as long conference attendance, including international conferences as their project met the criteria. In 2002, Kim Fergusson from the CRC v Participation in the CRC Water Forum's Young Water Scientist of for Water Quality and Treatment was the Young Water Scientist of the the Year competition Year. While the field of applicants has been broader in recent years, v Involvement of researchers in coursework postgraduate and this Centre has continued to have a finalist in the competition each undergraduate lectures year. v State node meetings v Staff training activities. Showcasing Postgraduate Students The Centre continues to play an active role in the CRC Association Conference through attendance at the conference, pre-conference PhD and Masters research projects workshops and by entering students in the Showcasing Postgraduate Nine Universities from around Australia are participants in the CRC for Students session at the Conference. Students from this Centre were Water Quality and Treatment. Since 2001, thirty-three students have selected as finalists in 2003, 2004 and two students were selected in been awarded their PhD’s and 3 Masters students have graduated 2006. from these Universities. Some of these students began their studies in Mark I of the Centre (1995-2001). There are currently sixty-four students enrolled in the PhD Program and five students undertaking Postgraduate Student Conferences Masters. Postgraduate student conferences are held every two years. The first conference for Mark II of the Centre was held from 17-19 October 2002 at the Old Reynella Winery in South Australia. Twenty-seven students The final intake of Ph D students was expected to be in early 2005. attended the conference and presented their work. A technical tour However, the Governing Board invited a proposal for a further intake. which included the Happy Valley Water Treatment Plant, the Adelaide A further eleven students thus entered the program during the current Hills Catchment and the Mount Pleasant MIEX Plant was included as reporting period. Three more will enter from mid-2006. part of the conference.
Summer Research Scholarships The second conference was held at the Noosa Lakes Resort, Each year the Centre holds Summer Research Scholarships over the Noosaville, Queensland from 14-16 April 2004. Forty-three students summer vacation period between November and March. Summer attended the conference and thirty-two presented their work. Three Research Scholarships provide talented undergraduates with career German exchange students studying at the Centre at the time also and research opportunities relevant to the needs of the Australian attended the conference. A technical tour was hosted by Veolia
20 ASSESSMENT OF TRACK RECORD
Water Australia and a workshop was held on commercialisation and Environmental Research Event (ERE) intellectual property. The Centre has been a long-time sponsor of the Environmental Research Event (formerly the Environmental Engineering Research The third and final conference for the Centre will is scheduled for 10- Event (EERE)). Each year several Centre students attend the conference 13 July 2006 at Hotel Y in Melbourne. This conference will be the and there have also been Centre students on the organising committee largest held in the Centre with over 60 students expected to attend. for a number of events. The conference will include a careers session, a technical tour and a research management workshop. Excellent Publication Award In 2003 the Centre’s Education and Training Steering Committee Education and Training Steering Committee decided to introduce an annual Excellent Publication Award for This Committee meets quarterly every year to guide all the activities students. The award is judged by Centre Governing Board Chairman, within the Education and Training Program and to propose new Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis, Education and Training Program initiatives. The Award for an Excellent Publication is an example of Leader, Professor Dennis Mulcahy and Deputy CEO, Professor Tony the latter. The Chair of this Committee is Professor Felicity Roddick of Priestley. The standard of entries has been excellent. In 2005 the RMIT University. award was sponsored by a Centre industry participant, South East Water, Victoria.
Conference Attendance Internal Training The Centre is committed to the communication of research outcomes and every year helps many postgraduate students present their work Internal training has been provided in several ways. The first is via at National and International Conferences. On average the Centre incorporation of workshops into Postgraduate Student Conferences provides funding to between 8-10 students per year to assist with and the Node Meetings. The latter were scheduled in various states the cost of travel and conference attendance. In some instances in the intervening years when a student conference was not held. the students have played a significant role in local conference Commercialisation/Intellectual Property and Communication Skills organisation. were successfully presented in this way. A Research Management Workshop has been organised for the 2006 Postgraduate Student Conference. Coursework Masters, Undergraduate and Other Teaching Activities Dedicated one day meetings or seminars on specific topics are A number of initiatives have been maintained from 2001 onwards. another approach. One day technical writing seminars were organised They include the postgraduate Microbial Risk Assessment lectures in Melbourne and Sydney in 2004 and involved both students and given by Professor Nicholas Ashbolt at the University of New South industry personnel. Wales. These focus on its application to the drinking water industry and, in particular, on the Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality. The latter arose out of the Australian Drinking Water Each year a number of Centre students close to completion of their Guidelines. research are financially supported to attend the annual one-week Melbourne Business School Career Development and Innovation Course. Students attending this course are required to present some Involvement of Centre researchers in the presentation of the Masters in of the knowledge and skills they acquired to the full student body at a Water Resources Management at the University of South Australia was following Conference or Node meeting. another. There was similar involvement in a final year undergraduate course in the Civil and Water Engineering program at the University. Indigenous Student Mentoring Centre researcher Mr Peter Baker annually presents an undergraduate The Centre has undertaken to mentor three indigeneous students. module on Identification, Enumeration and Ecology of Phytoplankton Angela Flynn, a Chemical Engineering/Science double degree student at the University of Adelaide. at the University of Adelaide is expected to complete her program next year.
A two-week Integrated Catchment Management Short Course, organised by Associate Professor Friedrich Recknagel at the University Brad Moggridge, of University of Technology Sydney, received support of Adelaide, was successfully run in 2003 and 2004. It incorporated for the preparation of his coursework Masters thesis, Aboriginal People both lectures and fieldwork. and Ground -water. His project subsequently received substantial media coverage.
Two member universities’ links with the International Centre of Excellence in Water Quality Management (ICEWaRM) were fully James Newman, an Environmental Science student at Southern Cross developed during the current reporting period. University, will soon participate in a Summer Research Project at the Centre for Appropriate Technology (CAT), in Alice Springs. Centre researchers, Ms Mary Drikas and Dr Gayle Newcombe from the Australian Water Quality Centre have developed a new Short Course, Introduction to Potable Water Treatment, as part of the annual International Winter Environmental School (IWES). They presented a version of this in Sydney on 20 March 2006. The School itself is scheduled for 17-21 July 2006 on the Gold Coast, Queensland.
21 Program Group Leader Prof John McNeil Monash University Aim This Program Group has as its primary objective the need to thoroughly understand the link between human health and the quality of drinking water. Its programs will focus on microbiological and chemical risks of relevance to Australian water supplies, integrating both toxicological and epidemiological research methods. In addition, research will be undertaken to improve understanding of the factors that affect community perceptions of drinking water quality and safety.
PROGRAMS
1A Epidemiology 23 Aesthetics 1B Toxicology 26 and
1C People’s Perspectives 33 Health
22 EPIDEMIOLOGY 1A
Program Leader Karin Leder Monash University
PROGRAM AIM The objective of the Epidemiology Program is to apply epidemiological techniques to characterise human health risks from microbial and chemical contaminants in drinking water. Techniques employed in this research include specific investigations measuring health outcomes in human participants, the development of methods to provide improved estimates of individual exposure levels, and the use of risk assessment for evaluation of perceived health risks. This program provides high quality research outputs, interpretation of health evidence and authoritative evaluation of health risks for industry and regulators. A significant consideration in this work is placing water-associated risks in context with the broader public health perspective in order to ensure cost- effective use of public resources in risk management.
PROGRAM OVERVIEW Budget $567,964 The Epidemiology Program focuses predominantly on human health Start Date July 2003 risks from exposure to microbial contaminants in water supplies. These contaminants are recognised as posing the most significant and immediate threat to the health of water users, in contrast to chemical Background and Relevance contaminants which generally exert adverse effects only over a long Australia has been an acknowledged international leader in the move exposure time frame. Over the last two years the scope of our research to adopt risk-based preventive strategies for management of hazards has expanded to include public health aspects of alternative water to drinking water supplies. A key aspect of risk-based management sources such as sewage effluent, greywater, stormwater and rainwater, is the effective use of monitoring to verify that risk management in addition to conventional drinking water supplies. This reflects the measures are functioning to assure drinking water quality, as well changing priorities of the water industry and the increasing national as to facilitate decision-making. This project aims to apply the well- emphasis on water resource management and sustainability. established logic of diagnostic screening and evidence-based decision-making from the field of medicine to monitoring for drinking water quality hazards. To date the considerable insights available from RESEARCH COLLABORATION this rationale have not been explicitly recognised, nor applied in the This year has seen an increasing level of involvement with the Global environmental sciences. This project further evolves the philosophy Water Research Coalition (GWRC), an international network of 14 set out in the Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality, leading water research organisations. The Epidemiology Program contained in the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, and uses has played a key role in the evaluation of emerging issues relevant diagnostic screening as a rationale to guide drinking water quality to public health including the potential risks of transmission of avian monitoring. influenza through drinking water supplies, and possible links between a neurotoxic compound produced by cyanobacteria and risks of Alzheimer’s Disease. In addition, the program led a GWRC critical Research Approach review of evidence on the cardiovascular health effects of calcium Current practices and concepts in medical diagnostic screening and and magnesium in drinking water, in response to consideration of evidence-based medicine were initially reviewed with a focus on how this issue by the World Health Organization. We have also continued this information could be translated and applied to screening for water our collaboration with the Department of Public Health Science quality hazards. Information was also obtained from water industry at the University of Alberta, Canada on the project Developing stakeholders on current water quality monitoring practices, analytical Evidence Based, Strategic Water Quality Monitoring Systems, and our methods, responses to monitoring data, and regulatory compliance involvement with health-related aspects of projects in other Centre issues. A review of the role of routine monitoring in detection and programs. prevention of waterborne outbreaks was also undertaken. In order to assess levels of understanding of monitoring concepts and data CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES interpretation, surveys of different professional groups were carried out in Australia and internationally. More efficient use of water is a key element in the National Research Priority “An Environmentally Sustainable Australia”. Looming water shortages in our major cities have prompted increasing use of various Outcomes alternative water sources in urban areas, including recycled water from This research has shown that there is little logical basis for the design sewage effluent, greywater, stormwater and rainwater. It is important of current monitoring programs and the follow-up investigations to ensure that changing patterns of water use do not impact adversely necessary for dealing with monitoring results. Given the significant on public health by exposing people to unacceptable levels of costs associated with monitoring and limitations on available microbial pathogens or chemical contaminants in these alternative resources, especially for small water supply systems, a change of focus water sources. Work undertaken in this program will contribute to a is required towards more directed, strategic monitoring and making better understanding of the health risks associated with alternative better use of available evidence. The surveys carried out as part of water supplies, and enable rational policy decisions to be made which this research have indicated that many water industry personnel place maintain appropriate levels of public health protection while balancing an unwarranted high level of confidence in monitoring results, and economic and resource management imperatives. that misinterpretation and misunderstanding of monitoring data are common. Thus current water quality monitoring practices provide very CURRENT PROJECT STATUS limited support for public health decision-making.
1.1.0.5 DEVELOPING EVIDENCE BASED, STRATEGIC WATER Industry Uptake QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEMS Expected outcomes for the project include guidance on designing Contact Person cost-effective monitoring programs, and better use of monitoring information to increase understanding and improve management Martha Sinclair (Monash University) of individual water supply systems. Other outcomes include better Organisations Involved training of operating personnel in the underlying rationale of quality Monash University, SA Water, Sydney Water Corporation, Water monitoring programs leading to more informed data collection and Corporation, Yarra Valley Water, South East Water, Power and Water interpretation; and definition of a research agenda and approach for Corporation, University of Alberta (Canada) future development of monitoring methods and tools.
23 1A EPIDEMIOLOGY
1.1.0.8 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT FOR URBAN RETICULATION and the consequent degree of human exposure. Risk assessment in SYSTEMS this area is hampered by a lack of adequate data on exposure levels, Contact Person and as a result of this uncertainty the use of recycled water and other alternative water sources may be unnecessarily limited as regulatory Karin Leder (Monash University) authorities are forced to adopt conservative approaches to avoid Organisations Involved potential risks. This project is addressing gaps in human exposure data Monash University, Sydney Water Corporation relating to four specific aspects of water use which were identified through consultation with industry and regulatory bodies. Budget $141,000 Start Date June 2005 Research Approach The four components of this project are: Background and Relevance v Assessment of potential exposure to pathogens through use of A number of innovative housing developments in Australia are recycled water for laundry purposes. incorporating dual reticulation systems where individual households are supplied with conventional tap water for drinking and water of a v Evaluation of the required withholding periods before public lower quality (such as recycled water from treated sewage effluent) for contact after irrigation of parks with Class B and C recycled some non-potable uses. Depending on the range of household uses water. for which recycled water is substituted, such arrangements have the v Characterisation of aerosol exposure from conventional and high potential to markedly reduce conventional tap water use. However, efficiency spray devices to determine the potential for inhalation schemes pioneering this approach have adopted intensive and high exposure. cost water treatment methods largely due to uncertainty over the v Preliminary assessment of the bacterial endotoxin content of potential health risks associated with public exposure to recycled recycled water and assessment of the potential for adverse health water. This project will provide information on the frequency and effects. intensity of exposure for Australian urban populations, which will in turn permit more accurate risk assessment and better definition of the appropriate quality for recycled water for urban dual reticulation Experimental approaches include seeding of water with indicator schemes. microorganisms to mimic viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens, and the use of specialised equipment to characterise droplet and aerosol formation under a range of conditions. Research Approach This project is surveying the water use practices of residents supplied Outcomes with recycled water via a dual reticulation system and residents of an otherwise comparable control area with a conventional water supply. This project will provide exposure estimates for real-life water use Data has been collected using telephone interviews and water use scenarios which will be more accurate than the arbitrary values diaries, and most participating households have also consented to currently used for most health risk assessment purposes. It will enable have their water use records from their local water utility extracted refinement of risk estimates and allow health regulatory agencies to for analysis. Information from this study will also be compared with better determine the required quality of water for specific household past studies conducted in Australia to verify the applicability of indoor purposes. This may in turn enable more broad substitution of recycled water use data collected for conventional systems to dual reticulation water for uses where potable water is currently employed. households. Industry Uptake Outcomes The information from the study will be made available for future The data collected from the project will be used to improve the revisions of the Australian National Guidelines for Water Recycling, accuracy of water exposure assessment for a range of indoor and and will assist water and health regulators to decide on safe uses of outdoor household activities. This will then feed into the Quantitative recycled water for a variety of purposes. Microbial Risk Assessment process which is being employed for the development of National Guidelines for Water Recycling in Australia. PROJECTS IN DEVELOPMENT
Industry Uptake 1.1.0.9 HEALTH SERVICES UTILISATION AND URBAN DUAL Outcomes from the project will assist health regulatory agencies to RETICULATION SYSTEMS frame guidelines with an appropriate level of public health protection for the intended end-uses of recycled water in the domestic context, This study will examine health outcomes of residents of an area and will assist in optimising water treatment methods for alternative supplied by a dual water reticulation system, and compare them to urban water schemes. an otherwise similar area with a conventional reticulation system. This will be done by using data from General Practitioner records for the 1.1.1.0 A SERIES OF EXPOSURE EXPERIMENTS – RECYCLED area to compare rates of medical consultations for gastrointestinal, WATER AND ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES respiratory and dermal complaints. Preliminary discussions about Contact Person the project have been held with the Division of General Practice for the relevant dual reticulation area, and with NSW Health and other Karin Leder, Monash University stakeholders. This project will provide water authorities and health Organisations Involved regulators with additional assurance of the safety of supplying recycled CSIRO, Department of Human Services Victoria, Melbourne Water water for non-potable purposes. Output from this study is important Corporation, Monash University, Power and Water Corporation, given the proposed future scale of implementation of dual reticulation SA Water, South East Water, United Water International, Water systems in Australia whereby large numbers of people will be exposed Corporation, Yarra Valley Water to recycled water in the urban domestic context. Budget $595,013 Start Date June 2005 1.1.1.1 HEALTH EFFECTS OF DRINKING WATER FROM RAINWATER TANKS Rainwater is used extensively for drinking in rural Australia, however Background and Relevance due to its variable microbiological quality health authorities do not The safe use of alternative water sources is dependent on the water endorse its use in the urban context where safe disinfected tap being treated to a standard that is compatible with the intended use water supplies are readily available. Uncertainty over the degree of
24 EPIDEMIOLOGY 1A
risk has also made some water utilities and developers reluctant to by the Centre. The outcome of this project will be invaluable in provide untreated rainwater for purposes that may be associated shaping policy on acceptable uses of rainwater in an urban setting with inadvertent consumption such as showering or brushing teeth. serviced by an existing reticulated supply, and will be used by public This project will provide a quantitative estimate of acute health risks health regulators to base their recommendations for the use of tank associated with deliberate consumption of untreated rainwater, using water for direct human consumption. It will contribute to the ability of a double-blinded randomised controlled trial methodology. The water suppliers to conserve conventional drinking water supplies by study will determine whether removal of microbial pathogens from providing alternative water sources that are fit for purpose. tank water makes a significant difference to rates of gastroenteritis by comparing people who drink rainwater treated by real or sham (non-functional) water treatment devices. This “gold standard” methodology was developed for a previous Centre study of tap water in Melbourne. Funding of $844,313 over three years has been awarded by the National Health and Medical Research Council for the study. Supplementary funding to significantly expand the water quality monitoring component of the project is under consideration
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Commonwealth Schedule Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone and/ Milestones (Yes/No) or Output
Research Assess results of prior studies and Yes Ongoing assessment is being maintained via published literature, international developments, then conferences, personal contacts and involvement with the Global review research priorities and project Water Research Coalition. plans and modify as appropriate. Research plans have been re-evaluated and modified in the light of international developments and changing industry priorities. Review activities resulted in the production of Occasional Paper 11: Strategic Review of Waterborne Viruses. A summer scholarship project on water hardness and cardiovas- cular risks was also conducted in response to international devel- opments. Proposals for further research on this topic are being developed.
Establishment of epidemiological Yes A study on Burkholderii pseudomallei in tropical water supplies studies on pathogens of concern. has been completed, and further work is underway in another Centre research program. A possible study on Mycobacteria has been considered but was deemed not feasible due to low case numbers and bias in testing. No other potential pathogens of concern have been identified to date.
Establishment of epidemiological No Toxicological projects on this topic are still ongoing and have not studies of health effects of exposure yet identified compounds of health concern. to a range of cyanobacterial toxins and/or their disinfection by-products, as indicated by the outcomes of toxicological testing.
Establishment of studies to improve Yes Two projects have been established in this research area: 1.1.0.8 exposure assessment for alternative Exposure assessment for urban reticulation systems, and 1.1.1.0 water supplies. Exposure experiments - recycled water and alternative water sources. These will provide important data for improving expo- sure assessment and health risk management.
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Program Leader Glen Shaw EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the University of Queensland) PROGRAM AIM The purpose of the Toxicology Program is to produce toxicological information that can be incorporated into Australian Drinking Water Guidelines and used in risk assessments of the human health significance of a variety of chemicals in water. These chemicals are generally toxins and can be natural (eg. cyanobacterial toxins) or anthropogenic (eg. disinfection by-products or micropollutants). The Toxicology Program produces research that provides information on safe levels of toxins in drinking water, and this information forms the basis of management strategies to achieve these levels.
The Toxicology Program is of necessity closely linked to the Epidemiology Program to ensure integration of results and produce findings that are truly related to human health. In addition, the program is linked to other Centre research programs especially Sustainable Water Sources, Water Treatment Technology, Measurement and Regional and Rural Water Supplies. This is to facilitate health evaluation of treatment technologies, ensure accurate measurement of toxins and biomarkers for toxins that are present in water, and to aid in the provision of water free of deleterious chemicals to remote and rural communities.
PROGRAM OVERVIEW conducted, raise the profile of the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment The Toxicology Program continues to provide data relevant to the on the international stage, and leverage funds from overseas sources risk assessment of chemical contaminants found in Australian drinking such as the American Water and Wastewater Association Research water sources and wastewater streams. However, in the last year Fund (AwwaRF) and the Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC) or so the emphasis has moved from research into cyanobacterial toxins to research issues in the broad area of micropollutants. This CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES has seen the instigation of two new PhD projects investigating the This program contributes to the National Research Priority an genotoxic potential of novel disinfection by-products. This work is “Environmentally Sustainable Australia” by seeking to understand aimed at finding new candidate chemicals that might be linked more how various harmful chemicals of human and natural origin that are closely than trihalomethanes with the observed adverse health effects found in water impact on people and the environment. This type of associated with drinking disinfected water. research underpins the relative risk assessment of these chemicals and thus allows prioritization of work aimed at reducing their levels The antimicrobial agent Triclosan is an additive to many personal and effects. By understanding what levels of these chemicals cause care products that are used widely in the Australian community. It is harm, regulatory limits can be supported based on sound scientific therefore a major contaminant of the waste flows entering sewage evidence. By gaining information about how these chemicals act on treatment plants, and potentially, of the effluent from these plants. their targets, specific assays systems can be designed to monitor the The Toxicology Program already has one project investigating options progress of mitigation measures. for removal of Triclosan from wastewater, and this year a second PhD project has begun to examine its effects on bacterial populations CURRENT PROJECT STATUS in activated sludge as well as its biodegradation by some of these microorganisms. Yet another PhD student is looking at the impacts of radiological contaminants, such as radon, on our water and 1.2.0.2 CYLINDROSPERMOPSIN MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY wastewater cycles. However, we have not completely abandoned the AND GENOTOXICITY cyanobacterial toxins, with a PhD student now beginning to assess the possibility that cylindrospermopsin might be toxic to the human reproductive system. All of these projects provide information to the Contact Person Australian water industry on current issues. However, as the community Glen Shaw (EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific considers increasing wastewater reuse, concerns about contamination Services and the University of Queensland)) by micropollutants continue to grow. The recent change in emphasis Organisations Involved in the Toxicology Program towards micropollutants is also a strategic EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the move towards the provision of well-founded scientific information for University of Queensland), Australian Water Quality Centre, University decision makers into the future. of Adelaide, Griffith University, Queensland Health Scientific Services Budget $2,224,259 Towards the end of the reporting period Dr Glen Shaw resigned as Start Date March 2003 Program Leader. Dr Andrew Humpage from the Australian Water Quality Centre was officially appointed as the Program Leader for the Toxicology Program from May 2006. Background and Relevance While sufficient data has been produced on the acute and sub-chronic RESEARCH COLLABORATION toxicity of cylindrospermopsin, the lack of data on carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and mechanisms of toxicity of cylindrospermopsin Researchers in the Toxicology Program have on-going collaborations prevent the establishment of guidelines. Preliminary work in Australia with a wide range of international experts at such institutions as by Centre researchers Professor Ian Falconer and Dr Andrew University of Alberta and the Institute for Marine Biosciences in Humpage suggest that there is the likelihood that cylindrospermopsin Canada, City University of Hong Kong, University of Konstanz and is carcinogenic. the Federal Environment Agency (UBA) in Germany, Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, and Wright State University in the US, and the National Food Safety This project will produce information on the mechanisms of toxicity Authority (AFSSA) and the National Natural History Museum in France. and genotoxicity of cylindrospermopsin that can be used to relate Projects include the development of a Certified Reference Material toxicological findings to humans. This will in turn facilitate health for cylindrospermopsin, comparison of analytical methodologies for risk assessment by health authorities enabling them to ensure that detection of cyanotoxins, and toxicological investigations into the no deleterious health effects are occurring as a result of exposure effects of microcystins and cylindrospermopsin. These collaborations to this toxin in water. Another issue to be determined is the toxicity allow us to greatly expand the amount of relevant research that is of the cylindrospermopsin analog, deoxycylindrospermopsin, which
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co-occurs in source water with cylindrospermopsin. In addition, the of Adelaide, Queensland Health Scientific Services, South East data produced will be submitted to the NHMRC and the World Health Queensland Water Organization (WHO) to produce guidelines for cylindrospermopsin in Budget $1,426,886 drinking water. Start Date October 2003
Research Approach Background and Relevance Toxicity study The mouse bioassay has been the mainstay of toxicity screening for Freshly isolated hepatocytes from a range of inbred mouse strains many years but, for both ethical and scientific reasons, alternatives along with various cell lines will be exposed to cylindrospermopsin. need to be sought. The research will examine the usefulness of a range From these experiments, mechanisms of toxicity will be investigated of toxicity assays in a screening panel of tests capable of detecting using techniques such as DNA microarrays to identify genes toxicants of concern to the water industry (with an emphasis on that are regulated by the toxin. In addition, the in vitro toxicity of cyanotoxins). To provide broad specificity, these assays will be based deoxycylindrospermopsin will be investigated in a range of cell lines on a range of mammalian cell-lines as well as various invertebrate using a number of different toxicological endpoints. The potential organisms. dermal toxicity of cylindrospermopsin will be determined in mice using assays for irritation and dermal hypersensitivity. In addition, a sub-chronic mouse oral dosing study will be undertaken which aims to This project will produce a battery of assays that can replace the determine the regulation of multiple genes. mouse bioassay, ensuring that protocols for testing of toxins levels are available.
Genotoxicity study A number of genotoxic endpoints will be investigated in order to gain The assay panel should benefit industry in the toxicity screening of an insight into potential mechanisms of carcinogenicity of this toxin. An critical control points in a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points investigation will be undertaken to determine the presence or absence (HACCP) context. of mutations in genes specifically related to cancer induction and progression. The use of DNA microarrays will permit the investigation Research Approach of the effects of cylindrospermopsin and deoxcylindrospermopsin on A number of different types of organisms have been used for the regulation of a large number of human and mouse genes. purpose of detecting toxins in water, soils and sediments. This project will only be assessing the applicability of screening assays for toxins Outcomes in water. A number of different in vivo systems will be investigated v The genotoxic activity of cylindrospermopsin has been further using cyanobacterial toxins and cyanobacterial extracts from species defined. It has been shown that DNA fragmentation is a primary relevant to Australia. A suite of organisms traditionally used for toxicity outcome, that oxidative stress and DNA intercalation are not screening of wastewaters including Daphnia spp. (microcrustacean), involved, and that metabolic activation of the toxin is required. Brachionus rubens (rotifer) and larvae of various fish species that occur in the Australian environment will be investigated. Dose- v Investigations using state of the art molecular biological response relationships will be developed for a variety of species and techniques such as DNA microarray have revealed that this information will be used to further evaluate the sensitivity and cylindrospermopsin has the ability to affect a large number of application criteria for selected organisms. Other novel species may genes that relate to mechanisms of toxicity such as inhibition of be investigated including insects such as cockroaches. protein synthesis. Additionally regulation of genes involved in DNA damage has been demonstrated, suggesting DNA damage contributes to its observed toxicity. More recently, a number of other organisms have been suggested for v It was demonstrated that deoxycylindrospermopsin has the same toxin screening bioassays. These include the hydra (Hydra vulgaris), mechanism of toxicity as cylindrospermopsin, namely inhibition bioluminescent mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and of protein synthesis. the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena. The organisms will be acquired, cultured and dose-response criteria established in order to select v It has been demonstrated that the cylindrospermopsin analog, species for complete evaluation. A commercial kit (Thamnotoxkit F) deoxycylindrospermopsin is equitoxic to cylindrospermopsin in involves a 24-hour assay using a freshwater anostracan crustacean. This a variety of cell lines in vitro. Recent in vivo studies with mice kit will be evaluated for sensitivity and reliability with cyanobacterial suggest that deoxycylindrospermopsin is not nearly as toxic as toxins of Australian relevance according to the manufacturer’s cylindrospermopsin. The next stage in the research is to suggest instructions and compared with other assays developed and optimised mechanisms for this finding. in this research project. v The dermal irritancy and dermal hypersensitivity of cylindrospermopsin has been demonstrated using mice in vivo. The in vivo assays considered suitable for screening of toxins in water v The research outcomes now suggest that cylindrospermopsin is will be developed into batteries of test systems that will offer rapid a true cytotoxin. and relatively inexpensive screening systems. There is considerable potential for these assays to be much cheaper than mouse bioassays Industry Uptake and also potential for higher throughput of samples. Data on sub-chronic toxicity of cylindrospermopsin in mice has been presented to the Chemicals Working Group of the WHO as the part of Outcomes the information required for setting a Drinking Water Safety Guideline v A cell-line has been transfected with a gene coding for a short- Value for this toxin. A position paper is being prepared for placement lived fluorescent protein. This will be used as the basis for a rapid on the relevant WHO website. cellular assay for cylindrospermopsin. v The protein synthesis inhibition assay for cylindrospermopsin has 1.2.0.5 SCREENING ASSAYS FOR WATERBORNE TOXICANTS been improved and tests are now being undertaken to optimise it as a field assay. Contact Person v Published rapid cell-based assays for paralytic shellfish poisons were evaluated but were not found to be reliable. Andrew Humpage (Australian Water Quality Centre) v Honey bee larvae appear to be a promising new avenue for Organisations Involved research into an alternative whole organism assay to replace the EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the mouse bioassay. University of Queensland), Australian Water Quality Centre, University
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Industry Uptake Organisations Involved Once the project is completed, a suite of bioassays will be EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and recommended that can be established in water laboratories and the University of Queensland), Australian Water Quality Centre, analytical service laboratories that serve the water industry. Queensland Health Scientific Services, Water Services Association of Australia (Student involvement) 1.2.1.2 INVESTIGATION OF NDMA FORMATION BY Budget $469,392 CHLORINATION OF MODEL COMPOUNDS Start Date April 2005 Contact Person Glen Shaw (EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Background and Relevance Services and the University of Queensland)) Water disinfection by-products have been on the list of chemicals of Organisations Involved concern internationally for a number of years. More recently there EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the has been a shift of research focus from the traditionally measured University of Queensland), Queensland Health Scientific Services disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids to some of the toxicologically more relevant compounds. These Budget $30,000 include NDMA and other dialkylnitrosamines, halonitromethanes, Start Date April 2004 haloacetonitriles and chlorinated furanones. The need to conduct research aimed at determining whether a health risk to the public may exist from disinfection by-products has been recognised by Background and Relevance the Australian water industry and health authorities. This project will This research investigates the formation of dimethylnitrosamine determine the presence or absence of the above disinfection by- (NDMA) in water containing natural chemicals that may be precursors products. Any mutagenicity corresponding to these disinfection by- to NDMA when treated with chlorine or chloramines as disinfectants. product classes will be determined. This one year project is designed The project will also develop a sensitive and precise analytical method to be a pilot study to provide initial information for a subsequent larger for this disinfection by-product and will investigate NDMA in some international study to be co-funded by overseas organisations such as distribution systems that have been chlorinated or chloraminated American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF).
Research Approach Research Approach The literature indicates that the extraction methods used for NDMA Chlorinated and chloraminated water samples will be collected from a from waters are liquid-liquid, continuous liquid-liquid extractions and number of water utilities across the country. To date, the Water Services a few solid phase extraction methods. These methods (liquid-liquid Association of Australia (WSAA) has been instrumental in seeking co- in particular) are both time-consuming and relatively expensive, and operation from a large number of water authorities. These samples often appear to give poor returns. This project will establish a solid are being analysed for a number of classes of disinfection by-products phase extraction method to allow rapid testing with relatively good of toxicological interest using the NDMA method optimised in the extraction returns. Research into the nitrogenous precursors of NDMA, project Investigation of NDMA Formation by Chlorination of Model and parameters (such as pH) that may effect NDMA production will Compounds. US EPA methods will be used for the other compounds be done. This includes further investigation of amino acids, and of interest. other nitrogenous compounds typical of Australian source waters. Literature reviews suggest that no research into the presence of NDMA within Australian drinking water has been performed. Source In addition to the analytical determination of the disinfection by- and chlorinated/chloraminated water samples from within Australia products, mutagenicity assays and genotoxicity assays are being will be tested for the presence and quantification of NDMA. This used to determine the level of mutagenicity associated with fractions will help establish if Australian treated drinking waters are producing of the water. This will then be correlated with concentrations of the this disinfection by-product and therefore help establish if there is selected disinfection by-products corresponding to the fractions a problem within Australia. Recent research overseas, principally in with the outcome that mutagenicity can be either assigned to known Europe, the USA and Canada, has identified NDMA as a contaminant disinfection by-products or to as yet unidentified disinfection by- of concern from chlorination and it is considered protective of public products. health to investigate the extent of the risk in Australia. Outcomes Outcomes v This collaborative project between CRC nodes in South Australia v This project is now complete. and Queensland also incorporates PhD student projects for Somprasong Laingam and Micheal Smith. v The main outcome of the project was the development of a method for NDMA determination in disinfected water. The v In Queensland, the project has specifically determined the method utilises solid phase extraction and positive chemical concentrations of NDMA in disinfected waters from utilities ionization mass spectrometry and can determine NDMA to a around the country. detection limit of 2ng/L. v To date most supplies have no detectable levels of NDMA but v The project demonstrated the formation of NDMA from a small number have shown detectable levels that are generally chlorination of several amino acids, but primarily tyrosine below 10ng/L. v Mutagenicity assays have shown that a few water supplies are showing positive mutagenicity, but that this is not associated Industry Uptake with NDMA. The outcomes of this project relate to specialised laboratory services and not the general water industry. Centre party Queensland Health Scientific Services, have adopted the method and will be offering Industry Uptake testing services in the future. This project to date has had considerable industry input in terms of sampling. The outcome will be increased knowledge of the occurrence of disinfection by-products and the associated mutagenicity in 1.2.1.4 DETERMINATION OF HEALTH RISKS FROM WATER Australian drinking waters. In the long term this should lead to water CHLORINATION DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS treatment processes that are better formulated to minimize the production of the by-products of greatest health concern. Contact Person Glen Shaw, EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the University of Queensland)
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1.2.1.5 SAXITOXIN TOXICITY, REMOVAL BY PHOTOCATALYSIS this chemical to dermally affect humans is through hypersensitivity Contact Person reactions. A mouse in vivo model for contact hypersensitivity was used to determine if hypersensitivity was a possibility with this compound. Glen Shaw (EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the University of Queensland)) Organisations Involved Research Approach EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the The mouse ear swelling test was employed to determine the University of Queensland) potential for dermal hypersensitivity. This test involves determining an irritant dose of the test substance, then conducting experiments for Budget $16,039 hypersensitivity at doses lower than the irritant dose. Hypersensitivity Start Date January 2005 testing involved sensitising mice with a known sensitiser chemical followed by application of doses of the sodium hexametaphosphate. Hypersensitivity was quantitatively determined by differences in ear Background and Relevance thickness of treated mouse ears compared with negative controls. Removal of saxitoxins from drinking water can be problematic. Research has demonstrated that all saxitoxins can only be effectively removed by chlorination under conditions of elevated pH. While this Outcomes is feasible for some water treatment plants, it may be a problem for v This project is now complete. others. v It was found that sodium hexametaphosphate was not the agent responsible for the reported irritation at the concentrations The use of titanium dioxide photocatalysis is a potential removal present in the water supply. technique, especially for smaller water supplies. To this end, an Industry Uptake investigation will be conducted to determine whether, in principle, These results have been reported to Water Corporation who have saxitoxins could be removed using this technique, and additionally now dismissed this as the cause for the skin irritation. whether any residual toxicity remained after treatment.
Student Projects Research Approach These are postgraduate student projects within the Toxicology The efficiency of removal of a number of saxitoxins representing the Program that are not directly linked to a larger project. following classes: saxitoxin, gonyautoxins, decarbamoylgonyautoxins and C-toxins are being investigated. The experimental protocol determines the influence of different concentrations of titanium 1.3.1.6 AKINETE GERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN dioxide on efficiency of saxitoxins removal and the kinetics of removal. CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS RACIBORSKII Other parameters investigated in a laboratory scale photocatalysis Student and Organisation unit are pH, concentration of saxitoxins, time and light intensity. David Moore (University of Queensland) Principal Supervisor In addition, an investigation with the use of sunlight as a source of ultraviolet light will be conducted after the conclusion of laboratory Glen Shaw (EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific studies with artificial light. The possible use of sunlight is significant as Services and the University of Queensland)) it may prove suitable as a saxitoxin degradation system in remote and Start Date July 2001 rural communities in Australia. Project Outline Outcomes This project investigated the factors that are responsible for the This small project has demonstrated the capability of photocatalysis at production and germination of akinetes in the toxic cyanobacterium, a laboratory scale to remove a range of saxitoxins from water. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.
Industry Uptake This research provides reservoir managers with a predictive capacity Titanium dioxide photocatalysis is an emerging water treatment enabling them to reduce potential blooms of Cylindrospermopsis technology internationally. This Water Services Association of raciborskii. There is also potential for this to be applied to other Australia-funded project has shown that this technology can deal with toxic cyanobacteria by producing conditions that are not conducive cyanotoxins commonly found in this country. to differentiation of akinetes or their germination. In addition, this information will assist water authorities in predicting bloom formation before it occurs. 1.2.1.7 HYPERSENSITIVITY OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE Project Progress Contact Person A series of laboratory experiments conducted to evaluate such Glen Shaw (EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific factors as light, temperature and nutrient status in formation of Services and the University of Queensland)) akinetes by C. raciborskii demonstrated the necessity of temperature Organisations Involved shocks, adequate light and adequate phosphorus levels in causing EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services and the germination of akinetes. University of Queensland), Water Corporation Budget $16,500 In addition, field sites were investigated using akinete traps and Start Date March 2005 core samplers to determine if the factors responsible for akinete differentiation and germination in the laboratory are applicable to the field situation. Background and Relevance Following reports of dermal irritation, including itches and rashes These results have been utilised by South East Queensland Water associated with some reticulated water supplies in Western Australia, in their risk assessment of C. raciborskii blooms in their dams. a project investigating these reports commenced in conjunction with Additionally, the PhD student, Dr David Moore is now employed by Water Corporation. These supplies had sodium hexametaphosphate Caloundra Maroochy Water who are utilising his expertise in ensuring added in the low milligrams per litre range as an antiscaling agent. their water supplies are managed in such a way so as to minimise the At these low concentrations the only way that it was possible for impacts of toxic cyanbobacteria.
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1.2.0.1 RECREATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CYANOBACTERIA Construction of large genome libraries from cyanobacteria in mixed Student and Organisation algal blooms from North Pine Dam in South East Queensland has yielded interesting discoveries in terms of genes responsible for toxin Ian Stewart (University of Queensland) production. Principal Supervisor Glen Shaw (EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific An off-shoot of this research is the finding of high levels of genes Services and the University of Queensland)) relating to actinobacteria at depth. This correlates with the presence Start Date July 2001 of the secondary metabolites, geosmin and methyl-isoborneol (taste and odour compounds). Project Outline The main aim of this project was to investigate the effects of human 1.2.1.0 DECOMPOSITION AND REMOVAL OF TRICLOSAN FROM exposure to cyanobacteria associated with recreational activities REUSED WATER AS A DRINKING WATER SOURCE in water storages. Current guidelines for recreational use of water Student and Organisation storages are not adequate for Australian conditions. The revisions Shengfu Fang (University of South Australia) to the guidelines for recreational exposure to cyanobacteria in water bodies made possible by this project will be of significant industry Principal Supervisor benefit. Philip Pendelton (University of South Australia) Start Date February 2004 Project Progress This project involved an epidemiological study and animal and human Project Outline volunteer toxicological studies to demonstrate that the presence of This project will involve the development of analytical procedures for cyanobacteria can increase the reporting of a range of symptoms in the detection of triclosan and its oxidised metabolites in low ppb and recreational users of water bodies. high ppt concentrations, employing GC-MS methods. Removal of these compounds by porous adsorbents, such as activated carbons, The results also demonstrated the long-held view of the importance will be investigated via equilibrium adsorption and kinetics analyses of cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharides may be over estimated. and the modelling of these processes. To appreciate the intermolecular interactions, adsorbent surface chemistry and porosity changes will be induced and further analysed. Triclosan is known to decompose during The results of this project are complementary to those produced in adsorption and interaction with manganese oxides.These processes the Centre project Acute skin irritant effects of cyanobacteria (Blue- will be modelled and nano-sized oxides will be impregnated into the Green Algae) in healthy volunteers in the Epidemiology Program. nanoporous adsorbents. Adsorption studies will also investigate the competitive adsorption of triclosan with ionic surfactants typical of additives in personal care products. The results of the project Recreational Exposure to Cyanobacteria have been provided to the NHMRC to complement information obtained from other sources. Project Progress v Isotherm and kinetics study of triclosan by selected commercial This project has been financially supported by South East Queensland and modified activated carbon have been completed. The Water and the results it produced are used to develop recreational adsorption capacities and rates are governed by oxygen content use policy for this and other water authorities. Ian Stewart presented and pore size distribution of the carbon examined. the outcomes of this study at a US Government workshop on toxic v Methods for triclosan adsorption and oxidation by hydrous and cyanobacteria in Research Triangle Park in 2005. This PhD project has commercial manganese dioxides have been developed. been completed. v In addition, nano-sized manganese oxides are being synthesized and will be impregnated into activated carbon for future catalytic 1.2.0.7 CYANOBACTERIAL DIVERSITY AND THE EXPRESSION oxidation studies. OF BY-PRODUCTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL BLOOMS Student and Organisation 1.2.1.1 EFFFECTS INDUCED BY PH, IONIC AND OSMOTIC Phillip Pope (Griffith University) STRESS ON PSP TOXIN PRODUCTION IN CYANOBAC- TERIA Principal Supervisor Student and Organisation Bharat Patel (Griffith University) Jasper Pengelly (University of New South Wales) Start Date January 2003 Principal Supervisor Brett Neilan (University of New South Wales) Project Outline Start Date March 2004 The research involves construction of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library which contains sequences for all genes in the organisms, followed by library screening. This phase of the project will determine Project Outline if specific genes related to toxin production are present in the genetic Paralytic shellfish poison production by Anabaena circinalis is a public library. Cyanobacterial bloom samples will be collected from reservoirs health concern and determination of how environmental factors and then the samples will be concentrated. DNA sequencing will be control the genetics of toxin production gives the possibility of setting used to determine the genetic makeup of these samples. Library strategies to avoid toxin production by this organism. The study screening will endeavour to establish links between physiological and will culture A. circinalis under different environmental conditions. phylogenetic information of uncultured organisms in cyanobacterial Genes specific for saxitoxin-producing strains will be identified blooms. This will be undertaken by searching for sequences known to and characterised and the response of these genes to varying resemble those for toxin production including polyketide synthesis. environmental conditions will be investigated. The intended benefit of this research is production of information that permits an understanding of genetic factors responsible for production of metabolites including toxins in the natural environment. Project Progress • The focus of this project is on four genes encoding membrane Project Progress proteins from the cyanobacteria Anabaena circinalis and This PhD project is producing results using a metagenomic approach. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.
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• Bioinformatic analysis has indicated that the genes are sodium Principal Supervisors dependent transporters and PCR screening has shown the genes Fiona Young (Flinders University of South Australia), Andrew Humpage to be exclusive to saxitoxin producing strains of cyanobacteria. (Australian Water Quality Centre) • These four genes have been cloned into a number of different Start Date March 2006 vector systems for expression in Escherichia coli. Various conditions have been attempted for the over-expression including the addition/deletion of vector purification and solubilization Project Outline tags, temperature variation and inducing agent concentration. The objectives of the research are to examine the effects of Total cDNA from transformed clones indicate that transcript is cylindrospermopsin on the in vitro metabolism and viability of human being made from the gene of interest, however no expression granulosa cells and human spermatozoa. at the protein level has been identified using PAGE and western blotting. Cylindrospermopsin inhibits protein synthesis and generates • The expression of the genes in vivo has been assessed under the metabolites which are cytotoxic. This later mechanism of action was stress conditions of salt and pH using real-time PCR. Preliminary prevented by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inhibitors. Granulosa cells results have shown a decrease in expression of two of the have two different CYP450’s involved in steroidogenesis, thus it is transporters relative to controls under NaCl stress. hypothesised that cylindrospermopsin will interact with these and • Anabaena circinalis is the major producer of paralytic shellfish generate metabolites that are toxic to granulosa cells thus causing poisons (saxitoxins) in Australia. This project will enhance our cytotoxicity. Cylindrospermopsin effects will also be investigated by understanding of the ecological influences on toxin production. applying in vitro; follicular, luteal and pregnancy phases using FSH/LH This information will be used by reservoir managers to better and hCG treatments combined with cylindrospermopsin. control the growth and toxin production by this problem cyanobacterial species. It is hypothesised that cylindrospermopsin will not inhibit protein synthesis in spermatozoa because they have no active protein 1.2.1.6 FIELD AND LABORATORY BASED INVESTIGATIONS OF synthesis processes. Similarly, since there are no active CYP450s in TRICLOSAN–INDUCED CROSS-RESISTANCE IN PSEU- spermatozoa, it is hypothesised that cylindrospermopsin will not be DOMONAS AERUGINOSA cytotoxic because there will be no generation of toxic metabolites. Student and Organisation However, cylindrospermopsin has been found to inhibit production of glutathione (GSH), reducing the neutralisation of reactive oxygen Xiaoxia Qiu (University of South Australia) species (ROS). Therefore, it is hypothesised that cylindrospermopsin Principal Supervisor may indirectly affect sperm functionality, including motility and ability Philip Pendelton (University of South Australia) to fertilise an oocyte, because sperm membranes are densely packed Start Date March 2005 with lipids that are easily oxidised by ROS.
Project Outline Project Progress The project focuses on the impact of triclosan on the prevalence of v A literature review has been prepared. bacterial antibiotic resistance. The mechanisms involved in cross- v Validation of assays has commenced. resistance induced by triclosan will be investigated in a laboratory experiment and a molecular-biological method will be developed to 1.2.2.1. MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF THE detect resistant/susceptible strains in wastewater. Finally, an evaluation of triclosan’s effect on bacterial antibiotic resistance in wastewater RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF WATER-BORNE environment will be conducted. RADIOACTIVITY Student and Organisation Project Progress Ross Kleinschmidt (Queensland University of Technology) v The bacterial community in activated sludge was altered by Principal Supervisors treatment with triclosan. Riaz Akber (Queensland University of Technology), Heather Chapman v This demonstrates the effect of triclosan as a biocide in the (CRC for Water Quality and Treatment) wastewater environment and also a possible bacterial profile Start Date October 2004 shift to triclosan resistant bacteria and potential degraders. v Putative triclosan degraders were obtained by isolation and Project Outline purification from this consortium. The majority were from the Pseudomonas species. The primary outcome of this research program is to generate a unique data set to allow assessment of the impact of water-borne radioactivity v Triclosan supports the growth of the putative degraders in in urban and rural situations. As our increasing population and culture. industrial development exploits new, or recycled, water resources, v Further intermediate analysis by LC/MS is underway to determine consideration needs to be given to determining the effects that whether biodegradation of triclosan is occurring and its possible increased water usage, treatment and disposal will have on the pathway. Genetic studies on resistance/degradative genes are redistribution of radiologically enhanced materials and their human currently underway using transposon mutagenesis. and environmental impact.
Industry Uptake The program is designed to assess a number of critical exposure It is expected that a better understanding of the effects of triclosan pathways associated with the treatment of raw water for consumption, on biological treatment processes will help us to overcome potentially disposal of radionuclides in wastewater streams and human adverse effects. By identifying resistant organisms that can degrade and environmental impacts by way of dose assessment. Novel triclosan, treatment plant operators may be able to alter treatment bioaccumulator radioactive waste monitors will be developed and practices to enhance its removal. calibrated to allow monitoring of environmental level contaminants.
1.2.1.9. REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF CYLINDROSPERMOPSIN Project Progress Student and Organisation v Accumulation of radon from raw groundwater has been demonstrated on point-of-use commercial activated carbon Dina Zebian (Flinders University of South Australia) filters.
31 1B TOXICOLOGY
v Early breakthrough was demonstrated, as was a high first-flush to interfere with current toxicity screening methods. The project will rate after periods of no flow. be jointly funded by the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, the v This could lead to an increased radon exposure in some American Water and Wastewater Association Research Fund and the circumstances. United Kingdom Drinking Water Inspectorate.
PROJECTS IN DEVELOPMENT 1.2.2.2 METHODS FOR MEASURING TOXINS IN FINISHED WATERS The principal objective of this project is to investigate a range of biological assays that may be suitable for detecting toxins in finished drinking water. The methods tested will be screening assays capable of detecting the effects of a range of toxins that are known to potentially contaminate source waters or that might be introduced deliberately into the drinking water stream. A key objective will be to define methods for quenching chlorine in finished water as this is known
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Commonwealth Schedule Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone and/ Milestones (Yes/No) or Output
Research Evaluate progress to date in Yes Undertaken at the beginning of 2004 conjunction with industry stakeholders and modify program if necessary to maximise outcomes.
Commence toxicological investigations Yes PhD projects on Triclosan, selected DBPs, and radiological con- of selected chemical micropolutants taminants. that are present in Australian drinking waters.
Commence toxicological investigations Yes This has not been prioritised highly in the program workshop. on saxitoxins. Some research has been sponsored by WSAA to remove the tox- ins by chlorination.
Provide information for formulations of Yes/No Studies to determine a NOAEL for cylindrospermopsin has been guidelines for cylindrospermopsin and done, and the results presented to the relevant WHO commit- saxitoxins in drinking water. tee as a basis for guideline value setting. No funding has been allocated for saxitoxin guidelines as this was considered of low priority by the industry.
Identify toxicological research needs for Yes This was addressed at a joint CRC/GWRC workshop. It was con- other cyanobacterial toxins considered sidered that most of the remaining issues were of international relevant to Australian waters. importance and so were better addressed under the auspices of the GWRC.
Investigate potential biomarkers of In progress Will be addressed by two PhD projects started in second half of exposure or effect for disinfection by- 2005. products.
Undertake toxicological investigation In progress Will be addressed by two PhD projects started in second half of of selected disinfection by-products 2005. that are of relevance to Australia.
Undertake toxicological investigations Yes PhD project on chlorination of cylindrospermopsin and toxicol- on the by-products from the ogy of the by-products so formed. Project now completed. interaction of cyanobacterial toxins with disinfection and water treatment.
Undertake toxicological studies of Yes This has been conducted as a Centre PhD project at EnTox and dermal, respiratory and gastrointestinal co-funded by SEQ Water. The project is nearing completion. effects of cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial cellular material.
32 PEOPLE’S PERSPECTIVE 1C
Program Leader Naomi Roseth CRC for Water Quality and Treatment
PROGRAM AIM The purpose of the People’s Perspectives Program is to develop an understanding of community views, needs, expectations and preferences for water services across Australia. The program’s specific objectives are to: v Give the community a voice in the planning of water services. v Measure and understand the drivers of community trust and satisfaction with water services. v Facilitate the development of user-friendly communication materials that address the information needs of the community. v Understand the extent and reasons for which opinions on water-related issues vary across the country. v Provide regulators and policy makers with information on community attitudes, needs, expectations and judgement on standards of service.
The program is integrated with the other Centre research programs in that it looks at issues related to the water industry from the point of view of the customers that the industry serves.
PROGRAM OVERVIEW Background and Relevance Following completion of the project Community views on drinking The study is based on the premise that water industry managers water quality, a review of the program was conducted. The review who wish to influence the community to save water and to support sought the views of senior officers in participating water utilities on the sustainable water management schemes, are engaging in social future directions of the People’s Perspectives Program. An outcome reform. For social reforms to be effective they must be based on of this review was that the program should change focus from understanding of community attitudes and concerns about the issue conducting research on ‘drinking water quality’ to ‘sustainable water being reformed. This study explored the ‘minds’ and ‘hearts’ of people resources’. Two specific projects were identified as high priorities for in Australian urban centres, as they consider various aspects of water the program: shortages and conservation. The specific purpose of the study was v Community views on water shortages and conservation to provide water industry managers with information that will assist them to: v Community views on recycled water. v Better manage their relationship with the community in matters relating to sustainable water resource management. The first has been completed during the year. The second is being v Develop education and awareness strategies that are attuned planned. to community knowledge, needs and concerns. v Ensure that community attitudes are factored into the planning RESEARCH COLLABORATION of sustainable water resource initiatives. The American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF) has invited the program leader to join a Project Advisory The study covered the following topics: Committee (PAC) for a project titled Communicating the value of water. The project is being conducted by the Red Oak Corporation v Extent of concern with water shortages based in San Diego, California. v Perceived reasons for water shortages v Views on the right to use water CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES v Living with water shortages An understanding of community views, needs and concerns is a v Trust in the authorities to ensure future water supply prerequisite for the management of sustainable water resources. v Views on what the future holds with regard to water shortages. Education programs and communication messages aimed at gaining community support for and cooperation in the implementation of water resource strategies, are more likely to be effective if based on Drought and water shortages are a feature of life throughout Australia. an understanding of community expectations, knowledge, trust and Residents of the study cities (except Darwin) have been experiencing risk perception. The People’s Perspectives Program gives a voice to various levels of water restrictions for some time. the community served by the water industry. Research Approach CURRENT PROJECT STATUS Data for the study was gathered during late 2005 and early 2006. It involved a phone survey of a randomly selected sample of 3,500 1.3.0.3 COMMUNITY VIEWS ON WATER SHORTAGES AND residents, 700 in each of Adelaide, Darwin, Melbourne, Perth and CONSERVATION Sydney. In addition, face-to-face interviews were conducted with a random sample of 56 of the phone survey respondents. Contact Person Naomi Roseth (CRC for Water Quality and Treatment) Outcomes Organisations Involved The main messages emerging from the survey are: City West Water, Power and Water Corporation, SA Water, South East Water, Sydney Water Corporation, Water Corporation, Yarra Valley v Water shortages are not ‘top-of-mind’ concerns relative to Water other social and environmental issues and rise in community awareness only if prompted. There is no sense of urgency or real Budget $175,000 worry about water shortages. People accept that wasting water, Start Date December 2005 just like wasting any resource, is wrong but cannot envisage a situation in which they might have to live with less water.
33 1C PEOPLE’S PERSPECTIVE
v The measured level of community worry about water shortages 1.3.0.6 IN THEORY AND IN PRACTICE - ATTITUDES TO is not particularly high – a mean of 6.4 out of 10. People’s POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL USE OF RECYCLED WATER IN perception of others’ level of worry is even lower – 5.5 out of AND OUT OF HOUSE 10. Student and Organisation v While people associate the use of water with maintaining a Anna Hurlimann (University of South Australia) desirable lifestyle, only a minority believes that it is their right to Principal Supervisor use water whenever they want or that paying for water entitles them to use as much as they want. Jennifer McKay (University of South Australia) v By their own admission, 79% in the community believe that they Start Date can do at least a little more to save water. Twenty-two percent believe that they can do a lot more. Project Outline v The importance of gardens to residents of urban Australia must not be overlooked. Although gardens claim the largest Multiple methods were used to explore community attitudes to recycled portion of residential water consumption, 70% of respondents water use through an urban Australian case study. The community consider having a healthy, green garden as important. While lives at Mawson Lakes in South Australia, where recycled water is used only a minority believe that it is their right to use as much water for non-drinking purposes, including garden watering, toilet flushing as they want, whenever they want, one half in the community and car washing, through a dual water supply system. The principal maintain that it is their right to keep their garden looking green research tool was a panel/repeat cross-sectional community survey. and healthy. There is a firm belief that for a garden to be healthy Three surveys of the community were undertaken, two prior to the use it must be green. of recycled water commencing (both with 136 respondents), and the third post recycled water use commencing (with 162 respondents). v Water managers can expect a fair degree of community anger if stricter conservation measures, particularly in the form of tougher water restrictions are introduced. Sixteen percent claim Project Progress that having to save water already detracts from the quality of The student successfully completed all the requirements for the their life. One third will get annoyed if restrictions become degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and the award has been conferred. tougher. The student will graduate in August 2006. Significant research findings v Thirty-three percent trust the authorities to ensure future water arising from this project are that communication, trust in the water supply. Scientists are the most trusted to provide information on authority, water quality, value and risk perception were found to be the water situation; ahead of the water authorities, who in turn important for promoting satisfaction with recycled water use. are more trusted than politicians and the media. PROJECTS IN DEVELOPMENT Industry Uptake The research outcomes and implications have been presented to water COMMUNITY VIEWS ON WATER RECYCLING resource planners and communication personnel in the participating water utilities. Each utility is considering the findings against the The continuing drought and dwindling water resources experienced background of its own climatic, social and political circumstances. The throughout Australia have ensured that alternative water resources study findings are being used to assist in shaping education strategies in general, and recycled water in particular, have received much and communication messages and in planning and managing supply media attention. The provision and use of recycled water, however, and demand strategies. is a complex issue with far-reaching economic and environmental implications and is likely to be achieved only with community understanding and support. The study will have three components: Student Projects v An exploration of ‘raw’, uninformed community views These are postgraduate projects within the People’s Perspective v An intervention phase, providing limited but balanced Program that are not directly linked to a larger project. information v An exploration of the impact of information on community views.
34 PEOPLE’S PERSPECTIVE 1C
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Commonwealth Schedule Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone and/ Milestones (Yes/No) or Output
Research Evaluate progress to date in Yes The project Community views on water shortages and conjunction with industry stakeholders conservation was conducted in response to industry members and modify the program if necessary to shift the focus of the program from drinking water quality to to maximise outcomes. sustainable water resource management.
Social research on relevant topics No The review of the People’s Perspectives Program revealed no among more informed members perception of need for such research. of the community such as health professionals, water quality experts and regulators completed.
Social research among indigenous No There will be a People’s Perspectives Program involvement in a communities to explore traditional future project conducted within the Regional and Rural Water beliefs in and knowledge of water Supply Program on perceptions and utilisation of water in completed. remote indigenous communities.
Complete community surveys Yes The study on community views on water shortages and to support the development of conservation is complete. sustainable water resources. This The study on community views on recycled water is in the would explore issues such as: planning stages. v Water conservations v Alternative water sources and methods of water supply.
35 Program Group Leader Dr Daniel Deere CRC for Water Quality and Treatment
Program Group Leader Ms Mary Drikas Australian Water Quality Centre
PROGRAMS PART A
2A Catchments 37
2B Reservoir Management 40
2C Measurement 47 Customer PROGRAMS PART B to
2D Water Treatment Technology 56
2E Distribution 63
Catchment 2F Sustainable Water Sources 69
• Assess current desalination technology and develop systems Aims and process improvements appropriate to Australian water • Identify and develop effective management processes for the supply needs and opportunities. control of problem microorganisms, organic and inorganic pol- • Provide improved technologies and methodologies for the lutants within catchments, reservoirs, treatment plants and dis- management of water distribution systems, with special atten- tribution systems. tion to water quality objectives and system maintenance. • Identify and evaluate alternative approaches to the provision of a high quality water supply. • Evaluate the effectiveness of current technologies for the re- moval of contaminants from non-conventional water sources and, if required, develop improved treatment and manage- ment processes.
36 CATCHMENTS 2A
Program Leader Daniel Deere CRC for Water Quality and Treatment PROGRAM AIM There are two central aims of the Catchments Program. The first is to provide tools to help water utilities set priorities for what to target in catchments by gaining a quantitative understanding of where pollutants arise. The second is to provide a basis to quantitatively design pollution control measures in catchments to help utilities put in place catchment management actions to reduce risk. In relation to both of these aims, the research conducted by this Centre has focused on pathogens and natural organic matter. Another Centre, the CRC for Catchment Hydrology, has focused on sediment and nutrients while a third, the CRC for Freshwater Ecology, has focused on ecological processes. The work of these centres now continues through the eWater CRC.
The program seeks to enhance catchment modelling tools and pollution source tracing tools that enable the relative significance of various pollution sources to be predicted and measured. The modelling tools also enable changes in catchment activities to be simulated along with the concomitant water quality benefits.
The preventive measures that can be applied in catchments, often called management practices, are various and not all adequately understood in relation to drinking-water-related hazards. This program is developing a quantitative understanding of the effectiveness of a selection of preventive measures that are applied in many Australian catchments.
Program Outline Budget $40,000 The Catchments Program of the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Start Date October 2003 initially focused on two priority contaminants: NOM and pathogens. Previously the nutrient and sediment hazards in catchments were Background and Relevance being researched by our collaborators. However, more recently the Catchments Program has begun to expand its scope. One project at an This project was developed at the request of CRC Parties to provide early stage of conception involves developing incentive mechanisms a national position, guidance and best practice case studies on for achieving on ground outcomes in drinking water catchments. recreational access in catchments and storages. It was initially One project recently completed involved the development of a peer designed to identify pressures on water supply organisations for positions on recreational access and another project in progress access to catchments and storages and to collate information on the involves the same concept but being applied to the broader topic of relationship between recreational uses, water quality and catchment risk management. health. The project was intended to develop a national understanding of the impacts of recreational access on drinking water supplies. Over time the project has evolved to provide more than a literature Research Collaboration review. The project has also considered appropriate decision- Collaborative linkages continue with eWater CRC, building on making frameworks and decision support systems for water supply those established with CRC for Catchment Hydrology and CRC for organisations to apply to the management of recreational access in Freshwater Ecology following an initial research planning workshop in catchments and storages to protect water quality and generally ensure 2001. Other collaborative linkages were established with the American their sustainable management. Water Works Research Foundation (AwwaRF), particularly in relation to catchments pathogens research. These collaborative arrangements Research Approach avoided duplication and now see this Centre working to add value to established catchment and river health research programs of our A national workshop was held to collate information and establish a collaborative partners. Strong linkages are in place with eWater CRC consensus on the way forward. A research report will be produced to in relation to modelling aspects. In addition, extensive collaboration is outline current knowledge, key issues and decision-making criteria. continuing with AwwaRF in relation to pathogens. Outcomes from this This will provide interim advice for the Australian water industry in Centre are being translated into eWater national catchment modelling making decisions on sustainable catchment management. The frameworks and into design criteria for management practices. These research report will also outline a process for developing a national outcomes are being actively used by CRC participants as they apply guideline and a plan of research to fill identified knowledge gaps. their e2 modelling framework to water supply catchments. Outcomes Contribution to National Research Priorities v A national workshop was held in Sydney from 23-25 February The major benefits of this program come from the creation of 2004. knowledge that can be used to reduce treatment costs, better-target v The pressures on water supply organisations for access to catchment management activities, reduce community disease burdens catchments and storages have been identified. and provide better evidence to support the need for catchment v National and international data and information on the relationship management. between recreational uses, water quality and catchment health have been collated. CURRENT PROJECT STATUS v The efforts of Australian water supply organisations to develop a national understanding of impacts of recreational access on 2.1.0.1 UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL drinking water supplies were coordinated. ACCESS ON DRINKING WATER CATCHMENTS AND v Appropriate decision-making frameworks and decision- STORAGES IN AUSTRALIA support systems for water supply organisations to apply to the Contact Person management of recreational access in their catchments and storages to ensure their sustainable management have been Belinda Bennett (Sydney Catchment Authority) developed. Organisations Involved v The final outcome was published as a CRC Water Quality and Sydney Catchment Authority, South East Queensland Water, SA Treatment research report in 2006. Water, Melbourne Water, Water Corporation, University of New South Wales, Power and Water Corporation, Department of Human Services, Victoria
37 2A CATCHMENTS
Industry Uptake Organisations Involved The research report has been used by Brisbane Water, Sydney Melbourne Water (Student involvement), eWater CRC Catchment Authority, Water Corporation and ACTEW Corporation to Budget $433,750 inform recreational access management. The information contained Start Date in the research report can now be used as the basis for updating the March 2003 1987 Australian Water Resources Council guideline on this issue. Background and Relevance 2.1.0.2 CATCHMENT RISK MANAGEMENT: A TOOL TO Using data on NOM and pathogen generation and transport in STRUCTURE SOURCE WATER PROTECTION catchments obtained from other Centre projects combined with Contact Person additional data made available by Centre parties, it was thought possible to develop modules for NOM and pathogen transport Bruce Whitehill (Sydney Catchment Authority) in catchments for incorporation into various existing catchment Organisations Involved hydrological models. In particular, data from the Centre projects Sydney Catchment Authority, South East Queensland Water, eWater Infectious Microogranisms in Catchment and Source Waters and CRC, Melbourne Water, Water Corporation Fate and Transport of Surface Water Pathogens in Watersheds were locally relevant and available. Such models would enable quantitative Budget $76,000 assessments of the pollution reductions likely, given particular Start Date October 2003 management practices within catchments. Existing eWater CRC modelling toolkits, such as the Environmental Management Support System (EMSS) model, were to be augmented as they did not Background and Relevance consider NOM or pathogens at the time of their development. Two This project was developed at the request of Centre parties to provide computer modules on NOM and pathogens were to be developed for a national position, guidance and best practice case studies on risk attachment to the EMSS model. assessment and management in water supply catchments. Whilst much conceptual work had been done on the individual components of catchment risk management, work on these components has not Research Approach previously been combined to form a management tool for source Two computer modules, one for pathogens and another for NOM, water protection. This project was intended to provide processes for will be developed and tested against available data from a range of catchment risk management in the form of a guideline document. catchments. The modules will then be made available through an environmental management support system developed within the CRC eWater. Research Approach Two national workshops were used to collate information and establish a consensus on the way forward. An occasional paper was Outcomes used to outline a proposed risk assessment methodology. The project v NOM and pathogen models have been developed and tested. used the workshops and position papers to develop and capture the v CRC eWater has coded up the pathogen module into its e2 thinking of a multidisciplinary team drawn from the CRC for Water modelling environment. Quality and Treatment and, the now completed, CRC for Fresh Water Ecology. v Two journal articles and two conference papers have been prepared from this project. v Prediction of NOM in streams at the river basin scale is possible Outcomes using the models in the EMSS platform. v An introductory workshop was held in Canberra in October 2003 to discuss and confirm the project scope. Industry Uptake v A discussion paper was produced investigating the different risk assessment methodologies for catchments and groundwater v Incorporation of the pathogen and NOM modules into the areas used by Australian water utilities. It detailed the strengths eWater e2 platform will allow wide uptake of this research by the and weaknesses of the different approaches and recommended Australian water industry. a national approach. v Melbourne Water has already used the alpha test version of the v A workshop was held in Perth in March 2004 to discuss a EMSS NOM and pathogen models in its catchment management national approach. It was agreed that a two-stage hybrid of Risk planning. Management Standards incorporated within Hazard Analysis and v SA Water is using the e2 model with the pathogen module in its Critical Control Points (HACCP) would be developed. Myponga catchment to support its planning. v Guidelines were developed for catchment risk management, for identifying hazards and assessing and treating risks to raw water Student Projects quality in catchments. These are postgraduate student projects within the Catchments v A discussion paper was presented at the 2004 IWA World Water Program that are not directly linked to a larger project. Congress in Marrakech, Morocco. v Guidelines on catchment risk management were developed for 2.1.1.0 CHANGE IN NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER (NOM) AND use by water management organisations of all sizes. THE EFFECT OF CHLORINATION ON NOM IN THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Industry Uptake Student and Organisation The risk assessment component of a position paper is now being Meivy Ratanachaithong (RMIT) actively used by Sydney Catchment Authority and Water Corporation Principal Supervisor in their risk management planning. The final paper on risk management in catchments is currently being scoped. Felicity Roddick (RMIT) Start Date March 2005 2.1.0.3 DEVELOPMENT OF PATHOGEN AND NOM MODULES FOR INTEGRATION INTO THE CRC FOR EWATER Project Outline CATCHMENT TOOLKIT This project looks at changes in NOM and the effect of chlorination of Contact Person NOM in a water supply system. Shane Haydon (Melbourne Water)
38 CATCHMENTS 2A
Project Progress have been under-estimated in the past. Experiences with source A review of literature on the subject matter of the PhD has been tracing tools have generally been equivocal at best and contradictory completed and written up. Water samples have been collected on at worst and the reasons for these poor experiences are only now several occasions from water sources in Melbourne. Tests undertaken starting to become clear. Within the remainder of the existing Center, thus far include NOM fractionation and fluorescence analysis and a position on the nature of these issues, and the research required to studies of chlorine demand. In addition, the student is undertaking resolve them, will be put together. Solving these problems will require mathematical modelling for DBP formation, informed by the results. a prolonged multi-discipline effort between a range of experts in hydrology, soil science, microbiology and chemistry as well as linkages with international partners. Projects in Development
DEFINING THE VALUE OF NATURAL ASSETS IN DRINKING PATHOGEN MODELLING IN WATERSHEDS WATER CATCHMENTS This project is being developed as a collaboration between AwwaRF This project will develop a national position, guidance and best practice and the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. The project is largely case studies on the value of drinking water catchment investments an extension of the work undertaken in four other Centre projects to the water utility and, therefore the expenditure that should be to develop comprehensive models for movement of pathogens in allocated to their protection. A natural asset valuation system will be catchments with general availability and an ability to operate at a developed that recognises the role and value of natural assets to the range of scales and in a range of platforms. Modules will be developed water utility specifically, is robust before a utility pricing regulator and to allow prediction of pathogens in streams at a broad range of scales, informs investment in natural assets in catchments. The intention is depending on data availability. Modules will work within a broad that this project will facilitate the implementation of the Framework range of commonly available platforms and not be restricted to EMSS. for Drinking Water Quality Management in the catchment/source Sydney Catchment Authority and ACTEW Corporation have completed context, particularly the catchment protection barrier which is stated pilot versions of the higher-resolution, pathogen budgeting modules in the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) as the being the in their catchment management planning. Melbourne Water is already most important barrier. Case studies are being scoped in South East using the alpha test version of the basin-scale pathogen model in its Queensland Water and SA Water catchments. catchment management planning.
POLLUTION SOURCE TRACING TOOLS This project is being developed as a collaboration between the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, CRC eWater and CRC EB. The project is too extensive to be delivered within current timeframes and budgets under the remainder of this Centre because the hydrological and methodological complexities of source tracing are extreme and
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Commonwealth Schedule Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone and/ Milestones (Yes/No) or Output
Research Detailed research reports and brief Yes Two final AwwaRF reports have been completed along with more industry summaries giving the than twenty peer review publications. A Research Report has new knowledge generated from been published for the project Understanding the Impacts of research activities focusing on Recreational Access on Drinking Water Catchments and Storages source, transport and inactivation in Australia. mechanisms of key contaminants.
Technology Industry and regulator reports Yes Fact sheets were developed from work done so far and used to transfer describing the management of support a national series of industry seminars (‘Roadshow’). barriers to contamination, targets and monitoring protocols.
Technology Industry catchment manual Yes A research planning meeting was held for the project Pollution transfer describing practical tools for Source Tracing Tools to develop the detailed research plan with elucidating specific contaminant the intention of developing a manual. This revealed that there sources and modes of transport. was no simple methodology for source tracing and a long-term effort was required to resolve this. A position paper is being developed by the Program Leader to set out and explain these issues and to describe the forward research agenda.
Technology Practical guidance on catchment Yes Fact sheets were developed from research to date and were transfer management techniques for drinking used to support a national series of industry seminars known as water supply resource managers. the ‘Pathogens Roadshow’.
39 2B RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT
Program Leader Dennis Steffensen Centre Deputy CEO and Australian Water Quality Centre
PROGRAM AIM The aim of the Reservoir Management Program is to develop a detailed understanding of how water quality changes occur in bulk water storage reservoirs. The program focuses on water quality enhancements, specifically, the rates and mechanisms of contaminant attenuation and pathogen inactivation in reservoirs. In addition, specific projects examine the impacts of stratification and oxygen depletion, which trigger the release of metals, nutrients and other contaminants from the sediments. Another major focus of the program is phytoplankton growth, especially cyanobacteria which produce taste and odour compounds and in some cases, dangerous toxins.
PROGRAM BACKGROUND priority an “Environmentally Sustainable Australia” by increasing the Australia has a wide range of storage reservoirs which have varying understanding of the physical, chemical and biological processes that capacities and water retention times. Reservoirs with lengthy water occur in reservoirs. This improved understanding has resulted in more retention times provide the potential for water quality improvement effective and efficient systems for monitoring and managing water through settlement and die-off of microorganisms. However, these quality in reservoirs. reservoirs also provide the potential for water quality deterioration through, for example, the increased opportunity for cyanobacterial CURRENT PROJECTS growth.
2.2.1.2 IMPACTS OF DESTRATIFICATION ON RESERVOIR NOM There are several projects on toxic cyanobacteria, pathogens and AND ITS REMOVAL BY WATER TREATMENT NOM in progress within the Centre. The American Water Works Contact Person Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF) supported projects on determination and significance of emerging algal toxins and reservoir John van Leeuwen (University of South Australia) management strategies for control and degradation of algal toxins Organisations Involved have been completed. A further project on management of benthic Australian Water Quality Centre, Curtin University of Technology, RMIT cyanobacteria commenced in October 2005. The program emphasis University, ACTEW Corporation, University of Adelaide for the remainder of the Centre will be the integration of the specific outcomes into reservoir management models that deal with all Budget $702,630 aspects of water quality. Scientifically based guidance manuals for Start Date July 2002 system operators are being prepared. These models and the guidance manuals will support a risk-based management approach for water quality in storages. Background and Relevance The amount and nature of natural organic matter (NOM) in the water has significant implications for water treatment and disinfection RESEARCH COLLABORATION processes. The physical, chemical and biological processes that occur The American Water Works Association Research Foundation has been in reservoirs have the potential to alter the nature of the NOM which a major collaborator and source of funding for this program. There may have significant implications for down stream processes. The are two current projects being conducted into the determination and aim of this project is to determine the changes in NOM during water significance of emerging algal toxins and quality control protocols for storage in reservoirs and the implication of those changes on removal various algal toxin methods. These projects also involve collaboration of NOM by conventional water treatment processes with particular with one of the USA’s leading toxic cyanobacteria researchers, reference to: Professor Carmichael from Wright State University. v Impacts of water storage in reservoirs on the character of NOM. v Impacts of destratification of Myponga Reservoir on the character Strong links continue to be developed with the National Cheng Kung of NOM. University in Taiwan. In 2004, Professor Hsuan-Hsein Yeh spent a four v The significance of the changes in NOM in relation to the capacity month sabbatical at the Australian Water Quality Centre working on of conventional water treatment (using the coagulant alum) to algal management issues. In July 2006, Professor Tsair-Fuh Lin will remove NOM from raw water. begin a six month sabbatical at the Australian Water Quality Centre and will be joined by two of his students. It is anticipated that a scientist from Australian Water Quality Centre will visit Taiwan for an Research Approach extended stay in 2007. v This project utilises the models developed in Centre projects Hydrodynamic Distribution of Pathogens in Lakes and Reservoirs The Centre for Water Research at the University of Western Australia and Modelling Coagulation to Maximise Removal of Organic is a party to the project Hydrodynamic Distribution of Pathogens. Matter. The models developed by the Centre for Water Research have been v To assess the input of allochthonous (external) NOM into the adopted and adapted by the Reservoir Management Program. reservoir, inputs from major sources (stream flows of the Myponga catchment) will be investigated. Modelling of the Myponga catchment hydrology will be investigated by RMIT University. Veolia Water provide funding for the project Reservoir Management Strategies for Control and Degradation of Algal Toxins. Part of that v Characterisation of the NOM, based on assimilable organic carbon project was conducted at Eagle Creek Reservoir, Indianapolis, which (AOC) content and microbial activities, will be investigated using is managed by Veolia Water. extracellular enzyme assays, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) analysis and AOC analysis incorporating the use of Pseudomonas florescens P17. A range of chemical-structural CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES characterisation techniques will also be incorporated including, The Reservoir Management Program has contributed to the research high performance size exclusion chromatography, pyrolysis-gas
40 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT 2B
chromatography-mass spectrometry and C13 CPMAS NMR. Research Approach v Natural organic matter in water samples obtained following v The cell culture infectivity assay will be linked with real time PCR in situ (mesocosms) and/or laboratory simulated destratified to detect infective oocysts. and stratified conditions will be characterised using the above v Fluorescence microscopy and/or flow cytometry will be utilised methods and concurrently assessed for treatability with alum. The in the preparation of the oocyst seeds that will be used in alum treatment conditions will be determined using predictions experiments. from models developed through the Centre project Modelling In all experiments, sufficient numbers of oocysts are used to Coagulation to Maximise Removal of Organic Matter. v ensure a 1000 fold reduction can be measured. v Laboratory scale studies will be used to examine temperature Outcomes effects; 1,000 litre tanks will be used to study solar inactivation. v A range of laboratory simulations of stratified and destratified waters exposed to different UV-visible light exposures have Outcomes been completed, including UVA epilimnion (stratified), UVB epilimnion (stratified), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) v Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay has been established for epilimnion (stratified), UVA (destratified), UVB (destratified), PAR monitoring energy levels in oocysts. (destratified) and hypolimnion (with sediment). v ATP and infectivity assays were used to assess the impact of v A range of analyses were performed on waters before and after temperature on inactivation of oocysts. Inactivation rates increase simulations, including jar tests, fractionation, BDOC, chlorine with increasing temperature. demand, UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, ATR- v Predators of Cryptosporidium oocysts have been identified in FTIR, Chlorophyll-a concentration measurements, fluorescein Hope Valley reservoir water. diacetate hydrolysis assays and mEnCo alum dose predictions. v Solar inactivation studies demonstrated rapid (within hours) v Results indicate that in waters exposed to UV irradiation, the inactivation of oocysts suspended in tap water and reservoir NOM becomes slightly more treatable with alum. water during high UV-index summer days. v Little impact has been found on recalcitrant NOM (to removal v Solar inactivation studies identified UVB as the predominant with alum) in waters exposed to PAR and non-irradiated waters. wavelength of light responsible for oocyst inactivation. v Waters exposed to PAR had higher BDOC concentrations than v Preliminary data suggest that the degree of inactivation by waters exposed to UVB and UVA. sunlight is greater than can be accounted for solely by DNA v Waters exposed to UV irradiation led to more rapid reaction with damage. chlorine (disinfectant), although overall chlorine demand was v A new method has been established to measure the membrane decreased. potential of sporozoites. v Data indicates that destratification lowers the BDOC v Preliminary data suggest a correlation between inactivation by concentration, but does not significantly change NOM removal sunlight and loss of membrane integrity. by alum or chlorine demand.
Industry Uptake Industry Uptake v Project results have been presented to WHES committee of The outcomes will assist in the evaluation of the impact of WSAA, at International Cryptosporidium and Giardia conference destratification on the treatability of the NOM. The outcomes will also (Amsterdam October 2004) and at a Centre workshop on be relevant to the management of off-take levels to avoid poor quality genotyping and infectivity methods (Melbourne June 2004). water. v The infectivity method is in use at Australian Water Quality Centre and has been transferred to the Sydney Water Corporation. 2.2.0.2 INVESTIGATION OF SURVIVAL OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM v Information gained about the factors influencing survival and IN ENVIRONMENTAL WATERS infectivity of Cryptosporidium has been applied to risk assessment Contact person in the Framework for the Management of Drinking Water Quality in the 2004 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Paul Monis (Australian Water Quality Centre) Organisations Involved 2.2.1.4 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL Australian Water Quality Centre, Sydney Water AND DEGRADATION OF ALGAL TOXINS Budget $890,666 Contact Person Start Date October 2002 Justin Brookes (Australian Water Quality Centre and University of South Australia) Background and Relevance Organisations Involved The Framework for the Management of Drinking Water Quality requires Australian Water Quality Centre, South East Queensland Water, Veolia the identification and risk assessment of hazards. Cryptosporidium is Water, Griffith University, EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology and recognised as a hazard to water quality and a potential threat to public Scientific Services and the University of Queensland), AwwaRF health. An understanding of the factors that influence the survival and Budget $1,379,040 infectivity of Cryptosporidium is critical to that assessment of risk. Start Date January 2004
Indicators of viability, such as vital dye staining, have been used but are now known to overestimate infectivity. The infective phase Background and Relevance in the lifecycle of Cryptosporidium are the resistant spores or Cylindrospermopsis is a major emerging, problem-causing toxigenic oocysts. Currently, the only methods that appear to be appropriate cyanobacterium. Historically, it has been implicated in a severe for evaluating oocyst infectivity are animal or cell culture models intoxication incident in Solomon Dam, Palm Island in Australia in 1979. of infection. This project will investigate the inactivation rates of Cylindrospermopsis is generally considered a tropical species, however, Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental waters using a quantitative it appears to be invading more temperate climates. It has recently Cryptosporidium cell culture infectivity assay. Such information can be been detected in toxic blooms across a wide geographic area in the used in combination with hydrodynamic models to estimate the risk of US, notably in the south in Florida and as far north as Indianapolis. The infectious oocysts reaching reservoirs off-takes. This is critical for the potential health significance of toxic Cylindrospermopsis is currently risk assessment of Cryptosporidium in water and will determine the under review by the US EPA. effectiveness of residence in reservoirs as a barrier to this pathogen.
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The project systematically investigated the environmental factors Organisations Involved contributing to Cylindrospermopsis growth, the mechanism of release Australian Water Quality Centre, EnTox (Queensland Health Pathology of cylindrospermopsin into the water column and factors leading to and Scientific Services and the University of Queensland), Wright State the degradation of cylindrospermopsin in the reservoir and treatment University (USA), AwwaRF processes. The project will also develop reservoir management Budget $584,108 approaches for the control of toxin production or eventual transport into treatment plant intakes. Start Date August 2004
Research Approach Background and Relevance v Examine the factors which lead to the growth of Cylindrospermopsis A variety of analytical methods are in use to quantify the increasing in water supply reservoirs. number of algal toxins. Reporting of toxin results varies between laboratories depending on the detection methodology and analytical v Characterize the light and nutrient requirements of standards used. Quality control protocols and certified standards are Cylindrospermopsis and the influence of these on buoyancy required to simplify interpretation and avoid ambiguity and potential regulation. errors. This project is being fully funded by AwwaRF. v Investigate the responses of Cylindrospermopsis to artificial destratification in order to optimise destratification operation to limit growth. The project will establish a set of criteria or protocols to be used by laboratories providing algal toxin analyses to drinking water utilities. A v Conduct a literature review to summarise the light, nutrient and quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) checklist will be produced buoyancy characteristics of the other problem cyanobacteria, for drinking water utilities to assess the applicability and quality of the Microcystis, Anabaena and Nodularia. analytical results they obtain. This project also aims to isolate, purify v Determine whether the accumulation of cylindrospermopsin in and certify various toxin standards. water is due to active export, cell lysis or toxin stability. v Determine whether pre-treatment oxidation affects the cell Research Approach integrity of cyanobacteria. A number of analytical methods were investigated with a view to v Develop integrated hydrodynamic and kinetic models to describe establishing optimised procedures and the necessary QA/QC protocols Cylindrospermopsis growth in response to light, nutrients and for ensuring reliable and accurate results. These comprised: mixing. v Chromatographic techniques with mass spectrometric detection v Mechanisms for toxin degradation will be determined and for the analysis of saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin- opportunities for optimising degradation prior to entry to a. treatment plants, by candidate processes such as adsorption, biodegradation and chemical conversion will be evaluated. v Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) methodology for microcystin determination High performance ion exchange (HPIC) based method with The study sites were North Pine Dam in Queensland, Australia and v fluorescence detection (FD) for quantitative determination of Eagle Creek Reservoir, Indianapolis, USA. cyanobacterial saxitoxins in a single chromatographic run. v HPLC-photo diode-array (PDA) methodology for microcystin and Outcomes cylindrospermopsin determination. v Model has been developed and validated against historical v HPLC-MS/MS based method for the analysis of saxitoxins, data sets for North Pine Reservoir (Brisbane) and Eagle Creek cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a in a single run. Reservoir (Indianapolis) to determine which factors lead to the growth of Cylindrospermopsis. The performance of analytical methods in terms of linear response v Toxin and geosmin production and degradation model has been range, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, interferences, user developed and incorporated into the process-based ecological friendliness, analysis time and cost were also determined. Sampling, model (CAEDYM). sample preservation, and sample extraction and concentration were v Laboratory experiments have been undertaken to determine also determined as part of the overall analytical protocols. whether pre-treatment oxidation affects cyanobacterial cell integrity/cell lysis. Outcomes v Laboratory experimentation has been carried out to determine mechanisms for toxin degradation for both Microcystin and A project mangement meeting was held at Wright State University, Cylindrospermopsin. Dayton, Ohio, USA, in May 2006 between the project investigators, AwwaRF project manager and AwwaRF Project Advisory Committee v Laboratory experiments have resolved the light and nutrient (PAC) members. The major outcomes are: requirements of Cylindrospermopsis and how these influence on buoyancy regulation. v All experimental tasks related to the set project milestones were met. QC criteria for all aspects (e.g. extraction, preparation of v The final report has been provided to AwwaRF. standards, sample preservation protocols) of analysis of algal tox- ins by selected methods were successfully investigatedThe Aw- Industry Uptake waRF PAC requested that the main chapters of the final report be The modeling results have been used to provide advice on the use of prepared as an experimental guide/procedure for the “precise” artificial destratification in Eagle Creek Reservoir. analysis of algal toxins present in water and cyanobacteria. It is intended that these procedures will be used by US water utilities once they are made available. A knowledge exchange and communication strategy is being v The final report is due for submission to AwwaRF on October 30, developed to assist with further industry uptake. 2006.
2.2.1.8 CRITERIA FOR QUALITY CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR Industry Uptake VARIOUS ALGAL TOXIN METHODS Water utilities are increasingly required to test for algal toxins. The Contact Person outcomes from this project will provide the quality assurance required John Papageorgiou (Australian Water Quality Centre) for confidence to be placed in the results by testing agencies and water utilities.
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2.2.2.0 TASTES AND ODOURS IN RESERVOIRS 2.2.0.4 THE EFFECT OF IRON TRANSFORMATION ON Contact Person CYANOBACTERIAL TOXICITY Mike Burch (Australian Water Quality Centre) Student and Organisation Organisations Involved Leanne Pearson (University of New South Wales) SA Water, Melbourne Water, South East Queensland Water Principal Supervisor Corporation, Hunter Water Corporation Brett Neilan (University of New South Wales) Budget $997,660 Start Date June 2002 Start Date October 2005 Project Outline Background and Relevance This project investigates microcystin production and export in the The problems associated with odours and toxins produced by toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and examines the effects planktonic cyanobacteria (eg. Anabaena, Planktothrix) are well known of environmental variables such as light and trace metals (eg. iron) on in the water industry in Australia. As a consequence these planktonic microcystin biosynthesis and export. Characterisation of a microcystin cyanobacteria are usually the focus of attention for management export pathway and elucidation of the factors regulating toxin actions for odour and toxin control. Recently benthic cyanobacteria biosynthesis and export will enable better prediction and reduced and actinomycetes have been implicated as a source of unexplained impacts of dangerous algal blooms. taste and odour incidents in drinking water reservoirs in South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia. At Project Progress present insufficient knowledge is available to determine the relative importance of the two sources and their seasonal significance. It is The study is complete and the thesis submitted. The focused on therefore not possible to calculate or model the quantitative risk to the characterisation of the Adda O-methyltransferase, McyJ, the 2- water quality posed by planktonic vs. benthic types. There are similarly hydroxy-3-methylsuccinic acid dehydrogenase, McyI, and the ABC no proven management techniques to mitigate or prevent the growth transporter, McyH. A combination of bioinformatic, molecular, and of benthic microorganisms that potentially produce these tastes and biochemical approaches have been used to elucidate the structure, odours. function, regulation and evolution of these microcystin synthetase gene cluster encoded enzymes. Extensive sequence analyses are reported, including phylogenetic and structural studies. The distribution of mcyH, Research Approach mcyI and mcyJ orthologues in different species of cyanobacteria has v This project will investigate and characterise the occurrence of been investigated via genetic screening with M. aeruginosa specific, tastes and odours from benthic cyanobacteria and actinomycete and degenerate oligonucleotide primers. McyH, McyI and McyJ compared to those produced by planktonic algal sources in have been heterologosly over-expressed in E. coli and enzymatically reservoirs. The impact on water quality will also be investigated. assayed. Finally, an McyH antibody has been engineered and used to investigate the regulation of the McyH ABC transporter in wild- v This will be done by surveying and sampling a number of type (WT) M. aeruginosa, and in various non-toxic engineered mutant Australian drinking water reservoirs. The study sites for the strains. The results of these experiments are discussed with respect project are North Pine Dam in Brisbane, Grahamstown Reservoir to the roles of McyH, McyI and McyJ in microcystin biosynthesis, and in Newcastle, Yan Yean Reservoir in Melbourne and Happy Valley their relevance to the fields of water quality management and rational and Hope Valley Reservoirs in Adelaide. The sampling will aim to drug design and production. identify the key taste and odour species of benthic cyanobacteria and odour producing actinomycetes in these reservoirs. v The project will also include extensive field investigations to 2.2.1.6 ROLE OF DNA TRANSPOSITION IN TOXICITY OF determine odour production in the water (planktonic) and from MICROCYSTIS AND NODULARIA sediments (flux rates). Student and Organisation v The study will also isolate and culture odour-producing Alexandra Roberts nee Knight (University of New South Wales) cyanobacteria in the laboratory and determine optimum Principal Supervisor environmental conditions (eg. light and temperature) for odour production. Brett Neilan (University of New South Wales) Start Date March 2004
Outcomes Project Outline This study will generate new information on the occurrence, growth conditions, odour production, and relative risk posed by benthic The toxins microcystin and nodularin, produced by cyanobacteria, cyanobacteria and actinomycetes in causing water quality problems may cause liver damage if ingested by animals or humans, and in relative to planktonic sources. This will allow for better-informed risk extreme cases can result in death. They are considered a serious characterisation and assessment of their importance in reservoirs. toxicological and environmental problem worldwide, especially when associated with large-scale cyanobacterial blooms. Understanding the acquisition and evolution of toxicity in cyanobacteria may influence The project aims to use the new knowledge of the biology and the current methods of monitoring, detection and management of ecology of benthic cyanobacteria to develop and trial more effective toxic blooms. Furthermore, functional transposases associated with management options. toxin gene clusters may result in the acquisition of toxicity in presently non-toxic strains. This could potentially make current toxicity tests Industry Uptake even more difficult to interpret. Therefore, an understanding of the potentials of toxin gene transfer is essential to the water industry. The outcomes of this work will increase understanding of the different sources and contribution of odours in water supplies as well as developing practical management techniques for control of benthic Project Progress cyanobacteria. Putative insertion sequences (IS) have been identified flanking the microcystin gene cluster. These IS’s are flanked by 9bp identical STUDENT PROJECTS inverted repeats and harbour a transposase gene under the control of a putative promoter region. Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) revealed These are student theses that relate to themes within the Reservoir the Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 genome harbours approximately Management Program but are not directly linked to a larger project. 100 copies of the transposase gene. Bioinformatic analysis has shown that the transposase has a potential catalytic motif, implying that it is active. qPCR has shown that the transposase is transcribed under
43 2B RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT
normal conditions, suggesting that under normal conditions the Improved understanding of iron and manganese generation and microcystin gene cluster may be mobilised. However exposure to transformation in reservoirs may have a number of implications: UV light has been shown to decrease transcription of the transposase v The need to control organic input to the reservoir (catchment gene. This implies that water treatment methods involving UV-C light management). will not induce the transfer of toxicity to presently non-toxic species. qPCR has also shown that microcystin gene transcription is lower after v Approaches to artificial destratification and raw water withdrawal UV induction, correlating with the reduction in microcystin production points (reservoir operation). (PP2a assay). v Roles of iron and manganese in stimulating algal population (reservoir management).
2.2.2.2 TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION IN MICROCYSTIS v Appropriate oxidizing agent dosages (treatment plant and distribution system operation). Student and Organisation Hannah Root (University of New South Wales) Project Progress Principal Supervisor The major outcomes have been: Brett Neilan (University of New South Wales) 0 v Neutral species, Fe(OH)3 (aq) are the dominant precursor in Fe(III) Start Date January 2005 polymerization and subsequent precipitation at circumneutral pH.
Project Outline v The relationship between kf (precipitation rate constant) and 0 The aim of this project is to elucidate further the mechanisms of toxin concentration of Fe(OH)3 (aq) is firmly established allowing us to gene regulation, which in turn may indicate environmental factors able predict rates of Fe(III) precipitation over a range of circumneutral to dictate the production of the toxin. Once the mechanism of gene pH. regulation is known, the role of the toxin and the reason for which it is v The kinetics of dissociation of Fe(II) complexes by various model produced may be found, which in turn may aid in the control of toxic and natural organic compounds including the extracted Lake cyanobacterial water contamination. In order to further understand Burragorang NOMs has been investigated in aqueous solutions toxic cyanobacterial blooms, research is needed in the area of toxin over a range of pH conditions typical of lake waters. Empirical regulation as, to date, the precise role of microcystin as a cellular rate constants and thermodynamic parameters have been devel- component of M. aeruginosa is unknown. oped to predict the formation rate constants of Fe(II) complexes. They will also help in predicting the fate of Fe(II) complexes in stratified bottom lake waters and in developing Fe(II) speciation The mechanism of gene regulation via DNA binding proteins as model in the presence of organics. transcription factors will be investigated. It has been hypothesised that regulation via DNA binding proteins is one of several factors that v The kinetics of dissociation of Fe(III) complexes by various model may play a role in toxin synthesis due to interaction with the promoter organic compounds has been investigated in aqueous solutions controlling the transcription of the toxin gene cluster. This study thus at circumneutral pH. Dissociation rate constants were deter- 55 combines several fields of interest in cyanobacterial research towards mined by cation exchange experiments using Fe-radiometry the elucidation of the mechanism of toxin synthesis in M. aeruginosa. and Chelex-100 as a non-NOM absorbing cation exchange resin. These data are important for predicting the fate of Fe(III) com- plexes and potential iron bioavailability in natural waters. Project Progress v The project is expected to be complete by the end of 2006. The promoter region of the toxin gene cluster revealed certain motifs that suggested regulation via DNA binding proteins commonly found to regulate iron (Fur protein) and nitrogen (NtcA protein) responsive 2.2.0.5 CARBON AND NUTRIENT DYNAMICS: APPLICATION TO genes in cyanobacteria. Further investigation of the putative role RESERVOIRS of these proteins included locating the genes for NtcA and Fur in Student and Organisation M. aeruginosa PCC 7806, followed by cloning, expression and Todd Wallace (University of Adelaide) purification of the transcription factors. Work currently in progress is Principal Supervisors a method described as Mobility Gel Shift Assay, whereby the binding of these proteins to the target sequences found within the promoter Justin Brookes (Australian Water Quality Centre and University of is investigated. If in fact these DNA binding proteins bind to the South Australia) and George Ganf (University of Adelaide) promoter, the methods by which microcystin production may become Start Date March 2002 clearer and thus benefit the work done in controlling and predicting toxin bloom events. Varying aspects of this work have been presented as oral presentations at international conferences in Singapore, France Project Progress and Denmark in the past year. Natural organic matter poses several issues for water authorities. It requires removal with flocculants, increases the chlorine demand and can lead to the production of disinfection by-products. In standing 2.2.1.3 GENERATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF IRON AND waters, the metabolism of labile organic carbon and subsequent MANGANESE IN LAKE BURRAGORANG de-oxygenation of the water column may actually increase the Student and Organisation concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus available to trigger An Ninh Pham (University of New South Wales) nuisance and harmful algal blooms. In addition, poor water quality Principal Supervisor limits the reuse potential of urban stormwater, and the rapid and marked decline in water quality following rain events has a substantial David Waite (University of New South Wales) negative impact on the environmental and social amenity of urban Start Date August 2002 waterways.
Project Outline The primary goals of the project were: This project aims to: v To compare the chemical composition and bioavailability of the v Investigate the major factors responsible for the high natural organic matter (NOM) in runoff from the rural and urban concentrations of filterable iron and manganese in bottom lake sub-catchments of the Torrens River waters. v To evaluate multi-pathway processes for the interception of the v Develop a model that satisfactorily describes the amount and organic material in the sub-catchments, before it enters Hope form of iron and manganese through the water column. Valley Reservoir and Torrens Lake.
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Project Progress will be implemented at the Happy Valley reservoir in South Australia v The NOM that is generated in the rural sub-catchment and flows that will send real-time water quality data to a computer work station into the Hope Valley Reservoir has been characterised. in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences of the University of Adelaide where the data will be archived in an Ecological Data NOM that is generated in the urban sub-catchments and flows v Warehouse (EDW) accordingly to meta-information concepts and into the Torrens Lake has an extremely high biological oxygen compatible with historical water quality data. The EDW will have a user- demand. interface in order to access process-based or data-driven modelling v The role of creek morphology in regulating the concentration techniques and perform both real-time and long-term forecasting. and bioavailability of organic matter entering the Torrens River system has been evaluated. Project Progress v Potential improvements in stormwater quality that can be delivered by intercepting organic material in structural treatment The metadata concept has been used to design a highly relational devices such as detention basins have been assessed. data warehouse to be implemented in an object-oriented manner by means of ORACLE and EML. A comprehensive literature review and PhD thesis has been submitted. v the detailed research proposal have been prepared. A datalogger platform was installed in the Torrens River in December 2.2.1.7 EARLY WARNING FOR ALGAL BLOOMS 2005. Since then, hourly water quality data are being remotely Student and Organisation transferred from the sample site to a computer in our lab in real-time mode. These data have been used to assess short-term biological Amber Welk (University of Adelaide) activities such as diurnal dynamics of chlorophyll a, and correlations Principal Supervisor between rainfall and algal concentration, chlorophyll-a and pH, Friedrich Recknagel (University of Adelaide) turbidity and microcystis, chlorophyll-a and microcystis, Another Start Date March 2004 datalogger system was bought from the Aqualab company and will be installed in a drinking water reservoir in South Australia soon. Historical data of the Happy Valley, Myponga, Lake Suwa, Soyang, Project Outline Lake Kasu, Nakdong River and real-time data from Torrens River Algal blooms can cause significant operational problems in reservoirs, have been transformed and imported into the data warehouse. A especially if there is inadequate warning of the threat. This project preliminary web application program was developed to facilitate the will develop novel artificial neural network and evolutionary algorithm data query and access processes for data mining by an Evolutionary techniques for real-time forecasting of algal outbreaks in the Myponga Algorithm appropriate for algal bloom modeling the outbreaks of and Happy Valley reservoirs in South Australia by exploring historical algal blooms. and real-time water quality data. The project aims to develop and implement predictive models in an operational mode fed by PROJECTS IN DEVELOPMENT electronically measurable climate and water quality data. The resulting models will allow real-time forecasting of algal blooms one to three INTEGRATION OF RESERVOIR MODELS weeks before the bloom is predicted to occur. This will provide the This project focuses on the integration of the specific research early warning necessary for the reservoir management to implement outcomes into reservoir management models that deal with all adequate prevention or control measures. aspects of water quality. Scientifically based guidance manuals for system operators will be prepared. These models and the guidance manuals will support a risk-based management approach for water Project Progress quality in storages. A framework using both supervised and non-supervised artificial neural networks has been developed and applied to Myponga and Happy Valley reservoirs in South Australia. It facilitates 7-days-ahead forecasting of chlorophyll-a and Anabaena abundances as well as ordination and clustering of long-term water quality patterns regarding seasons, habitat conditions and management of the reservoirs.
Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithms (HEA) have been applied to the merged historical data from Myponga and Happy Valley reservoirs, to develop generic chlorophyll-a forecasting models that are valid for both reservoirs. These models will be tested with online real-time data to test their applicability to real-time forecasting and also be tested with data from another independent water body, similar in nature to Myponga and Happy Valley reservoirs, to test the extent of their generality. Results have been documented in two conference papers during this year.
2.2.2.1. EARLY WARNINGS OF ALGAL BLOOMS IN MYPONGA RESERVOIR USING REAL TIME DATA ACQUISTITION AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION Student and Organisation Cheng Shoa (University of Adelaide) Supervisor Friedrich Recknagel (University of Adelaide) Start Date March 2005
Project Outline This project aims to establish a pilot solution for on-line water quality monitoring and data warehousing as a prerequisite for real-time forecasting of algal blooms in drinking water reservoirs. An automatic water quality monitoring and telemetry system provided by Hydrolab
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SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Commonwealth Schedule Milestones Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone (Yes/No) and/or Output
Research Detailed research reports and brief Yes Final reports on the AwwaRF-funded projects Hydrodynamic industry summaries giving the new distribution of pathogens in lakes and reservoirs, Reservoir knowledge generated from research management strategies for control and degradation of algal activities focusing on pathogen toxins and The significance of emerging algal toxins have been inactivation, particle settling, degradation provided to AwwaRF. and attenuation mechanisms of selected key contaminants in bulk water storages.
Industry and regulator reports Yes Pathogens Roadshow seminar series presented simplified describing the management of barrier to reports on the pathogen project to well-attended meetings in contamination, targets and monitoring Launceston, Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney. protocols. Similar information was presented at the American Water Association conference in San Antonio, Texas, USA.
Practical guidance on reservoir Yes An operator’s guide for the management of toxic algae in management techniques for drinking reservoirs is in preparation and will be completed in 2006. A water supply resource managers. simplified web-based model has been developed for predicting the fate of pathogens in reservoirs.
46 MEASUREMENT 2C
Program Leader Robert Kagi Curtin University of Technology
PROGRAM AIM The aim of the Measurement Program is to develop a range of measurement techniques that will support the multi-barrier concept underpinning the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, resulting in a more cost-effective and lower risk operation of water systems from catchment to tap. Complex challenges in environmental and water quality monitoring are being addressed by the utilisation and development of advanced methodologies for the detection and assessment of contaminants in water. Biomarkers of exposure and effect for use in health studies represent a particular focus. This program supports the entire Centre research portfolio and works closely with researchers from other programs to establish key research areas.
A high priority for the Measurement Program is the encouragement and support of research students. This program currently has eleven PhD projects.
PROGRAM BACKGROUND nitrogen compounds in source and treated drinking waters. Several Measurement issues are at the forefront of most CRC for Water Quality current PhD projects in the Measurement Program are addressing this and Treatment research programs. Close collaboration between issue. analysts with expertise in the identification and measurement of different substances in drinking water and toxicologists and medical Monitoring of Cyanobacterial Toxins epidemiologists who can evaluate the safety of these substances from a human perspective is crucial to understanding the microbiological The joint AwwaRF project, Early detection of cyanobacterial toxins and chemical risks of drinking water. There are several priority areas using genetic methods, will finish at the end of the 2005-06 financial for the Measurement Program. These are largely determined by the year. It has developed rapid testing methods for targeting the genetic needs of the other research Programs within the Centre’s research determinants of cyanobacterial toxins. The techniques have been portfolio. These areas are briefly described below. used in the field in Queensland in conjunction with SE Queensland Water and for routine analysis of SA Water samples.
Advanced Methods for Characterisation of NOM RESEARCH COLLABORATION NOM studies are a priority as they have wide impact touching on issues in reservoirs, treatment plants distribution systems, public perceptions Professor Jean-Philippe Croue of the Laboratoire de Chimie de l’Eau et and health issues. A number of research projects dealing with NOM de l’Environnement (LCEE) Poitiers University has made an important issues (eg. advanced analytical approaches, the use of stable isotopes, contribution to the Centre project Advanced characterization of NOM diverse water systems, new treatment processes) are being supported in Australian water systems. PhD student, Ina Kristiana, benefited by the Measurement Program and other Centre programs. A new greatly from a six-month internship at Poitiers, and one of the Poitiers project Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) in Highly students, Thomas Cornu, spent three months at Curtin University of Coloured Surface Waters commenced in June 2006. Technology.
Monitoring and Sensors In April 2006, the Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, at Curtin University of Technology, hosted a one-week workshop with senior Knowledge and technology gaps in on-line measurement of water staff of Water Corporation, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic quality parameters (eg. disinfectant, pH, temperature and more exotic Science and Technology (EAWAG) and CSIRO Land and Water. It is parameters) was the focus of a two-day workshop dedicated to potable anticipated that this workshop will lead to an enduring collaboration water online monitoring issues. In the past year, two new projects between the parties. A number of cross-disciplinary research topics (Development of Low Cost On-line Monitoring Package to Improve have been identified and projects are currently being developed. Chloramination Control and Case study using Scan Spectrolyser (S: CAN) online monitoring system ) have been added in this area. There is an active collaboration with Dr Paul Rochelle at the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles. Dr Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) Rochelle will provide DNA microarray facilities for looking at toxin The presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water genes in cyanobacteria as part of the Centre project Development of poses a compliance and public health concern and is an important Biosensors for Analysis of MIB and Geosmin. issue for both researchers and water utilities. The toxicity effects of compounds present in water is not well understood and regulated CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES protocols are continually under review and frequently extended by the addition of new compounds of concern. A current PhD project is The Measurement Program underpins may of the projects in the Centre conducting research in this area. portfolio in that correct measurement of water quality parameters is crucial in providing information for decision makers in relation to treatment options for various water resources. Accurate measurement Taste and Odour Compounds is also required in the development of suitable and safe water re-use Participants in a number of regions have particular taste and odour systems. concerns; hence several projects have been established. A new project Causes and Prevention of Chlorinous Off-Flavours in potable CURRENT PROJECT STATUS water commenced in June 2006.
Contaminant Measurement 2.3.0.4 EARLY DETECTION OF CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS USING GENETIC METHODS There is also a need to survey non-target DBPs, particularly organic
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Contact Person contingent on existing capability (having personnel and equipment to Chris Saint (Australian Water Quality Centre) perform real-time PCR) and need (justification for funding personnel and equipment if not available). Organisations Involved Australian Water Quality Centre, University of New South Wales, Metropolitan Water District Southern California, GreenWater 2.3.1.2 NATIONAL LOW LEVEL NUTRIENT COLLABORATIVE Laboratories/CyanoLab, University of Central Florida TRIAL Budget $982,635 Contact Person Start Date September 2002 Gary Prove (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services) Organisations Involved Background and Relevance Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services, Australian Water Quality Centre Many different species of cyanobacteria populate freshwaters, some producing toxins that are harmful to animals and humans. Budget $218,581 Cyanobacterial toxins are products of enzymatic pathways that are Start Date August 2003 encoded by genes present in the DNA of these organisms. The genes responsible for the production of cyanotoxins are obvious targets Background and Relevance for the detection of toxic cyanobacteria. Large multi-gene clusters have been sequenced for numerous toxins, including microcystin and The Australian water industry has recognised the need for additional nodularin, and sequencing is presently in progress for other toxins quality assurance measures for the analysis of water samples. such as cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a. A variety of DNA or RNA detection methods are available to detect these genes and this project The existing program is unique to Australia because it uses real- is specifically examining the utility of real-time PCR and microarrays. time samples that are collected, stored and distributed using routine preservation procedures. This permits robust evaluation of all the The development of rapid screening methods for toxic cyanobacteria program components. The sensitivity of previous measurements has will provide the water industry with important tools to monitor and not been sufficient to detect for key analytes at the levels at which manage water systems. cyanobacterial blooms, high disinfection byproduct concentrations or other water system problems may start to occur. Moreover, these programs operate only on an ephemeral basis and do not use real- Research Approach time samples. v Develop technology for the rapid amplification of cyanobacterial DNA using qPCR. This project will assist in the attainment of comparative results v Identify and report genes related to the production of generated for routine water quality measurement. The outcomes cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-A. will be of direct relevance to modelling and research problem areas v Develop qPCR detection assays for genes responsible for such as toxic cyanobacterial blooms and generation of disinfection cylindrospermopsin, nodularin, microcystin and anatoxin-a by-products. production. v Test the assays as an early warning indicator of toxic cyanobacteria Research Approach in water systems. Questions regarding the analysis of samples used in the trials (on techniques, instrument types, etc) are distributed with the proficiency Outcomes testing samples. Results from these questionnaires are collated and v Four new genes discovered in a putative cylindrospermopsin can lead to topics suitable for exploration in a workshop situation. gene cluster. This gene cluster is thought to have been almost completely sequenced. Outcomes v Simple, robust and rapid preparation methods for field extraction v Expansion of an ongoing inter-laboratory comparison program and amplification of cyanobacterial DNA have been developed. for the analysis of soluble and total nutrients, including carbon, v Polygenic real-time PCR multiplex assay developed for in natural waters has been achieved. cylindrospermopsin producers and in the development phase for v Australia-wide uniform quality as regards sample collection, microcystin and nodularin. storage, preservation, analysis and nomenclature of waters for v Degenerate primers designed and used to screen ANA- the above parameters. producing strains, positive strains examined for candidate genes using single-sided PCR. Industry Uptake v Laboratory and environmental samples have been screened using real-time PCR assays. This project continues to deliver significant benefits to water laboratories involved in the analysis of nutrient species. This is v Real-time PCR detection has been demonstrated in the field demonstrated by improved performances within the proficiency trials using portable real-time equipment. of laboratories who have participated for several rounds. Benefits to v Counting of cyanobacterial cells using real-time PCR has been the water industry and environmental modelers include identifying investigated for comparison to image analysis and microscopic challenges used in comparing data derived from different methods or enumeration. procedures used for nutrient analysis, such as biases or limitations. v A joint study of cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria is being undertaken with GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab 2.3.1.3 METHODS FOR ADVANCED CHARACTERISATION in Florida. The cyanobacteria samples are being genetically OF NOM IN AUSTRALIAN WATER SYSTEMS analysed. Microarrays, to detect the genes responsible for cylindrospermopsin production, are being developed with Contact Person Metropolitan Water District Southern California. Robert Kagi, Curtin University of Technology Organisations Involved Industry Uptake Curtin University of Technology, Australian Water Quality Centre, Molecular methods such as real-time PCR are gradually moving Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services, ActewAGL, from the research sector into the water industry. Adoption of the Brisbane City Council, Water Corporation of Western Australia technologies developed during the course of this project will be
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Budget $682,755 system. The characterisation of source and treated waters will help Start Date September 2004 evaluate the efficiency of various treatment processes for removing NOM and minimising its adverse effects on potable supplies. The new information from advanced characterisation will also help catchment Background and Relevance and reservoir managers refine strategies for minimising the loads and Many of the surface waters and groundwater aquifers in Australia harmful consequences of NOM. contain elevated levels of NOM which can contribute to various water quality issues (eg. disinfectant persistence, disinfection by- 2.3.1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF BIOSENSORS FOR ANALYSIS OF products, biofilm growth and the aesthetic quality of potable water). METHYLISOBORNEOL AND GEOSMIN Characterisation studies which provide a detailed understanding of the origins, structural features and reactivity of NOM in source waters Contact Person will help predict its impact on potable supplies and allow targeted Chris Saint (Australian Water Quality Centre) treatment. The analytical challenges of NOM characterisation are Organisations Involved compounded by its inherent complexity, wide range of molecular size and type and the seasonal variation of Australian waters. Different American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF), water bodies can contain very different types of NOM. United Water International Budget The present project aims to build on previous approaches by assembling $408,676 an extended tool-kit of advanced analytical methods appropriate for Start Date March 2004 NOM characterisation, with emphasis on novel approaches. A diverse range of analytical tools is imperative for studies of the complex Background and Relevance naturally occurring organic materials present in natural waters since the composition can vary considerably between samples and only a The compounds 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin are the most subset of techniques may be applicable in any one case. common causes of naturally occurring tastes and odours in drinking water world-wide. At present the most common methods for analysis (closed loop stripping or solid phase micro-extraction followed by gas Research Approach chromatography-mass spectrometry) are time consuming, expensive, A tool-kit of advanced analytical methods facilitating the characterisation and require sophisticated equipment and trained personnel. of NOM. Methodology relating to isolation procedures, derivatisation Therefore, a more rapid and inexpensive method for the detection of methods (eg. thermochemolysis, chemical and enzymatic degradation) these compounds would be of benefit to the water industry. and contemporary spectroscopic methods (GC-MS, GC-irMS, NMR, multidimensional LC-MS (including multidimensional and reverse Research Approach phase chromatography)) will be developed and optimised for study of various NOM types. This project aims to isolate bacteria capable of degrading MIB or geosmin. Isolation of these organisms will allow for the genes involved in the degradative processes to be identified and characterised. The project aims to develop emerging technologies (eg. liquid Following this, key proteins that interact directly with MIB and geosmin chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), stable isotopic analysis; will be elucidated. Using this information, a simple biosensor for MIB hydrous pyrolysis GCMS; chemical and enzymatic degradation and geosmin detection will be developed. In addition, probes for a processes) for their suitability to assist NOM characterisation studies. real-time PCR based assay to predict in situ taste and odour removal New operational protocols will be adopted to overcome the technical in a water treatment plant will also be developed. difficulties encountered with several previously trialed techniques (eg. NMR spectroscopy). Outcomes v Successful enrichment of MIB and geosmin degrading bacteria Outcomes from sand filter biofilm. Use of the tool kit to characterise the NOM of waters from different v Culture-independent techniques were used to identify the key geographical and environmental regions will provide greater insight organisms involved in the degradation of the taste and odour into the variability of NOM in different Australian water systems. compounds within the enrichment culture. Characterisation studies will also aim to better understand the behaviour of source water NOM during membrane treatment, v Culture-based methodologies were used to successfully isolate particularly with respect to the recalcitrant or membrane fouling bacteria that degrade geosmin by a cooperative mechanism. components of NOM. v Molecular-based methodologies have been planned to elucidate the genes involved for the degradation of geosmin by the bacterial consortium. Dr Franki Busetti has carried out a substantial study of two Victorian waters and has prepared a 76-page report: Characterization of v Geosmin degrading bacteria are to be seeded onto sand filters Meredith and Bendigo waters using resin fractionation followed by to study any increase in geosmin removal compared to that HPLC UV-Vis, SEC-UV-DOC, Pyr-GC-MS and FT-IR. This report will be achieved by the indigenous bacterial population. prepared for journal submission. Using the washings from the resin v Degenerate polymerase chain reaction has revealed that the CAM regeneration stage in the Waneroo MIEX plant, a quantity of NOM for genes are not likely involved in the degradation of MIB. This will use as a standard material to assess NOM the utility of characterisation be further confirmed by Southern hybridization experiments. methods has also been prepared. v Draft final report has been submitted to AwwaRF.
Recent results in the use of a powerful chemical reducing agent to Industry Uptake fragment NOM and NOM isolates for subsequent detailed analysis have been encouraging. This is an exciting development, as most A real-time, simple, inexpensive technique for the analysis of MIB and pyrolysis techniques give biased impressions of the original polymer geosmin would be of great value to many water suppliers world-wide. composition, due to highly variable recoveries. Some of the uses for such an analytical technique include:
Industry Uptake v Regular monitoring of source water and distribution systems - water suppliers could be pro-active in their approach to taste and This project will help establish best practice analytical capability odour issues by being aware at the beginning of a problem. for characterising NOM in Australian waters. Understanding the behaviour of NOM in conventional and novel water treatment v Regular monitoring of the removal of MIB and geosmin through processes is also of high importance with respect to treatment and the the treatment train - knowledge of the performance of the plant, removal of the problematic moiety of NOM from the potable water
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even when the compounds are at low levels, is important for 2.3.2.0 CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CHLORINOUS OFF- plant improvement. FLAVOURS IN POTABLE WATER v Instant reaction to a taste and odour episode - when taste and Contact Person odour levels begin to rise adjustments can be made in powdered Cynthia Joll (Curtin University of Technology) activated carbon doses, and the episode can be monitored in Organisations Involved real-time. Curtin University of Technology, Water Corporation Budget $213 668 In addition, isolation of MIB and geosmin degrading bacteria will allow for further studies on seeding of sand filters to enhance their Duration July 2006 capacity for removal of taste and odour compounds. Background and Relevance To protect public health and ensure compliance with health 2.3.1.7 DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST ON-LINE MONITORING guidelines, potable water supplies must be disinfected, however, PACKAGE TO IMPROVE CHLORAMINATION CONTROL this often causes the water to be aesthetically unpleasant. Balancing Contact Person these beneficial and detrimental effects of a disinfectant residual on water quality is becoming increasingly important for water utilities. Chris Chow (Australian Water Quality Centre) Chlorinous off-flavours (ie. chlorinous tastes and odours) are probably Organisations Involved the best example of the fine balance between adequate disinfection Australian Water Quality Centre, Griffith University, SA Water, Sydney and consumer satisfaction with the aesthetic quality of the water. Water, University of South Australia, Water Corporation Budget $458 638 To protect public health and ensure compliance with health guidelines, Duration August 2005 potable water supplies must be disinfected, however, this often causes the water to be aesthetically unpleasant. It is important for water utilities to adequately disinfect the water while at the same Background and Relevance time minimize the amount of residual chlorine left in the water. Water On-line ammonia monitoring is used to optimise chloramination, containing significant chlorine residuals can often have a chlorinous especially in relation to reduction of nitrification. Commercially taste and odour. Maintaining an acceptable balance between these available systems generally suffer from high capital and maintenance two factors is a challenge for water utilities. costs including a requirement for frequent calibration and high consumption of chemical reagents. These restrictions make these Research Approach systems unattractive to the water industry, both post-treatment and more especially in distribution systems. This project aims to develop The project will focus primarily on chlorinated sources. Study sites will a system that is easier to maintain and has a lower limit of detection be selected on the basis of clusters of complaints received by the for ammonia. Water Corporation complaints databases, customer survey databases and from discussions with Water Corporation public liaison personnel. This information will be used to select zones with high incidences of Research Approach chlorinous off-flavours and identify “control” sites where chlorinous This project aims to develop a sensitive on-line ammonia detection off-flavours have not been recorded. system by combining a microdistillation process with a suitable detection method. The microdistillation step is required to isolate and Outcomes concentrate the ammonia this improving the method detection limit. Various methods for analysing the ammonia will be investigated (eg. This study has potential benefits throughout Australia, and fibre optic ammonia analysis system). The project will be conducted in internationally, due to the widespread nature of chlorinous off- two parts, analytical system development and system validation. The flavours. In areas which are currently free of chlorinous off-flavour analytical system will be developed by both Griffith University and the complaints, these benefits may be realised in the future, if a change University of South Australia. System validation will be conducted at in water quality (eg. due to drought conditions or damage caused the Australian Water Quality Centre: this includes collecting samples by bushfires) occurs. The project aims to improve understanding of regularly from samples from the industry partners, construction of a chemical processes that cause chlorinous off-flavours and to identify test rig, and selection of a suitable location for a field trial to validate water treatment protocols and management strategies that will the system. prevent chlorinous off-flavours, thus improving aesthetic water quality. Better understanding of the causative mechanisms of chlorinous off- flavours will lead to improved disinfection management in water Outcomes supplies in Western Australia, and this will be translated Australia- A prototype microstill and conductive analyser system has been wide and internationally. The project has the potential to contribute developed and has been used successfully to analyse a variety of to improved utilisation of water resources because it aims to identify chloraminated waters from the industry participants’ systems Sydney, improved methods of water treatment for source waters of marginal Western Australia and South Australia. Steps are being taken to assess quality. Better disinfectant management should also have positive alternative analyses for the system (eg. UV). implications for reducing consumers’ exposure to other undesirable disinfection by-products (eg. THMs and HAAs), and assist Australian water utilities to ensure compliance with increasingly stringent health Industry Uptake guidelines for these disinfection by-products. This project will assist It is anticipated that an ammonia monitoring system will be available utilities to improve customer satisfaction. for the industry to provide operators with the capacity to optimise chloramination. The benefits include improved control at the water Industry Uptake treatment plants and re-chlorination plants (minimises the risk of over dose or under dose) and minimisation of the impact of nitrification The knowledge generated in this project will be extended to other prior to entering the distribution systems. This would lead to the sites around Australia where chlorinous off-flavours are, or become, a cost savings in operational recovery costs, change over costs from concern for the water utility. Once causes and prevention strategies chloramination to chlorination, dumping of service reservoirs and have been identified in the local setting, it will be possible to extend flushing of systems. these outcomes more widely around Australia.
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2.3.2.1 CHARACTERISATION OF NOM IN HIGHLY COLOURED Industry Uptake SURFACE WATERS Drinking water utilities/planning and operation of treatment plants, Contact Person especially in regional systems. Anna Heitz (Curtin University of Technology) Organisations Involved STUDENT PROJECTS Curtin University of Technology, Water Corporation, Australian Water These are student theses that relate to themes within the Measurement Quality Centre Program that are not directly linked to a larger project. Budget $396 990 Start Date July 2006 2.3.0.1 THE CHEMISTRY OF HALOPHENOL TASTES IN DRINKING WATER Background and Relevance Student and Organisation The high levels and variable nature of natural organic matter (NOM) in Justin Blythe (Curtin University of Technology) source waters throughout different regions of Australia can contribute Principal Supervisor to major disinfection management and treatment problems (eg. Cynthia Joll (Curtin University of Technology) high chlorine decay rates, high concentrations of DBPs, biofilm Start Date regrowth and aesthetic issues). Water Corporation and SA Water March 2001 have independently conducted preliminary investigations of NOM from coloured water, but no firm correlations between colour, origin, Project Outline properties or variability have been established. Several treatment Bromophenols are the compounds suspected of causing the ‘plastic’, strategies have been investigated, but the heterogeneity and varied ‘medicinal’ or ‘chemical’ taints in Perth’s groundwater-sourced drinking dynamics of NOM in Australian source waters has challenged existing water after boiling. treatment processes. Consequently, only advanced and expensive strategies (eg. adsorption using activated carbon) have consistently provided the preferred efficiency of NOM removal from coloured The principal aims of this project were to: waters. v Develop techniques for the analysis of volatile halophenols. v Establish rates of formation of bromophenols in waters from There is a clear need to better understand the fundamental different sources. characteristics of NOM in surface waters of high colour so that (i) v Investigate the effects of various trace components of natural existing schemes can be better managed, and (ii) new cost effective waters on bromination rates. water treatment process can be developed for sufficient removal of NOM. The research approach involved: Research Approach v Optimisation of the purge-and-trap method for maximum recovery of the bromophenyl analytes The project will be conducted jointly by Curtin University of ¡ Technology and AWQC. The study will focus on eight water sources. v Assessment of the effects of MIEX on bromophenol formation ¡ Six will be from Western Australia (Walpole River and Quinninup in waters sampled from both conventional and MIEX treatments Dam (South West), Bolganup Dam, Quickup Dam and Denmark River at the Wanneroo Treatment Plant. (Great Southern) and Harding Dam (West Pilbara)) and two from South v Determination of the cause/s of the different rates of bromination Australia (Myponga and Middle River (Kangaroo Island)). of phenol in different source waters, especially the role of calcium towards the bromination of phenol. Outcomes The anticipated benefits of this project include: Project Progress v More effective removal of NOM in coloured source waters, It has been established that the presence of ammonia and organic primarily via improved ability to match treatment strategies to amino compounds slows the formation of bromophenols. The impact water quality variations. of elevated temperature on the formation of bromophenols in the presence of inorganic (formed from ammonia) and organic (formed v A better understanding of the variations in DOC concentration from amino acids and amines) N-chloramines. Bromophenol formation and character should lead to better management of catchments was faster at elevated temperature, but still slower compared to and sources. reactions in the absence of the nitrogenous compounds. However, v A better understanding of the origin of DOC should lead to the slower rate of bromophenol formation favoured the formation better catchment management strategies. and persistence of 2.6-dibromophenol, the most organoleptically v Improvements and enhancements to models that may predict potent congener. Therefore, the presence of inorganic and organic N- DOC changes in coloured waters. This may be a commercial chloramines at elevated temperature, particularly those encountered outcome. in boiled water, may promote the plastic taste. v Improvements and enhancements to the suite of simple, rapid analytical techniques available to the CRC for the characterisation Investigation of bromophenol formation in the kettles of complaining of NOM, including improved ability to interpret the combined customers has revealed that the formations of bromophenols occurred data gained from these techniques and to tailor treatment only after the water had been boiled and had started to cool. This was strategies to NOM character. the result of phenol leaching as the temperature, and possibly the pH, v Reduce the usage of disinfectants (eg. chlorine) and other increased. The concentration of chlorine was found to be critical in the chemicals used during treatment. formation of bromophenols. v Minimise disinfection by-product (DBP) formation and allow utilities to more easily comply with the Australian Drinking Water A poster presentation was given at the Australian Organic Geochemistry Guidelines (ADWG). and Natural Organic Conference (AOGC-NOM), Perth, February 2006. v Improve water quality distributed to customers, in relation to Further presentation are planned for the second half of 2006. health and aesthetic considerations. v Extend the use of the SEC-UV-OCD system that was developed The PhD thesis is expected to be completed in the next few months. in CRC for Water Quality and Treatment project 2.3.1.1 to create a data base for of Australian source waters.
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2.3.0.2 THE STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF NOM IN Project Progress GROUNDWATERS FROM THE GNANGARA MOUND The inhibitory effect of a range of test samples have been investigated Student and Organisation using diverse microorganisms including pure and mixed microbial Daniel Couton (Curtin University of Technology) consortia. The preparation of a PhD thesis is well advanced. Principal Supervisor Cynthia Joll (Curtin University of Technology) 2.3.0.7 DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOSENSOR FOR DETECTION OF CYLNDROSPERMOPSIN Start Date February 2002 Student and Organisation Rebecca Campbell (University of South Australia) Project outline Principal Supervisor Natural organic matter (NOM) can act a precursor to harmful compounds known as disinfection by-products DBPs which are Chris Saint (Australian Water Quality Centre) produced during the disinfection of drinking water. NOM is generally Start Date March 2003 considered to be produced as a result of humification of plant material as a result of highly varied sources its structure is highly complex, varied Project Outline and site-specific. Isolation and characterisation of NOM from two sites (i.e., bores) representative of diverse environments in the Gnangara This PhD project has two distinct components involving the: Mound, a shallow, unconfined aquifer used for supplying the majority 1. Biosynthesis of Cylindrospermopsin of Perth’s northern suburbs with drinking water, may provide further v To fully sequence the genes implicated in the biosynthesis of insights into NOM. An improved understanding of NOM will aid water cylindrospermopsin. treatment agencies in preventing water quality issues such as DBPs. v To identify toxic markers that permit the design of DNA probes that demonstrate unambiguous detection of cylindrospermopsin This research project consisted of two primary objectives: 1) investigate producing cyanobacteria. the mechanisms of thermochemolysis reactions by comparison of v To implement preliminary trials of the DNA probes on a suitable, on-line and off-line experiments with different thermochemolysis commercially viable biosensor platform. reagents and optimisation of heating, solvent effect and the basicity of the thermochemolytic reagent; 2) Characterise natural organic matter contained within two bore water samples from the Gnangara 2. Biodegradation of Cylindrospermopsin Mound in Wanneroo, Perth. These bores are located below differing v To identify the genes involved in the biodegradation of the toxin vegetation so that the effect of surface vegetation on the shallow cylindrospermopsin from bacteria. aquifer beneath can be observed. v To investigate monitoring the activities of such genes as an alternative biosensor for the presence of cylindrospermopsin. Project Progress v To design suitable DNA probes that indicates the presence of A comprehensive study of the thermochemolytic process has been the identified biodegrading genes. completed. The study compared product distributions yielded by both on and off-line thermochemolysis of model compounds as parameters such as reaction temperature, duration and thermochemolytic reagent Biosensors/probes will permit rapid detection of either were changed. Results have highlighted the importance of the choice cylindrospermopsin producing cyanobacteria or cylindrospermopsin- of solvent and reaction duration for off-line thermochemolysis, and degrading bacteria in environmental waters, enabling water quality reaction temperature for on-line thermochemolysis. managers to adopt effective treatment strategies when dealing with cyanobacterial blooms.
Two NOM samples, isolated from groundwater bores located in the Gnangara Mound have been analysed by a suite of spectroscopic and Project Progress spectrometric techniques. Structural characterisation of these samples v Currently 99% of the genes implicated in the biosynthesis of is being finalised. cylindrospermopsin have been sequenced. v Screening for suitable toxic markers has commenced. Completion of the PhD thesis is expected in early 2007. v A biosensor platform has been selected for trials to commence in the near future. 2.3.0.3 DEVELOPMENT OF A RAPID MICROBIAL TOXICITY v Cylindrospermopsin degrading bacteria, previously identified ASSAY EMPLOYING FERRICYANIDE AS AN ARTIFICIAL by Maree Smith, have been received and are currently being RESPIRATORY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR reviewed for current cylindrospermopsin degrading ability. Student and Organisation Kylie Catterall (Griffith University) 2.3.0.8 CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN CHLORAMINATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Principal Supervisor Student and Organisation Peter Teasdale (Griffith University) Ina Kristiana (Curtin University of Technology) Start Date June 2002 Principal Supervisor Cynthia Joll (Curtin University of Technology) Project Outline Start Date March 2003 The use of ferricyanide as an artificial electron acceptor in microbial respiration has been investigated with a view to developing a rapid microbial-based toxicity assay to overcome the shortfalls of existing Project Outline techniques. The principle of this assay is similar to conventional The formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) is of particular microbial-based toxicity assays that quantify inhibition of the respiratory concern due to the potential long-term health effects of some DBPs. process. In this case, however, rather than monitoring changes in As a result, the concentrations of some DBPs in drinking water are bioluminescence (Microtox) or oxygen (OECD Respirometry) we regulated and efforts are made to minimise the concentrations of quantified inhibition of microbially produced ferrocyanide using the DBPs in drinking water. Treatment parameters (eg. disinfectant, the electrochemical method of chronoamperometry. pH, contact time, temperature), source water (eg. NOM characteristics, bromide ion concentration) and distribution system conditions have considerable effects on the concentration, speciation, and stability of
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DBPs. Chlorine and chloramine are the two most common disinfectants the water quality parameter accurately, without the need for calibration, used in WA with the latter primarily used in long distribution systems reagents or presample treatment. The concept of the Universal because of greater stability in a more persistent disinfectant residual. Calibration System has been validated on synthetic samples and real samples from around Australia. The universal calibration system is currently being applied to a number of water quality parameters to This project aims to study the chemical processes taking place in build up the monitoring system. a chloraminated system, with particular focus on processes of DBP formation. This includes investigation of the formation of chloramination DBPs through a study of factors affecting their formation as well as Reliable low cost on-line monitoring tools will be of significant mechanistic and kinetic studies of DBP formation. The outcomes economical benefit to utilities required by regulation to monitor for a of this project will benefit the water industry by providing a greater number of water quality parameters. They will also provide an increase understanding of the chemical processes, especially those involved safety guard of water systems supporting small communities where in DBP formation in chloraminated systems. This is important for less frequent monitoring is an economic reality. the optimization of chloramination practices, which will improve the quality of drinking water supplied to areas where chloramination is 2.3.1.5 DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE INSTRUMENTATION used, and provide the knowledge required to respond appropriately FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PESTICIDES IN WATER to lower guidelines values for DBPs in drinking water anticipated in the future. Student and Organisation David Beale (RMIT University) Project Progress Principal Supervisor Improved analytical methods for the analysis of DBPs (trihalomethanes, Nichola Porter (RMIT University) haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitriles) have been developed and Start Date March 2004 used for routine analyses.
Project Outline All of the required experimental work for this project has been carried The main objective of the project is to develop an instrument that can out, and all data have been collected. The PhD thesis is currently be easily transported from site to site for in situ rapid determination being written. of agricultural pesticides which have impacted source waters. The occurrence of pesticides in low µgL-1 concentrations have been known 2.3.0.9 DEVELOPMENT OF A REAL TIME, RAPID AND NON- to cause devastating effects to wildlife and in some cases humans. DESTRUCTIVE MONITORING SYSTEM The onsite determination of a pesticide will ensure that remediation Student and Organisation efforts can be implemented as quickly as possible at a contaminated site. Shoshana Fogelman (Griffith University) Principal Supervisor This project aims to develop a portable instrument based on a fourth Huijun Zhao (Griffith University) generation flow injection analysis (FIA) system with chemiluminescence Start Date March 2003 detection. The final instrument methodology incorporates a pre-concentration event, to make it significantly quantitative at environmental concentrations, followed by separation on a low Project Outline pressure separation column. FIA incorporates the use of bi-directional Potable water is consistently monitored from the catchment area to the syringe pumps for the introduction, manipulation and reaction of tap to ensure it can be consumed with safety. Current water monitoring a sample with a reagent or series of reagents with a detection cell practices adopt a routine test approach, where samples are collected located in front of photomultiplier. It is fast, efficient and economical from different locations and transported back to laboratories for the in its use of reagents. Several pesticides in drinking water and their prescribed standard analysis. Over 200 parameters are monitored suitable reagents will be tested using the proposed instrument in either weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly or yearly. Economic order to obtain a measure of the concentration at or below the values constraints restrict the number of samples that can be processed by stated in the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. laboratory analyses, hence monitoring is often limited to a few test sites over a large time scale. Treatment and monitoring of water servicing small communities can be particularly infrequent. There is a real need, Project Progress therefore, for a real-time, on-line, non-destructive monitoring system, v Atrazine and simazine(triazine herbicides), hexazinone (a to ensure more frequent monitoring of drinking water, particularly in triazinone herbicide), dicrotophos and monocrotophos rural areas of Australia. (organophosphate insecticides) have been detected using conventional flow injection analysis successfully. Detection limits were above Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG). This project aims to develop a universal calibration system that is capable of real-time, on-line monitoring of drinking water quality v When natural waters containing NOM were used as a matrix, in any water body, without the need for calibration, reagents and the NOM caused great interference, masking any response with limited man power. The monitoring system needs to indicate generated from the pesticides. sudden or extreme changes in water quality, which for example might v 3D excitation-emission fluorescence (3D FL) spectra have been be attributed to microbial contamination or the presence of excess determined for the six natural waters used in this project to help chemicals. It should shift the current reliance of end-point testing to identify the differences between them and relate the 3D FL determine water problems, to a preventative management approach, spectra to the chemiluminescence emission ( 610 and 425 nm), where the problems are detected by the Management Authority, total N and the UV spectra of the waters. before they reach the consumers’ tap. The design will aim for a device v FIA with preconcentration (in-line solid phase extraction (SPE)) or protocol which is simple to use and has low maintenance costs so was successfully applied to all five pesticides with detection limits that it is economically feasible to implement into more isolated areas below Australian drinking water guidelines. The elimination of of Australia. NOM from the natural water samples was achieved by the in- line SPE while maintaining a relatively fast analysis (approx 10 Project Progress minutes per sample). An on-line, real-time software-based monitoring system has been v Separation of the pesticides was achieved by incorporating a low developed and optimised for on-line monitoring. The system uses pressure separation column with UV detection, experiments are computational intelligence techniques and signals from fibre optic currently underway with chemiluminescence detection. sensors, as well as other simple water quality parameters to determine v A paper titled Atrazine detection by Flow Injection
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Chemiluminescence Analysis (FICA) was presented at ERE 2.3.1.8 THERMAL MATURATION STUDIES OF NOM TO RELEASE 05, Hobart, Tasmanina. Another paper has been submitted MACRO-MOLECULARLY BOUND BIOMARKERS AND for publication to the journal Water Research titled Atrazine INVESTIGATE THE DIAGENETIC PATHWAYS OF MAJOR detection in water by flow injection chemiluminescence. ORGANIC PRECURSORS Student and Organisation 2.3.1.6 CHARACTERISATION AND TREATABILITY OF NATURAL Lyndon Berwick (Curtin University of Technology) ORGANIC MATTER IN GROUNDWATERS USED FOR Principal Supervisor DRINKING WATER Robert Kagi (Curtin University of Technology) Student and Organisation Start Date February 2005 Stacey Hamilton (Curtin University of Technology) Principal Supervisor Project Outline Cynthia Joll (Curtin University of Technology) Elevated concentrations of NOM, as is the case with many Western Start Date March 2004 Australian groundwaters, can adversely affect water quality and increase the demand for chemical disinfectants (eg. chlorine). This Project Outline research project focuses on the development and optimization of thermal and chemical degradation methods for analysing the structural The NOM of source waters can effect various aspects of water and compositional character of NOM, with a particular focus on micro- treatment and water quality. If not effectively removed, NOM may scale sealed vessel (MSSV) pyrolysis. Such characterization studies provide precursors for disinfection by-products, taste and odour should provide a more comprehensive understanding of the origins, compounds or contribute to biological growth and biofilm formation structural features and reactions of NOM in source waters and aid the in distribution systems. Characterisation studies providing a detailed development of improved and/or targeted treatment methods. understanding of the origins, structural features and reactivity of NOM in source waters will also help assess its treatability and possibly identify improvements to treatment processes for the effective The potential of MSSV pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass removal of NOM. spectrometry (Py-GCMS) for thermally releasing compositional and structural information from NOM will be investigated. A broad range of NOM samples will be studied, including those representative The aims of this project are to conduct a detailed study of the origins, of end member source waters. In combination with studies of structural features and reactivity of NOM in a selection of Perth model compounds and standard materials, this will assist method groundwaters. The characteristion information may help optimise development and provide insights into the pathways of thermal treatment processes which will ultimately contribute to the improved degradation for a suite of molecular precursors contributing to NOM. quality of drinking water supplied to consumers. The protocol for Other novel chemical and thermal degradation techniques will also be studying the groundwaters are as follows: investigated for their utility to provide complementary structural and v Develop and refine a polymeric adsorbant method and an chemical information. The chemical character and variability of NOM ultrafiltration method to isolate NOM from local groundwater derived from various Australian source waters will be evaluated, and supplies into several distinct fractions of reduced complexity. conclusions drawn regarding the major precursor inputs and diagenetic v Characterise isolated fractions by various established analytical mechanisms of incorporation of such precursors into NOM structures. techniques. Compare data from different preparative methods. Such characterization studies should provide a more comprehensive understanding of the origins, structural features and reactions of v Laboratory-scale treatment (relevant to contemporary water NOM in source waters and aid the development of improved and/or treatment processes used in Western Australia) of fractions to targeted treatment methods. investigate the removal efficiency of the different fractions followed by analytical characterisation. Assess structural characteristics of recalcitrant moiety of NOM and establish its Project Progress disinfection by-product formation potential (qualitative and Application for candidacy has been approved. Comprehensive quantitative). MSSV pyrolysis and flash pyrolysis-GCMS experiments have been v Identify better treatment strategies in order to optimise treatment performed on a range of NOM samples isolated from different practices. freshwater environments. Selected samples have also been separately analysed at different off-line MSSV pyrolysis temperatures and times to investigate the thermal mechanisms of formation for various MSSV Project Progress products. The origins of nitrogen-containing MSSV products generated The origins, structural features and reactivity of natural organic matter from NOM fractions have been specifically investigated and a paper (NOM) from a Perth groundwater bore is being investigated using the has been submitted to Organic Geochemistry (June 2006). Model isolation methods of ultrafiltration and a polymeric adsorbant method. compounds (eg. amino acids, sugars, proteins) and pseudo standards A large quantity (1000 L) of water from bore W300 has been sampled (eg. bacterial cultures) have been extensively studied to enable more and isolation using a polymeric adsorbant is ongoing. Isolation of reliable correlation of MSSV products with biological sources. Surface NOM using ultrafiltration has been completed and characterisation is water from an Australian catchment (North Pine, Brisbane) has been currently underway. collected and pre-concentrated. XAD resins have been cleaned and conditioned in preparation for isolation and fractionation of the NOM The W300 raw water sample has also been treated by a laboratory from this source water. simulation of the MIEX® process, an innovative water treatment process currently in operation in Western Australia. This process was 2.3.1.9 THE USE OF STABLE ISOTOPES FOR THE carried out using conditions to model the full-scale MIEX® treatment CHARACTERISATION OF NOM AND INVESTIGATION plant at the Wanneroo groundwater treatment plant. For this purpose, OF THE DIFFERENT ORGANIC PRECURSORS OF MIEX® resin was preconditioned by treatment with W300 raw water AQUATIC SYSTEMS before regeneration. The MIEX® treated raw water from W300 (400 Student and Organisation L) has been reduced to a more convenient volume (approx. 130 L) for polymeric adsorption which has yet to be commenced. Leigh Boyd (Curtin University of Technology) Principal Supervisor The information obtained in this study may assist in optimisation of Robert Kagi (Curtin University of Technology) catchment and treatment practices. Characteristics of the unique local Start Date February 2005 NOM will be related to its potential treatability by current and future local water treatment processes.
54 MEASUREMENT 2C
Project Outline Project Outline This PhD project aims to develop and test the utility of stable isotopic Chlorinous tastes and odours (off-flavours) are the single most analysis for characterising and establishing the main precursors significant cause of taste and odour-related consumer complaints of DOC. It will be aligned with Centre Project 2.3.1.3 Advanced to water utilities in Australia. Although the causes of chlorinous off- Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) in Australian Water flavours are often attributed to high concentrations of chlorine, it has Supplies, which seeks to assemble an extended tool-kit of advanced been shown that they can occur even when the concentration of free analytical methods appropriate for NOM characterisation. chlorine is much lower than its odour threshold concentration. The main focus of the project is to further investigate the prevalence and causes of chlorinous odours. This will include examination of the roles Stable isotopic data of NOM will be obtained on both a whole sample of chlorination practices, bromide, and natural organic matter (NOM), and a compound specific basis to investigate the utility of stable especially nitrogenous organic compounds in the causes of chlorinous isotope analysis for studying the source input, temporal and spatial odours and to determine whether changes in water treatment practices dynamics (eg. bioproductivity), transportation and fate of organic or methods can decrease the extent of consumer complaints related material in source water systems. A range of NOM samples will be to chlorinous odours. Causative off-flavour compounds formed from studied since the chemical and physical nature of NOM is dependent reactions of halogens with model compounds will be identified, and on the source materials and surrounding environmental conditions, an understanding of their mechanism of formation will be developed, hence NOM from different locations can vary considerably in structure aiding identification of process solutions to the problem. The role and behaviour. NOM fractions will be separately studied to establish of bromine, iodine and AOX in chlorinous off-flavours will also be the relationship between the structural moieties of NOM and specific examined. The PhD project will utilise the Taste and Odour panel organic precursors. A correlation of the source inputs of organics in convened through the larger project. the source waters with the subsequent occurrence of certain DBPs following treatment may also help identify which precursors are most significant with respect to DBP formation. Project Progress This PhD project commenced in March 2006. Preparation of candidacy Project Progress is currently being undertaken. A literature search on reactions of halogens with model compounds, particularly amino acids, in aqueous Leigh Boyd has recently withdrawn from his PhD at Curtin University systems, and analysis of the products is being conducted. Model of Technology. Dawn White has applied for the PhD project and compound experiments are to commence shortly. will commence on 1 October 2006 for 3 and a half years. Dawn’s principle supervisor will be A/Prof Kliti Grice (Curtin University of Technology). Dawn will also be supervised by Professor Robert Kagi PROJECTS IN DEVELOPMENT (Curtin University of Technology) and Dr Paul Greenwood (University of Western Australian). Dr Rino Trolio of the WA Water Cooperation MODELLING THMFP AND CHLORINE DEMAND OF COCKTAIL will have an associate role in the project providing samples. WATERS No scientific or mathematical approximation (ie. model), using 2.3.2.2 CHLORINOUS OFF-FLAVOURS IN DRINKING WATER the characteristics of the individual waters as input parameters, is Student and Organisation presently able to estimate the disinfection decay characteristics and Hanna Driessen (Curtin University of Technology) THM formation potential of mixed waters. The proposed project aims to address this knowledge gap by developing mathematical models Principal Supervisor to characterise the chlorine decay behaviour and THM formation Cynthia Joll (Curtin University of Technology) potential of mixed drinking water. Input to the model would comprise Start Date March 2006 the parameters of the individual source waters comprising the mixture. Test and research source water relationships of blends containing up to 3 source waters.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Commonwealth Schedule Milestones Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone (Yes/No) and/or Output
Research Detailed research reports, patents, detailed Yes Captured in the individual project proposals, project reports, methodologies, operating procedures workshop reports, etc. Will continue to evolve with other projects and brief industry summaries giving the and activities. new knowledge generated from research activities.
Reports targeted at the implementation Yes Technology projects completed, underway or proposed will: of developed monitoring protocols and - provide unique DOC detection capability for HPSEC measurement technologies by industry - develop a toolkit of advanced NOM characterisation techniques. and regulators. - develop a new ammonia monitoring device. Technologies aiding online monitoring or assessment of water quality are being developed. Reports on these and other related program activities will be available as the projects progress.
55 2D WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
Program Leader Mary Drikas Australian Water Quality Centre
PROGRAM AIM The purpose of the Water Treatment Technology Program is to identify and/or develop improved engineering and system management of water treatment processes to control problem organisms and compounds. Such improvements will be implemented within the framework of the multi-barrier approach of managing water quality from catchment to customer. This will ensure that improvements implemented as a result of this research program do not adversely impact on water quality within the distribution system.
PROGRAM OVERVIEW CURRENT PROJECTS Research undertaken within the Water Treatment Technology Program has enabled understanding and improvement in established 3.2.9 DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SYSTEM technologies such as coagulation, disinfection and powdered FOR CONCENTRATED NATURAL ORGANIC STREAMS activated carbon (PAC) for the removal of natural organic matter Contact Person (NOM), algal metabolites and pathogens. In addition tools have been developed to assist with implementation of these improvements such Jim Morran (Australian Water Quality Centre) as techniques for characterisation of NOM and comparison of PAC and Organisations Involved models to maximize removal of NOM using coagulation. Innovative Australian Water Quality Centre, University of Queensland, Orica processes which improve water quality, reduce environmental impact (Student involvement) and/or reduce costs such as biological filtration for removal of NOM, algal metabolites and manganese are also being developed. A Budget $652,083 collaborative project will start shortly which will seek to directly link Start Date December 2002 treatment and distribution by assessing the impact of water treatment on distribution system changes and the water quality reaching the customer tap. Background and Relevance Natural organic matter (NOM) has been shown to be one of the key water quality parameters that affect treatment processes and this has Recently, the significant droughts and resulting water shortages have resulted in the removal of NOM from raw water being of prime concern increased interest in desalination and reuse for water supply purposes for water authorities. Many of the processes specifically developed for and placed these items firmly on the Australian water industry agenda. NOM removal such as nanofiltration and ion exchange produce a waste Collaborative projects have been established by Centre partners and stream of high NOM and salinity that is difficult to treat or dispose of by funded through state and national funding initiatives. The Centre is conventional practices. Inadequate disposal systems for this waste will also developing a project to enhance recovery and reduce waste from hinder further application of this new technology. a reverse osmosis desalination system.
Research Approach RESEARCH COLLABORATION This project is designed to assess the viability of biotreatment for the Research collaboration both nationally and internationally is an disposal of concentrated NOM waste streams resulting from potable important component of the Water Treatment Technology Program. water treatment processes. The system is applied to waste from an Studies of treatment processes and their effectiveness for the removal ion exchange process, however, the developed process can also be of NOM has been undertaken nationally between a number of Centre applicable for treatment of membrane filtration retentate. partners whilst Bjornar Eickebrokk, SINTEF, Norway and researchers at Australian Water Quality Centre have also collaborated on this topic. The experimental approach is divided into three stages: Dr Jasper Verberk from the University of Delft, Netherlands, started v Characterisation of the biodegradability of NOM in a typical a 14 month visit with the Water Treatment Unit at the Australian waste stream. Water Quality Centre in September, 2005. Dr Verberk and Ms Drikas v Collection of samples of appropriate biological agents to deter- have been preparing a project proposal to determine the extent of mine if a suitable biomass can be propagated to decolour and/ treatment necessary to produce water quality which minimises water or mineralise the NOM with and without chemical pre-treatment quality deterioration after passage though the distribution system. to enhance biodegradability. The project concept and collaboration originally arose from a Global v Development of a salt tolerant biological system for treatment of Water Research Coalition (GWRC) workshop on distribution systems the concentrated NOM solution generated by the MIEX¡ DOC held in Sydney in September 2003. The project will be co-funded process into either a NOM-free brine solution for reuse in the by the Centre and a number of interested industry partners. It is process or a form that is acceptable for discharge to the environ- anticipated that the project will begin in the second half of 2006. ment.
CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES Outcomes Research undertaken within this program contributes to the National v Ongoing literature review. Research Priority “An Environmentally Sustainable Australia”. This v The results obtained from a mixed inoculum from 10% salt fields priority is being supported by research investigating the optimisation successfully acclimatised to ozonated NOM from water treatment of current treatment processes and the development of new processes plant and initial biodegradation rate are encouraging. for the production of high quality drinking water. The research aims to reduce the use of chemicals and energy and minimise waste v HPSEC method has been further developed to distinguish the residues. extent of NOM reduction by biodegradation or adsorption. v Enhanced biodegradability of refractory NOM by peroxide and ozone has been studied. Outcomes have indicated that ozone is the treatment of choice.
56 WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY 2D
Industry Uptake Research Approach Orica Pty Ltd is supporting the project financially as a successful In order to understand the impact of the recalcitrant NOM on various outcome will solve the waste disposal issue associated with the use of treatment processes, a major component of this project was to MIEX® and extend application of MIEX® within the water industry. characterise the recalcitrant NOM. The techniques selected provided better understanding of the impact of the NOM character on treatment processes but are simple enough for treatment operators 2.4.0.2 INTERFACE SCIENCE IN DRINKING WATER TREATMENT to understand and apply to optimise treatment processes. Contact Person
Gayle Newcombe (Australian Water Quality Centre) Treatment processes, including coagulation and adsorption will be the Organisations Involved main area of study. This project will assess the ability of each process Australian Water Quality Centre, CSIRO to remove the recalcitrant NOM. The magnetic ion-exchange process, MIEX, has been found to selectively reduce trihalomethane formation Budget $76,112 and will be investigated in more detail. With the current operation of Start Date March 2002 two MIEX treatment plants in South Australia and Western Australia, gaining a better understanding of MIEX effectiveness will be of Background and Relevance relevance to the water industry. A major focus of this project will be research and development of other processes, such as the use All water sources contain minerals, dissolved and particulate, and of powdered activated carbon (PAC), which may remove the neutral natural organic material. Also present are microorganisms such as organic components. In addition, the chemical components of NOM bacteria, algae, protozoa. In many instances microcontaminants of that most significantly foul MF membranes will be identified in an human origin are present. These include industrial and agricultural attempt to develop better indicators of membrane fouling rate and chemicals, pharmaceuticals and personal care products. The result is to reduce fouling. a complex “soup” that often requires a range of treatment processes for the achievement of water treatment objectives. Virtually all of these treatment processes involve interfacial phenomena, and the success Outcomes of the treatment process relies on the optimisation of the interfacial v A combined treatment incorporating MIEX®, PAC and alum was interactions taking place during treatment. This book presents the shown to achieve significant reductions in DOC concentration latest understanding of interface science and interfacial processes and THM formation potential (THMFP). PAC had a greater taking place during the treatment of drinking water, with an additional effect on DOC and THMFP removal than alum on the organics emphasis on practical applications to the processes involved. It is remaining after MIEX® treatment. envisaged that the audience will consist of surface scientists, applied v Bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) was shown to decrease scientists, water treatment scientists, as well as interested managers following coagulation through conventional water treatment and treatment plant staff. plants (WTP) conflicting with laboratory studies showing an increase in BRP following treatment. Contamination of BRP Outcomes results in laboratory studies has been identified. The outcome will be a well-written authoritative book explaining v Selected combined treatments were proven to significantly reduce in plain language, but with sufficient scientific detail, all interfacial short-term fouling of hydrophilic microfiltration membranes for processes taking place during drinking water treatment. The two varied water sources. manuscript has been submitted to the publishers, Elsevier, and is v HPSEC has been identified as a non-destructive detection awaiting publication. method for colloidal organic fouling of low pressure microfiltration membranes. Industry Uptake v A ‘fractionation test kit’ for rapid estimation of treatability and It is hoped that many members of the international water industry will chlorine demand has been trialed and has shown some potential use this book as a reference to aid in the understanding, and therefore for useful application in the field. the optimisation, of drinking water treatment processes. v Collaborative research with the University of South Australia and the University of New South Wales on novel treatment processes was undertaken. This included the use of self-assembled 2.4.0.3 DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TREATMENT PROCESS monolayer technology and advanced oxidation processes for FOR THE REMOVAL OF RECALCITRANT ORGANIC NOM removal. MATTER v Removal of hydrophobic NOM compounds from the water Contact Person reduced the rate of membrane fouling by increasing the flux Mary Drikas (Australian Water Quality Centre) recovery upon backwashing. It is proposed that high NOM Organisations Involved fouling rates occur when hydrophobic NOM binds the large colloidal material to the surface of the membrane. Australian Water Quality Centre, CSIRO, University of New South Wales, University of South Australia, RMIT University, Curtin University v PAC combined with submerged hollow fiber microfiltration of Technology (Student involvement) resulted in enhanced NOM removal and reduced fouling as sufficient mixing was induced by aeration for the PAC to form a Budget $1,914,942 low resistance secondary membrane. Start Date October 2002 v Whilst breakage of MIEX® resins due to shear in flat sheet membranes systems resulted in increased fouling, there appears Background and Relevance to be potential for reduced fouling with a combination of MIEX® The presence of NOM in source water can be problematic for and submerged hollow fiber microfiltration. production of drinking water as it reacts with both coagulants and v Significant flux improvement was obtained on hydrophobic disinfectants used in drinking water treatment and can be a food microfiltration membranes with increasing vacuum UV dose, but source for bacterial growth in distribution systems. Based on the the small molecules formed tended to give increased irreversible studies carried out in the original Centre, the NOM remaining after fouling. Dose optimisation is needed to minimise this. the conventional treatment process has certain characteristics. It is not easily removed by current treatment processes and can also v Presentations on the project outcomes and preparation of cause fouling of microfiltration (MF) membranes. This project has associated fact sheets for the series of technology transfer adapted simple tools to better characterise NOM and link water seminars identified as the NOM Roadshow held in seven cities quality with treatability. A range of treatment options for the removal across Australia in August 2005. of recalcitrant natural organic matter and methods to limit its effect on MF membranes are being studied.
57 2D WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
Industry Uptake effectively bound within the alum flocculated material and v The NOM Roadshow seminars have lead to an increased effective inactivation with disinfection. understanding of the importance of NOM and implementation of NOM characterisation techniques and coagulation optimisation Industry Uptake by water industry participants. v MIEX® has been applied to increase NOM removal and provide v The project has enabled effective transfer of cell culture and rapid improved water quality in three operating treatment plants in detection methods, such as PCR, for viruses and Cryptosporidium Australia. between Sydney Water and the Australian Water Quality Centre. The methods are available for routine use, and in the event of a ® v Data obtained from MIEX and alum evaluations have been water crisis. used to aid optimisation of treatment conditions at selected Australian water treatment plants including Mt Pleasant WTP, v Industry is more aware of the effective removal of Cryptosporidium South Australia. and viruses through water treatment processes. v Pilot plant trials using poly silicate iron coagulation prior to membrane filtration demonstrated that the coagulant load was 2.4.0.5 BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION PROCESSES FOR THE too high for the membrane module and could not be effectively REMOVAL OF ALGAL METABOLITES backwashed. Sedimentation of the poly silicate iron before the Contact Person membrane may improve the performance. Gayle Newcombe (Australian Water Quality Centre) Organisations Involved 2.4.0.4 OPTIMISING THE WATER TREATMENT AND Australian Water Quality Centre, EnTox (University of Queensland and DISINFECTION TRAIN FOR PATHOGEN DESTRUCTION Queensland Health and Scientific Services), South East Queensland Contact Person Water, United Water International (Student involvement) Alex Keegan (Australian Water Quality Centre) Budget $1,475,461 Organisations Involved Start Date March 2004 Australian Water Quality Centre, CSIRO, Sydney Water Budget $1,877,692 Background and Relevance Start Date November 2002 This project addresses the important issue of biological treatment of algal metabolites, in particular filtration through biologically-active Background and Relevance media. With the ongoing concern regarding the addition of chemicals to our water supply, and the potential by-products of oxidation Drinking water supplies have a long history of association with processes, biological treatment techniques are becoming more a spectrum of human pathogens including enteric protozoa (eg. attractive to water suppliers and the general public. However, for the Cryptosporidium) and viruses (eg. enteroviruses) and are recognised confident application of biological techniques to the removal of algal as potential risks to human health. Many studies have investigated the metabolites it is essential that the optimum conditions are known, and removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts and viruses by water treatment the complete removal of potentially harmful organic compounds is and disinfection processes but few have looked at the effect of the guaranteed. At present this is not possible, and this lack of knowledge processes on their infectivity. This project is investigating the effects will be directly addressed within the project. of water treatment processes to determine whether processes have any effect on infectivity of the pathogens. Subsequent susceptibility of pathogens to disinfection is being used to determine whether any The major compounds of interest within this project are the hidden effects of the water treatment processes are active within the algal metabolites, geosmin and MIB, microcystin toxins and water treatment plants. cylindrospermopsin. These are all compounds that are found throughout Australia and are problematic for many water authorities. Research Approach Research Approach v Determine the effects of water treatment processes (conventional and dissolved air floatation (DAF) including alum, ferric chloride The research approach is based on a series of questions: and polymers in jar tests) on Cryptosporidium oocyst infectivity using cell culture-polymerase chain reaction (CC-PCR) and 1 Can we identify individual bacteria capable of degrading enteric virus (enterovirus and adenovirus) infectivity using tissue the compounds? Are they present in a range of waters? culture (plaque assay and cytopathic effect). 2 Will there be a “lag phase”, or delay, between when the v Determine the effects of ageing oocysts at environmental biofilm first “sees” the compounds, and when it is capable temperatures then processing through water treatment process of degrading them? with CC-PCR. 3 Under what conditions is biofiltration likely to be a viable v Determine whether the water treatment processes increase option for removal of these metabolites? Can we predict susceptibility of Cryptosporidium oocysts and viruses to whether a biological filter would be effective for the removal disinfection. of a transient episode of the metabolites? 4 Does ozone pre-treatment enhance the removal? Outcomes 5 Is it possible to modify the biofilm and/or conditions v Effective removal of Cryptosporidium through optimised water to produce maximum removal in less than optimal treatment processes with alum, ferric chloride and polymers. conditions? v Minimal inactivation of Cryptosporidium with exposure to chemicals for water treatment and disinfection with chlorine and A series of laboratory scale, pilot scale and full scale scientific chloramine. investigations has been designed to supply the solutions to these v Minimal effect of water treatment and disinfection on aged research questions. Cryptosporidium oocysts (up to 6 months). Outcomes v Removal of adenovirus and poliovirus with ferric chloride and v Bacteria which are able to effectively degrade microcystin toxins, alum with more efficient removal of adenovirus. cylindrospermopsin and geosmin have been isolated from biological sand filters. These bacteria have been genetically v Minimal inactivation of viruses with exposure to water treatment typed and identified. chemicals (alum, ferric chloride and polymers) with virus
58 WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY 2D
v A real-time PCR assay is being optimised to use as a molecular Outcomes tool to screen for possible microcystin degraders within biological v The MFI values of small latex particles, large silica particles filters and source waters. and a mixture of the two were compared. The latex MFI was v Laboratory biological filtration studies are continuing, including significantly greater than the silica MFI, as would be anticipated the development of assays to measure biofilm activity within from cake filtration considerations. the filters. Batch degradation experiments have shown that v However, the MFI of the mixture (50/50) was higher than that of biofilm detached from sand filters have the ability to degrade the small latex alone by 10 to 50%, depending on conditions. microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, MIB and geosmin without a Thus the presence of the large (low fouling index) particles raised support medium, in some cases without the lag period usually the fouling index of the smaller particles. observed prior to degradation commencing. v The reason for this 'over estimation' of MFI for the mixture is v All laboratory scale studies have indicated that each of the believed due to the loss of flow cross section due to the large aforementioned algal metabolites can be readily degraded bulky particles. This raises the local velocities through the smaller through small column experiments and batch degradation particles which occupy the interstitial voids and increases the experiments. The challenge now will be to evaluate the removals apparent specific resistance (which is based on unobstructed under pilot scale conditions. The biological sand filtration pilot flow through the foulant cake). plant at Happy Valley has been constructed with trials due to v In a real world situation the larger particles would be unlikely to commence shortly. The effect of pre-ozonation on the pilot scale reach the surface of an RO membrane due to crossflow-induced filters will also be assessed. These trials should provide insight back transport (favours the bigger particles). In this project the into the design criteria/operational guidelines required for application of a CFS upstream of the MFI test has been shown to effective algal metabolite removal through biological filters. exclude the larger species and yield MFI values close to that of the small foulant species. Thus the CFS-MFI has been shown to Industry Uptake more realistically characterise the fouling propensity of the feed. v A conventional PCR assay has been used in a recent survey to screen a range of source waters around Australia for possible Industry Uptake microcystin degrading bacteria. These results will be published Interest in the concept of the CFS-MFI has come from membrane in an upcoming AwwaRF report. operators in the USA. Collaboration with Dr Samer Adham of v Industry has shown considerable interest in the application of low Montgomery Watson Inc. is being considered, with potential support cost biological processes for the treatment of algal metabolites. from the USA National Water Research Institute (NWRI).
2.4.1.0 MONITORING FOR MEMBRANE FOULING 2.4.1.1 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR DISSOLVED ORGANIC ASSESSMENT CARBON (DOC) REMOVAL Contact Person Contact Person Dianne E. Wiley (University of New South Wales) Jurg Keller (University of Queensland) Organisations Involved Organisations Involved University of New South Wales (Student involvement) University of Queensland, RMIT University, Brisbane City Council, Budget $97,500 Caboolture Shire Council (Student involvement) Start Date March 2003 Budget $863,136 Start Date January 2006 Background and Relevance This student-based project aims to develop a fouling index, which Background and Relevance reflects the effects of feed components that genuinely cause Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a problem in water supplies when fouling in real world membrane treatment systems. This index will it provides precursors for disinfection by-product formation or when it be a modification of the existing Modified Fouling Index (MFI). It is provides a carbon/energy source for biofilm producing microorganisms expected to give a realistic estimate of fouling propensity of feed in the distribution system. Biofilms can harbour organisms that have a constituents. In real applications, fouling species with larger sizes deleterious effect on water quality such as nitrifying and iron reducing contribute less to membrane fouling due to inertial and shear effects, bacteria or pathogens. The biofilms themselves become a problem compared to the smaller particles. A crossflow sampler (CFS) will when changes in water flow strip them from water supply mains be developed which will preferentially allow smaller particles to be causing dirty water events. Oxidation processes in water treatment deposited on a MF/UF membrane. Isoporous membranes will be alter the chemistry of remaining organic compounds making them used in the crossflow sampler to preferentially remove larger particles more available for biological growth. For this reason oxidation from the feed solution. Inorganic and organic foulants will be used as methods such as ozonation are typically followed by a biological model solutes in addition to real field samples to obtain experimental process, most commonly biological activated carbon (BAC), to reduce data. Successful removal of larger species from the feed solution will these biodegradable compounds prior to distribution. It has become be observed through the Direct Observation Through Membrane apparent from operational experience, and from research, that BAC (DOTM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) treated water often contains residual biodegradable compounds. The techniques. The outcome of the project will enhance understanding ability to produce biologically stable water is essential to improve the of the complex interplay of fluid mechanics, operating parameters quality of potable water systems. The aim of this project is to develop and fouling propensity on membrane fouling. improved biological treatment for natural, oxidised and recycled water that improves aesthetic water quality and protects public health. Research Approach v Development of a crossflow sampler and experimental set-up. Research Approach v Development of model feed for fouling studies. After an initial detailed assessment of various methods for DOC v Evaluation of the efficiency of crossflow sampler in isolating larger removal by biological means in other parts of the world (mainly particles and allowing smaller particles for Silt Density Index (SDI) Europe and USA/Canada), a number of experimental designs have and MFI measurement. been finalised. This project will address improving the efficiency of biofilters using information gathered from other sites as well as v Comparison of the efficiency of techniques using the model and evaluating the merits of single versus two stage biofiltration under real field samples. Australian conditions. The processes occurring through the biological v Development of a fouling index based on MFI CFS. filters will be characterised to improve the ability to custom design biofilters to particular applications. This will include biologically active
59 2D WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
slow sand filtration, low head-loss open biofilm media as well as odour issues should be incorporated into the manual. Revisions biologically activated carbon. The effect of chemical pretreatment, are almost complete. This will provide additional information, dissolved oxygen and light will also be investigated in conjunction resulting in a general management guide for problem with the above filters. Processes occurring through the treatment cyanobacteria. process will be characterised. v An international guidance manual for toxic cyanobacteria, involving collaboration with South African, German, French and Outcomes UK groups is in preparation. This project is funded by the Global Water Research Coalition. v A range of white rot fungi with good NOM decolourisation ability in plate culture were isolated. Methods have been developed to grow them in pellet form and the four most effective species Industry Uptake have been investigated for their decolourisation ability in shake Australian manual: A strong uptake is anticipated, as the manual flask culture. Decolourisation was coincident with the appearance will provide guidance on management of cyanobacteria and their of lignolytic enzymes. Although the expression of the different metabolites for source waters and treatment. These are important oxidative enzymes varied with species and culture conditions, issues for the Australian water industry. manganese peroxidase seems to be the predominant enzyme for NOM degradation. v Several different types of biologically active treatment process International manual: With an emphasis on the global perspective are in development or being used in Europe, USA and Canada. of toxic cyanobacteria, this manual should have a strong influence Contact has been established with international groups working worldwide, and will be considered to be a complementary publication on similar processes and will be maintained throughout the to the next edition of the WHO book on cyanobacteria. It is anticipated project. Biological treatment processes developed by these that this will be published in 2007. groups will be incorporated into this research. STUDENT PROJECTS Industry Uptake These are postgraduate projects that relate to themes within the The industry has shown strong interest in the use of biological Water Treatment Technology Program but are not directly linked to processes for water treatment. In particular, CabWater has expressed a larger project. a strong interest in the results from this work and would consider utilising this technology in some of its operations if it is proven to 2.4.0.6 BIOLOGICAL REMOVAL OF UV-PRETREATED NOM be cost-effective and address the shortcomings of current processes. FROM POTABLE WATER Recently introduced Queensland Government policies mandate the Student and Organisation supply of recycled water to industry. There is scope for this project to provide appropriate technology for reuse projects. Will Buchanan (RMIT University) Principal Supervisor 2.4.1.2 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR BLUE GREEN ALGAE, Felicity Roddick (RMIT University) A GUIDE FOR WATER UTILITIES Start Date February 2002 Contact Person Gayle Newcombe (Australian Water Quality Centre) Project Outline Organisations Involved UV pre-treatment of NOM-containing water can be used to increase Australian Water Quality Centre, United Water International, Veolia the biodegradability of NOM prior to its removal via a biological Water treatment process. Previous studies have demonstrated that although UVC (wavelengths between 200-280nm) irradiation led to greater Budget $142,676 biodegradability of NOM, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation Start Date October 2003 resulted in more rapid mineralisation and formation of biodegradable products. The aim of this study was to undertake a systematic Background and Relevance comparison of UVC and VUV irradiation in terms of generation of maximum biodegradability for minimal energy input, and to The project involves the development of a guide, designed to be determine the characteristics of the treated water after irradiation and used by water utilities worldwide, that will consolidate all available after biological treatment. current knowledge on the management of toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). The guide will include management strategies for source waters and all stages of the treatment process. Project Progress The last stage of the project, the combination of VUV pre-treatment Research Approach of the water followed by laboratory scale bacterially activated carbon column treatment, was completed. There was an average 50% Over the past 20 years significant research has been conducted into reduction in DOC, a 60-70% reduction in THMFP and a 74% decrease in the management of cyanobacteria and the toxins they produce. A haloacetic acid formation potential observed for the treated compared wealth of published material exists in the form of scientific papers and with raw water. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity determinations proved reports. A significant proportion of the work has been undertaken by negative, and negligible nitrite and hydrogen peroxide concentrations the Centre for Water Quality and Treatment, where expertise exists in were found after biological treatment, demonstrating that the finished all areas to be covered by this guide. This guide will consolidate all water complied with acceptable drinking water limits. The student of the information produced by Centre research, and reported in the successfully completed all the requirements for the degree of Doctor literature, into an accessible guide, which can be used in the practical, of Philosophy, and the award has been conferred. day-to-day management of algal blooms and the toxins they produce. The guide will cover the following topics: health effects, guidelines and standards, sampling and monitoring programs, risk assessment, alert 2.4.1.8 MITIGATION OF FOULING OF MEMBRANES USED IN levels for action, mixing strategies, algicides, conventional treatment, DESALINATION OF ALGAE CONTAINING WATER oxidation, activated carbon, biological filtration, UV, membranes and Student and Organisation multiple barrier options. David Stork (RMIT University) Outcomes Principal Supervisor v A comprehensive literature survey has been completed and Felicity Roddick (RMIT University) published. Start Date April 2006 v The review committee for this project suggested taste and
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Project Outline systems to minimise water quality deterioration at the customer tap Although membrane technology is being increasingly applied in water as the major response to distribution system issues. However one of treatment, fouling of the membranes is still a major problem and a the key parameters affecting the water quality at the customer tap significant factor in determining their practical application. Fouling is the water quality that enters the distribution system and whilst can be due to inorganic, organic, colloidal and particulate matter, as water treatment is implemented by many water utilities, there has not well as microbes. The desalination of brackish waters using membrane been a focus on identifying the appropriate water quality to minimise processes may be further complicated by the presence of seasonal water quality deterioration in the distribution system. As particles and blooms of algae and their products. Many water pre-treatment organic matter play a key role in this water quality deterioration, the processes have been trialed to mitigate fouling from such waters with treatment processes should, at a minimum, provide effective removal varied success. A range of treatment processes to prevent the fouling of these components. of microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes will be investigated for the desalination of brackish waters, particularly Principal Aim those containing algae. The aim of this project is to determine the extent of treatment necessary to produce water quality which minimises water quality deterioration Project Progress after passage though the distribution system. This will be undertaken Since David commenced his Master degree in late March 2006, he has by comparing the impact of water quality on four parallel distribution completed a comprehensive literature review, devised an experimental test rigs which are supplied from four different water sources. The program, and is undertaking validation of analytical techniques and proposed treatment processes used to supply these test rigs are: experimental procedures. v Coagulation/sedimentation/high rate filtration as used in a con- ventional treatment plant to provide removal of particulates and some organics. PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT v MIEX® for removal of organics followed by microfiltration for sol- ids removal with, and without, granular activated carbon (GAC) 2.4.1.7 OPTIMAL WATER QUALITY TO MINIMISE DISTRIBUTION for further removal of biodegradable organics. SYSTEM PROBLEMS v Nanofiltration, with microfiltration as pretreatment, to provide Contact Person ultra pure water. Mary Drikas (Australian Water Quality Centre) Organisations Involved An additional aim will be to identify and assess water quality Australian Water Quality Centre, Delft University of Technology, parameters and analytical tools which assist in monitoring water SA Water, United Water International, Water Corporation, Orica quality within distribution systems and can be used to predict water Watercare quality deterioration. Information gained from this project will be used to modify established models to evaluate and predict the water Budget $797,672 quality within the distribution system. Expected Start Date October 2006
Status Background and Relevance The project was approved, in principal, by the Governing Board in Provision of good quality water at the customer tap is the aim of all April 2006, subject to acceptable external peer review and additional water utilities. This is usually achieved by management of raw water funding being obtained from industry. The proposal has received sources such as catchments and/or reservoirs followed by the use of positive reviews and significant external funding has been obtained one or more treatment processes. The treated water is then distributed to undertake the project. to the customer via pipework systems networked to provide water from the distribution mains to the customer tap. Water utilities spend considerable time and money cleaning and flushing distributions
61 2D WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Commonwealth Schedule Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone and/ Milestones (Yes/No) or Output
Research Evaluate progress to date Yes A program review, followed by a Desalination Workshop, in 2005 in conjunction with industry identified the need to undertake research into desalination. Future stakeholders and modify program if CRC funded projects, including desalination projects, have been necessary to maximise outcomes. identified and proposals are in preparation.
Evaluate appropriate intervention Yes Effective removal of Cryptosporidium occurs through optimised technologies for management and water treatment processes using alum, ferric chloride and control of pathogens. polymers. Minimal inactivation of fresh or aged Cryptosporidium occurs with exposure to water treatment chemicals or disinfection with chlorine and chloramine.
Although there is minimal inactivation of viruses with exposure to ferric chloride and alum, adenovirus and poliovirus are removed by coagulation with these chemicals with more efficient removal of adenovirus. Effective inactivation was apparent with disinfection.
Identify methods of minimising In progress The consensus at the industry workshop held in July 2001 was treatment residues. that minimising conventional treatment residues was not a priority at this time. Project 329 is evaluating the biological treatment of regenerant waste from ion exchange processes.
Evaluate technologies that lead to Yes A combined treatment incorporating MIEX®, PAC and alum was a significant reduction in problems shown to achieve significant reductions in DOC concentration. associated with the aesthetic quality Whilst laboratory studies of bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) of water in distribution systems and showed an increase after coagulation, recent data suggests this improved customer satisfaction. was due to contamination and that coagulation does reduce BRP.
Significant biological oxidation and removal of manganese can be achieved in an up-flow bioreactor. In the laundry the normal con- centration of soluble manganese (up to 0.1 mg/L) is too low to be of concern for staining, but particulates are still an issue. A simple point of use device (eg: 5 micron filters) copes with particulate manganese.
Evaluate the suitability of new and No A PhD project to evaluate a range of treatment processes to pre- emerging desalination technologies vent the fouling of microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmo- under Australian operating sis membranes for the desalination of brackish waters, particularly conditions. those containing algae, has started.
A project proposal to determine whether a complementary proc- ess such as vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) can be retrofitted to existing reverse osmosis plants to enhance recovery and directly reduce the reject stream volume is being prepared.
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Program Leader Dammika Vitanage Sydney Water PROGRAM AIM The aim of the Distribution Program is to identify and develop effective management processes for the control of microorganisms, organic carbon, disinfection decay and particles within the distribution system. This will result in the provision of improved technologies and methods for the management of water distribution systems with a focus on water quality objectives and system maintenance.
PROGRAM BACKGROUND Organisations Involved The program has completed the majority of the milestones stated in Australian Water Quality Centre, Melbourne Water, Power and Water, the Commonwealth Agreement. A new project titled Development of SA Water, Sydney Water, University of South Australia, University of Distribution Operational and Maintenance Strategies will commence Adelaide, United Water International, Water Corporation in the coming year to address the only outstanding milestone. Budget $1,878,758 One of the major achievements of this program over the past year Start Date July 2002 was the presentation of five distribution system technology transfer seminars. These seminars were held in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide and Darwin in late 2005 and early 2006. Industry feedback Background and Relevance from the seminars suggested they provided useful information and Many Australian water utilities rely on operator experience to control were well organised. A highlight of the seminars was the presentation secondary disinfection in distribution systems. Water quality prior to on the Disinfection and Particle modeling tools. Over the past year chlorination/chloramination may alter rapidly as a result of source these separate tools have been assimilated into a common platform water changes giving rise to variation in disinfectant demand. Not that can be readily used by industry participants. A number of all water utilities have access to a calibrated hydraulic model for participants have trialed the tools in their businesses and provided their distribution system. The use of grab samples to monitor water feedback to the project team. quality in the distribution system may incur a high labour cost and In 2005, two Deputy Program Leaders, Ms Corinna Doolan from may not indicate periods of non-compliant water. This project aims Sydney Water Corporation and Mr Dharma Dharmabalan from Central to provide tools to assist operators improve disinfection control Highlands Water, were appointed to support the Distribution Program within distribution systems. The tools include a surrogate disinfectant Leader. This team-based management approach has proved beneficial demand sensor to assess water quality variation prior to disinfection, for participants in the program. a full evaluation report of the current available on-line analysers for disinfectant residual measurement and an artificial neural networks (ANN) data management package to predict disinfectant residuals in RESEARCH COLLABORATION advance. The program continued its collaborative links with the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF), the Netherlands Research Approach Water Treatment and Water Quality Research Institution (KIWA) and the Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC). Two researchers from v Commercially available disinfectant residual sensors will be Griffith University visited the University of Delft in The Netherlands identified and assessed. to conduct work on the Discoloured Water Project. Deputy CEO, v A 24-month water quality case study will be conducted using Associate Professor Tony Priestley, presented research conducted in water from various sources to develop the concept of rapidly the Distribution Systems Program on the integration of the modeling assessing bulk water chlorine and chloramine demand. tools to representatives of the international water industry at meeting v ANN models will be developed to attempt to predict chlorine/ of the GWRC in Geneva in May 2006. This presentation and subsequent chloramine in distribution systems in advance and to control discussions have created further potential for collaboration in this area dosing of disinfection chemicals. of research. v Knowledge gained during this project will be used to produce a generic DrCT guidance manual that can be used by industry CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES partners to develop DrCT systems for use in any network. Research undertaken in the Distribution Program has contributed significantly to the National Research Priority “Transforming the way Outcomes we utilise our land, water, mineral and energy resources through a better understanding of human and environmental systems and the v This study has identified three rapid methods to predict use of new technologies”. New technologies have been developed bulk water chlorine demand and one rapid method has been to improve distribution system water quality management. These developed to predict bulk water chloramine demand. The use of technologies include the Particles Model and the Disinfection Residual UV254 as a surrogate indicator of bulk water chlorine is particularly Control Tool (DrCT). attractive. However, this option does not appear to be possible for chloramine demand prediction. v Two field trials were conducted at Myponga (SA) and Woronora CURRENT PROJECT STATUS (NSW). The S::CAN analyser, developed by DCM Process Control, has been identified as a suitable on-line UV monitoring instrument. 2.5.0.1 DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS FOR IMPROVED A two-week on-line monitoring trial was conducted at the DISINFECTION CONTROL WITHIN DISTRIBUTION Myponga treatment plant. On-line chlorine demand prediction SYSTEMS based on UV absorbance measurement can be displayed in real- time on the instrument. The prediction matched well with the Contact People laboratory conventional chlorine demand measurements using Chris Chow (Australian Water Quality Centre) and Mike Holmes grab samples collected during the study period. The field trial (United Water International) at the Woronora plant had been extended to include monitoring
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by the S::CAN analyser and high performance size exclusion to rectify them vary. The aim of this project is to develop an improved chromatography (HPSEC) to assess treatment plant performance understanding of how discoloured water events occur, by linking and organic character changes in the distribution system. water quality parameters with operational protocols and discoloured v As part of the evaluation of quick assessment of disinfectant water events. An improved understanding of the cause and impacts demand, a sampling program was initiated with water samples of discolouration will allow the development of a set of tools to better from different organisations. This occurred over a two year manage discoloured water. period with samples collected every three months. The samples were used to establish the relationship between water quality Research Approach and disinfectant demand. This provided additional water quality information including advanced organic characterisation Implementation of this project has occurred in stages, incorporating and captured the seasonal variation of several water quality industry feedback through workshops and steering committee parameters. This information has been provided to industry sessions. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on all participants. aspects of discoloured water and an evaluation and comparison of data provided by industry parties relating to discoloured water v Nine free chlorine, six total monochloramine and three ammonia formation was carried out. The second stage of the project included analysers were evaluated under laboratory conditions using a undertaking customer surveys, collecting and characterising particles methodology based upon the ISO Standard 15839:2003 (ISO at various locations around Australia and development of on-line 15839:2003). The draft report containing the results of the monitoring apparatus to assist with characterization of discoloured analyser evaluations is currently being reviewed. water events. The third stage of the project involved development v The key outcome of this research is an ANN-based model of a discoloured water management support software package. The that can be incorporated into on-line water quality monitoring software package incorporated the literature review and a series of systems. It is a useful tool to predict and control water quality questions concerning processes that can influence discoloured water changes within water distribution systems. In particular, this events from catchment-to-tap. The project has been extended to project is focused on the development of a disinfection residual include an interactive risk assessment module and a data storage control tool (DrCT) that will be able to assist managers of water capability. Also undertaken in stage three were field trials using a treatment plants in optimising chlorine residuals within water number of in situ or on-line monitoring approaches developed, either distribution systems. The anticipated benefits of continuious as part of this project or elsewhere, to supplement customer complaint monitoring of disinfection residuals are improved protection data and allow characterisation of discoloured water events. During against microbiological contaminants, reduced formation of Stage 3, two Griffith University researchers, Kelly O’Halloran and Lisa harmful disinfection by-products and a reduction in disinfection Hamilton, visited Delft Technical University in The Netherlands to costs. conduct research on new distribution system monitoring approaches. v A follow on CRC for Water Quality and Treatment research project is being prepared. This project will investigate the performance Outcomes of the S::CAN as a potential tool to measure water quality changes during distribution from the water treatment plant to v A review of the literature relevant to discoloured water occurrence the customer tap. and treatment has been completed. This will be available either as a hard copy report or as part of the Discoloured Water Management Support System (see below). Industry Uptake v A survey was undertaken of 188 customers across Sydney, Brisbane, v Disinfectant Residual Control Tools (DrCT) will be developed Darwin and Perth who had complained about discoloured water as an outcome of case studies at two operational distributions in their house. The survey provided an interesting comparison systems at Myponga (SA) and Woronora (NSW). of customer attitudes and other circumstances between the four v A number of water utilities are planning instrument trials or cities. considering the purchase of online analysers for use in distribution v An on-line Customer’s Tap Monitoring Apparatus to measure systems. The evaluation of commercial on-line analysers has flow, turbidity, particle size and to take filtered and unfiltered highlighted the importance of undertaking a rigorous trial to samples during a discoloured water event was developed. A select cost effective analysers. prototype was built and used for field studies at Brisbane and v Enquiries have been received from project participants regarding Perth. the use of ANN modeling in their distribution systems. Step- v Guidelines to use mass balance to predict the potential by-step guidance on how to train ANNs will be conducted in for discolouration within the distribution pipes have been November 2006. developed. v At least one water utility is planning to conduct a desktop v The resuspension potential method to predict discolouration, study to develop a concept design for a large operational scale developed by researchers in The Netherlands, has been tested Disinfectant Residual Control Tool (DrCT) comprising a network and evaluated for Australian distribution systems. of on-line residual analysers coupled to an ANN. v A web-based management support system has been developed to allow water providers to better manage discolouration from catchment-to-tap. Included within this software is: i) a current discoloured water information database which can be updated 2.5.0.2 UNDERSTANDING THE GENERATION OF DISCOLOURED as new information becomes available; ii) a conceptual model WATER AT THE CUSTOMER’S TAP AND IN DISTRIBUTION development package that can be used for knowledge capture, SYSTEMS education purposes, planning improvements; iii) a risk assessment Contact Person module to allow experienced managers to determine with a high Peter Teasdale (Griffith University) degree of certainty where the main discoloured water problems may arise; iv) both the conceptual model and risk assessment Organisations Involved modules can be supported by data storage and management Griffith University, Brisbane City Council, Power and Water Corporation, support details (contact numbers, water quality guidelines). South East Water, Sydney Water, Water Corporation, Yarra Valley v Guidance manuals are being prepared for most of the above Water outcomes. Budget $1,100,123 Start Date October 2002 Industry Uptake This project has been directed almost entirely by industry requirements. Background and Relevance It is anticipated that the products or tools developed or evaluated as Discolouration of water within distribution systems has a number of part of this project, will be utilised by industry. causes. The impacts of discoloured water events and the actions taken 64 DISTRIBUTION 2E
2.5.0.3 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TO MAINTAIN WATER 2.5.0.5 APPLICATION OF HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL QUALITY CONTROL POINTS (HACCP) FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Contact People PROTECTION Greg Ryan (South East Water) and Asoka Jayaratne (Yarra Valley Contact Person Water) Melita Stevens (Melbourne Water) Organisations Involved Organisations Involved CSIRO, South East Water, Sydney Water, Adelaide University, United Melbourne Water, Sydney Water, South East Water, Yarra Valley Water International, Water Corporation, Yarra Valley Water Water, Department of Human Services, (Victoria), Power and Water Budget $586,247 Corporation, Gold Coast Water, Brisbane Water, Monash University, Economic Engineering Services (US) Start Date September 2002 Budget $300,000 (including 150,000 USD from American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF) Background and Relevance Start Date November 2002 Water authorities around Australia are faced with numerous water quality problems, such as discoloured water, taste and odour, bacterial contamination and disinfection by-products. Determining the most Background and Relevance cost-effective combination of water quality improvement measures The aim of this project is to develop practical guidance for water that results in the desired water quality is extremely difficult. The utilities seeking to implement water quality risk management plans problem is exacerbated by the competing hydraulic, water quality, incorporating the principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control customer service, environmental and other cost objectives that have Point (HACCP). Three case studies were described following the to be met. Current approaches for dealing with the above problem withdrawal of one of the small United States utilities. vary widely, but generally rely on a combination of modelling and experience. The experience referred to can be of individual operators Research Approach or corporate experience encapsulated in a set of decision-making rules. v Modify HACCP model for water distribution systems. v Conduct desktop analysis of modified HACCP model. This project aims to develop an optimisation module using genetic v Conduct field audits using modified HACCP model. algorithms. This has the potential to be linked with commercially v Integrate HACCP model with existing practices. available hydraulic and water quality models to provide a user-friendly decision support system for water authorities. Outcomes v Training material for a generic HACCP model for water has been Research Approach developed. v Compile a literature review and evaluation of the current status of v Generic HACCP plan guidance material, including tips and decision support modelling tools worldwide. worked examples, has been developed. v Develop an optimisation tool for increasing the speed of system v Desktop trials have been used to fine-tune the guidance material hydraulic and water quality model and to enable an optimal with descriptions of the case studies presented. solution to hydraulic and water quality analysis simulations using genetic algorithms. v Formal evaluation of HACCP has been completed by nine utilities and the results have been reported to assist other utilities in the v Test the optimisation tools using standard modelling software implementation of HACCP. optimisation problems. v Two case study HACCP plans have been completed to illustrate v Undertake case studies of systems from Melbourne and Sydney for the finished product. future system operation and long term planning to compare the results of the decision support analysis with current operational v The final deliverables from the project have been prepared as a practices and existing options reports. report by AwwaRF. v Determine the sensitivity of the modelling tools and their applicability to determining least cost options to optimise water Industry Uptake quality in terms of discoloured water and chlorine/chloramine Utilities around Australia and in the USA are using material from this residual, infrastructure expenditure and operational expenditure. project to assist with the development and implementation of their HACCP plans. Outcomes v The literature review of available modeling technology has been 2.5.0.7 UNDERSTANDING THE GROWTH OF OPPORTUNISTIC completed. PATHOGENS WITHIN DISTRIBUTION MAINS v The speed of current hydraulic and water quality models has Contact Person been increased by more than eight times, through the use of Nick Ashbolt (University of New South Wales) specific learning algorithms. Organisations Involved v Genetic algorithms have been successfully determined that are able to determine optimal solutions to complex solutions with ACTEW Corporation, Australian Water Quality Centre, CSIRO, outcomes equivalent or better than previous simulation tools. Melbourne Water Corporation, PathWest, Power and Water Corporation, SA Water, South East Water, Sydney Water, University of v Data collection and problem formulation for the two case studies New South Wales, United Water International, Water Corporation have been completed. Budget $789,260 v Optimisation of the two systems involved in the case studies is being undertaken based on the data that has been collected. Start Date January 2005
Industry Uptake Background and Relevance Industry parties are involved in undertaking the case studies which Water is often transported over long distances at elevated temperatures will provide proof of concept for this modelling approach. Further in Australia, providing conditions that are favourable for the regrowth industry uptake will depend on demonstration of applicability of the of microorganisms in distribution systems. One such group is the two decision support systems in the case studies. opportunistic bacterial pathogens, which includes members of the legionellae, mycobacteria, aeromonads and pseudomonads. Of
65 2E DISTRIBUTION
greater interest to endemic regions in Australia are the free-living v Provide technical support and guidance to the industry and protozoan Naegleria fowleri and bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. develop user guidance manuals. At present there is limited information available on the incidence of these organisms within potable water distribution systems. Strategies Outcomes also need to be developed for reducing the risk of pathogens in these environments. v Stand alone modelling software for Particles movement and Disinfection decay has been developed and made available for industry use. Research Approach v Technology transfer seminars have been held in Sydney, The incidence, significance and control of priority opportunistic Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide and Darwin. A number of industry pathogens and microbial indicators were systematically sought in bulk partners have enquired about using these models to gain a water and pipe biofilms in seven water municipal systems Australia- better understanding of distribution system behaviour. wide. Recycled water distribution systems were also investigated as part of a project within the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment’s v Industry partners who have trialled the models have suggested Wastewater Program. The incidence of organisms was investigated improvements. both spatially and temporally (seasonally) using culture-based and v Due to international interest in these tools there is potential to molecular methods. Physical and chemical water quality parameters further enhance these tools in collaboration with AwwaRF, GWRC were also collected to assess their impact on pathogen incidence and and KIWA. regrowth in water distribution systems. The significance of pathogen presence was assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively using Industry Uptake quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) techniques and a risk management strategy proposed using conventional disinfection and Over 300 people attended the Distribution Program technology mains cleaning techniques. transfer seminars across Australia. Many seminar participants have indicated interest in trialling the models in their businesses. The project Applications of Tools for Distribution Systems Management will Outcomes engage groups of industry participants across Australia to apply these v A qualitative assessment of the risks posed by various tools and provide feedback on the benefits to their organisations. opportunistic pathogens in Australian potable and recycled water distribution systems will be compiled. 2.5.1.0 DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT v Recommendations will be developed for the management of OF BIOFILMS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS potable water systems so as to reduce the risk from opportunistic Contact Person bacterial pathogens, with particular attention paid to Burkholderia and Naegleria spp. in endemic regions. Paul Nolan (Water Corporation) Organisations Involved Industry Uptake Sydney Water, University of New South Wales, Water Corporation, Griffith University, CSIRO Land and Water, Australian Water Quality This project, which is being conducted on operational distribution Centre systems of industry parties, will provide an outline of the conditions that may decrease pathogen growth, including potential biofilm Budget $65,706 management strategies that can be used by water utilities. Start Date April 2004
2.5.0.9 CONSOLIDATION OF MODELLING TOOLS FOR Background and Relevance DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS A number of biofilm-related projects have been undertaken within Contact Person the Distribution Program. The impetus for undertaking these projects Dharma Dharmabalan (Central Highlands Water) was to develop the necessary skills and techniques to investigate biofilms in drinking water distribution systems and hence build this Organisations Involved capability within the Centre and participating water authorities. The Melbourne Water, Yarra Valley Water, Sydney Water, South East Water, developed capability was used to obtain fundamental information of Water Corporation, SA Water, City West Water, Central Highlands the development and impact of biofilms in drinking water systems. Water, Brisbane City Council In addition to the research undertaken by the Centre, there has been Budget $412,400 other research into drinking water biofilms by Australian organisations Start Date December 2003 outside of the Centre that would be of use to the industry in general, but has not been disseminated. This project was established to capture and collate the knowledge generated from the previous Australian Background and Relevance biofilm studies both within and outside of the Centre and summarise Water providers are dealing with an increasing number of customer this knowledge in a series of technical fact sheets. complaints on water quality issues. Gaining a better understanding of distribution network behavior is critical to develop appropriate Research Approach management strategies. The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment has initiated a number of research projects to better understand the v Contact Centre parties and organisations known to have underling causes of disinfection decay, biofilm formation and particles undertaken biofilm research to provide research outcomes. movement. The objective of this project was to transfer the knowledge v Prepare a draft biofilm quick reference guide and have it reviewed gained through research into the development of simple and easy to by a technical team comprising key researchers from industry and use tools for the water industry. academia. v Complete and publish a final version of the quick reference guide Research Approach and distribute it to Centre parties and associated groups. v Develop a common platform for all CRC for Water Quality and v Conduct a series of presentations on the quick reference guide Treatment models (Particles and Disinfection). to industry parties at selected venues. v Conduct coordinated case studies around Australia for the Particles and Disinfection models to provide industry feedback Outcomes on the strengths and weaknesses of the model. A series of fact sheets (previously referred to as the quick reference v Based on the outcomes of the case studies, define improvements guide), entitled Biofilms: Understanding the Impact on Water Quality to be made to the models before final uptake by industry. and Water Treatment Processes, has been developed and published
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as part of the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment technical fact Project Outline sheet series. The project investigates several groups of organisms capable of producing geosmin and 2-methylisoborneal (MIB) to determine Industry Uptake physiological triggers that cause the release of these compounds. A survey will be conducted to ascertain the extent of taste and odour The biofilm technical fact sheets were distributed to industry problems in Gold Coast Water’s distribution system and source waters. participants at technology transfer seminars in Sydney, Melbourne, This project will provide improved understanding of precursors of Adelaide, Perth and Darwin. taste and odour production in drinking water related to geosmin and MIB. Research is underway with Gold Coast Water to develop and 2.5.1.5 COUNTERMEASURES FOR CONTAMINATION OF URBAN implement indicators to predict the potential formation of geosmin WATER SUPPLIES and MIB in their distribution systems. Contact Person Brenton Nicholson (Australian Water Quality Centre) Project Progress Organisations Involved Methods for sampling geosmin and MIB have been developed and implemented. The 12-month survey of Gold Coast’s source water Australian Water Quality Centre, United Water International and distribution system is complete and data has been analysed. Budget $268,200 The results of this survey were presented at the IWA Symposium of Start Date July 2005 Off-Flavours in the Aquatic Environment held in Canada in October 2005. Comprehensive laboratory work involving a geosmin-producing Streptomyces sp. examining potential physiological triggers is Background and Relevance underway. Laboratory experiments are complete and samples are Water supply storage tanks have been identified as a particularly currently being analysed for geosmin concentration using GCMS. It vulnerable component of the water supply system. Many tanks are is anticipated that further laboratory experiments may be required to readily accessible and have no security systems. Therefore they are confirm findings once the GCMS work is completed and the data can vulnerable to intentional contamination. Such contamination has the be analysed. potential to cause considerable disruption to the water supply system, with the possibility of human harm. Laboratory work is due to be completed by October 2006 and the anticipated thesis submission date is March 2007. Research Approach The aim of the project was to model the dissolution and behaviour PROJECTS IN DEVELOPMENT of two representative chemicals, cyanide and the organophosphate insecticide methidathion, following a one-off dose. Of particular 2.5.17 APPLICATION OF TOOLS FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM importance was the concentration of the chemical exiting the tank over MANAGEMENT time. A further aim was to identify and provide the critical information Contact Person required in terms of dealing with such an incident. Modelling took into Dharma Dharmabalan (Central Highlands Water) account tank volume, tank dimensions (round, square, rectangular), Duration 2 years tank inlet/outlet configurations (single and dual configurations), tank design configurations (baffled and unbaffled) and operating procedures (fill and draw rates and cycles). The project Application of Tools for Distribution System Management has been approved to commence in the coming financial year to address the completion of the development of the Distribution Outcomes Operational and Maintenance Strategies and User Guidelines. This The chemical and physical data of the representative contaminants project will also complete the validation of the Particle Model and the needed for the modelling was compiled from the literature. use of this tool in industry case studies to improve the management Computation fluid dynamic modelling was carried out on two generic of discoloured water. tank designs and on actual tanks. The behaviour of the chemicals was complex and very dependent on their properties and the design and operation of the tank. For example, contamination events near the inlet during draw cycles could result in contaminants not being detected at the outlet for some time; there was little dissipation until the tank began to fill. Conversely, such events during the fill cycle resulted in rapid dissipation and detection at the outlet. In some tanks, modelling revealed circulation of the water in the tank with a series of peaks and troughs of concentration at the outlet following a contamination event.
Industry Uptake It is anticipated that the water industry will incorporate the results of this study in their plans for the security of water supplies.
STUDENT PROJECTS These are postgraduate projects within the Distribution Program that are not directly linked to a larger project.
2.5.0.6 DEVELOPMENT OF TRIGGERS FOR TASTE AND ODOUR OF MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF GEOSMIN AND MIB IN DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Student and Organisation Heather Uwins (Griffith University) Principal Supervisor Dr Helen Stratton (Griffith University) 67 2E DISTRIBUTION
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Commonwealth Schedule Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone and/ Milestones (Yes/No) or Output
Research A manual for assessing the impact Yes The Water Treatment Technology Program has been undertaking of natural organic matter (NOM) research related to NOM that impacts on distribution systems. on distribution system operations The project Development of Tools for Improved Disinfection and related management strategies Control within Distribution Systems is presently developing produced. disinfection demand assessment strategies. The technical fact sheet on the biofilm management has addressed the basic issues related to the impact of NOM in the distribution systems.
Operating practices implemented, Yes The project Particles in Distribution Systems has provided the based on knowledge of how particles knowledge and understanding of distribution system particles. originate and are transported within The impact on health and aesthetics issues have been summarised the distribution system and their and documented within the technical facts sheets related to impact on health and aesthetics. biofilms and particle movement.
Decision-making support systems Yes A decision support system has been developed to manage to manage particles in distribution discoloration in distribution system using the framework of a web systems implemented. based conceptual model by the project Understanding Discoloured Water at the Customer’s Tap and in Distribution Systems. The completion of the Particle Model in the project Particles in Distribution Systems has provided additional information on the characterisation of particles and on the improved understanding of how these particles behave in a distribution system. The new project Application of Tools for Distribution System Management will further consolidate the requirements for this milestone.
Management strategies and system Yes A project on Modelling of Reservoirs for water quality management designs adopted based on an improved was implemented (PhD Project). The Disinfection Management understanding of the deterioration of Tools Project also addressed this issue with the development of water quality within distribution service the Disinfection Modelling Tool. These projects together with reservoirs. the newly planned project Application of Tools for Distribution System Management will further consolidate the requirements for this milestone.
Strategies for optimal maintenance No The new project Application of Tools for Distribution System of appropriate disinfection levels in Management will address this milestone. distribution systems applied.
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Program Leader Heather Chapman CRC for Water Quality and Treatment PROGRAM AIM The major capital cities of Australia are currently facing water supply issues. The ability of water authorities to build new dams is limited, demand management has a limited ability to accommodate future water demands and the current droughts have reduced yields from catchments. Other pressures on water supplies arise from population growth, increased uncertainty about rainfall and the introduction of the concept of environmental flows to water resource planning.. These factors are forcing an examination of alternate water systems. The use of water conserving strategies such as water recycling and rainwater tanks are likely to become more common.
The aim of the Sustainable Water Sources Program is to develop water supply systems based on alternative water cycle management practices that are sustainable from economic, environmental, health and social points of view.
PROGRAM OVERVIEW bottom line framework. This includes governance, social aspects of The program strives to research and understand the process water management, water quality and health risks associated with underpinning the provision of safe and affordable water into the future. rainwater tanks and water knowledge networking. Much of the work in the program involves issues related to water availability, as well as water quality and protection of public health. CURRENT PROJECT STATUS This includes governance in the use of water, community perceptions and environmental conditions that impact on the sustainability of alternate water sources. Underpinning this is the technology and 2.6.0.4 WATER QUALITY AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT science that by necessity must form the platform from which the other FROM URBAN RAINWATER TANKS – STAGE 1&2 issues are addressed. During the last twelve months continuing water Contact Person shortages and increased restrictions on water use have precipitated Tony Cartwright (Sydney Water) consideration of recycled water for indirect potable reuse. This topic is now firmly on the agenda in South East Queensland, as well as Organisations Involved nationally and internationally. ACTEW Corporation, Brisbane City Council, Department of Human Services (Victoria), Melbourne Water, Monash University, Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services, SA Water, Sydney Water, Two PhD students, Nyree Stenekes and Daniel Livingston completed Water Services Association of Australia, Yarra Valley Water, Department their studies this year and submitted their theses for examination in of Health NSW, Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland May 2006. Both completed their doctoral work at the University of New South Wales and considered socio-technical aspects relating Budget $217,790 to governance of water recycling and decentralised water systems Start Date February 2004 respectively. Three new PhD students have joined the Sustainable Water Sources Program this year. Nicole Thornton is enrolled at the Institute of Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Background and Relevance Baden Myers at the University of Adelaide and Jason Dunlop at In the urban environment, rainwater tanks have the potential to Griffith University. Descriptions of their projects are provided below. supplement mains water as a supply of potable water and thereby The remaining students, Jodi Dong, Ian White and Rob Huston from conserve and reduce the demand on mains water. There have been Griffith University and Vicki Ross from the University of Queensland many studies which examine the hydrological, design and economic have all had their candidatures confirmed and are nearing completion aspects of using rainwater tanks for outdoor uses and toilet flushing. of their projects. However, there are very few intensive studies which provide baseline data on rainwater quality in urban areas of Australia and explain how that relates to health risk assessment. Two new projects commenced during the last financial year. They are Best Practice Cost Analysis for Sustainable Urban Water Systems The main aims of this project are: and Benchmarking Water Sensitive Urban Development – Cluster v To provide data and establish water quality in urban rainwater Housing. tanks appropriate for various end uses. v To detect and enumerate chemical and microbiological RESEARCH COLLABORATION contaminants which may cause poor water quality in rainwater tanks in urban/industrial areas. A Global Water Research Coalition project (Tools for analyzing estrogenicity in environmental waters) commenced in March 2005 v To monitor and review critical control points (first flush devices, and will continue until June 2007. This project is building strong UV disinfection and hot water units) for effectiveness in pathogen collaborative links to several Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC) removal. members from the USA, UK, France, Netherlands, Germany and South Africa and will strengthen Australia’s involvement in the coalition. A Research Approach project workshop for Tools for analysing estrogenicity in environmental National Survey - Urban Water Quality Monitoring waters was held in Paris in October 2005. In the coming year Dr Richard Lim (University of Technology, Sydney) and Dr Louis Tremblay A survey of chemical pollution and microbial activity has been (Landcare Research, New Zealand) will be involved in the project by undertaken for water quality in rainwater tanks in several urban areas undertaking biological assays. of Australia. Rainwater tanks will be located and sampled at sites with known or suspected chemical pollutionin Broken Hill, Melbourne, Sydney, Wollongong, Brisbane, Canberra and Adelaide. CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES The Sustainable Water Sources Program addresses the national re- Monitoring and Evaluation of Devices search priority, An Environmentally Sustainable Australia, and in par- ticular the priority goal Water – a critical resource. All of the projects This stage will focus on verifying the critical control points in removing in the program address aspects of water sustainability within the triple organisms, including first flush devices, hot water systems and
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disinfection technologies such as UV. Data has been collected from Outcomes several projects involving urban rainwater tanks. The final stage of the project involves presenting this information to project owners for review, completion and consolidation. Once Guidance Manual for Urban Rainwater Tanks approval for publication is received, the information will be made available to the intended users of Naiad™. A guidance manual on the design and installation of rainwater tanks in the urban context has been developed based on the above studies. Industry Uptake Outcomes Naiad™ will shortly be available and accessible to industry parties and others. It will assist those involved in the planning and implementation A draft literature review was completed in December 2003. The of alternative water scheme projects. Additional funding from the monitoring and analytical data for the national survey was completed Queensland Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has enabled the by June 2005. A report on the project will contain outcomes from the extension of this project until mid-2007, which will include a nationwide national survey and from other studies conducted in Australia where tour to demonstrate the database to prospective users. information has been made available to the project participants. The research report and guidance manual are at draft stage and will be available in early 2007. 2.6.1.0 BEST PRACTICE COST ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER SYSTEMS Industry Uptake Contact Person There is strong industry support for, and involvement in, this project. Cynthia Mitchell (University of Technology Sydney) Rainwater tanks are being included in urban developments without Organisations Involved adequate knowledge of what constitutes good practice in their University of Technology Sydney, Sydney Water, Hunter Water design, operation and management. Data to inform policy is being Corporation, Melbourne Water, Environmental Protection Agency actively sought and used by public health regulators and government (Qld) agencies. Budget $170,000 Start Date September 2005 2.6.0.6 SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER – SCHEMES AND TECH- NOLOGIES Background and Relevance Contact Person The interest in sustainable urban water in recent years, including in water Gunnar Kirchhof (University of Queensland) sensitive urban design and water conservation, has seen a significant Organisations Involved number of studies conducted which assess the cost effectiveness or University of Queensland, Water Corporation, South East Water, life cycle costing (LCC) of alternative strategies or system options. Queensland EPA There has been significant variation in the approaches taken to cost Budget $348,357 analysis which has resulted in wide-ranging results and an ensuing level of uncertainty. To date the implications of the differing framing Start Date January 2004 assumptions (which are often implicit) are yet to be determined. There is a need to explore the significance of these implications in order to Background and Relevance improve the transparency of cost analysis, and to provide guidance in conducting and interpreting the results of sustainable urban water Ongoing drought conditions and decreasing water storage levels studies. are forcing the Australian water utilities and governments to look for new and innovative approaches to securing our future water supply. Consequently, the Australian water sector is rapidly developing into a Research Approach large community of practice, where sharing information and lessons This project aims to facilitate the inclusion of sustainable urban water learned drive innovation. strategies and systems into utility planning, through providing a guide to best practice in determining the cost effectiveness of these Recognising the importance of effective and efficient knowledge strategies and systems. Its key objectives are to: sharing, this project has developed Naiad™, a comprehensive v Promote consistency and transparency in cost analysis and life knowledge repository on innovative water management in Australia. cycle costing of sustainable urban water alternatives. This planning tool works like an electronic storybook. An intuitive v Allow a true comparison at a given location between the cost of interface lets users search for information on water schemes that match sustainable urban water alternatives and the cost of servicing via their interests and situation. The information contained in Naiad™ existing systems or conventional alternatives. will help users make informed decisions and avoid the repetition of mistakes, thus propagating innovative water management. v Place selected existing costing studies of sustainable urban water into context, thereby making these studies and their results more useful to urban water planners. Research Approach
An integrated knowledge management system is being developed While the methodology will be focused on analysis of options for a containing information about projects implementing: new development area or sub-division and re-developments, it will v water recycling also have the potential to inform higher level strategic planning proc- v water sensitive urban design esses. v resource substitution v innovative treatment technologies Outcomes v demand management solutions. A practitioner workshop was held on 10 March 2006 at RMIT University in Melbourne. Approximately 40 invitees attended the workshop. The information collected on these projects covers a comprehensive Utility, regulatory, Government, research and private consulting range of issues, including project objectives, treatment technologies sectors from around Australia were represented. A proposed set of used, risk management, participatory planning, etc. Information best practice principles for costing sustainable urban water were available in the public domain is being collected about a variety presented to the group. Each principle was explained and discussed of schemes, including large-scale and smaller projects, including by the group. Valuable input was obtained and has been incorporated decentralised schemes. The focus is on projects with an urban into a redrafted set of best practice principles. The development of component. ‘new’ case studies to be incorporated into this project is continuing.
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Work on the final output of the project, a manual called a Guidebook Outcomes for Costing for Sustainable Urban Water, is also progressing. Project outcomes will include rigorous benchmarking of alternative water/energy/waste technologies. Credible benchmarking will provide Industry Uptake information to the development industry, regulators and governments on the acceptance of the technology by consumers and the safety This project has substantial industry support and participation. It is and economic and environmental sustainability of this type of housing expected that uptake of the outcomes will be similarly broad. development. Data from the monitoring program so far, has indicated water savings but at the cost of high energy usage. 2.6.1.1 BENCHMARKING WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DEVELOP- MENT- CLUSTER HOUSING Industry Uptake Contact Person A documented development initiative such as this has the potential Ted Gardner (Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Water, to become an icon development. This concept was identified by the Queensland) recent National Water Initiative to provide a role model for sustainable Organisations Involved change in urban water form and function for the whole of Australia. Department of Natural Resources and Mines and Water, Brisbane City Council, Environmental Protection Agency (Qld) 3.1.0.5 TOOLS FOR ANALYSING ESTROGENICITY IN Budget $40,000 ENVIRONMENTAL WATERS State Date September 2005 Contact Person Heather Chapman (CRC Water Quality and Treatment) Background and Relevance Organisations Involved Urban hydrology is an applied science that will have an increasing Griffith University, University of Technology Sydney, KIWA role to play in the sustainability of human societies. Growth in urban (Netherlands), TZW (Germany) populations and increasing difficulty in finding new sources of drinking Budget $339,200 water are driving the need for better urban hydrology and water Start Date March 2005 management. Growth of urban areas brings significant changes in the physical properties of the land surface, increasing the vulnerability of inhabitants and ecological systems that support them. Knowledge of Background and Relevance future urban systems needs to focus on new technology, transfer of The potential presence of estrogenic substances in water has become knowledge, innovation, social equity and other considerations. an issue for water recycling. The use of tools for quantifying the estrogenic effects of chemicals in water has become possible in recent An ecosensitive subdivision of twenty-two homes is being constructed years. International agreement on the best tool will allow a widely in Queensland which incorporates major innovations in the delivery accepted assessment of the risks posed by these substances. of water and sewerage services, stormwater treatment and energy consumption. The innovations include rainwater tanks on each house Specific questions to be answered include: linked to a large (150kL) community tank to provide fire fighting flows What reliable biological methods of measurement and associated and trickle top-up supplies; onsite greywater treatment and irrigation v criteria should be used to best assess the risk of estrogenic systems and bioretention basins to reduce the frequency and peak effects across a wide range of species? How can these tools be discharge of storm flows and contaminant export. The twenty-two integrated into a regulatory framework to identify and regulate architecturally designed homes in the subdivision incorporate features these substances in water including complex mixtures? of low embodied energy and low operational energy. v What modifying factors such as water quality conditions influence the measured estrogenic activity or response? The main objective of this project is to benchmark the water savings, energy savings, stormwater quantity/quality behaviour, avoided waste discharge, and residents satisfaction/behaviour of an ecosensitive Research Approach subdivision. These results will be compared, wherever possible, The project will be carried out in 3 stages. with a business-as-usual scenario. The aim is to provide evidence for v Stage 1 will review biological assay methods from within labo- developers and regulators that alternative urban water development ratories and from the published literature, including promising models are attractive on environmental, technical and consumer newer methods. acceptance criteria. The data available from this project will also contribute to the project Sustainable Urban Water- Schemes and v Stage 2 will validate bioassays in the laboratory and compare Technologies. results against criteria for selection both within and between laboratories. Chemical analysis will be used for validation of bio- assays. Research Approach v Stage 3 will involve the synthesis of project outcomes and pro- v To investigate whether rainwater tanks can make a substantial duction of a final report. and safe contribution to satisfying urban demand for potable Outcomes water. A report will be produced which details the chosen methods, data, v To quantify the costs associated with rainwater tanks and analysis and conclusions along with recommendations for the determine if the technology is cost-effective compared with selection of appropriate bioassays to measure estrogenic activity traditional ‘big pipe’ solutions. in environmental matrices. Results of these studies will provide v To examine and quantify the water and energy usage that is standardised methods for risk assessment purposes. Deliverables from achieved by sensitive terra-forming, responsive house design, this project will include quality assurance/quality control materials. use of solar energy for heating, low water plumbing (aerated The methods used in this project will also be useful for evaluating the faucets, low flow shower roses, etc), recycled water and rainwater extent to which water and wastewater treatment processes remove tanks. estrogenically-active compounds. v To examine whether sensitive urban design can provide a safe, cost-effective and sustainable marketable alternative to A review of the available bioassays to measure estrogenicity in traditional urban solutions. environmental water samples has been completed. A workshop was v To investigate whether the urban metabolism of a largely held in October 2005 to discuss which bioassays to select for further conventional urban community can be reduced using a suite of evaluation. relatively simple existing technologies in an integrated manner. 71 2F SUSTAINABLE WATER SOURCES
Industry Uptake uses of the water produced. One of the main issues complicating the This is a project with significant collaboration with the international implementation of water recycling has been the reaction of the public. water industry. It is expected to have substantial uptake globally as However, there are other issues including the regulatory environment, indicated by the project participants. decision-making processes, funding sources, organisational cultures and broader societal expectations which are important in governing the outcomes of sustainable water initiatives. Student Projects The principal aims of this project are: These are postgraduate projects within the Sustainable Water Sources v To explore the role of stakeholders in the development of water Program that are not directly linked to a larger project. recycling projects from an institutional perspective. v To suggest ways that institutional capacity could be improved to 2.6.0.2 DECENTRALISED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT promote the development of sustainable urban water systems in Student and Organisation Australia. Daniel Livingston (University of New South Wales) Principal Supervisor Project Progress Nick Ashbolt (University of New South Wales) This project has been completed. The thesis was submitted for examination in May 2006. Some of the main findings are outlined Start Date March 2002 below. v This study suggests that participants, values and organisational Project Outline issues are critical to sustainability outcomes. In recent years significant research and innovation has occurred in the v The inclusion of other ‘voices’ in the development of urban water areas of decentralised technologies for the supply of water, disposal of schemes and projects needs to occur earlier. This involvement wastewater, and management of stormwater. Such approaches have should go beyond accepting or rejecting expert-shaped been widely demonstrated to perform favourably against commonly solutions. used sustainability criteria. But there are relatively few instances of v Strengthen opportunities for long-term stable relationships implementation of such approaches. among the diverse participants (participatory institutions).
The specific objectives of this project are: Consider institutional incentive structures and reward sustainable v To analyse the governance of the urban water cycle, taking an urban water practices. institutional approach. v To determine whether and how institutional factors help to 2.6.0.7 URBAN PLANNING AND INTEGRATED WATER explain why discourse and practice focuses on centralised rather MANAGEMENT: TOWARDS AN ALTERNATE than decentralised approaches to water cycle management. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK v To identify the institutional implications of decentralised options Student and Organisation and develop an institutional framework for pursuing decentralised options ie. identify what institutional factors are important for Jodi Dong (Griffith University) enabling decentralised innovations. Principal Supervisor v To explore possible links between localised user involvement in Brendan Gleeson (Griffith University) water management and sustainable outcomes. Start Date March 2004
Project Progress Project Outline Project has been completed and thesis was submitted in May v Most of Australia’s urban areas are experiencing drought, ageing 2006. Some of the main findings of this project are listed below. infrastructure, environmental degradation and significant population v Decentralised systems are limited because of the growth. Therefore, the sustainable management of the water cycle in institutionalisation of traditional centralised systems. Australia’s cities is an important goal. v Attempts to introduce decentralisation must pay attention to the institutional context and design of organisations, not just Much of the institutional response to this situation has been focused projects. on technological solutions (grey water reuse, rainwater tanks), v Uptake of decentralised alternatives is enabled by: demand management (education and consumptive restrictions) and • An organisational location where such ideas and values best management practices in development (Water Sensitive Urban are ‘accepted speech’ Design). • Ongoing relationships among key stakeholders. While these are all important strategies, they will not address all aspects of the problem. There are broad trends that are taking place 2.6.0.3 RISK IN THE GOVERNANCE OF WATER REUSE in cities worldwide that need to be considered to better inform the Student and Organisation debate. These trends are encapsulated in the concept of Splintering Nyree Stenekes (University of New South Wales) Urbanism, which employs a multidisciplinary approach to explore how Principal Supervisor the complex social, economic and political shifts that are occurring intersect with evolving technologies, and result in the social and David Waite (University of New South Wales) ecological fragmentation and splintering of metropolitan areas. Start Date February 2002 The purpose of this research is to inform and enhance approaches to Project Outline sustainable urban water management in Australia by answering the While there is a general consensus that smarter water uses, including question: ‘To what extent and in what way has Splintering Urbanism reuse and recycling, would improve urban water sustainability, such influenced the possibility for sustainable urban water management in schemes have not been widely implemented in Australia. In the Australia?’ It will also provide a mechanism for critical reflection on pursuit of sustainability, water authorities at the local and metropolitan the theory itself. government level in Australia have attempted to introduce innovative water and wastewater management practices. The outcomes of many of these initiatives have been mixed, especially those involving personal
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Project Progress 2.6.0.9 AN ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION OF During the first year a comprehensive literature review was conducted RAINWATER TANKS IN URBAN/INDUSTRIAL AREAS OF on water management, urban planning, institutional theory and AUSTRALIA approaches to sustainability. This investigation assisted in the Student and Organisation development of the research question. Rob Huston (Griffith University) Principal Supervisor Two case studies will be conducted this year in Adelaide and Glen Shaw (Griffith University) Sydney. Preliminary investigation indicates that there are elements of Start Date splintering in both cities. Selection criteria are based on the existence March 2005 of elements of Splintering Urbanism in a state or region’s water management regime. This includes the degree to which: Project Outline v the utility/authority has been restructured and/or corporatised in The contamination of potable water supplies from air-borne particulate recent years and soluble pollutants has been identified as a potential cause of a v the authority shows signs of segmentation of its services reduction in of potable water quality. Aerosol pollutants at sufficient v the authority has had water quality problems with regard to either concentrations may result in the non-compliance of domestic water its human or environmental health tank supplies with drinking water guidelines. v the authority has contracted out its services, and what companies (ie. local or multinational) received those contracts. This project will assess rainwater quality, from a chemical perspective focusing on chemical contaminants. This will be achieved by measuring both metals/metalloids and organic contaminants in water. Innovative The final year will involve compilation of results, conclusions and the techniques will be used to ensure that sensitivity is maximised. These writing of the thesis. include the use of passive samplers for both the organic and inorganic components sited in tanks. Advanced analytical facilities are available 2.6.0.8 ROLE OF SOCIAL PROCESSES IN SUSTAINABLE URBAN and include ICP-MS for metals and GC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS for WATER MANAGEMENT organic compounds. Student and Organisation Vicki Ross (University of Queensland and CSIRO WA) To determine the potential human health impact of the contaminants detected, probabilistic health risk assessment will be undertaken using Principal Supervisor the results of this project for the exposure assessment and literature Kelly Fielding (University of Queensland) data for the dose-response assessment. Start Date March 2004 Project Progress Project Outline A prototype deposition gauge sampler and stand has been constructed Australia is the world’s driest inhabited continent, with a highly variable and preliminary sampling has been conducted. Trial extraction and climate, and at the same time Australian’s are amongst the highest analysis is being carried out to gauge the volumes needed and consumers of water in the world. This makes sustainable water use sensitivity attainable with the current equipment. The majority of the one of the nation’s major challenges. Lifestyle expectations, varying field sampling and analysis will take place from mid 2006 to mid 2007. cultural experiences, and socioeconomic differences will affect how A successful trial of air pollution modelling has been undertaken for communities to respond to these issues and to the acceptability of a week in winter during the year 2000 and it has been mapped using proposed policy and management options. A basic research and ArcGIS 9.1. A mapped motor vehicle emission sources has also been policy question to consider is how best to involve people so that their successfully mapped on GIS. preferences, values and constraints upon their actions are incorporated in policy formulation. This process should utilise their awareness and 2.6.1.2 SOCIAL INTERACTIONS WITH RAINWATER TANK knowledge about sustainable water use to assist informed debate on TECHNOLOGY strategic issues and their participation in decision making. Student and Organisation Ian White (Griffith University) The principal aims of the project are: Principal Supervisor v To assess the processes needed to engage the community in long-term planning for urban water supply. Peter Daniels (Griffith University) v To examine the role of trust in community acceptance of water Start Date March 2005 management strategies. Project Outline As well as exploring the relationship between risk and trust, the The household use of rainwater tanks to supplement mains supply in study aims to develop and test a social-psychological model for South East Queensland has technical merit, community support and the characteristics of trust and the factors that determine trust. This decreased negative environmental impacts. Within these communities model will be applied to both a low perceived risk situation (drinking some local authorities have mandated the use of rainwater tanks, water quality in Perth) and a moderately perceived risk situation (non- others offered rebates for voluntary installation of rain-tanks both potable reuse on the Gold Coast) and a high perceived risk (indirect new and retrofitted, whilst others are provided by developers as a potable reuse in Toowoomba). marketing hook. Across these communities, there is little research into the experience, challenges and solutions of rainwater supply at the household level. Patterns of rainwater use, overall water consumption, Project Outcomes hazard reduction, maintenance procedures and compliance with Studies for Perth and Toowoomba have now been completed and the guidelines and regulations needs to be investigated. Understanding data is being analysed. The remaining case study will be conducted the social impacts within and beyond the household and identifying on the Gold Coast as an example of non-potable water reuse. the conditions relating to systematic variation in households, if any, informs risk assessment, monitoring and compliance.
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Project Progress Project Outline PhD confirmation was completed in May 20. The candidate has Conventionally, urban water systems have been designed to deliver discussed the project with his principal and external supervisors and is potable water into the urban environment from the surrounding currently investigating the concept of the diffusion of innovation. catchments while at the same time removing wastewater and storm- water. As a result conventional systems are by and large considered to be three separate systems, stormwater, wastewater and drinking 2.6.1.3 PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE TO WATER AND THE ASSOCIATED water. An existing constraint to onsite treatment and harvesting storm- IMPACTS ON WATER USE BEHAVIOUR water is the perceived health risks of harvesting storm-water from the Student and Organisation urban catchments. The aim of this research is to: Nicole Thornton (Institute of Sustainable Futures, University of v Characterise the water quality processes taking place within indi- Technology Sydney) vidual water sensitive urban design systems. Principal Supervisor v Identify or develop suitable modeling algorithms for these treat- Cynthia Mitchell (University of Technology Sydney) ment processes. Start Date February 2006 v Develop modeling procedures based on these algorithms.
Project Outline Project Progress This project will investigate the interaction between demand This project commenced in March 2006. The literature review is in management technology and society. The project is 50% funded by progress. the Gosford City Council. The objectives of this research project are to: 2.6.1.5 INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND v Examine how our lifestyle changes with, and influences, the way TURBIDITY IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS we use water. Student and Organisation v Measure water usage (quantitative) and attitudes to water use Jason Dunlop (Griffith University) (qualitative) to assess how they are linked. Principal Supervisor v Compare the attitudes of water users from locations with different Heather Chapman (CRC Water Quality and Treatment) management strategies/programs (eg. the level of acceptance and use of recycled water such as proposed in Toowoomba) and Start Date March 2006 between the east coast and west coast of Australia (eg. Perth and Sydney). Project Outline v Document the influence of community structure and lifestyle Salinity and turbidity are amongst the highest priority contaminants on attitudes and behavioural changes to water conservation of inland aquatic ecosystems in Queensland yet little is known measures over the short, medium and long-term; plus any about the effects of increasing salinity and turbidity in freshwater interactions between institutional and structural changes. aquatic environments. Both contaminants are highly variable in their composition and consequently can affect aquatic ecosystems in Project Progress different ways making it difficult to predict their effects of on aquatic ecosystems. This project commenced in February 2006. Progress has been made on the literature review and research proposal. Further development of a pilot study is now underway. The student has attended workshops The project will be designed as an ecological risk assessment. The on questionnaire design, human ethics and theoretical frameworks of major focus of the risk assessment will be on establishing the likely research. effects of salinity and turbidity. In the final risk assessment the likelihood of their occurrence will be described by salinity flow relationships as incorporated into the models used to simulate behaviours of the 2.6.1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS-BASED WATER QUALITY salinity. MODELS FOR URBAN DESIGN SYSTEMS Student and Organisation Project Progress Baden Myers (University of South Australia) Since commencement of the project at the end of March 2006 Principal Supervisor project activity has focused on the planning and development of Simon Beecham (University of South Australia) anticipated project outcomes and setting project milestones. A draft Start Date March 2006 scientific paper titled Regional variation in salinity tolerance of macro invertebrates a case study from Queensland, north-east Australia has been prepared and will be submitted for publication in July 2006.
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SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Commonwealth Schedule Milestones Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone (Yes/No) and/or Output
Research Methodologies for assessment of health Yes Project 2.6.0.4 Water Quality and Health Risk Analysis risk associated with alternative water of Water from Rainwater Tanks in progress and nearing systems tested and confirmed. completion. Project 1106 Water Reuse and Alternative Water Sources: Attitudes, Practices, Risk Assessment and Human Health Outcomes is underway in the Epidemiology Program.
Methodologies for assessment of social Yes Several PhD projects underway (Project 2.6.0.2 Decentralised and environmental costs associated with Urban Water Management and project 2.6.0.3 Risk in the alternative water systems tested and Governance of Water Reuse completed in 2006). confirmed. PhD student projects all addresses specific issues relating to this milestone are in progress.
Project 2.6.1.1 Urban metabolism project underway Project 2.6.1.0 Best practice cost analysis for sustainable urban water due to be completed in September 2006.
Reliability of pollutant removal from Yes Project 6.0.0.3 Chemicals of concern in wastewater effluent conventional and advanced treatment – is there a problem. technologies understood and quantified. Project 1.2.1.0 (Toxicology program) Decomposition and removal of triclosan from reused water as a drinking source. Project 3.1.0.5 Strategic Directions Tools for analysing Pilot plant studies underway. In Progress estrogenicity in environmental waters. GWRC. Project 2.6.0.6 Sustainable urban water – schemes and technologies database.
75 Program Group Leader Prof Tony Priestley Centre Deputy CEO and CSIRO Involvement
PROGRAMS
3A Strategic Directions 77 Stakeholder
3B Policy and Regulation 78 and
3C Regional and Rural Water Supplies 79
3D Education and Training 84 Regulation 3E Commercialisation , 14 see Commercialisation, Technology Transfer and Utilisation
3F Communication 89 Policy see Communication Strategy
Aims This program brings together the output of the research programs • Provide education and training for the industry future leaders, and emphasises the uptake of research outcomes by end-users. with a strong emphasis on developing postgraduate students The program will: with industry focus and experience. • Coordinate water industry involvement in policy and regulatory • Identify and exploit the intellectual property developed by the activities. Centre. • Direct industry involvement in forums to consider alternative • Maximise industry involvement in all aspects of the Centre’s approaches to the future provision of water services and the activities. best use of the significant investment in water infrastructure in Australia. • Examine treatment technologies for small systems, the water supply and health needs of indigenous communities and the issues associated with water supplies in tropical Australia.
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Program Leader Tony Priestley Centre Deputy CEO and CSIRO
PROGRAM AIM This Program seeks to identify ‘over the horizon’ water quality issues and develop strategies to address emerging issues before they become of major public concern.
PROGRAM ACTIVITY international funding bodies to extend the project are in progress. As is implied by its title, this Program was designed to influence The Centre is also finalising production of a guidance manual on blue the direction of new research projects across the entire spectrum of green algae for GWRC members and international distribution will activity of the Centre. The identification of emerging issues requires occur during the latter half of 2006. excellent communication linkages with the international water research community, as well as an ongoing dialogue with industry During the year, the international research connections established practitioners. through the GWRC were expanded in a number of areas. Twenty one reports on a range of emerging water quality issues have been Dialogue with members of the water industry has continued on a produced by the GWRC and these have been made available to regular basis through research planning workshops and discussions Centre participants through the Participants Area of the CRC for Water at the quarterly participant meetings. Workshops have continued to Quality and Treatment website. Nine of these reports related to the consider long term strategic issues and incorporate these within the issue of endocrine disrupting compounds. In addition, the Centre has existing research program. been heavily involved in World Health Organiszation discussions on the relationship between water hardness and cardiovascular disease, a topic of great relevance to soft water supplies such as Melbourne, Strong linkages with the international water research community Canberra and Cairns. have been established through the Centre’s leading role in the establishment and operation of the Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC). The GWRC has a membership of fourteen leading research Other topics of discussion between the Centre and the GWRC organisations drawn from nine countries and is a prime vector for include waterborne pathogens, where the Centre has offered to communicating knowledge and information about emerging water lead a project on amoebae, and the potential health impacts of a research issues. As a direct result of this activity, the Centre is involved number of micocontaminats. An example is nitroso- dimethyl-amine in international research initiatives targeting endocrine disrupting (NDMA), which can be formed under specific condition during water chemicals, disinfection by-products and algal toxins. disinfection.
A GWRC project, Tools for analyzing estrogenicity in environmental waters, commenced within the Strategic Directions Program in March 2005 and has progressed well during the last year. Discussions with
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Milestone Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities Commonwealth Schedule Milestones and/or Output (Yes/No) in 2006-07
Further research programs identified as a Further projects on endocrine disruptors and water borne Research Yes result of continuing foresighting exercises. pathogens are in preparation.
Centre took leading role in GWRC project on estrogenicity. At least two research programs underway Yes Guidance manual on toxic cyanobacteria to be released in in response to issue identification. late 2006. A series of technology transfer seminars on Natural Communication of research program Yes Organic Matter and Distribution System Management outputs established with Centre parties. toured the country in 2005-06.
77 3B POLICY AND REGULATION
Program Leader Tony Priestley Centre Deputy CEO and CSIRO
PROGRAM AIM The main objective of this Program is to apply the collective knowledge and experience of the Centre’s key staff, supplemented by Centre research and international developments, to the on-going refinement of the Australian policy and regulatory framework for urban water systems. This Program will also provides coordinated, industry-wide input into the processes for changing drinking water policy and regulation and, more recently for revision of national water recycling guidelines. The outcome for Australia should be systems and standards for urban water system regulation that are intelligently directed at achieving public health or other benefits. The aim is also to ensure that public health is able to be protected in ways that avoid overly restrictive standards that result in significant and unnecessary public cost.
PROGRAM OVERVIEW MILESTONES ACHIEVED The Centre’s involvement in the on-going refinement of the Australian The Centre is significantly involved in the review of the National Water policy and regulatory framework for public water supplies is intended Recycling Guidelines being undertaken under the direction of a Joint to promote a better basis for setting guidelines, by promoting a more Steering Committee established by the Environment Protection and credible, logical use of scientific data to deliver an intelligent and Heritage Council and the Natural Resources Management Ministerial appropriate regulatory system. The Centre has available the necessary Council. The draft Guidelines were released for public consultation scientific, technical and managerial resources to play a central role from late October 2005 to February 2006. Over 50 submissions were in developing and implementing a rational and scientifically based received and were considered at a combined meeting of the Risk approach to regulation. Management Framework and Integration Working Group and the Health Working Group in March 2006. Revisions to the document have been made and forwarded to the Joint Steering Committee for The logical and systematic approach to the upgrading of the approval. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) lead by the Centre with the support of key industry and health agencies is providing a better basis for regulation of water quality in Australia. The Centre has A software tool to assist rural and remote water supplies to implement also worked with organisations such as the World Health Organization the Risk Management Framework contained in the Australian Drinking (WHO) to introduce these advances to international guidelines and Water Guidelines has been trialed and a number of improvements will continue to do so. made as a result. Final release of the software will occur in 2006 at a time to be specified by the Commonwealth Government.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Milestone Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in Commonwealth Schedule Milestones and/or Output (Yes/No) 2006-07
Finalise the best practice guide to The Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality Research drinking water regulation following Yes is now encapsulated within the current Australian Drinking consultation Water Guidelines.
Adoption by WHO of risk based water WHO have adopted a similar approach to the above quality management processes as a Yes Framework and have instigated development of Water key aspect of the WHO drinking water Safety Plans as a direct result. guidelines
78 REGIONAL AND RURAL WATER SUPPLIES 3C
Program Leader Paul Heaton Power and Water Corporation
PROGRAM AIM The Regional and Rural Water Supplies Program seeks to address key issues that affect the provision of good quality drinking water to regional and rural communities in Australia.
In particular, the program aims to: v Establish and maintain effective communication across industry and research parties in water related activities in rural communities. v Identify water issues for research that will provide better, appropriate and more affordable water supply solutions to Indigenous communities. v Develop and maintain an Australia-wide network of key stakeholders involved in regional and rural water supplies. v Represent issues of significance to regional and rural areas in consideration of industry policy, regulation and strategic directions.
PROGRAM OUTLINE CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment recognises that many water Over 85% of the land-area of Australia is categorised as regional providers in regional and rural communities do not have the resources and rural. Understanding the role of Indigenous communities in to effectively initiate and undertake research into water quality issues environmental sustainability is important for the long-term future of that may influence health. In order to address this issue, and the many of our regional and remote settlements. Research within the unique issues often faced by many regional and rural communities, program seeks to understand and develop solutions to secure safe the Regional and Rural Water Supplies Program identifies and and sustainable water supplies for regional, remote and Indigenous bridges gaps in technical water infrastructure design, information communities and trial innovative management strategies for managing and support to remote, often largely Indigenous communities. The regional and remote water supplies. The program aims to understand program provides Australian regional and rural water stakeholders the interaction between human and environmental systems that with a mechanism that facilitates research representation, technology influence water supply access, use and availability in regional and transfer, and the exchange of information that impact on the provision remote Indigenous communities. of safe drinking water to these communities. CURRENT PROJECTS RESEARCH COLLABORATION The program is currently is developing a number of projects to extend 3.3.0.1 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER OFFICER DEALING WITH collaborations with allied organisations. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT IN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES Remote Community Water Management is a Desert Knowledge CRC Contact Person project, being undertaken in collaboration with the CRC for Water Nerida Beard (Centre for Appropriate Technology) Quality and Treatment. The Department of Families, Community Organisations Involved Services and Indigenous Affairs and the Centre for Appropriate Technology are also core partners in the project. The project aims Centre for Appropriate Technology to assist small remote Indigenous communities who self-manage Budget $600,000 their water supply to identify methods for the implementation of the Start Date June 2001 Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality in the 2004 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Background and Relevance The Waterproofing Homelands – Kimberley Water Strategy Pilot It is widely recognised that Indigenous Australians have much higher project, pilots a strategy to address core determinants of ongoing rates of morbidity and mortality than non-Indigenous populations. water system failure. This project recently secured funding through the Health complications such as waterborne disease, infectious skin Department of Family and Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. disorders and renal disease are often anecdotally linked to water This collaboration will facilitate direct dialogue between researchers supply quality and access. A significant proportion of the Indigenous and policy-makers with regard to essential services delivery in remote population reside in remote communities, many of which face Indigenous communities. considerable challenges in maintaining reliable water supplies. Subsequently, there is a need for research into improving our understanding of remote water supplies and their management and The PhD project, Perceptions and Utilisation of Water in Remote water access in remote Indigenous communities. Indigenous Communities, will investigate perceptions and utilisation of water in remote Indigenous communities. Discussions have taken place with the CRC for Aboriginal Health and other relevant organisations Research Approach regarding involvement and collaboration in this project. The project facilitates a direct link between the needs of Indigenous people and water quality and treatment knowledge. The majority of the research results from demand-responsive interventions in The Australian Groundwater Quality Database project will develop Indigenous communities, allowing immediate responses to water a database utilising verified water quality data integrated with quality issues and the identification of areas for further research. hydrogeological data. The database will be used to improve capacity, The research process involves working with communities to facilitate understanding and enhance the assessment and prioritisation of water knowledge exchange on appropriate water management strategies quality issues in regional and rural areas. and technologies.
79 3C REGIONAL AND RURAL WATER SUPPLIES
Outcomes Background and Relevance v Liaison has occurred with twenty-six Indigenous communities and This project was initiated as a result of expressed Indigenous responses to community concerns have been provided in the form community need for the development of robust water harvesting of technical support, water quality testing, water management and treatment systems for small remote communities. The project and technology and infrastructure. is trialling a rainwater harvesting system and a point-of-use filtration v A clear advisory role has been provided to remote communities in device on nine houses in the Mutitjulu settlement near Uluru. The aim the area of risk management strategies. is to provide a well designed, robust and reliable system for rainwater harvesting suitable for use in remote communities. v The technology transfer officer has been a key focal point for researchers, service providers and government agencies for information and resources on appropriate water quality, treatment Research Approach methods and management strategies in remote Indigenous The research demonstrates the demand-responsive approach to secure communities. a sustainable supply of rainwater for remote Indigenous communities. v Presentations have been delivered at workshops and meetings The project involves the appropriate design and installation of in Alice Springs and Darwin to disseminate research knowledge rainwater tank infrastructure, implementation of capacity-building generated though this project. initiatives and maintenance and monitoring schedules. The project has v Best practice information has been disseminated on the approach been extended to include temperature monitoring over a 12-month to the water quality risk management framework to community period, to improve understanding of water quality performance of members, health agencies and service providers. rainwater tanks in arid areas. v In addition to community water interventions, two new research projects were established in 2006. The project, Waterproofing Outcomes Homelands – Malarabah Water Strategy Pilot, has been funded v Demonstration of a functioning rainwater tank infrastructure and by the Commonwealth Department of Families, Community treatment system in a remote community. Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaCSIA) and another project implementing water quality and risk management improvement v Increased understanding of the impact of seasonal temperature measures in a remote community in northern WA was funded by variation on water quality in rainwater tanks located in arid areas the National Water Initiative’s Community Water Grants scheme. over a 12-month period. v Methods to communicate the appropriate maintenance and safe management of water supplies to communities in remote areas Industry Uptake have been developed. v Knowledge gained in the Regional and Rural Water Supplies Program directly contributed to the NHMRC Workshops on the Industry Uptake Electronic Decision Support Tool for small water supplies. This knowledge has been incorporated into the Community Water v Rainwater tank system designs have been developed from the Planner CD-ROM. This tool is currently being used in trial projects project and will be implemented in three new locations in the within Indigenous communities and by facilities managers seeking Northern Territory and Western Australia. These plans have also to better understand the implementation of risk management been supplied, on request, to many other consultants, community frameworks for their water supplies. councils and government departments. v In response to enquiries from community members, information v Experience gained from this project will provide rigorous evidence and resources on water quality and treatment in remote areas for the design and implementation of future water supply projects have been provided to more than 26 new communities. This in other Indigenous communities. support has continued for other communities across the NT, WA, SA and Qld which already have established relationships with 3.3.0.6 REMOTE COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT the technology transfer officer. The information provided assists Indigenous people make informed choices about the quality and Contact Person quantity of the water supplies in their communities. Robyn Grey-Gardner (Department of Families, Community Services v Organisations such as the Commonwealth Department of Families, and Indigenous Affairs) Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaCSIA), continue to Organisations Involved be influenced by research outcomes derived from this program Desert Knowledge CRC, Centre for Appropriate Technology, in the development of policy for Indigenous communities. The Department of Family and Community Services and Indigenous continuation of funding for the Kimberly Water Project by this Affairs FaCSIA is evidence that the Centre’s research outcomes are of value to such organisations. Budget $196,925 v The Centre for Appropriate Technology is regularly contacted Start Date April 2004 by local, state and federal governments, regional environmental health practitioners and interstate research institutions regarding Background and Relevance the management and implementation of appropriate water The project aims to identify methods for small remote Indigenous technologies. It provides a link to public health protection and communities who self manage their water supply to implement the research in regional and remote communities for the regulators Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality in the 2004 and the water industry. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. This is a Desert Knowledge CRC project, with the Commonwealth Department of Family and Community 3.3.0.2 MUTITJULU RAINWATER TANK AND POINT-OF-USE Services and Indigenous Affairs and the Centre for Appropriate SYSTEM TRIAL Technology as core partners in the project and in collaboration Contact Person with the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. Researchers work closely with the community members involved in four case studies Nerida Beard (Centre for Appropriate Technology) and utilise the Framework on a case-by-case basis to deliver unique Organisations Involved management regimes for each community. Lessons learnt from the Centre for Appropriate Technology process will inform the application of management plans in other remote Indigenous communities. The project will contribute to trialling Budget $286,991 the NHMRC Australian Drinking Water Guidelines: Community Water Start Date June 2002 Planner in remote Indigenous communities.
80 REGIONAL AND RURAL WATER SUPPLIES 3C
Research Approach a sustainable supply of rainwater for remote Indigenous communities. The project uses an ‘action research’ methodology and the holistic The project involves the appropriate design and instillation of rainwater “Sustainable Livelihoods” approach to trial the applicability of the tank infrastructure, implementation of capacity-building initiatives and Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality in the 2004 the community adoption of maintenance and monitoring schedules. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines to small, remote Indigenous The project will refine appropriate infrastructure design and provide communities. The project will trial the development of appropriate an economic and social evaluation of the costs and benefits of the management plans for four remote communities in different States/ locally-managed supply. An assessment of the replication potential in Territories with populations of less than fifty people who manage their other remote communities will be undertaken. own water supplies. Outcomes Outcomes v As part of this project, an assessment of the ease and feasibility of v Identify factors that enable or hinder the adoption of the replicating this project in other communities will be conducted. Framework for the Management of Drinking Water Quality and In addition, processes for linking future research to other provide feedback to the NHMRC on the trial of the Australian Indigenous research activities, such as housing projects, will be Drinking Water Guidelines: Community Water Planner. investigated. v Provide resources and tools to support the broad application v Water quantity and quality results will be monitored and of appropriate management plans in other remote Indigenous community risk management and engagement processes will be communities. developed and implemented. v Identify model processes for remote community water v A triple bottom line economic analysis that measures the costs management, including stakeholder engagement, water and benefits of using rainwater as a potable water supply for management planning and provide valuable input into the current remote communities will provide insight into the value of this regional management and policy dialogues on integrated service approach to community members. delivery in remote communities. v The economic analysis will provide information for community members, program managers, and industry and government agencies so that informed choices can be made about future Industry Uptake water and infrastructure projects. The outcomes of this project will be used in other regional and remote v The paradigm of current water supply projects is that they areas to manage water supplies at a community level. are supply driven. It is suggested that the demand-response approach will yield technical design improvements that will inform Key outcomes are expected to be utilised by the following robust rainwater harvesting design in a Top End environment and organisations: provide improvements to community water access. v Community councils, individuals, families, households and other organisations in remote communities. Industry Uptake v Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous The design of infrastructure and the approach used to manage Affairs (FaCSIA), and other government bodies concerned with community resources in this project is being utilised by: the housing and health infrastructure in Indigenous communities. v The Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous v State and Territory and Commonwealth Government departments Affairs which has overall responsibility for policy relating to with a role in regulating or provision of water supplies. community investment and service delivery to Indigenous people v Health departments (usually the environmental health section). living in remote areas. v Water suppliers including utilities, community councils, local v Engineering consulting firms acting as program managers governments. responsible for infrastructure project development in remote communities. v EnHealth Council, NHMRC and the Australian Water Association. v Individual people, families and households in the outstations in v Cooperative Research Centres and research institutions involved which the project are being undertaken. in research and advocacy on regional and remote Aboriginal public health. v Other small remote Indigenous communities wanting to improve water management in their community v Indigenous Resource Centres and their staff. 3.3.0.7 MABUNJI RAINWATER HARVESTING MANAGEMENT PROJECT v Government departments that have a role in planning, housing, infrastructure and service delivery. Contact Person Alyson Wright (Centre for Appropriate Technology) 3.3.0.8 INVESTIGATION OF THE DEFLUORIDATION OF WATER Organisations Involved SUPPLIES IN RURAL AND REMOTE COMMUNITIES Centre for Appropriate Technology Contact Person Budget $274,767 Amy Dysart (Power and Water Corporation) Start Date January 2004 Organisations Involved Power and Water Corporation Background and Relevance Budget $8,000 The project was initiated as a result of the expressed Indigenous Start Date May 2006 community need to develop robust rainwater harvesting, water treatment systems and appropriate water management structures for small remote communities. The research will investigate appropriate Background and Relevance infrastructure design, undertake a cost-benefit analysis, incorporating Fluoride is common in the environment and consequently air, soil, social benefits of a community managed supply, and evaluate system food and water are likely to contain at least a small amount of fluoride. sustainability for rainwater supplies in a remote northern Australian The principal routes of human exposure to fluoride are through the environment. consumption of food and ingestion of drinking water. There have been a number of studies conducted to determine the natural fluoride levels Research Approach in drinking water across Australia; however, the data is limited and disjointed, especially in regional and rural communities. Current data The research demonstrates the demand-response approach to secure suggests that natural fluoride exists in water supplies across Australia,
81 3C REGIONAL AND RURAL WATER SUPPLIES
but particularly so in the central Australia region. Communities in Outcomes these areas rely on groundwater as their potable water supply. Many v Identification of slow sand filtration (biological treatment) as of the communities are rural and remote and do not have access to the most effective process for lowering the biological regrowth defluoridation systems. potential and the disinfectant decay in water delivered by North East Water. Research Approach v Assessment of the mobile point-of-entry treatment system for Internationally there has been considerable research into the treating to water to drinking water standards. development of defluoridation systems, especially those appropriate for rural and remote communities in developing countries. There are Industry Uptake similarities, such as remoteness and desire for low cost alternatives, Slow sand filtration – UV treatment was identified as being the most between the circumstances in developing countries and regional areas v appropriate for distribution systems with no residual disinfectant, in Australian. However, many of these techniques are designed to treat while slow sand filtration was also appropriate for systems where fluoride at significantly higher levels than those that occur in Australia the rate of disinfectant decay was very rapid. and are intended for domestic rather than whole community use. This project aims to identify a robust, low maintenance defluoridation v A community in NSW has adapted the point-of-use treatment system that may be implemented at the community level within system design and a trial is underway. Australian rural and remote communities. PROJECTS IN DEVELOPMENT Outcomes v Identify and demonstrate the use of a low cost defluoridation system WATERPROOFING HOMELANDS – KIMBERLEY WATER STRATEGY that can improve water quality in rural and remote communities. PILOT v Conduct a national review of naturally occurring fluoride in Contact Person groundwater that will assist water managers to identify the risks in Nerida Beard (Centre for Appropriate Technology) rural water supplies. Organisations Involved Centre for Appropriate Technology Industry Uptake Budget $209,110 v Provide more options for the management of elevated fluoride concentrations in drinking water in rural and remote communities. Duration 2 years
3.3.9.0 SMALL TOWN WATER SUPPLY CONSULTATION Background and Relevance Contact Person Many small and remote communities have difficulty maintaining reliable, good quality water supplies. Remote community water Stephen Gray (Victoria University) supplies in the Kimberley region have been an ongoing area of Organisations Involved research for the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. This research CSIRO, Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water, Central Highlands Water, has lead to the development of the Waterproofing Homelands – North East Water, GHD Pty Ltd Kimberly Water Strategy Pilot. The project pilots a strategy to address core determinants of ongoing water system failure. It will aim to build Budget $140,000 capacity within communities to protect their water supply quantity and Start Date November 2002 quality, and to measure and evaluate progress and replication of the approach. The primary funding for the project will be provided through Background and Relevance the Department of Family and Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. This project was funded by the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment to support North East Water and Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water investigate problems in their water supply systems. GUIDELINES FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE INFRASTRUCTURE North East Water identified the first component of the project, which IN RURAL AND REMOTE COMMUNITIES investigates issues associated with biological regrowth in distribution Contact Person systems, particularly those with no residual disinfectant or where the Paul Heaton (Power and Water Corporation) rate of disinfectant decay is rapid. The second component of this project focuses on the delivery of potable water to small, isolated Organisations Involved communities. Many of the small towns in the Grampians Wimmera Power and Water Corporation, Centre for Appropriate Technology Mallee Water and Central Highlands Water regions are supplied with Budget $20,000 a non-potable water supply, and this component investigates the ability of point-of-entry or point-of-use devices to economically deliver Duration 2 years potable water. Background and Relevance Research Approach Traditionally, water supply and sewerage infrastructure in regional and The first component of the project addresses the issues of biological rural communities has been developed with limited focus on protection regrowth in distribution systems. Laboratory based trials have of water quality through multiple barriers. Yet in many rural and remote investigated the ability of various treatment processes to reduce the centres, particularly those without disinfection, source and wellhead biological regrowth potential of water and decrease the disinfectant protection along with storage tank and reticulation system integrity decay rate. The second component involves the development and are the principle barriers to water contamination. This project has been construction of a mobile point-of-entry treatment system for the developed to facilitate the exchange of knowledge, and to document delivery of potable water to small supplies. The treatment systems are technical guidelines associated with infrastructure that impact on the being trialled in a number of locations, with water quality data being provision of safe drinking water to regional and rural communities. The collected by on-line monitoring and regular sampling of supplies. project will include a series of workshops where practitioners can share practical experiences and promote knowledge transfer. The project aims to develop a range of principles to guide protection of water quality and provide infrastructure drawings.
82 REGIONAL AND RURAL WATER SUPPLIES 3C
AUSTRALIAN GROUNDWATER QUALITY DATABASE PERCEPTIONS AND UTILISATION OF WATER IN REMOTE Contact Person INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (PHD PROJECT) Paul Heaton (Power and Water Corporation) Budget $125,000 Organisations Involved Duration 3 years Currently in discussion will potential collaborating organisations. Duration 2 years Background and Relevance Indigenous people have a unique cultural and spiritual relationship with water. Although there has been some progress on research Background and Relevance examining the relationships between Indigenous perceptions The vast majority of Australian rural and remote communities rely on and utilisation of water, more research is required to enhance the groundwater for their reticulated water supply. Although water quality development of appropriate management initiatives. The project analyses have been carried out in a number of locations, there remain aims to investigate perceptions and utilisation of water in remote water supplies that are not regularly analysed and consequently, Indigenous communities. Outcomes from the project will inform often unverified data, or alternatively no information, is available on the development of links between water and health management the water quality experienced in these centres. The relatively large strategies to improve Indigenous health outcomes, and access and number of water supplies and remoteness of many of the communities use of water resources. This includes quantifying water consumption precludes the sampling and analysis of all of these supplies, as it is patterns in these communities, developing a greater understanding considered neither viable nor cost effective. Strong correlations exist of people’s perceptions and utilisation of water and applying this between groundwater quality and hydrogeological characteristics. knowledge to build meaningful water management and risk strategies Consequently the development of a database, utilising verified for remote Indigenous communities. water quality data integrated with hydrogeological data, is seen as an effective mechanism to improve capacity, understanding and the assessment and prioritisation of water quality issues in regional and rural areas. The project aims to assist knowledge building related to groundwater quality and water supply issues in regional and remote Australia through the establishment of a web-based delivery system to facilitate the provision of data and information.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5
Type of Commonwealth Schedule Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone and/ Milestones (Yes/No) or Output
Research Further research projects identified Yes v Updated and continuing implementation of strategic as a result of continuing foresighting direction – the ‘Water Strategy’. exercises. v Four new research projects scoped beginning July 2006, four ongoing research projects. v Establishment of the Rural and Remote Water Quality Network (water industry and health agencies). v Developed Small Water Systems – their management and operation quarterly newsletter
At least two research projects underway Yes v Five projects underway and three in development in in response to issue identification. response to identified issues.
Input into industry policy, regulation Yes v Researched and developed the implementation of the Water and strategic direction facilitated on Quality Framework in Small Communities. an ongoing basis. v Development of protocols for effective consultation on water quality and treatment issues. v Key industry involvement in investigation of improvements to remote community water supplies.
83 EXTERNAL RESEARCH GRANTS
External research grants provide additional support for projects with the Centre. The table following outlines the external research funding achieved by Centre personnel. . ater ect
egion, s work on ch oving eatment e’ by r obiological ence by esear ce. ganic components eceives cash s r eatment Summer e’ r eatment strategies to , which can be oving local water eclaimed). etr e fit for purpose. ater Management ough put toxicity assays that ater Management ecently become high priority ater Quality and T ought and population ganic and inor ound and r ces that ar oach to impr egulatory authorities and help water oject to allow it continue. emote Aboriginal community water eated rainwater ater Quality and T ement activities of the CRC for W e pr oblems that limit the use of toxicity emote Indigenous settlements. elationship to the Centr ess pr om the CRC for W Remote Community W ovide a quantitative estimate of micr esses on water supplies that suggest indir ojects. native water sour Remote Community W . eatment and will aid the detection of contaminants oject r om drinking untr om a CRC for W ea for the GWRC and has r oject in 2003-04. This work extends the Centr oject e pr euse may be viable additional water sour n. oject initiates the development of pr oject will pr oject will addr oject is a practical application of our work on impr oject is a continuation of our work in the Kimberley r oject links the Measur oject is partly supported by the GWRC. It r ater Services Association of Australia. This is a high priority ch ar e pr esult should be a panel of high thr ol membrane fouling by the or oving Indigenous access to safe water supplies. It complements eases place str eening assays with finished drinking water – interfer ograms or pr oviding alter esear Brief Description of r pr This pr contr of Australian waters (brackish, gr Extension of existing Centr This pr health risks fr extrapolated to occasional or inadvertent consumption of rainwater when it is supplied for non-potable uses. It will contribute to policy decisions on rainwater use by r suppliers to conserve conventional drinking water supplies by pr This pr scr disinfectants (chlorine, chloramines, ozone) and lack of sensitivity The r can be used for detection of natural and man-made toxicants in drinking water This pr Indigenous access to safe water supplies. It complements the Centr supporting and monitoring a r management initiative. This pr beginning fr Student Pr impr the Centr by piloting a participatory appr management capacity in r This pr Quality and T concer This pr funds in Australia fr and W r for Australia also as the continuing dr incr potable r alue ($) 25,000 49,905 277,400 844,313 794,219 179,110 290,000 202,651 otal V 2,612,693 T alue ($) 25,000 49,905 75,966 140,700 202,563 327,861 179,110 290,000 2005-06 V 1,241,200 Period 2006-08 2006-07 2005-07 2006-08 2006-07 2006-07 2006-07 2005-07 ch ater fairs ater ater ater ater ater Fund wwaRF)/UK ch Coalition astewater A Queensland Granting Body Smart W EP NHMRC American W and W Association Resear Fund (A Drinking W Inspectorate National W Initiative, Community W Grants Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Af ARC LIEF Global W Resear (GWRC) A aters ometer for omatograph - ch grade oofing ganic analytes om rainwater onmental W ogenicity in esear oject Title otection of natural ater – Schemes and aterpr ater Strategy fects of drinking echnoloiges ools for Analyzing Pr Mitigation of Fouling of Desalination Membranes Sustainable Urban W T A randomised double- blinded intervention study to assess health ef water fr tanks Methods for measuring toxins in finished waters Community water conservation and pr waters, Munmural, W W Homelands – Malarabah Homelands W A r liquid chr mass spectr quantitative analysis of trace or in complex matrices LE0668452 T Estr Envir , e e r r t t , n n e, ater e e C C ater ater ater / / , Services t t opriate opriate n n University n Australia e e m m t t echnology a a ganisation ester eatment, e e r r r echnology echnology Or RMIT University University of Queensland Monash University Department of Health. South Australia Australian W Quality Centr Griffith Queensland Heath and Scientific CRC for W Quality and T for Appr T CRC for W Quality and T for Appr T Curtin University of T University of W CRC for W Quality and T Griffith University , , , M , G cher d d , A fe chhof oscio, eenwood, arton, F otal Resear F Roddick T Loetscher G Kir K Leder Sinclair Forbes, D Cunlif A Humpage, S Fr C Chow G Shaw Eaglesham N Bear N Bear R Kagi, K Grice, A Heitz, P Gr C Joll, B W Busetti et al. HF Chapman and FDL Leusch T
84 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 3D
Program Leader Dennis Mulcahy University of South Australia
PROGRAM AIM
. The Education and Training Program aims to provide specialist undergraduate and postgraduate experience ater in water science and technology. ect egion,
s work on The Program encompasses: ch oving eatment e’ by r
obiological v PhD and Masters research projects ence by v Coursework postgraduate activity esear ce. ganic components
eceives cash v Honours scholarships s r eatment Summer e’ r v Summer Research Scholarships and some undergraduate project activity eatment strategies to , which can be v Postgraduate Student Conferences and other support for conference attendance, including international oving local water eclaimed). etr e fit for purpose. ater Management conferences ough put toxicity assays that v Participation in the CRC Water Forum's Young Water Scientist of the Year competition ater Management ecently become high priority ater Quality and T ought and population v Involvement of researchers in coursework postgraduate and undergraduate lectures ganic and inor v State node meetings ound and r ces that ar oach to impr egulatory authorities and help water oject to allow it continue. v Staff training activities. emote Aboriginal community water eated rainwater ater Quality and T ement activities of the CRC for W e pr oblems that limit the use of toxicity emote Indigenous settlements. 2005/2006 ACTIVITIES Christobel Ferguson (University of New South Wales) presented elationship to the Centr ess pr Summer Research Scholarships a paper: Prioritisation of Management Strategies in the Torrens om the CRC for W Remote Community W ovide a quantitative estimate of micr esses on water supplies that suggest indir Catchment (South Australia) Using a Process Based Pathogen Model, Eleven Summer Research Scholarships were awarded over the ojects. at the 13th Biennial IWA Health - Related Water Microbiology native water sour Remote Community W . eatment and will aid the detection of contaminants 2005/2006 long vacation. Students were able to select from twenty- oject r om drinking untr Symposium held in Swansea, Wales, 4-9 September, 2005. om a CRC for W
ea for the GWRC and has r seven projects promoted via the Centre website. There were forty-six oject in 2003-04. This work extends the Centr oject e pr euse may be viable additional water sour applications for the program. n. oject initiates the development of pr oject will pr oject will addr oject is a practical application of our work on impr oject is a continuation of our work in the Kimberley r oject links the Measur oject is partly supported by the GWRC. It r ater Services Association of Australia. This is a high priority ch ar e pr Peter Bain (Griffith University) presented a paper: P53 - Associated esult should be a panel of high thr ol membrane fouling by the or oving Indigenous access to safe water supplies. It complements eases place str
eening assays with finished drinking water – interfer Transcription in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and HepG2 Cells in ograms or pr oviding alter
esear Industry parties Central Highlands Water, Melbourne Water, SA Water
Brief Description of r pr This pr contr of Australian waters (brackish, gr Extension of existing Centr This pr health risks fr extrapolated to occasional or inadvertent consumption of rainwater when it is supplied for non-potable uses. It will contribute to policy decisions on rainwater use by r suppliers to conserve conventional drinking water supplies by pr This pr scr disinfectants (chlorine, chloramines, ozone) and lack of sensitivity The r can be used for detection of natural and man-made toxicants in drinking water This pr Indigenous access to safe water supplies. It complements the Centr supporting and monitoring a r management initiative. This pr beginning fr Student Pr impr the Centr by piloting a participatory appr management capacity in r This pr Quality and T concer This pr funds in Australia fr and W r for Australia also as the continuing dr incr potable r Response to the Cyanobacterial Toxin Cylindrospermopsin, at the 9th and the Centre for Appropriate Technology, Alice Springs, hosted International Conference on Environmental Mutagens, San Francisco, Summer Scholars in this round. USA, September 3-8, 2005. alue ($) 25,000 49,905
277,400 844,313 794,219 179,110 290,000 202,651 The Summer Research Scholarship Reporting Seminar was held at
otal V Ina Kristiana (Curtin University) spent six months (September 2005 2,612,693 T the Crowne Plaza Hotel, Coogee Beach, NSW, from 13-14 February, - March 2006) working with Professor Jean - Philippe Croue at the 2006. This was the first time we have held the event in Sydney. All the University of Poitiers, France. While at Poitiers Ina gave two seminar student presentations were conducted on the first day. The program presentations, one on her PhD project and related research at Curtin for the second day was made up of two technical tours, a morning and the other on the results she had obtained in France. Her visit alue ($) 25,000 49,905 75,966 140,700 202,563 327,861 179,110 290,000 2005-06 V 1,241,200 visit to the Woronora Catchment and Water Filtration Plant and an was partially supported by winning an IHSS (International Humic afternoon visit to the Malabar Sewage Treatment Plant. Substances Society) Bursary.
Postgraduate Students Period Heather Uwins (Griffith University) attended the 7th IWA Off - Flavours 2006-08 2006-07 2005-07 2006-08 2006-07 2006-07 2006-07 2005-07 The Centre is pleased to report six more graduates: Sean Blasdall, in the Aquatic Environment Symposium held in Cornwall, Ontario, ch Will Buchanan, Christobel Ferguson, Anna Hurlimann, Farhana Malek Canada from 2-7 October, 2005. Her paper was entitled: A Survey and David Moore. A further eight students are at various stages in the of Potential Sources and Triggers for Geosmin and Methylisoborneol ater fairs thesis submission and examination process. (MIB) Occurrence in Hinze Dam, Gold Coast, Australia. She also ater ater ater presented a poster paper for Tamara Bauld (former Honours student ater ater Fund wwaRF)/UK at Griffith University). ch Coalition astewater Following a recommendation of the Board, an additional intake of fourteen students was made in 2005-06. One of these (a student in the A Queensland Anna Hurlimann (University of South Australia) presented a paper:
Granting Body Smart W EP NHMRC American W and W Association Resear Fund (A Drinking W Inspectorate National W Initiative, Community W Grants Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Af ARC LIEF Global W Resear (GWRC) Regional and Remote Water Supplies Program) is yet to commence. Attributes of Recycled Water - Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay in Urban South Australia, at the 12th World Congress of the A The Education and Training Steering Committee developed, and International Water Resources Association, Water for Sustainable aters circulated, a set of Supervisor Guidelines, inclusive of industry Development -Towards Innovative Solutions. The Congress was held supervisors, during the reporting period. in New Delhi, India, from 22-25 November, 2005. ometer for omatograph - ch grade oofing ganic analytes om rainwater Node Meetings for Students Hannah Root (University of New South Wales) presented a paper: onmental W ogenicity in Deletion Analysis of the Microcystin Synthetase Bidirectional Promoter esear A Sydney Node Meeting was held on the 27 and 28 September, oject Title otection of natural ater – Schemes and aterpr ater Strategy fects of drinking echnoloiges ools for Analyzing for the Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 Suggests
Pr Mitigation of Fouling of Desalination Membranes Sustainable Urban W T A randomised double- blinded intervention study to assess health ef water fr tanks Methods for measuring toxins in finished waters Community water conservation and pr waters, Munmural, W W Homelands – Malarabah Homelands W A r liquid chr mass spectr quantitative analysis of trace or in complex matrices LE0668452 T Estr Envir 2005 at University of New South Wales, Kensington Campus. The first day consisted of student presentations. The second began with a Role for Iron and Nitrogen in Transcription Regulation, at the IWA , e e Young Researchers Conference in Singapore, 24-26 May, 2006. r r a Workshop on Intellectual Property Issues in Cooperative Research t t , n n e, Hannah’s travel to Singapore was supported by IWA Australia via the ater e e Centre’s. This was followed by a Communication Skills Workshop C C ater ater ater Best Paper Award for the 1st Australian Young Water Professionals / / and a report on the recent BHERT - Melbourne Business School , Services t t opriate opriate n n Conference in Sydney in February, 2006. University n Australia
e e Leadership and Career Development Course. All but one of the NSW- m m
t t based students were able to attend. echnology a a ganisation ester eatment, e e r r r echnology echnology Overseas exchange student activities continued in this reporting Or RMIT University University of Queensland Monash University Department of Health. South Australia Australian W Quality Centr Griffith Queensland Heath and Scientific CRC for W Quality and T for Appr T CRC for W Quality and T for Appr T Curtin University of T University of W CRC for W Quality and T Griffith University Overseas Conference Presentations/Exchange Student period. Those not included earlier are as follows. Julia Warstat (Georg
, Placements - Simon - Ohm University of Applied Sciences, Nurenberg, Germany) and Anne - Laure Gaudieux (University of Poitiers, France) were , , M , G cher d d , A Phillip Pope (Griffith University) presented a paper: Metagenomics of
fe placed with Drs Gayle Newcombe and Lionel Ho at the Australian chhof oscio, Cyanobacteria, at the GRC Applied and Environmental Microbiology Water Quality Centre (AWQC). Pierre Barbez from the University of eenwood, arton, F otal Conference in New London, Connecticut, USA, 24-29 July, 2005. Lille, France, was placed with Drs Paul Rasmussen and Paul Monis at Resear F Roddick T Loetscher G Kir K Leder Sinclair Forbes, D Cunlif A Humpage, S Fr C Chow G Shaw Eaglesham N Bear N Bear R Kagi, K Grice, A Heitz, P Gr C Joll, B W Busetti et al. HF Chapman and FDL Leusch T AWQC and Alexandra Sourzat from ENSIL, France, was placed with Dr
85 3D EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Rasmussen at AWQC with the involvement of Dr Justin Brookes of the Excellent Publication Award University of Adelaide. Philipp Kuntke from the University of Duisberg, In 2005-06 this Award was generously sponsored by South East Water Germany, has returned for six months to work on a project for his Limited. The recipient was Darren Broad (University of Adelaide) for a Masters with Dr Chris Chow at AWQC. Anjanee Bichani, a student paper in the Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. from India, is also undertaking a research project with Dr Chris Chow Dr Greg Ryan of South East Water agreed to make the presentation to at AWQC. Darren at the Postgraduate Student Conference in Melbourne (10-13 July, 2006). The standard of submissions was excellent and the Award Coursework Masters, Undergraduate and Other Teaching continues to be highly competitive. Activities Professor Nicholas Ashbolt of the University of New South Wales Environmental Engineering Research Events again presented postgraduate course material on Microbial Risk This annual conference changed its name from Environmental Assessment, focussing on its application to the drinking water industry Engineering Research Event (EERE) to simply Environmental Research and, in particular, to the Framework for Management of Drinking Event (ERE) to become more inclusive. It was held from 29 November Water Quality. to 2 December, 2005, in Hobart. The Centre was a Silver Sponsor. Five Centre postgraduate students attended. David Beale (RMIT Involvement of Centre staff in the presentation of the Masters in Water University) also attended the RACI Environmental and Analytical Resources Management at the University of South Australia continued. Research and Development Topics, in Melbourne. This is another There was similar Centre staff involvement in the presentation of the student conference run on very similar lines. final year undergraduate course in Civil and Water Engineering, Water Quality Processes. Dr John van Leeuwen coordinated the latter activity ERE 2006 will be held at Macquarie University, NSW, from 10-13 for the first time and received excellent course evaluation feedback. December, 2006.
Two participant universities’ links with the International Centre of Showcasing Postgraduate Students Excellence in Water Resources Management (ICEWaRM) were fully Centre postgraduates Peter Bain and Phillip Pope, both of Griffith developed during this reporting period. The Centre of Excellence was University, were both selected to present in the prestigious Showcasing officially opened in August, 2005. Postgraduate Students session at the CRC Association Conference in Brisbane in May, 2006. Their respective titles were Bloomin’ Dangerous Centre researcher Mr Peter Baker again presented a small Toxin Switches on Stress Genes and Cloning the Blue Green Menace. undergraduate unit on Identification, Enumeration and Ecology of Phytoplankton to students at the University of Adelaide. Young Water Scientist of the Year (YWSOTY) Andrew Watkinson (National Centre for Environmental Toxicology/ New Short Course University of Queensland) is the Centre’s candidate for this year’s Young Mrs Mary Drikas and Dr Gayle Newcombe from the Australian Water Water Scientist of the Year competition of the CRC Water Forum. The Quality Centre have developed a new Short Course, Introduction to presentations will be made at the RiverSymposium in Brisbane in the Potable Water Treatment, as part of the annual International Winter first week of September, 2006. Andrew is a PhD student in the Centre Environmental School (IWES). They presented a version of this in Governing Board-sponsored Wastewater Program. Sydney on 20 March, 2006. The School itself is scheduled for 17-21 July 2006 on the Gold Coast, Queensland. Links with Other CRC’s The CRC Water Forum’s Young Water Scientist of the Year competition Indigenous Student Mentoring is one of our best linkage activities. The eWater CRC was this year’s Brad Moggridge, a student in a coursework Master of Science program organiser. in Hydrology and Water Management at University of Technology, Sydney received considerable media publicity for his research project The Centre was again represented at the annual Education and Training Aboriginal People and Groundwater. Double degree undergraduate Managers’ Satellite Workshop at the CRC Association Conference in student, Angela Flynn worked in the Indigenous Unit at Flinders Brisbane in May, 2006. University during 2005. She will return to the University of Adelaide to complete her studies in 2006. Education and Training Steering Committee Internal Training This Committee, which drives the Centre’s Education and Training Program, met quarterly during 2005-06, with Professor Felicity Roddick Three Centre postgraduate students, Will Buchanan, Anna Hurlimann (RMIT University) as Chair. and Daniel Livingston attended the University of Melbourne Centre for R & D Leadership, Leadership and Career Development Course in August, 2005. Mr Asoka Jayaratne of Yarra Valley Water attended Future Plans the Stakeholder Panel Session at the end of the Course and Board The Centre’s 5th Postgraduate Student Conference, scheduled for Chair, Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis, MBE AC, was a key panelist. 10th-13th July, 2006, will be the largest we have held. We expect 60 All reported very positively on the experience provided and the students will attend. The venue will be Hotel Y, Elizabeth St, Melbourne. outcomes. Parallel sessions of student presentations will be necessary on one of the days. The Conference will incorporate a Careers Session, a A Workshop on Intellectual Property Issues in Cooperative Research Technical Tour and a Research Management Workshop. Centre’s and one on Communication Skills were incorporated into the Sydney Node Meeting, 27-28 September, 2005. The former, A Technical Writing Workshop for industry staff will be the next presented by Mr Rob McInnes, Principal, Spruson and Ferguson Education and Training Program event. Lawyers, Sydney, very effectively extended the knowledge gained at the previous IP Workshop at the Postgraduate Student Conference in Noosa, Queensland, in 2004. IP Australia provided additional printed material for participants. Alison Seale of Sydney Water presented the Communication Skills session.
86 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 3D
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS AGAINST COMMONWEALTH MILESTONES Years 3, 4, 5 Type of Commonwealth Schedule Achieved Progress during 2005-06 and planned activities in 2006-07 Milestone Milestones (Yes/No) and/or Output Education At least 30 PhD students Yes Thirty-two students were enrolled by Year 2. There are currently sixty- engaged in CRC Research three students and six graduates. Following a decision by the Governing Board an additional Year 5 intake was advertised. At least three training programs Yes Three students each year are attending the University of Melbourne, run for students and CRC staff Centre for R & D Leadership, Leadership and Innovation Course for CRC’s. During 2005-06, two workshops were incorporated in the Sydney Node Meeting, one on IP Issues in CRC’s and one on Communication Skills. Previous initiatives included a mock job interview and technical writing workshops. All students to have industry Partially Use of industry supervisors in the postgraduate research education co-supervisor met program. Industry members invited to participate in the next Postgraduate Student Conference. More specifically, a Careers Session will be held there, run by the industry. Technical tours are incorporated into the Summer Research Scholarship Reporting Seminars and Postgraduate Student Conferences. Industry parties host some Summer Research Scholars. Second PhD student conference Yes The next Conference (our fifth) was planned in Year 5. It will take place in run in Year 4 July, 2006 in Melbourne and be the largest Postgraduate Conference the Centre has hosted.
SUMMER SCHOLARSHIP AND HONOURS STUDENTS 2005-06
STUDENT LOCATION PROJECT
David Stork Melbourne Water, Melbourne Cement Creek Water Quality and Quantity Study
Satyeshkumar Australian Water Quality Centre, Optimising Coagulation for Drinking Water Treatment Patel Adelaide
Vibhasha Chand Monash University Ecological Study of Water Hardness and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in Australia
Han Min Lau Ian Wark Research Institute/University Removal of Pathogens from Water Using Functionalised Self-Assembled of South Australia/ Australian Water Monolayers Quality Centre, Adelaide Sue Ping Ling Ian Wark Research Institute/ University Removal of Salt from Water Using Functionalised Self-Assembled of South Australia/ Australian Water Monolayers Quality Centre, Adelaide Ibrahim Al-Maharmeh Central Highlands Water, Ballarat Investigation of Nitrate in Groundwater Beneath Unsewered Towns in the Central Highlands Region of Victoria
Ben Wilkinson University of Adelaide, Adelaide Improved Methods for Optimising Water Quality in Distribution Systems
Henrietta Flisak RMIT University, Melbourne Degradation of Humic Substances by White Rot Fungi
Julia Muenchhoff University of New South Wales, Investigating the Regulation of Cyanotoxin Gene Clusters by real time Sydney PCR
Ralitza Alexova University of New South Wales, Investigating the Potential for Horizontal Gene Transfer in Toxic and Sydney Non-toxic Species of Cyanobacteria
Diana Popic Centre for Appropriate Technology, How Can Remote Indigenous Communities Better Implement Alice Springs Techniques in Water Quality Management in Small Water Supplies
Amanda KOBES Department of Applied Chemistry, New Methods of Measuring Halogenated compounds in WA Water (Honours Student) Curtin University of Technology Supplies
87 3D EDUCATION AND TRAINING
POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS
STUDENT LOCATION PROJECT Javeed ABDUL UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Monitoring for Membrane Fouling Assessment (2.4.1.0) (started March 2003) Technology, University of New South Wales PhD (CRC Support) Brad ALLPIKE School of Applied Chemistry, Curtin Improved Drinking Water Quality: Investigation of Advanced (started July 2002) University Drinking Water Treatment Technologies for Reducing Taste and PhD (APA (I) and CRC Support) Odour Problems and Disinfection By-Products (2.4.0.7) Peter BAIN School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Gene Expression Profiling of Cylindrospermopsin Toxicity in (started April 2003) Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus Cultured Intestinal Epithelial Cells (1.2.0.8) PhD (CRC Support) David BEALE School of Applied Science, RMIT University Development of Portable Instrumentation for the Measurement of (started March 2004) (APA and CRC Support) Pesticides in Water (2.3.1.5) PhD Lyndon BERWICK School of Applied Chemistry, Curtin Thermal Maturation Studies of Natural Organic Matter to Release (started February 2005) University Macro-Molecularly Bound Biomarkers and Investigate the PhD (APA and CRC Support) Diagenetic Pathway of Major Organic Precursors (2.3.1.8) Sean BLASDALL School of Civil and Environmental Molecular Typing of Cryptosporidium parvum (2.2.1) (started January 2000) Engineering, University of New South Wales PhD (UNSW Postgraduate Award and CRC Support) Sandy BRINKMANN AWMC, University of Queensland and Development of a Biological Treatment System for Concentrated (started March 2003) Australian Water Quality Centre Natural Organics Streams (3.2.9) M Phil (CRC Research Officer) Justin BLYTHE School of Applied Chemistry, Curtin The Chemistry of Halophenol Tastes in Drinking Water (2.3.0.1) (started July 2001) University PhD (APA and CRC Support) Leigh BOYD Water Quality Research Centre and Centre The Use of Stable Isotopes for the Characterisation of Natural (started February 2005) for Applied Organic Geochemistry, Curtin Organic Matter and Investigation of the Different Organic PhD University Precursors of Aquatic Systems (2.3.1.3) (CRC Support) Darren BROAD Department of Civil and Environmental Decision Support System to Maintain Water Quality in Water (started March 2003) Engineering, University of Adelaide Distribution Systems (2.5.0.3) PhD (University of Adelaide Scholarship and CRC Support) Sam BROOKE Australian Water Quality Centre and School The Destruction of Cyanobacterial Toxins in Drinking Water by (started August 1999) of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Ozone. (3.2.6) PhD (converted from M University of South Australia, App Sc) (AwwaRF, SA Water and CRC Support) William BUCHANAN School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, Biological Removal of UV-Pretreated Natural Organic Matter (started February 2002) RMIT University (2.4.0.6) PhD (APA and CRC Support) Rebecca CAMPBELL Australian Water Quality Centre and A Biosensor to Detect Cylindrospermopsin (2.3.0.7) (started March 2003) School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, PhD University of South Australia, (CRC Support) Kylie CATTERALL School of Environmental and Applied Development of a Rapid Microbial Toxicity Assay Employing (started June 2002) Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Ferricyanide as an Artificial Respiratory Electron Acceptor (2.3.0.3) PhD Campus (APA and CRC Support) Katrina CHARLES School of Civil and Environmental Risk Assessment of On-Site Sewage Systems in Sydney’s Drinking (started April 2001) Engineering, University of New South Wales, Water Catchments PhD (Sydney Catchment Authority Support) (2.2.2) Kathy CINQUE School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, Impacts of Catchment Management Improvement Works on (started September 2005) RMIT University Drinking Water Quality in the Tarago Catchment (2.1.1.3) PhD (Melbourne Water Support) David COOK Australian Water Quality Centre and Optimising Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) Dosing to Remove (started August 2000) School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Unpleasant Taste and Odour Compounds in Water Treatment MAppSc University of South Australia (3.2.6) (CRC Research Officer) Daniel COUTON School of Applied Chemistry, Curtin The Structure and Chemistry of Natural Organic Matter in (started February 2002) University Groundwaters from the Gnangara Mound PhD (APA (I) and CRC Support) (2.3.0.2)
88 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 3D
STUDENT LOCATION PROJECT Jodi DONG School of Environmental Planning, Griffith Urban Planning and Integrated Water Management : Towards an (started March 2004) University, Nathan Campus Alternative Institutional Model (2.6.0.7) PhD (CRC Support) Hanna DRIESSEN Dept of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University Chlorinous Off-Flavours in Drinking Water (2.3.2.2) (started March 2006) (CRC Support) PhD Shengfu FANG School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Decomposition and Removal of Triclosan from Reused Water as a (started February 2004) University of South Australia Drinking Water Source (1.2.1.0) PhD (UniSA Postgraduate Award and CRC Support) Jason DUNLOP School of Public Health, Griffith University Investigation into the Effect of Salinity and Turbidity in Freshwater (started March 2006) (Dept of Natural Resources and Mines, Ecosystems and the Development of an Ecological Risk PhD Queensland Support) Assessment Framework to Manage their Impacts (2.6.1.5) Christobel FERGUSON School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Construction of Pathogen Budgets to Minimise Health Risks in (started July 2002) Science, University of New South Wales Drinking Water Catchments (2.2.2) PhD Shoshana FOGELMAN School of Environmental and Applied Development of a Universal Calibration Ssytem for the On-line (started March 2003) Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Analysis of Drinking Water (2.3.0.9) PhD Campus (CRC Support) Matthew GIBBS Department of Civil and Environmental Decision Support System to Maintain Water Quality in Water (started March 2003) Engineering, University of Adelaide Distribution Systems (2.5.0.3) PhD (APA and CRC Support) Stacey HAMILTON Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin Characterisation and Treatability of Natural Organic Matter in (started March 2004) University Groundwaters Used for Drinking Water (2.3.1.6) PhD (CRC Support) Melissa HEWETT Australian Water Quality Centre and Characterisation of Bacterial Symbionts of Amoebae (4.2.2.2) (nee Todd) School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, (started February 2000) University of South Australia PhD (APA and CRC Support) Anna HURLIMANN School of Commerce, University of South In Theory and In Practice – Attitudes to Potential and Actual Use (started March 2004) Australia of Recycled Water In and Out of House (1.3.0.6) PhD (CRC Support) Robert HUSTON Australian School of Environmental Studies, An Assessment of Chemical Contamination of Rainwater Tanks in (started March 2005) Griffith University, Nathan Campus Urban/Industrial Areas of Australia (2.6.0.9) PhD (CRC Support) Graeme JABLONSKAS Department of Soil and Water, University of Photochemical Degradation and Remineralisation of Dissolved (started October 1996) Adelaide Organic Carbon in the Warren Reservoir (2.1.3) PhD (SA Water and CRC Support) Christine KAUCNER School of Civil and Environmental Surface Properties and Transport of Pathogens in Runoff (2.2.2) (started July 2002) Engineering, University of New South Wales M.Sc (part time) (CRC Research Officer) Ross KLEINSCHMIDT Faculty of Science, School of Physical and Measurement and Modelling of the Radiological Impact of Water (started March 2006) Chemical Sciences, Queensland University - Borne Radioactivity in Urban and Rural Environments in Australia PhD of Technology (1.2.2.1) (Queensland Health Support) Ina KRISTIANA School of Applied Chemistry, Curtin Chemical Processes in Chloraminated Distrbution Systems (started March 2003) University (2.3.0.8) PhD (CRC Support) Somprasong LAINGAM Dept of Clinical and Experimental Investigation into the Genotoxicity of Certain Disinfection By- (started July 2005) Pharmacology, University of Adelaide Products Isolated from Australian Drinking Waters (1.2.1.8) PhD (CRC Support) Eun Kyung LEE School of Chemical Engineering and Development of a Combined Membrane Treatment Process for (started February 2003) Industrial Chemistry, University of New the Removal of Recalcitrant Organic Matter (2.4.0.8) PhD South Wales and Australian Water Quality Centre (University of New South Wales Faculty of Engineering Scholarship and CRC Support) Leon LINDEN Dept of Environmental Biology, University Impacts of Reservoir Storage on Natural Organic Matter and its (started July 2002) of Adelaide and Australian Water Quality Treatability by Conventional Water Treatment Processes (2.2.1.2) PhD Centre (CRC Support)
89 3D EDUCATION AND TRAINING
STUDENT LOCATION PROJECT Daniel LIVINGSTON School of Civil and Environmental Decentralised Urban Water Management for Sustainability: (started March 2002) Engineering, University of New South Wales Frames and Change Pathways for a Socio-technical Problem PhD (APA and CRC Support) (2.6.0.2) Bridget MC DOWALL Australian Water Quality Centre and Development of a Biological Filter for Removal of MIB and (started February 2004) Department of Chemical Engineering, Geosmin (2.4.1.3) PhD University of Adelaide (University of Adelaide and CRC Support) Farhana MALEK School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, Development of Pretreatment Strategies to Reduce Flux Loss in (started March 2003) RMIT University Microfiltration Membranes (2.4.0.9) M.Eng (CRC Support) Robert MAY Department of Civil and Environmental Tools for the Improved Control of Disinfection Residuals within (started March 2003) Engineering, University of Adelaide Water Distribution Systems (2.5.0.1) PhD (CRC and United Water Support) Baden MYERS School of Natural and Built Environments, Development of Process-Based Water Quality Models for the (started March 2006) University of South Australia Continuous Simulation of Water Sensitive Urban Design Systems PhD (University of South Australia and CRC (2.6.1.4) Support) David MOORE EnTOX, University of Queensland Ecology and Health Implications of Potentially Toxic (started March 2001) (EnTOX Scholarship and CRC Support) Cyanobacteria in Queensland (1.3.1.6) PhD Joanne O’TOOLE Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Water Reuse and Alternative Water Sources : Attitudes, Practices, (started March 2004) Medicine, Monash University Risk Assessment and Human Health Outcomes (1.1.0.6) PhD (CRC Support) Leanne PEARSON School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Characterisaion of Microcystin Tailoring Enzymes from the mcy (Started February 2002) Sciences and School of Civil and Gene Cluster of Microcystis aeruginosa (2.2.0.4 ) PhD Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (APA and CRC Support) Jasper PENGELLY School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Effects Induced by pH, Ionic and Osmotic Stress on PSP Toxin (started March 2004) Sciences, University of New South Wales Production in Cyanobacteria (1.2.1.1.) PhD (APA and CRC Support) An Ninh PHAM School of Civil and Environmental Generation and Transformation of Iron and Manganese in Lake (started August 2002) Engineering, University of New South Wales Burragorang (2.2.1.3) PhD (CRC Support) Phillip POPE School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Expression of By-Products in (started January 2003) Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus Environmental Blooms (1.2.0.7) PhD (APA and CRC Support) Xiaoxia QIU School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, A Study on the Mechanisms of Triclosan Resistance and Impact (started March 2005) University of South Australia of Triclosan in Wastewater Environments on the Prevalence of PhD (IPRS and CRC Support) Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.2.1.6) Meivy School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, Change in Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and Effect of RATANACHAITHONG RMIT University and Melbourne Water Chlorination on NOM in the Water Supply System (2.1.1.0) (started March 2005 (Melbourne Water Support) PhD Alexandra ROBERTS (nee School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular The Role of DNA Transposition in the Acquisition and Evolution of Knight) Sciences, University of New South Wales Microcystin and Nodularin Toxicity in Cyanobacteria (2.2.1.6) (started March 2004) (APA and CRC Support) PhD Shelly RODRIGO Dept of Epidemiology and Preventive Health Effects of Increased Usage of Recycled Water and (started April 2006) Medicine, Monash University Alternative Water Sources (1.1.1.2) PhD (IPRS and CRC Support) Hannah ROOT School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Transcriptional Regulation of Microcystin Production (2.2.2.2) (started January 2005) Sciences, University of New South Wales PhD (APA and CRC Support) Victoria ROSS School of Psychology, University of The Role of Social Processes in Sustainable Urban Water (started March 2004) Queensland Management (2.6.0.8) PhD (CRC Support) David RUEBHART EnTOX, Griffith University Investigation, Optimisation and Validation of a Range of (started October 2003) (CRC Support) Bioassays Using Lower Trophic Level Organisms for the Testing of PhD Aquatic Toxins (1.2.0.9)
90 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 3D
STUDENT LOCATION PROJECT Cheng SHAO School of Earth and Environmental Intelligent Data Warehousing for Real-time Acquisition, Archiving, (started March 2005) Sciences and School of Computer Sciences, Forecasting and Early Warning of Algal Blooms (2.2.2.1) PhD University of Adelaide (University of Adelaide Faculty of Science and CRC Support) Michael SMITH Department of Public Health, Griffith Investigation of Health Effects of Disinfection By-Products in (started September 2005) University Australian Drinking Waters (1.2.2.0) PhD (CRC Support) Jonathan SOH School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, Effects of Destratification on NOM and its Treatability (2.2.1.9) (started July 2004) RMIT University PhD ( RMIT University and CRC Support) Nyree STENEKES School of Civil and Environmental Risk in the Governance of Water Reuse: the Case for the Reuse of (started February 2002) Engineering, University of New South Wales Wastewater (2.6.0.3) PhD (APA (I) and CRC Support) Sylwia SOLARSKA Department of Civil and Chemical Utilisation of White Rot Fungi for the Removal of Natural Organic (started March 2004) Engineering, RMIT University Matter from Potable Water (2.4.1.4) PhD (CRC Support)
David STORK School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, Mitigation of Fouling of Membranes Used in Desalination of (started April 2006) RMIT University Algae-Containing Water (2.4.1.8) Masters ( RMIT University and CRC Support) Nicole THORNTON Institute of Sustainable Futures, University of People’s Attitudes to Water and the Associated Impacts these (started February 2006) Technology Sydney have on their Water Use Behaviour in the Urban Environment PhD (Gosford Council and CRC Support) (2.6.1.3) Heather UWINS School of Environmental Engineering, Triggers for Taste and Odour- Microbial Production of Geosmin (started February 2003) Griffith University, and MIB in Drinking Water Distribution Systems (2.5.0.6) PhD Nathan Campus (APA and CRC Support) Jon VARCOE Department of Soil and Water, University The Influence of Natural Organic Matter on the Movement of (started May 1999) of Adelaide and Australian Water Quality Phosphorus in Soils (2.1.2) PhD Centre (CRC Support) Todd WALLACE Department Environmental Biology, Carbon and Nutrient Dynamics: Application to Reservoirs (2.2.0.5) (started March 2002) University of Adelaide PhD (APA and CRC Support) Alice WEATHERFORD Dept of Civil and Environmental Improved Methods for Optimising Water Quality in Distribution (started March 2006) Engineering, University of Adelaide Systems (2.5.1.6) PhD (University of Adelaide and CRC Support) Amber WELK Department of Environmental Biology, Early Warning for Algal Blooms in Drinking Water Reservoirs by (started March 2004) University of Adelaide Real– Time Forecasting PhD (University of Adelaide and CRC Support) (2.2.1.7) Ian WHITE Australian School of Environmental Studies, Social Interactions with Rainwater Tank Technologies (2.6.1.2) (started March 2005) Griffith University, Nathan Campus PhD (CRC Support) Shiromi WIJESUNDARA EnTOX, University of Queensland Biological Filtration Processes for the Removal of the (started March 2003) (CRC Support) Cyanobacterial Toxin, Cylindrospermopsin (2.4.1.5) PhD Dina ZEBIAN Department of Medical Biotechnology, Reproductive Toxicity of Cylindrospermopsin (1.2.1.9) (started March 2006) Flinders University PhD (Flinders University and CRC Support)
Graduated Awaiting Thesis Outcome Awaiting Conferral of Award
91 COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
Communication Manager Fiona Wellby CRC for Water Quality and Treatment
The Centre’s mission is to help the Australian water industry provide high quality water at an affordable price. Effective communication between researchers, research users, governments and the general community is critical in achieving this mission.
The CRC’s mission is to help the Australian water industry provide Media Relations high quality water at an affordable price. Effective communication The Centre has continued to build effective relationships with key between researchers, research users, governments and the general media over the past year, briefing journalists and editors on emerging community is critical in achieving this mission. issues, participating in public debate as appropriate, and raising the profile of the Centre, the CRC Programme and drinking water issues Communication Strategy in general. The Communication Strategy outlines the major communication goals of the Centre for 2005-06: Over the past year the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment has v Ensure effective two-way communication within the Centre, so provided expert comment for media personnel on the following that knowledge flows between researchers and industry and issues: across projects and programs. v Water reuse v Implement strategies to facilitate the uptake of Centre research v Rainwater tanks outcomes in the Australian water industry. v Water quality v Build a strong corporate culture within the Centre, to strengthen staff and student commitment to the organisation and foster The Centre participated in two formal media releases during this collaborative work between participants. period both during May 2006: v Raise awareness of, and build support for, the Centre, its role and New Research Identifies Genetic Effects Of Drinking Water its achievements amongst the Australian water industry, water v Toxin regulators, the research and education communities and the broader public. v Blue Green-Algae – Perhaps A Help, As Opposed To Total Hindrance v Work with decision-makers within the Australian water industry to understand their needs and provide scientific information that will assist them supply high quality water to Australian Publications communities. The Centre has produced a number of publications over the year. v Work with policy makers to develop a scientifically based water The following Occasional Paper was produced: quality regulatory environment that meets the needs of Australian communities. Occasional Paper 11: Strategic Review of Waterborne Viruses v Raise awareness, and improve understanding, of water quality issues amongst the Australian community. The following Research Reports were produced in hard copy: v Promote the CRC Program and its objectives. Research Report 24: Recreational Access to Drinking Water Catchments and Storages in Australia During the reporting period the Centre has focused on increasing the Research Report 25: Acute Skin Irritant Effects of Blue-Green Algae in number of activities and publications aimed at industry uptake and Healthy Volunteers dissemination of research results. Research Report 28: Community Views on Water Shortages and Conservation Communication Activities The Centre uses a variety of tools to achieve the goals outlined in the The following Research Reports were made available to CRC Communication Strategy, including: Participants and Associates as PDF files from the CRC website: v Workshops, seminars and meetings. v An information-rich, frequently updated website. Research Report 12: Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter of Drinking Water Reservoir-Catchment Systems v Frequent personal contact between parties, associates and Centre management. Research Report 15: Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter in Relation to Drinking Water and Alum Treatment v Mass, specialist and trade media. Research Report 17: The Cost of Community Gastroenteritis v Industry-focused technical fact sheets. Research Report 26: The Removal of Manganese from Drinking v Industry-focused Occasional Papers. Waters v Research Reports. v Publications for the general public. These papers and reports are distributed to all Centre parties and v A quarterly external newsletter, Health Stream, with a circulation associates and have been made available for sale via the Australian over 3500, reaching more than 50 countries. Water Association bookshop. All titles are available in full in the v An internal e-mail newsletter, Neon, that keeps Centre parties Participants area of the Centre website. and associates up to date with Centre activities and research.
92 COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
To aid in the transfer of research outcomes to industry the Centre in Sydney, Melbourne in October and November 2005 and in is developing a series of fact sheet booklets to accompany their Perth, Adelaide and Darwin in March, may and June 2006. technology transfer seminars. During this period the following booklets were produced: Joint Workshops Natural Organic Matter: Understanding and Controlling the Impact on Water Quality and Water Treatment Processes v Environmental Health Risk Assessment Short Course Disinfection Management: Implementing tools for optimising This course was jointly organised by the National Research Centre disinfection for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), Queensland Health Scientific Services (QHSS), Griffith University (GU), the CRC for Water Quality Biofilms: Understanding the impact on water quality and water and Treatment and the Australian Centre for Human Health Risk treatment processes Assessment (ACHHRA). It was held from the 18-22 July in Brisbane.
A fact sheet booklet on cyanobacterial research is planned for the v Nitrogenous Precursors Workshop coming year. This workshop was held in Brisbane on the 25 July 2005. It was jointly organised by the Centre and Queensland Health Scientific Services. The Centre produces a quarterly newsletter called Health Stream. It presents relevant health research in an accessible form, and provides informed comment on the implications of research findings for the v Chemicals in waste and reclaimed water – State of the water industry. The publication has achieved a high international science profile among water quality researchers. It currently has a circulation A joint research seminar held in conjunction with the Australian Water over 3500. Association in Brisbane on 29 November 2006.
See the Publications section in this Annual Report for detail on Associates Program scientific publications and presentations. The Associates Program was established by the Centre to enable small to medium enterprises to participate in Centre activities and, Website in particular, to benefit from the communication of research outputs. There are now twenty-one organisations participating in the Associates Internet traffic to the Centre website continues to grow with an Program (see Governance, Structure and Management for detail), up average of 58,000 hits per month recorded during the reporting from nineteen last year. period. About 38% of visitors came from Australia, with 33% from the United States and 14% from Europe. The web page is an important means of distributing Centre publications to the water industry and the Amongst a range of benefits, associates can be involved in various public, with an average of 26,000 files being downloaded each month. Centre activities and have access to certain of the Centre’s resources, The most frequently downloaded file this year was the technical fact but have no role in Centre governance. The Associates Program is sheet Disinfection Management: Implementing tools for optimising managed by Dr Gerard Vaughan, the Centre’s Liaison Officer. disinfection which was downloaded 63,046 times after being placed on the website in November 2005. Public Presentations Ashbolt, NJ (2006) Invited presentation, 12th Australian Food The Centre maintains an active involvement in the international Microbiology Conference, in conjunction with the 2nd International water community through participation in the Global Water Research Conference on Microbial Risk Assessment: Foodborne Hazards, Coalition (GWRC). In discussions with the GWRC during the year it February, Sofitel Wentworth Hotel, Sydney, New South Wales. was agreed that PDF copies of GWRC reports could be placed in Ashbolt NJ (2005) – Keynote presentation for Let’s Talk about Water: the Participants Area of the Centre website to provide easy access to Forum of Water Quality Managers, August, Launceston, Tasmania. Centre participants and associates. To date twenty-one reports have been made available. Beard NJ (2005) Improving water supplies in remote Indigenous communities- lessons, barriers and opportunities. NT Water in the Bush Seminar, October, Darwin, Northern Territory. Events Beard NJ (2005) Water supplies in remote Indigenous communities. The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment sponsored two conferences Presentation to Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education during the year. (BIITE), Cert II Environmental Health students, November, Alice v Managing for Safe Drinking Water: An International Conference Springs, Northern Territory. on the Challenges of Small Water Systems held on 18 July 2005 Beard NJ (2005) Water support to remote Indigenous communities. in Alice Springs. Presentation to Central Australian Water Information Day, July, Alice v Australian Young Water Professionals Conference held from 15- Springs, Northern Territory. 17 February 2006 in Sydney. Broad DR (2005) Improving Water Distribution System Optimisation through the use of Metamodels. AWA Computer Modelling Special Workshops for Centre parties and associates play a vital role in Centre Interest Group Seminar Series. September, The University of Adelaide, research planning and technology transfer. Adelaide, South Australia. Burch M (2005) Regulation and management of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Australia. Seminar, November, Department of The Centre held sixteen workshops in 2005-06– thirteen of these Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan were conducted solely by the Centre and three of these were held in City, Taiwan, Republic of China. partnership with other organisations. Bursill DB (2005) The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment: Ten Years of Research for the Australian Water Industry. WSAA Members CRC Workshops meeting, August, Darwin, Northern Territory. v Disinfection By-Products Workshop held on 26 July 2005 in Bursill DB (2005) In Pursuit of Excellence through Innovation. SA Brisbane. Branch, AWA Awards, October, Adelaide, South Australia. v Natural Organic Matter technology transfer seminar series held Bursill DB (2005) The CRC for Water Quality and Treatment: Ten during August 2005 in Adelaide, Melbourne, Darwin, Perth, Years of Research for the Australian Water Industry. DEST Business Brisbane, Canberra and Sydney. and Industry Breakfast Briefing on the Cooperative Research Centres v Distribution Program technology transfer seminar series held Programme. December, Hilton Hotel, Adelaide, South Australia.
93 COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
Chapman HF (2005) Assessment of Water Quality and Health Risk Storey MV (2006) Maintaining water quality in potable and recycled Analysis of Water from Urban Rainwater Tanks. Presentation given to water distribution systems in Australia. Postgraduate Lecture, May, WHES committee, July, WSAA, Adelaide, South Australia. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of New Chapman HF (2005) Modern Approaches to Linking Exposure to South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales. Toxic Compounds and Biological Effects No 2. Asia Pacific Economic Storey MV (2005) Municipal Water and Public Health. Young Minds Cooperation (APEC) Workshop No. MRC02/2004. July, Gold Coast, New Ideas forum. Watts ‘n’ Drops Energy and Water Expo. September, Queensland. Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, New South Wales. Chapman, HF (2005) Endocrine disruptors and risk assessment. Presentation to Dept Natural Resources and Mines, July, DNRM, Awards Indooroopilly, Queensland. A number of Centre personnel received recognition for their Chapman HF (2005) Sustainable Water Sources program- research achievements during the year. update. November, Institute of Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales. Professor Don Bursill Chapman, HF (2006) What Chemicals are in Water – How do we know? was awarded the inaugural Premiers Water Presentation to Australian Water Association Forum. Water recycling, Medal at the Australian Water Association (South Australian Branch) speak to the experts, May, Toowoomba, Queensland. Water Awards Event for his outstanding contribution to the water industry both nationally and internationally. Drikas M (2005) Chemical Treatment of Water. Joint University Masters Program, Lecture, October, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia. In May 2006, Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis AE, MBE was awarded Drikas M (2006) Chemical treatment of water. Undergraduate Civil an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from La Trobe University. Engineering Environmental Study, Lecture, May, University of South This follows her recent retirement from the position of Chancellor of Australia, Adelaide, South Australia. La Trobe University after fourteen years of distinguished service. Drikas M and Newcombe G (2006) Introduction to Potable Water Treatment. February, One day IWES course held in Sydney, New Also at the Australian Water Association (South Australian Branch) South Wales. Water Awards Event Centre PhD student, Anna Hurlimann, was Hobson P (2006) Taxonomy of Phytoplankton. Presentation to selected to receive the Postgraduate Research Award. She was also Freshwater Ecology undergraduate students, March, University of awarded the Best Presentation at the University of South Australia’s Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Adelaide, Division of Business Post Graduate Research Colloquium in September South Australia. 2005. Hobson P and Burch M (2005) The Australian Water Quality Centre and control of cyanobacteria: A South Australia perspective. Seminar Centre researcher Dr Martha Sinclair was invited to participate in in the Department of Environmental Engineering, August, National a World Health Organisation Meeting of experts on The possible Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. relationship between hard water and cardiovascular disease, Hurlimann A and Gardner T (2005) Water recycling in Australia: Washington DC, USA in April 2006. She was also appointed as a grant watertight approach or pipe dream? The Federal Parliamentary Library reviewer for the Institute for Public Health and Water Research, Illinois, Vital Issues Seminar Series, August, Parliament House, Canberra, USA. Australian Capital Territory. http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/vis/ Kristiana IK (2005) Introduction to Perth, Curtin Water Quality Centre research team of Chris Chow, Rolando Fabris, Kerry Wilkinson, Research Centre and my PhD project. Presentation to staff and Fiona Fitzgerald and Mary Drikas from the Australian Water Quality students at Laboratoire Chimie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, Centre have received the Guy Parker Award which is given by the October, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France. Australian Water Association for the best paper published in its journal Kristiana IK (2006) Formation of disinfection by-products from Water in the past year. The paper was titled Characterising NOM to chlorination and chloramination. Presentation to staff and students at assess Treatability. Laboratoire Chimie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, March, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France. Epidemiology Program Leader, Dr Karin Leder, has been appointed Leder K (2005) Health risks: recycled water and alternative water as the NHMRC representative on the Joint Steering Committee for the sources. Lecture to Graduate Diploma in Occupational and development of Stage 2 of the National Water Recycling Guidelines. Environmental Health students, September, Monash University, During the reporting period several Centre personnel served on Melbourne, Victoria. Working Parties for Stage 1 of Guideline development, and most Leusch FDL, Chapman HF, Priestley T and J Montgomery (2005) An will continue on to Stage 2 which will commence in the latter half of international approach towards hazard assessment of estrogenicity 2006. in water. Report on GWRC project. Presentation given to WHES committee, July, WSAA, Adelaide, South Australia. Centre PhD Supervisor, Professor Jennifer McKay, was a finalist in Millis N (2006) Keynote address. 1st Australian Young Water the University of South Australia Postgraduate Supervisor of the Year Professionals Conference February, Sydney, New South Wales. in 2005. Sinclair MI (2005) How safe is the water we drink? Lecture to Master of Public Health students, September, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria. Sinclair MI (2005) Waterborne disease: past, present and future. Lecture to undergraduate Microbiology students. September, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria. Sinclair MI (2006) Interview for ABC Radio Gold Coast on health risks from rainwater tanks. June, Sunshine Coast, Queensland. Sinclair MI (2006) Water quality and public health. Lecture to undergraduate Engineering students, March, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia. Stallard K (2006) Overview of the CRC, presentation to Executive Committee of the NSW Water Directorate, May, Sydney, New South Wales.
94 PERFORMANCE MEASURES
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 2005-06 ch In order to achieve its goals, the CRC for e
Water Quality and Treatment must look for ater . oval. high degrees of efficiency and effectiveness. ater e. W eement to ater Resear eviewed ent Centr
v Efficiency measures the extent to which d r
the resources are utilised optimally to ogram to be emaining two years ojects as in-kind.
produce the service. developed to assist
v Effectiveness measures the extent . ning Boar e the Framework ool eview pr to which the targeted objectives are mance ch for the r ater Quality Framework for ection of the curr e safety to public health is still
achieved. 2005-06 Perfor esear ch dir ojects must now have cash
A performance indicator is a quantitative or fectiveness developed by W qualitative indicator, related to a particular om industry parties prior to appr ch pr esear eview in 2007. The Global W ch to ensur
aspect of performance or standard of service e completed in May 2006. Agr s forum held adjacent to each quarter
that essentially enables the efficiency and esear ed the highest priority esear year r th
effectiveness of the CRC to be determined. onic Decision Support T It expresses the level of actual performance eparation for establishing the new Centr egional and rural communities. euse. achieved in respect to one of the objectives Participant’ In September 2005 the Gover the strategic r in pr quality r consider Review of planned r of the Centr hold 5 Coalition (GWRC) efficiency r utilised. Electr Implementation of the W r Benchmarking tool to measur implementation ef Services Association of Australia (WSAA). National Reuse Guidelines out for public comment. Final technical edits due in August 2006. Next stage of national Guidelines to focus on potable r Industry party involvement in all pr All new r contribution fr simplifying an otherwise complex evaluation.
TARGETS AND GOALS FOR THE CURRENT cing of eview was
CENTRE . d has been
The major performance measure for the CRC m r mance evised priorities. Water Quality and Treatment is the degree of e now place ojects have adoption of the research outcomes and their oved on 15 2004-05 mally adopted ater Guidelines in s forum held each ning Boar influence on the Australian Water industry. Perfor ch pr nal mid-ter . Executive meetings nal funds. evisions to the Australian The tables that follow show the Centres esear ocess appr eater emphasis on sour performance against the currently approved eview annual actions and assign Participant’ quarter r priorities each quarter An inter carried out in February 2005. The Gover advised of the r Australia for the r Drinking W December 2004. The National Reuse Guide pr April 2005 by NRM and EPH Ministerial councils. All r industry party involvement and support. W gr exter performance indicators listed in the Schedule 6 of the Commonwealth Agreement. These indicators are grouped into six categories: olling eviews in eleased eviews to
v Centre Objectives ch endorsed mance ojects have v Quality and Relevance of Research eview r esear s forum held each 2003-04
Program ogram leaders ogram r ch pr Perfor v Strategy for Utilisation and evision of the . Pr geted consultation in
Commercialisation of Research manship of the r esear v Education and Training esent pr eview panel in August 2003. eview of ADWG guidelines. Participant’ quarter pr members in September 2003. Second year r August and October ‘03. Quality of r by the second year technical r v Collaborative Arrangements The CEO has ongoing chair r NMRC r Framework is to be r for tar August 2004. All r industry party involvement and support. . ch v Resources, Management Structure and d Performance Evaluation. mance oved ning Boar oject 2002-03 Perfor aiting adoption esentations Participants Forum held adjacent to each quarterly Gover Meeting. Resear Pr made during year See next section. NHMRC completed public consultation and appr Framework. W by NRMMC (NSW yet to accept). All pr commenced with multi-industry party involvement. d ater mance oved ning Boar 2001-02 Perfor ojects have at Participants Forum implemented prior to each quarterly Gover Meeting. See next section. NHMRC adopted Framework for Management of Drinking W Quality and started public consultation. All appr pr least 1 industry party involved. ect ement e parties and parameters ojects with dir ater Guidelines eview panels. Key measur Acceptance of key objectives by Centr r See next section. Inclusion in Australian Drinking W (ADWG). Number of pr industry party involvement. ch. e ater esear e r TION . Centr get over life of ect involvement of ar T ALUA Maintain clarity of definition. See next section. Australian W Quality Management Framework adopted by all elements of industry Dir water industry parties in Centr ch mance esear ch activities. e Objectives indicator Perfor ogram. egulatory system. esear Centr Clarity of objective definition. Undertake high quality r pr Evidence based Australian water r Close involvement of water industry in r PERFORMANCE EV
95 PERFORMANCE MEASURES ed and oject eas of ging om the epar ch. CEO and e commenced . Negotiations onmental d and Emer ed at Curtin ogram. ch entity ater Resear mance ecognise the benefits of e employed in the ar ently active in the esear 2005-06 eplace the Centr ed the major benefit fr oject continuing to be advanced ogenicity in envir Perfor e curr ch training pr ebid for Commonwealth CRC etariat for inclusion in national survey d r esear ch. onment or health. cialisation. e has been asked to lead the GWRC pr . esear egeneration pr s r . e. e’ , envir eate new entity to r ater industry participants r ogramme funding. echnologies meetings during May 2006 in Switzerland. ools for analysing estr Active member of the Global W Deputy CEO attended GWRC Boar T The Centr T waters Particle Sediment Model successfully trialled in Netherlands by KWIA. 110 PhD students have now been involved with the Centr 80% (35/44) of graduates ar water Sixty-nine students ar postgraduate r One Honours student was sponsor University Series of technology transfer seminars conducted on distribution system management. Survey of participants planned for 2006. Report on the estimated financial benefits pr sent to CRC Secr of CRCs. Risk avoidance consider Centr W developing a stand-alone r to cr instead of a thir Pr Carbon r to commer , ed ch e ch e occo ch e voiding oject to esear ater esear eatment esented to r d. A essed esear eas of water A in Mor e r ently active mance oject ogr ch. ding a Centr esigns as CRC for 2004-05 ater Quality e curr eport outlining the ogram. ning Boar Perfor esear ediction of egar egeneration pr cialisation. s r elease risk management ch Coalition (GWRC) in ch outputs is seen as one e’ onment or health. Sixty-five evised r ee years. Follow up interviews ater Quality and T esear e-bid or independent r WHO r framework, based on the ADWG Framework, at IW in Sept 2004. MOU with Sheffield University for the pr discoloration in distribution. The CEO elected as Deputy Chair of the Global W Resear April 2005 (r W CEO December 2005). Collaborative pr development pr with the University of Alberta, Canada. 76% (29/38) of graduates ar employed in the ar envir students ar in the postgraduate r training pr Six Honours students sponsor at four universities. Letters sent to parties outlining their participation statistics after thr held with each party by Deputy CEOs. A r benefits of Centr against the Framework for Drinking W Management was pr the Gover public health incidents by implementation of Centr r of the major benefits Centr A paper on benefits to industry developed (see above). Commenced negotiations with industry r r body funded by participants. Carbon r commer
d ch ound ently ojects. s . esear d meeting eas of ocess . Hosted ojects d. ogram. eview in 2004. mance ojects. Survey ransfer ransfer onment or health . The value 2003-04 ns raised by e led the Perfor oxins in Adelaide May ojects identified for eport at the second esented to June 2004 ning Boar ch to be quantified in eview , envir e detail. A value plan eparation of a backgr echnology T ecently published r elated industries. esear Attend GWRC Boar April 2004 in Italy two GWRC workshops: Distribution Systems in Sydney September 2003 and Algal T 2004. Collaborative pr identified and submitted to GWRC. The Centr pr paper for the GWRC Boar on concer r work on copper in drinking water and Alzheimer’ Disease. 81% (21/26) graduates employed in the ar water r Sixty-one students curr active in PhD pr Five Honours sponsorships at four universities. Developed policy for T Knowledge T workshops held on completed pr now planned for late 2004. Independent experts gave good r year r to industry of completed r mor based on the Framework was pr Gover Commenced a pr of valuing the benefits selected completed pr Five pr initial benefits r , ch ed water ently oject esear in mance . ed in six September elated eview 2002-03 onment or mation d meetings nated with Perfor yr r eview orkshop in nd oxin workshop Attend GWRC Boar alter WSAA. Algal T planned for June 2003 postponed to February 2004. Planning completed for Distribution W Sydney 2003 74% of completed PhD students now employed envir health r industries. Fifty-seven postgraduate students curr active Honours students sponsor universities. Survey deferr until after the year 2 r 2 scheduled for 4-8 August 2003. Quality of r to be assessed by independent experts. Benefits to industry now part of the summary text in the Pr Infor Management System (PIMS) e e e yr ater e th ee ar med eview mance ater onmental onmental ch Coalition ch topics. 2001-02 and 5 national etariat. nd ch.2002, ently seeking Perfor ojects to be esear eviews. Global W Resear (GWRC) for in Berlin October 2001. Centr to manage 3 inter r 54% (12 out of 22) PhD graduates ar now employed within the W or Envir Industries. Another thr curr employment. Survey planned for 2002-03. First year r completed Mar depending on CRC Secr Assessment of economic, social and envir benefits of Centr pr carried out prior to 2 r e ee ear ement oblems. onmental ch . e IP to water parameters esear eements. ojects – to be Key measur Number and size of collaborative agr Number of graduates who obtain employment in industry Survey of industry to quantify degr of r adoption. Assessment of economic, social and envir benefits of Centr pr carried out prior to 2nd and 5th Y Reviews. Demonstrated application of Centr supply pr e e ces e e e than ch esour . Centr esear ch output. national network get over life of ar eate an oportion of Centr ater industry to be T esear Cr inter of collaborating water r institutions. Significant pr postgraduate students to enter technical and managerial positions in industry W fully utilising Centr r Actual and futur benefits mor five times r committed. Adding value to intellectual capital at least equal to CRC Commonwealth funding. ch e mance esear e r e. indicator national Perfor ong ovision of high fectively Str inter alliances. Pr quality futur industry leaders. Centr outcomes ef communicated. Benefits to Australia. Benefits to the Centr
96 PERFORMANCE MEASURES eed. om efer esents educing educing epr ($390k , ences 67 at esented 44 eceived in the oject funds fr . nals and 4 non-r ee technology transfer n on the $85M, 7 years of eatment cash and in-kind educed the cost of r nal funds r mance etur national Confer eceived this year 2005-06 ed to the original estimate of Perfor , (estimated at $300M), r f and students have pr ch Reports have been published. One ences. nal funds r oximately $20M per year e published. ch staf ater Quality and T e outcomes have r eed publications in Jour wwaRF and $692k additional pr esear esentations at CRC workshops. ovement in water supply operations by r efer fering. Cryptosporidium . alkerton (cost $155M ) or the 1998 Sydney incident om A $1.1M of exter fr participants). $4.3M of exter first five years compar $2.4M. Impr chemical and monitoring costs is estimated at $27M so far The avoidance of one water quality incident similar to W of at least an 82% to 250% r CRC for W investment, plus avoiding all of the consequent human suf The Centr managing cyanobacteria by at least 10% thus r costs by appr In total 27 Resear new Occasional Paper and thr booklets wer 63 r CRC r papers or posters at Inter National Confer 53 pr
e: 3124) eed. . wo new cing ences. atershed efer national and wwaRF $3.1M of A ch Reports . mance eceived in the nal funds esented and 37 2.1.1.1 W 2004-05 Perfor 1.3.1.6, 2.1.0.9, 2.2.0.1, eed publications in oject esentations at CRC nal funds for all new nal funds r nals and 6 non-r efer e published. ojects is now a priority oceedings at Inter ojects completed this year ar eceived this year being developed. Sour exter pr 3.2.6, 2.4.0.1. $661K of exter r exter first four years with $1M due in subsequent years including a new pr Pathogen Mode ( Pr 2.1.0.4, In total 23 Resear have been published. T Occasional Papers and one technology transfer booklet wer 57 r Jour 10 papers pr pr 11/36 National Confer 26 pr workshops. e: eed. ojects efer national The total . ch funds to nal funds for mance nal funds e is now $3.885M esear esented and 59 2003-04 ch Reports Perfor ograms in coming eed publications in ced for new pr ences. esentations at CRC nals and 3 non-r efer oceedings at Inter ojects completed this wer eceived this year $1.029M exter r committed exter life of Centr of which $1.39M is due in subsequent years. Additional r be sour by all pr years. Pr 1.1.6, 1.3.8.3, 2.2.1.1-2.2.1.4, 2.5.0.8, 1.3.0.2. 23 Resear published and 4 Occasional Papers. 58 r Jour 9 papers pr pr and 2/49 National Confer 34 pr workshops.
get e: ch mance eed. eed national ences and ences. e. efer oceedings esentations nal funds 2002-03 nal funds nals and 8 efer e $1.248M. Perfor esented and ojects otal committed eceived this year Exter r wer T exter for life of CRC is now $2.74M. This exceeds the tar for the life of Centr Pr completed wer 3.1.4, 4.1.1, 1.2.0.3, 1.3.1.1, 1.3.3.2, 1.3.8.2. 22 Resear Reports published. 57 r publications in Jour non-r 11 papers pr 38 pr at Inter Confer 12/68 at National Confer 31 pr at CRC workshops. e: esented mance ch oceedings nal funds eed orkshops. national ences and ences. 2001-02 ojects esentations at nal income eed. nals and 9 non- . Completed efer Perfor ojects wer efer eceived in year 1. No Pr assessed in first year pr 1.2.6, 1.3.5.1, 2.3.1.1, 2.3.2.1, 2.3.2.4, 2.3.2.7, 3.1.2, 3.2.1 12 Resear Reports published. 33 r publications in Jour r 8 papers pr and 97 pr at Inter Confer 5/16 at National Confer 63 pr CRC W Exter budget over 7yrs is $2.8M. $218.782 of exter r The total committed so far for the life of CRC is $2.48M. ear nal nals, ement ojects ences. e pr eed jour national parameters oject completion alue of exter efer Key measur Assessment of value of particular Centr to participants – evaluated at pr Number of publications in r inter and national confer V R&D contracts – evaluated at 2nd and 5th Y Reviews. e e ences. e nals ch om outside ee times Centr ences ces committed ch output eed jour national get over life of ar T esour ecognition of esear efer Additional income of at least $2.4 million fr contracts for R&D. Actual and futur benefits worth mor than thr r High peer r r including 100 publications in r 100 papers in inter confer 100 papers in national confer mance ch indicator esear Perfor ogram Benefits to participants Quality and Relevance of Resear Pr Scientific status of r output and user acceptance.
97 PERFORMANCE MEASURES nal ater ater d, orking ater ater W ater Quality oval. om a health oduction and e: ime, On-Line Monitoring oxins In Finished W mance , joined the W wwaRF ar ater (CRC for W 2005-06 A, and UKWIR) #4025 eation, food pr Perfor ecr ater Inspectorate, CRC for W eatment) #4020 r oject must also have significant exter ony Priestley e-condition prior to appr ojects with A eatment, KIW r atershed Pathogen Model #2111 ojects continue to have active industry W Methods For Measuring T (UK Drinking W Quality and T State-Of-The-Art Of Real-T of Contaminants In W and T oup of the enHealth Council to advise on supply
- - - ecycling, and ensuring wastewater is not a hazar Additional pr All pr participation. Pr funding as a pr Support continues for the new National Recycled W Guidelines out for public comment. Deputy CEO, T Gr water for drinking, r r and any gaps in those arrangements fr perspective. nal ater oxins. health eview eement ed to ojects:- m r ojects. priorities ea of ransport of ecycling. oxins. mance esulted in the ch equir otocols for algal ater Quality now ging Algal T odynamic 2004-05 s Perspectives ater Guidelines. eview planned for esear water r Perfor ess against the nal mid ter eed commonwealth ojects continue to have ogr oved by all states and eater emphasis on exter wwaRF funded pr ograms. ogram r fects of eservoirs. evised priority ar August 2004) r A 2.2.2 Fate and T Pathogens. 2.2.0.1 Hydr Distribution of Pathogens. 2.2.0.6 Emer 2.2.1.4 Algal management in r 2.2.1.8 QA pr toxin analysis. 2.3.0.4 Early Detection of Cyanobacteria T 2.3.1.4 Develop Biosensors for analysis MIB. 2.5.0.5 HACCP in Distribution Systems. All pr active industry participation with gr funding for new pr An inter of pr Commonwealth Agr held in February 2005. Some modifications r the agr milestones for Epidemiology and People’ Pr Fifth year r April 2006. Review of the Epidemiology Pr ( r ef Support to new National Recycled W The Australian Drinking W Guidelines incorporating the Framework for the Management of Drinking W appr territories in Australia. e , d oach om egar eview ojects ar s appr ch. oved by e’ ed and wwaRF for erritories mance . . NHMRC has esear epar 2003-04 Perfor , held in August 2003, . Additional activity will ded to A eceived an excellent ojects continue to have national water agencies ce to tap (ie Canada ojects pr ater Quality wwaRF funded pr eview eceived excellent feedback. eview A listed in 2004-05. A list of possible joint pr forwar funding consideration. All pr active industry participation. The second year technical r r The administration r completed in October 2003, also r r be undertaken with r to valuing the benefits of completed r The NR Management Ministerial Council to considers Framework in September 2003. Inter adopt the Centr to risk management fr sour and WHO). The Australian Framework appr all States and T except NSW adopted the Framework for Management of Drinking W . ojects oject mance oject 2002-03 oved by Perfor yr technical otection). ojects have ater Guidelines ogram. wwaRF nd eview planned 5- 2.5.0.5 - A funded pr commenced. ( Application of HACCP for distribution system pr PhD pr (2.4.1.0) initiated with Penta Party 100% of pr active industry participation. Review of modeling pr completed in Distribution Pr 2 r 8 August 2003. Revisions to the Australian Drinking W including the Framework appr NHMRC in April 2003. oxins, ch ojects: pr wo ojects mance 4 es by . 2001-02 Perfor ocedur ojects as lead ograms managed wwaRF: 100% of pr have active industry participation. Pr by Industry parties. NA Development of risk management pr major parties. Certification by major parties in HACCP A 2.9.6.4 Catchments, 2.7.5.2 Reservoirs, 2.7.8.9 Algal T 2.8.8.1 Cyanobacteria. Global Resear Coalition: T pr agent. ch ement ojects ojects eviews in egulation. ement ch pr ch pr national parameters esear esear Key measur Number of r involving industry participant collaboration. Qualitative and quantitative measur of outcome scientific r years 2 and 5. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of impact on water quality r Number of r involving inter collaboration.
ch nd and ch cialisation of Resear ater esear e esear eviews of om ear Reviews. Centr Y Guidelines ch. th national r get over life of ar ojects. ograms used as a ater ojects prior to 2 T oxicology r esear eview of the Involvement in inter pr Successful r scientific quality of r Pr and 5 Results fr Epidemiology and T pr basis for the ongoing r Australian Drinking W the National W Quality Management Framework. mance . ch outputs indicator Perfor esear Strategy for Utilisation and Commer Adoption of r by industry or community generally
98 PERFORMANCE MEASURES iews water m) will ease ovide pr ograms, to - Community V e sustainable
. egulators will be ovides guidance mation to incr ch by the Australian ned with water shortages mation about the extent to mance oject pr esear Conservation ove management of individual 2005-06 Perfor fective monitoring pr and eational access in catchments and – this pr ecr ch help demonstrate to land managers . esear med about the capabilities, potentials, and Shortages ater CRC modeling toolkits (EMSS platfor ce managers with infor ater mation on pathogen transport in catchments used W otection. esour Completed the national survey on on r which the community is concer and is willing to act conserve water Infor for risk assessment and catchment planning. Pathogens r and planning agencies the benefits of catchment pr Management of r storages has been developed to ensur management. Incorporation of the pathogen and NOM modules into the eW allow wide uptake of this r water industry Developing evidence based, strategic water quality monitoring systems on designing cost-ef and better use of monitoring infor understanding and impr water supply systems. Industry and r better infor limitations of monitoring systems for managing drinking water systems. e ater onic eas om egions ge fr ool for the ound nationally mation genotyping mance evealed that eviewed at a . oss Australia. 2004-05 s Perspectives city Perfor This r om water quality to esentatives of Centr ch focus was changed by oviding infor epr e completed ar e the top priorities for e found to be the most ogram was r om faecal samples. esear The People’ Pr workshop in July 2004. The r the r parties fr water scar ‘Pathogens Roadshow’ technology transfer seminars wer Australia. good design and maintenance of agricultural riparian r and effluent dischar onsite systems in rural ar wer catchment management attention acr Cryptosporidium wer valuable tool inter for pr on genotype and potential infectivity in oocysts isolated fr Development of an electr Decision Support T Management of Drinking W Quality in Rural and Remote Communities (a collaboration with the Desert Knowledge CRC).
- ater accu e fective - be to om the esented at mance eview of 2003-04 eceived feedback eservoirs odynamic Dis was pr r Perfor edicted. This allows ence, Calgary April oject. A paper on oved Understanding of ough ovided models that enable ater Quality Monitoring egion. The national r community attitudes in major capital cities was completed. Each participating water business r on customer attitudes in their r The Hydr tribution of Pathogens in Reservoirs (2.2.0.1) has pr the passage of pathogens thr rately pr for the identification of high risk periods and for mor meaningful and cost ef monitoring. Dr Steve Hrudey fr University of Alberta, Canada, is actively participating in this pr Impr W Evidence the Canadian Drinking W Confer 2004. fers ds e likely esults mance ected, fective watersheds 1.1.0.5 ch activities essing. 2002-03 oved new e dir Perfor ogr ovided r oject esentations emoval ar Resear completed for the national community survey of attitudes to drinking water in major capital cities. Pr to participants pr Fate and transport of pathogens in surface (2.2.2) has pr that indicate that the design criteria adopted for phosphorus and sediment r to be ef for pathogen entrapment, further supporting the importance of riparian buf in catchment management. Appr pr Developing evidence-based strategic water quality water monitoring systems. This will move towar mor strategic monitoring and making better use of available evidence. om om ol of mance , long oject on fective 2001-02 ogate of ces via septic m event Perfor oposed as urbidity First pr community views planned for November 2002. Identification and Contr Pathogens (2.2.1) has changed the priority of catchment management strategies fr human faecal sour tank effluent to pathogens fr animals (cattle). T pr a surr indicators for pathogens was shown to be of limited value. Stor grab sampling may actually be cost ef for estimating pathogens (2.2.1). plans ement fected. eservoir cises af parameters fected. Key measur Number and scale of community consultation exer Number and scale of catchments and r management af Qualitative assessment of impact on water quality monitoring practices. mation ogram. e esponse om the s Perspective Centr e management get over life of cises and gauge nt in the eflect lessons ar ogram used to ater quality ograms. T om the Catchment eservoirs to be Results fr People’ pr guide community consultation exer community r to water quality issues. Futur of catchments and r based on infor fr and Reservoirs Pr W monitoring practices to r lear Monitoring pr mance . ch outputs indicator Perfor esear Adoption of r by industry or community generally
99 PERFORMANCE MEASURES e held e ANET e available for ed activated ater and the Australian m using EP mance e and rapid detection methods 2005-06 ne late 2005 and Perth, Perfor e completed. They wer e. The methods ar including a range of isolation, om industry participants to be set up e biofilm management, disinfection tools, ound Australia. This has lead to ed water management tools and optimisation oved application of powder oups fr e. eased understanding of the importance NOM esented wer ater Quality Centr ogram into a common platfor fective transfer of methods for viruses and f outine use and in the event of a water crisis. The NOM technology transfer seminars wer completed ar incr and implementation by the water industry of NOM characterisation techniques, coagulation optimisation and impr carbon. E Cryptosporidium concentration, cell cultur such as PCR between Sydney W W r Consolidation of models developed in the Distribution Pr softwar Five distribution system management technology transfer seminars wer in Sydney and Melbour Adelaide and Darwin in 2006. The four major themes pr discolour and risk management. Focus gr in distribution operations and maintenance strategies (DOMS). e ools ed water educed emoval oduced to emoval of om the esence of mance on (PSI) is a mor 2004-05 om the pilot plant e being conducted Perfor ence guide pr ocystin-degrading bacteria. eactor to a demonstration efer ovide significant r ojects ar oject. ganic matter in their waters. fective coagulant for r echnology transfer and uptake emove MIB and geosmin (100 A genetic technique applied to water and biofilm samples can detect the pr micr Biological sand filtration can r ng/L) to below detection. Rapid fractionation technique has been used by a number of utilities to assist them in characterisation of natural or Coagulation alone has been show to be insufficient pr NOM for some waters. Biological manganese r technology was successfully scaled up fr bior plant with the assistance of Gold Coast City Council. Laboratory demonstration that poly-silicato ir ef membrane fouling. T pr via case studies fr Consolidation of Modeling T pr A Decision Support System developed for discolour management in distribution systems. A r manage biofilms in distribution systems. Particle and disinfection models and distribution to the industry participants with workshops and visits. , , e to e ganic e ch ed water . esear mance e initiated to emoval of or 2003-04 eviews wer Perfor cial value. ch by industry ently being evaluated for ojects for modeling and oject 4.3.1 was distributed wo technological transfer esear The models and softwar maximise r matter during coagulation have been adopted by some industry partners and ar curr commer Strategic r carried out on r themes for discolour modeling and biofilms. T pr biofilms wer enhance the uptake of r Model on chlorine decay pr to members for their use. ch ee mined mance eatment 2002-03 ohydrate oduce mation will e deter Perfor edicting chlorine emoval of NOM The optimum conditions for r using alum, ferric chloride and poly aluminium chlor wer and this infor be used to assist water tr plant operators. Biofilm Resear strategy initiated to pr guidelines for the management of biofilms in distribution systems. Model for pr decay being trialed in thr States. mance wo plants have been 2001-02 ¡ ol and oved Perfor ediction of Impr understanding of biofilms their contr pr chlorine demand. Enhanced coagulation implemented by a number of water utilities. Ozone/ granular activated carbon has been installed in at least 3 WTPs. T incorporating MIEX commissioned. ement oaches eatment parameters Key measur Qualitative assessment of impact on distribution system operating practices. Number and scale of new appr to tr adopted. ogram. e ongly eatment eatment r oaches Centr get over life of ar ogram adopted by T om the T New appr to water tr based on output fr pr water authorities. Distribution system management practices str influenced by understanding generated in the Distribution pr mance indicator Perfor
100 PERFORMANCE MEASURES at as water water ear 5. looking nate e listed in urban ecycling, is ogram is alter acceptance, of tanks, ch Scholarship ce substitution, ogram ence to be held in Pr esent at the River e awaiting her thesis uptake ee students ar ogram. astewater Pr esour epository (NAIAD™) on , September 2005. ence bookings completed ces institutional to mance rainwater ales) attended the University eb access to be available next ogram at the end of Y Sour and 2005-06 Perfor ne. om the W e for R & D Leadership, Leadership e appointed in the 2005-06 period. ater technical W Social e ence planned for July 2006. impediments eatment technologies and demand or mor ne, Centr atkinson fr e the focus of pr ehensive knowledge r the systems. Sustainable ew W as . barriers ill Buchanan (RMIT University), Anna Hurlimann ogram, postgraduate students and the Postgraduate welve of these wer The the supply well systems ar A compr innovative water management in Australia has been developed to house case studies on water r water sensitive urban design, r innovative tr management solutions. W year Six new graduates and one mor examination outcome. Sixty-thr the Postgraduate (PhD) Pr T W (University of South Australia) and David Livingston (University of New South W of Melbour and Innovation Course in August 2006. Postgraduate Student Confer and book of papers printed. Confer July 2006 in Melbour Node Meeting held in Sydney Industry support for Summer Resear pr Student Confer Andr our candidate for 2006. He will pr Symposium in Brisbane September 2006. d ear 4. war e listed d in CRC eer T - ojects odd , 2005); echnologies. e appointed in mance ch Scholarships. ater ater Management: e awaiting their 2004-05 ank T Perfor ne Business School ence (our thir ee new PhD pr oup and Industry pilot allace(Uni of Adelaide) ogram at the end of Y en of these wer eleased for public consultation Thr commenced: 2.6.0.7 - Urban Planning and Integrated W 2.6.0.9 - Assessment of Chemical Contamination of Rainwater tanks 2.6.1.2 - Social Interactions with Rainwater T Recycling Guidelines planned r in July 2005. Seven new graduates and a further six ar thesis examination outcomes. Fifty-four students ar in the Postgraduate (Ph D) Pr T the 2004-05 period. Rebecca Campbell (UniSA), Robert May and T W attended the BHER Melbour Leadership and Car Development Course in August/ September 2004. Planning has commenced for the next Postgraduate Student Confer Mark II) in mid-2006. Node Meeting held in Adelaide February 2004. Industry sponsorship of annual Excellent Publication A (South East W Graduate Employment Action Gr mentoring Scheme initiated. Industry funding of some Postgraduate Scholarships and Summer Resear Dr Ian Stewart (University of Queensland) is our candidate for 2005. s oup om e listed ogram. oung mance ds. esidential course e was nominated ne Business welve of these 2003-04 T r esentatives fr ater commenced Perfor ong links to CSIRO’ ence held in Noosa, epr onment Recycling esent at the Y ed by CEO. First e appointed in the 2003- ater Scientist of the oject 2.6.0.6 Sustainable ogram. T ear session at the River Pr Urban W with str Healthy Country pr National Health and Envir Guidelines steering gr chair meeting held February 2004. Eight new graduates and a further four awaiting conferral of their awar Sixty-one students ar in the Postgraduate (Ph D) Pr wer 04 period. Katrina Charles (UNSW) and Ina Kristiana (Curtin) attended the BHER at Melbour School in September 2003. Postgraduate Student Confer Queensland in 14-16 April 2004. Node meetings in Perth 30 June-1 July 2003 and Gold Coast 4-5 September 2003. Node meetings interfaced with r local water business. David Moor to pr W Y Symposium in Brisbane early September 2004. ne
ater e om om mal e ne on 2.6.0.4 ds. A mance ogram ee awaiting ence held 2003. 2002-03 e appointed Perfor inery SA, fr oject on ogram. ater quality and wenty of these New Pr Leader for Sustainable W was appointed. Commenced New pr W health risks fr rainwater tanks. Six new graduates and thr conferral of their awar further five ar awaiting their thesis examination outcomes. Fifty-seven students ar listed in the PhD pr T wer in the 2002-03 period. Confer at Old Reynella W 17-19 October 2002. Node meetings held in Melbour 14 May 2003 The first for CRC Node Meeting was held in Melbour 14May Candidate submitted. ch ence. guson. olled esear ogram mance welve ater Committee , ten ence in late 2001-02 ds. T Perfor med June 2002. inner of 2002 esent ogram oung W ear: Kim Fer Pr development has identified r themes. Pr Steering for Nine new graduates and two awaiting conferral of awar new postgraduate students enr this year on scholarship supplements, the other two independently supported. Forty nine active at pr Planning for first confer 2002 complete. NA Invitations to student confer W Y Scientist of the Y s ement ater ences. ences ence. oaches parameters olment and ater Forum’ oung W ear competition. Key measur Number of new appr identified and trialed. Enr completion of PhD theses. Successful staging of confer Node meetings in years between student confer Attendance of industry partners at the student confer Submit candidate in the annual CRC W Y Scientist of the Y eal olled ater e om the . ogram, Centr ence every 2 oaches to ces pr get over life of fer ten new ar T New sustainable appr water supply system design, emanating fr Sustainable W Sour to be tested in r systems. Of postgraduate scholarships per year in years 1-4 30 students enr at peak. Postgraduate student confer years. Development of links with industry raining mance indicator Perfor Education and T Postgraduate student training and mentoring.
101 PERFORMANCE MEASURES d oject ence in ojects. Pr ch 2006 Boar oject in the ch priorities and ovided in 2006. ocess. esear e completed. A two-day mance eceived for twenty-seven e r oval pr 2005-06 om industry participants is a now Perfor d meetings, esented to the Mar ojects wer emaining planned pr cialisation Committee, oduced. eview of original r ning Boar ead industry supervision; guidelines for equisite in the appr er eview of all r idespr ojects. Eleven pr esented at the CRC Association Confer eporting seminar was held in Sydney February 2006. emaining two years was carried out in February 2006 W supervisors pr Forty-six applications wer pr r One Honours scholarship was pr A r r and a priority list pr meeting. A r compliance with Commonwealth milestones was also completed. Industry collaboration continues in all pr specific cash funding fr a pr Management meetings held during year: Four Gover Four Commer Four Management Committee Five Executive meetings (new CEO commenced in January 2006). Peter Bain and Phillip Pope of Griffith University both pr Brisbane in May 2006. e e e ch ch s ojects eporting r esear esear oduced. . fects d meetings ogram ojects wer ojects have city mance ch Scholarships. ogram change two-day eview on r A
2004-05 ning Boar o twenty two pr Perfor m r euse. The People’ ead industry ojects. All pr idespr ovided in 2005. ograms was carried out in wenty-nine applications wer eceived fr eview identified new r Submitted two entries in 2005. W supervision; guidelines for industry supervisors pr T r in 2005. Fourteen pr completed. seminar was held in Adelaide February 2005. Industry funding of some Summer Resear Six Honours scholarships wer pr The Epidemiology Pr r needs in the health af of water r Perspectives Pr focus to community attitudes of drinking water scar Industry collaboration as well additional cash funding for all new pr industry participation. A mid-ter pr February 2005. Nine management meetings held during the year including five Executive Committee and four Management Committee meetings. Four Gover held. - . e s - and water tanks, ence ograms ecycled Finance r strategic including meetings pr ojects Committee Scholarship and year on ch mance oss meetings drinking NOM, the rainwater acr 2003-04 ojects. eviewed industry eviews in People’ Resear ne in February 2004. Perfor and ojects. management oject communication. ograms. Distribution ch e active involvement by Executive during esent in the Showcasing with Management e completed. A two-day eater emphasis this year to ojects. Fifteen pr ogram r ojects. ogram r eceived for twenty-two eporting seminar was held in esear Daniel Hoefel was selected to pr PhD students session at the CRC Association Confer in Adelaide June 2004. Joint industry and university supervision in the majority of student pr Thirty-four applications wer r Summer pr wer r Melbour Four universities had honors scholarships during the year Pr Perspective and Epidemiol ogy Pr pr benefits to existing long run ning pr Gr ensur parties. PIMS used to assist with pr Cooperation r ie pathogens, water pr Eleven held five Committee six meetings. e e s ey e’ ectly ning
ee ed and ed. mance fer ojects was ch ence. 2002-03 equir d meetings, e of Perfor ogram. ovided at six ojects have ogram en Summer wenty-thr eporting seminar eceived for the Showcased Dr Michael Stor at the May 2003 CRC Association confer Industry supervision continues. T Resear Scholarships wer completed at the r in Adelaide. T applications wer r pr The second year in which Honors Scholarships wer pr of the Centr eight member universities. Pr workshops not r Implementation of new pr the main focus. 100% of all pr partners dir involved. Management meetings held during year: Four Gover Boar Four ojects ning s eight mance e’ cialisation ne. Forty- ead eceived. ch 2001-02 ograms d, e r Perfor ectly involved. idespr esear eporting seminar in Nine summer r scholarships completed at r Melbour eight applications wer Six honors scholarships taken up six of the Centr member universities All pr completed industry planning workshop (except Policy and Regulation). 100% of all pr have partners dir Management meetings held during the year: Four Gover Boar Four Commer Eight Management Committee meetings. NA W industry supervision. oject ement ojects oject. om ence. f fr parameters ect involvement Key measur Number of summer pr completed. Numbers of scholarships taken up. Number and success of pr development workshops. Number of partners involved in each pr Number of full management meetings per year Showcasing postgraduate students at the annual CRC Association confer Dir of staf outside the universities in thesis supervision. . . chers ectly e ojects . oup esear e than Centr ojects to be get over life of oduce fer nine summer ar ogram Gr ogram Leaders in T Of scholarships per year Intr scholarships for honors students. All pr developed jointly between r and industry 80% of all pr have mor one partner dir involved. Involvement of all Pr Leaders and Pr the management decisions. At least six full management meetings per year mance ojects. graduate e indicator Perfor ojects. Under student training. Collaborative Arrangements Development of pr Collaboration within pr Development of a collegiate management cultur
102 PERFORMANCE MEASURES ch ch ater eview get for esear ch oject and a ent r oject . ongly ogenicity in ogram with a ater Resear esear opean Union. e with the support ends in r eviously CRC for nationally ed water pr ess and on tar echnologies workshop ogr oach in its curr mance national tr ater Guidelines (ADWG) elation with their existing ee months in The Netherlands oject is based. ging T 2005-06 s discolour ection inter ater CRC (pr Perfor e’ , is in pr ools for analysing estr A in November 2005. T cher has visited Griffith University in e to inter egulations for the Eur e the pr ater Forum will evolve considering the ology combined into the new eW ology). e in developing its own r eshwater Ecology and the CRC for oject, esear ogram. chers spent thr . opean Commission has clearly indicated that it A on the Centr esear onmental waters eased number of members is still being discussed. A-based r esented to USA EP wo r The CRC for Fr Catchment Hydr CRC. How the W decr Continuation of the Pathogens modeling pr collaboration with eW Catchment Hydr KWIA collaborated with the Distribution Pr 12-month testing trial of the Particles Sediment Model. Results showed good corr cleaning pr The GWRC pr envir completion July 2007. T at KIW KIW Queensland wher Economic costs of cyanobacterial blooms in Australia pr Participated in the Emer during May 2006 as part of the Global W Coalition. Exposur assists the centr strategy Renewed contact with NHMRC now that the triennium funding is finalised. The Eur is including a risk-based appr of drinking water r The Australian Drinking W Framework concepts led by the Centr of key industry and health agencies, has str influenced this new dir ms ools A. ch national A. esear ess in esigned for ms of risk oxic Algae, ogr many), Anjou mance ogenicity in ms of pathogen oject 3.1.0.5 T elated r 2004-05 ater CRC, Land and e in pr eement r om the Distribution ee years to May 2008. e contributed to the Perfor ater Reuse Foundation ed workshop on new ché (France) and UKWIR ch initiatives in water onmental waters managed mal collaborative linkages mal linkages being sought ojects fr ater Australia and a number ogram ar wwaRF in ter wo computer modules that wo particle r esear euse. For with CRCFE in ter assessment and CRCCH in ter of catchment modeling and with A fate and transport modeling. T allow pathogen and NOM estimates to be made in catchments will be a part of the CRCCH modeling toolkit For with the eW W of other primary industry R&D Corporations and the USEP GWRC agr further thr The GWRC Pr for nalyzing estr envir by the CRC commenced February 2005. Collaboration has been established with WRC (South Africa), TZW (Ger Recher (UK) to develop an Inter Guidance Manual for the Management of T funded by the GWRC. T pr Pr collaboration with KIW The Centr GWRC W sponsor r r Continued leadership of risk management framework for drinking water quality with WHO and Canadian authorities. e ch oject e is ganising ence held oach to esear egulation at mance d in April ch concepts esentatives. 2003-04 ee potential Algal Perfor epr oject with CRCCH esear e asked to develop an e r essing with the national working visits by national forums (ie Bonn efine the model befor ee r ogr ojects identified for further om Distribution submitted wo GWRC workshops The CEO was on or committee for CRC Association Confer in Adelaide June 2004. Joint pr pr development of a “testbed” to r it is incorporated into the CRCCH toolkit. T held. Distribution Systems (September 2003) and Algal toxins (May 2004). Thr fr to GWRC Boar 2004. Thr pr development. Centr endocrine disruptor pr for GWRC. Continued extensive inter Centr Active foundation member of GWRC. The Centr managing Distribution and Algal toxins r initiatives. Continued leadership and active participation in risk management appr drinking water r inter (II) and USA). e ole . oxins mance ater e oject ch Coalition ater Quality ch strategy 2002-03 national esentatives. e detailed Perfor oject ater Forum. athogens and esear epr Participate in W Collaborative pr commenced with CRCCH, 2.1.0.3 P NOM modules in CRCCH Catchment tool kit. PhD pr initiated with Penta Party Active participation in Global W Resear (GWRC). Centr taking lead r in developing a mor r on Algal T and W in Distribution Systems. Continued extensive inter working visits by Centr r Participate as member of GWRC. Maintain involvement with WHO. ater , e ater national eement oups and ater mance e hosted f in Berlin ne during wwaRF national ch. ch Coalition 2001-02 ology (CRCCH) d meeting in A, A esentatives ch 2002. Perfor wenty inter epr The Centr meeting of Forum in Adelaide on 5 June 2002. Pathogens modeling potential collaboration with CRC Catchment Hydr Penta Party MOU signed of October 2001 with KIW TZW and UK W Resear The Global W Resear (12 inter partners) had first Boar Melbour Mar T visits by Centr r Signed agr with GWRC. Eight to W Regulation workshop in Bonn. Participants in working gr water safety plans. e ch ement ogram. esear ch e and esear parameters f involved with eements fusion Pr ough the ojects with the ojects supported ater Forum. ater forum. echnology Key measur Number of meetings of the W Number of joint pr W Signed agr on r collaboration Number of working visits between the Centr overseas r agencies. Number of pr thr T Dif Number of Centr staf WHO. ocess s e’ pr e orld eement ganisation ch ough the Centr ch centr chers. get over life of esear many and South mal agr ectly involved ar ater Forum. T esear esear Maintain links to other water based CRCs thr W Consolidate the linkages with the leading water r in USA France The Netherlands Ger Africa by signing a for on r collaboration. Continue linkages with overseas r Continue to be dir with the water quality guideline development with the W Health Or (WHO). mance indicator nal links. national Perfor omotion and Development of exter Pr extension of inter linkages.
103 PERFORMANCE MEASURES oval . ojects eports was oxicology . Appr ch to be eporting emaining two esear ovals out of session. m CEO (D Bursill) in esulted in changes Regional and Rural ospective licensee for the ed in the USA on alum mance ch 2006. Priority pr chases eventuates. eplacement appointed in eports due at 30 June 2006 ocess. 2005-06 d) has r Perfor e cash flow for the r oject r ogram has the potential for limited esponsibilities for r ogram (P Heaton) and the T cialisation agent to be appointed when eamlined to allow appr emain unchanged. om potential pur ed to the deputy CEOs. ogram leaders for the ence to milestones and exception r esignation of the long-ter est fr e identified to match the available cash flow eporting and r eview of final pr eview of the Centr otocols str ater Supplies Pr ogram (A Humpage) otocols r omotional activities occurr Management Committee met each quarter pr New pr W Pr The r December 2005 and his r January 2006 (K Stallar to r transferr Pr A r was completed. A schedule to complete the r initiated. Adher automatically collated for all management meetings. A r years was carried out in Mar wer Pr dosing model. The Disinfection Management model developed in the Distribution Pr sales. A commer inter Discussions continue with pr Carbon Regeneration pr . e . . e IP fer ch oject mine esear cial of ch themes e. New Cash mance oject objectives/ e continuing esear ograms was otocols available on e on Carbon 2004-05 eview of r Perfor cialisation of Centr eport outlining the m r AC implemented. All data ding a commer mal management committee mal meetings of the Centr oss the pr ebsite. ojects in February 2005. ganisation to deter e outlined. egar egeneration. For meetings held each quarter Mid-ter pr For Executive also held quarterly Access to pr W Listed benefits of each pr listed in PIMS database. A theme r interaction of r acr initiated. The pr outcomes and industry uptake ar ACCP now held by Centr summary PFR completed. Discussions held with an or if their services might be of value in facilitating the commer Negotiations ar r to the Centr r oject oject es oved eports mance eports. otocols eporting oject status net. mance operty training eminders for 2003-04 oved r eporting of all Perfor ence in Noosa, mance evaluation at ogram level and pr AC accounting system mine all pr oject expenditur . Regular communication ogram leaders. ojects and perfor Management committee met on six occasions during the year between Deputy CEOs and pr Perfor the pr level now in PIMS r Alterations to pr during year for funding support and holding event applications. Monthly r pr against milestones in PIMS. Auto e-mail r non compliance of r initiated in June 2004. Management now able to deter on-line via inter New impr of pr developed and appr for implementation of own ACCP in 2004-05. Intellectual pr given to students at student confer Queensland in April 2004. Carbon Regeneration pr continuing with due diligence investigations. e eview e lower eviewed ojects. mance e cash 2002-03 mation ch 2003. eements Perfor eb-based ojects with ojects. oject ojects. oject continuing. otocols r Review of distribution pr industry parties. Completed r of modeling pr Pr and hosted on website. W pr management. Infor Management System (PIMS) implemented Mar Centr flow system implemented. Expenditur than budget due to slower startup of new pr Policy continued to have all IP agr signed befor commencement of pr Carbon Regeneration pr e. d. med oject e Steering planning ces eviewed med mance oject ocess eements ning Boar 2001-02 ograms oved by ent pr Perfor eb-based pr ojects. ocess. ater Sour ogram. otocols r oject Services eflect new Centr eview pr egeneration All pr completed workshops. Committee for for Sustainable W Pr Pr and updated to r Review of curr management systems and appointment of Pr manager W management systems identified. Budget for 2002/03 appr Gover Seven year cash- flow and budget r initiated. All IP agr signed befor commencement of pr Carbon Regen Pty Ltd for to for carbon r pr ement oject. ence to the ence to . parameters mance Evaluation otocols in place. oject milestones. Key measur Number of full management, and industrial committees per year Operating pr Adher pr Adher budget. IP clauses signed by all parties prior to commencement of any pr Number of patents obtained. e and Perfor e otocols. ojects ogram ch and om IP cial benefit eview Centr otected. ch Pr esear ojects to ojects. oved budgets. get over life of esentation ar oup. ojects. T om r imely completion of epr Establish a management committee with r fr industrial partners. Establish an industry based r committee for each Resear Gr Revise and up date the existing Operating Pr T all pr All pr operate within the appr All IP developed within the pr fully pr Maximum commer obtained fr developed during pr ol. mance cialisation. . ces, Management Structur e. indicator Perfor operty oject otection of Resour Development of a collegiate management cultur Development of clear operating guidelines. Pr Management. Budget contr Pr intellectual pr Commer
104 PERFORMANCE MEASURES ecent patent cial value of further ocystin detection nal. ocystins. A r mance 2005-06 eviewed and updated for 2006- orks Association market the ough its jour Perfor e model: USA water utility to assess ovide feedback. The aim is to have ater W own doubt onto the commer ch on this topic. ocess and pr ocess in the USA thr esear Coagulation softwar the pr the American W pr A halt has been called to the development of test strips for field analysis of micr application and the appearance on market of a number of ELISA based kits for micr have thr r Business Plan Actions r 07. s e’ ater ough . A W e thr e model ence in WW cial value of mance ch on the Centr eviews business 2004-05 ocystin detection Perfor A to try penetrate eview of plan own some doubt esear WW ocystins. echnology Confer Coagulation Softwar displayed at the A T San Antonio (USA). Actions commenced to market and distribute the softwar the A the USA market. The appearance on the market of a number ELISA based kits for micr have thr onto the commer further r test strips for field analysis of micr Annual r completed. Executive committee r plan actions each quarter ol eviews ne. mance ocesses - emoval of 2003-04 Perfor . ces of infectious ol of phytoplankton. ganic mater – ojects identified for cost esidual in a distribution Pr benefit evaluation: 2.2.1 Identification & contr of sour pathogens in catchments. 2.5.1 Destratification for contr 3.2.2 Optimisation of Adsorption pr 3.2.8 Modeling coagulation to maximize r or 4.3.2 Optimisation of chlorine r system – Melbour 4.3.6 particles in distribution systems Executive committee r business plan actions each quarter oject mance ed for eview cialisation. cialisation. ojects 2002-03 Perfor ojects for Four pr identified as potential pr commer Modeling pr being actively consider commer Annual r of strategic plan completed. ess. ogr mance 2001-02 d June 2002. Perfor eview of Strategic Reactivation of Carbon in pr Plan submitted to Boar On-going annual r plan. ement cialised parameters ojects. Key measur Number of commer pr Completion of the strategic pan. e Centr get over life of ar T Strategic plan developed in year one. mance indicator Perfor Planning.
105 SPECIFIED PERSONNEL
SPECIFIED PERSONNEL 2005/06
Name Title and Organisation % Time Agreement % Time Actual
Mr K Stallard CEO, CRC 100 44
Prof A Priestley Deputy CEO, CSIRO 80 80
Dr D Steffensen Deputy CEO, AWQC 60 85
Mr G Turelli Business Manager, AWQC 100 100
Mr R Dorrat Project Services Manager, CRC 100 100
Ms F Wellby Communication Manager, CRC 100 100
Prof J McNeil Program Group Leader, Monash University 25 20
Dr D Deere Program Group Leader, CRC 25 38
Ms M Drikas Program Group Leader, AWQC 60 84
Dr K Leader Program Leader, Monash University 40 26
Dr A Humpage Program Leader, AWQC 60 64
Dr N Roseth Program Leader, CRC 50 50
Prof R Kagi Program Leader, Curtin University of Technology 50 43
Mr D Vitanage Program Leader, Sydney Water Corporation 20 39
Mr D Dharmabalan Deputy Program Leader, Central Highlands Water 15 5
Ms C Doolan Deputy Program Leader, Sydney Water Corporation 15 17
Dr H Chapman Program Leader, QHPSS 100 100
Mr P Heaton Program Leader, Power and Water Corporation 10 10
Prof D Mulcahy Program Leader, University of SA 70 100
Notes: 1 Mr Heaton replaced Mr Day as Program Leader on 30 July 2005. 2 Mr Vitanage reduced his time from 50% to 20% from 4 October 2005 and was replaced by Mr Dharmabalan and Ms Doolan, both at 15 %. 3 Prof Bursill retired as CEO on 23 December 2005 and was replaced by Mr Stallard on 23 January 2006. 4 Dr Shaw resigned as Program Leader on April 5 and was replaced by Dr Humpage on May 16.
106 PUBLICATIONS 2005/6
PAPER IN REFEREED JOURNAL Fogelman S, Blumenstein M, Zhao H (2006) Estimation of chemical Atanasova N, Todorovski L, Džeroski S, Rekar R, Recknagel F and oxygen demand by ultraviolet spectroscopic profiling and artificial Kompare B (2006) Automated modelling of a food web in lake neural networks. Neural Computing and Applications 15:197-203 Bled using measured data and a library of domain knowledge. Gray A and McKay J (2006) Are utility attitudes to the environment Ecological Modelling 194: 1-3, 37-48. shaped by corporate governance? Assessing the evidence from Blythe JW, Heitz A, Joll CA and Kagi RI (2006) Determination of Australian utility reports in Water Utility Management International trace concentrations of bromophenols in water using purge-and- 1(1) http://www.iwaponline.com/wumi/00101/1/default.htm
trap after in-situ acetylation. Journal of Chromatography A, 1102: Greenwood PF (2006) The GCMS correlation of highly branched C3n 73-83. alkanes detected in extant and ancient sediments with series of Bolto BA (2005) Reaction of chlorine with organic polyelectrolytes in polypropylene oligomers. Organic Geochemistry 37: 755-771. water treatment: a review. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Greenwood PF, Leenheer JA, McIntyre C, Berwick L, Franzmann P Technology - Aqua 54 (8): 531-544. (2006) Detection of bacterial markers thermally released from Brookes JD, Davies C, Hipsey M and Antenucci J (2006) Association Dissolved Organic Matter. Organic Geochemistry 37: 597-609. of Cryptosporidium with bovine faecal particles and implications Hipsey MR, Brookes JD, Regel RH, Antenucci JP and Burch MD for risk reduction by settling within supply reservoirs. Journal of (2006) In situ evidence for the association of total coliforms and Water and Health 4: 87-98. Escherichia Coli with suspended inorganic particles in an Australian Brookes JD, Hipsey MR., Burch MD, Regel RH, Linden LG, Ferguson reservoir. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 170: 191-209. CM, and Antenucci, JP (2005) Relative value of surrogate indicators Ho L and Newcombe G (2005) Effect of NOM, turbidity and floc size for detecting pathogens in lakes and reservoirs. Environment on the PAC adsorption of MIB during alum coagulation. Water Science and Technology 39: 8614. Research 39 (15): 3668-3674. Buchanan W, Roddick FA and Porter N (2006) Formation of hazardous Ho L, Hoefel D, Aunkofer W, Meyn T, Keegan A, Brookes J, Saint by-products during natural organic matter removal by irradiation: C and Newcombe G (2006) Biological filtration for the removal Comparison between UV and VUV irradiation. Chemosphere, of algal metabolites from drinking water. Water Science & (63):1130-1141. Technology: Water Supply 6 (2): 153-159. Cao H, Recknagel F, Joo G-J, Kim D-K (2006) Rule set discovery Ho L, Meyn T, Keegan A, Hoefel D, Brookes J, Saint CP and for the prediction and explanation of chlorophyll -a dynamics in Newcombe G (2006) Bacterial degradation of microcystin toxins the Nakdong River (Korea) by means of a hybrid evolutionary within a biologically active sand filter. Water Research 40 (4): 768- algorithm. Ecological Informatics 1: 43-53. 774. Chalmers R, Ferguson CM, Caccio S, Gasser R, Abs EL-Osta Y, Heijnen Ho L, Onstad G, von Gunten U, Rinck-Pfeiffer S, Craig K and L, Xiao L, Elwin K, Hadfield S, Sinclair M and Stevens M (2005) Newcombe G (2006) Differences in the chlorine reactivity of four Direct comparison of selected methods for genetic categorisation microcystin analogues. Water Research 40 (6): 1200-1209. of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis species. Ho L, Rinck-Pfeiffer S, Craig K and Newcombe G (2006) Chlorination International Journal for Parasitology 35: 397-410. of four microcystin variants. Water, Journal of the Australian Water Chapman HF and Simpson S (2005) Direct Toxicity Assessment Association 33 (1): 65-69. (DTA) of acid-mine water from the Mt Morgan mine site, Central Hoefel D, Monis PT, Grooby WL, Andrews S and Saint CP (2005b) Queensland, Australia. Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology 11: Culture-independent techniques for rapid detection of bacteria 93-99. associated with loss of chloramine residual in a drinking water Charles KJ, Ashbolt NJ, Roser DJ, McGuinness R and Deere DA system. Journal of Applied Environmental Microbiology 71: 6479- (2005) Effluent quality from 200 on-site sewage systems: design 6488. values for guidelines. Water Science and Technology 51(10): 163- Hoefel D, Monis PT, Grooby WL, Andrews S and Saint CP (2005c) 169. Profiling bacterial survival through a water treatment process and Chow C, Fabris R, Wilkinson K, Fitzgerald F and Drikas M (2006) subsequent distribution system. Journal of Applied Microbiology Characterising NOM to assess treatability. Water, Journal of the 99: 175-186. Australian Water Association 33(2): 74-85. Hurlimann A and McKay J (2005) Contingent Valuation by the Chow CWK, Fabris R, Drikas M and Holmes M (2005) A Case Study Community of Indirect Benefits of Using Recycled Water – An of Treatment Performance and Organic Character. J Water SRT Australian Case Study. Water Science and Technology: Water – Aqua 54(6): 385-395. Supply 5 (3-4): 95-103. Cox P, Griffith M, Angles M, Deere D and Ferguson C (2005) Hurlimann A and McKay J (2006) What attributes of recycled water Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal faeces in make it fit for residential purposes? The Mawson Lakes Experience the Sydney watershed, Appl. Environ. Microbiol 71: 5929. Desalination 187(1-3):167-177. Davies CM, Altavilla N, Krogh M, Ferguson CM, Deere DA and Kaucner C, Davies CM, Ferguson CM and Ashbolt NJ (2005) Ashbolt NJ (2005) Environmental inactivation of Cryptosporidium Evidence for the existence of Cryptosporidium oocysts as single oocysts in catchment soils. Journal of Applied Microbiology 98: entities in surface runoff, Water Science & Technology 52(8): 199- 308. 204. Davies CM, Logan MR, Rothwell VL, Krogh M, Ferguson CM, Kay D, Ashbolt N, Wyer MD, Fleisher JM, Fewtrell L, Rogers A and
Publications Charles K, Deere DA and Ashbolt NJ (2006) Soil inactivation of Rees G. (2006) Reply to comments on “Derivation of numerical DNA viruses in septic seepage. Journal of Applied Microbiology values for the World Health Organization guidelines for recreational 100: 365-374. waters”. Water Research 40(9): 1921-1925. Falconer IR and Humpage AR (2005) Health risk assessment of King BJ, Keegan AR, Monis PT and Saint CP (2005) Environmental cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins in drinking water. temperature controls Cryptosporidium oocyst metabolic rate and International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health associated retention of infectivity. Applied and Environmental 2(1): 43-50. Microbiology 71: 3848-3857. Falconer IR, Chapman HF, Moore MR and Ranmuthugala G (2006) Långmark J, Storey MV, Ashbolt NJ and Stenström TA (2005) Biofilm Endocrine Disrupting Compounds: A review of their challenge to growth in an urban water distribution system: Quantitation of sustainable and safe water supply and water re-use. Journal of biofilms, pathogens and pathogen persistence within the Greater Environmental Toxicology 21:181-191. Stockholm Area, Sweden. Water Science and Technology 52(8): Ferguson C, Deere D, Sinclair M, Chalmers RM, Elwin K, Hadfield 181-189. S, Xiao L, Ryan U, Gasser R, Abs EL-Osta Y and Stevens M Långmark J, Storey MV, Ashbolt NJ and Stenström TA (2005a) The (2006) Application of genotyping methods to assess risks accumulation and fate of microorganisms and microspheres in from Cryptosporidium in watersheds. Environmental Health biofilms formed in a pilot-scale water distribution system. Applied Perspectives 114: 430-434. and Environmental Microbiology 71(2); 706-712. Ferguson CM, Croke B, Ashbolt NJ and Deere DA (2005) A Leder K, Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Fairley CK and Wolfe R (2005) No deterministic model to quantify pathogen loads in drinking water correlation between clinical symptoms and Blastocystis hominis in catchments: Pathogen budget for the Wingecarribee. Water immunocompetent individuals. Journal of Gastroenterology and Science & Technology 52(8): 191-197. Hepatology 20(9): 1390-1394.
107 PUBLICATIONS 2005/6
Leusch FDL, Chapman HF, Kay GW, Gooneratne SR and Tremblay Stewart I, Webb PM, Schluter PJ and Shaw GR (2006) Recreational LA (2006) Anal fin morphology and gonodal histopathology in and occupational field exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria – a mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki exposed to treated municipal review of anecdotal and case reports, epidemiological studies sewage effluent. Archives of Environmental Contamination and and the challenges for epidemiologic assessment. Environmental Toxicology 10(6):429-438. Health: A Global Access Science Source 5:6. Leusch FDL, Chapman HF, Koerner W, Gooneratne SR and Tremblay Thomas SD, Chow CWK, Davey DE and Mulcahy DE (2005) Indirect LA (2005) Efficacy of an advanced biological nutrient removal amperometric detection of aluminium by flow injection analysis plant in Queensland (Australia) to remove estrogenic chemicals. using DASA as ligand. Anal. Letts 38(1): 165-179. Environment Science and. Technology 39(15):5781-5786. Tran T, Gray SR, Naughton R, Bolto BA and Johnson W (2005) Leusch FDL, Eriksson AME, van den Heuvel MR, Chapman HF, Improved organics removal and membrane performance via Gooneratne SR and Tremblay LA (2006) Comparison of bioassays coagulation with polysilicato-iron. J. Harbin Institute of Technology and solid-phase extraction cartridges for quantification of (New Series) 12 Sup: 56-61. estrogenic and androgenic activity of wastewater samples. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C, 143:117-126. PAPER IN UNREFEREED JOURNAL Leusch FDL, van den Heuvel MR, Laurie AD, Chapman HF, Gooneratne SR and Tremblay LA (2005) Quantification of Ho L (2005) Solving taste and odour problems naturally. On Stream vitellogenin mRNA induction in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) 1 (16):1-5. by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT- Livingston DJ, Ashbolt NJ and Colebatch HK (2006) Institutional PCR). Biomarkers 10(6):429-438. Barriers to Decentralised Systems, Water, Journal of the Australian Livingston DJ, Stenekes N, Colebatch HK, Waite TD and Ashbolt NJ Water Association, 33(3): 75-77. (2005). Governance of water assets: A reframing for sustainability. Livingston DJ, Stenekes N, Waite TD, Ashbolt NJ and Colebatch HK Water, Journal of the Australian Water Association 32(8): 19-23. (2005) Governance of Water Assets: A Reframing for Sustainability. Loetscher T, Gray S, Kirchhof G and Dart P (2005) Naiad: Sharing Water, Journal of the Australian Water Association, 32(5): 19-23. lessons learned from innovative urban water schemes. Water, Tran T, Gray S, Naughton R and Bolto B (2005) Improved NOM Journal of the Australian Water Association, 32(6):60-62. removal and membrane performance via coagulation with Malek F, Harris J and Roddick F (2006) Photooxidative pretreatment polysilicato iron. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, vol to improve sustainable operation of the microfiltration of drinking 12: 56-61. water. Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing Journal (14), 1-2: 219-226. AUTHORSHIP OF BOOKS OR CHAPTERS OF BOOKS McKay JM (2005) Water Institutional Reform in Australia. Water Policy Ashbolt NJ (2006) Microbial Risk Assessment (MRA) Tool. Strategic 7: 35-53. Planning of Sustainable Urban Water Management (P-A Malmqvist, Pollard P, Leeming R, Bagraith S, Greenway M and Ashbolt NJ (2005). G Heinicke, E Kärrman, TA Stenström and G Svensson, eds.), IWA Impacts of sewage overflows on an urban creek. Water, Journal of Publishing, London pp. 284. the Australian Water Association 32(1): 27-31. Ashbolt NJ, Petterson SA, Stenström TA, Schönning C, Westrell T Recknagel F, Kim B and Welk A (2006) Unravelling and predicting and Ottoson J. (2005) Microbial Risk Assessment (MRA) Tool. ecosystem behaviours of Lake Soyang in respose to seasonality Urban Water Report 2005:7. Chalmers University of Technology, and management by means of artificial neural networks. Verh. Gothenberg. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 29 (3): 1497-1502. Ashbolt NJ, Petterson SR, Roser DR, Westrell T, Ottoson J, and Recknagel F, Kim B, Takamura N and Welk A (2006) Unravelling and Stenström TA (2006). Microbial risk assessment tool to aid in the Forecasting Algal Population Dynamics in Two Lakes Different selection of sustainable urban water systems. 2nd IWA Leading- in Morphometry and Eutrophication by Neural and Evolutionary Edge on Sustainability in Water-Limited Environments (M. B. Beck Computation. Ecological Informatics 2: 133-151. and A. Speers, eds.), Vol. 10 IWA Publishing, London. Roser DJ, Ashbolt NJ, Ho G, Mathew K, Nair J, Ryken-Rapp D and Burch MD and Humpage AR (2005) Regulation and Management Toze S (2005) Hydrogen sulphide test strips and the detection of of Cyanobacteria in Australia. Current approaches to cyanotoxin groundwater contamination by septic seepage. Water Science risk assessment, risk management and regulations in different and Technology 51(10): 291-300. countries. Series: WaBoLu 02/05. (Compiled and edited by Ingrid Schindler AR, El-Osta YGA, Stevens M, Sinclair MI and Gasser RB Chorus) Publisher: Umweltbundesamt, Dessau, Germany. ISSN: (2005) Capillary electrophoretic analysis of fragment length 0175-4211. polymorphism in ribosomal markers of Cryptosporidium from Ho L, Hoefel D, Meyn T, Saint CP and Newcombe G (2006) Biofiltration humans. Molecular and Cellular Probes 19: 394-399. of microcystin toxins: An Australian perspective. Recent Progress Signor RS, Roser DJ, Ashbolt NJ and Ball JE (2005) Quantifying in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes. Gimbel R, the impact of runoff events on microbiological contaminant Graham NJD and Collins MR (ed), IWA Publishing, London, UK, concentrations entering surface drinking source waters. Journal of pp. 162-170. ISBN: 9781843391203. Water and Health 3(4): 453-468. Recknagel F (2006) Ecological Informatics. Scope, Techniques and nd Sinclair MI, Hellard ME, Wolfe R, Mitakakis TZ, Leder K and Applications. 2 Revised and Extended Edition. Springer-Verlag, Fairley CK (2005) Pathogens causing community gastroenteritis Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1 – 496. in Australia. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 20(11): 1685-1690. CONFERENCES: INTERNATIONAL WITH PROCEEDINGS Stenekes NA, Colebatch HK, Waite TD and Ashbolt NJ (2006) Risk Bain PA, Shaw GR and Patel BKC (2005) Associated Transcription and governance in water recycling: ‘public acceptance’ revisited. in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and HepG2 Cells in Response to Science Technology and Human Values 31 (2): 107-134. the Cyanobacterial Toxin Cylindrospermopsin. 9th International Stewart I, Robertson IM, Webb PM, Schluter PM, Shaw GR (2006) Conference on Environmental Mutagens, September, San Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to freshwater cyanobacteria Francisco. – human volunteer studies. BMC Dermatology 6:6. Bursill D and Drikas M (2005) The Removal of Natural Organic Matter Stewart I, Schluter PJ, Shaw GR (2006) Cyanobacterial from Drinking Water Using a Novel Magnetic Resin Technology. lipopolysaccharides and human health – a review. Environmental Proceedings of the International Workshop On Novel And Health: A Global Access Science Source 5:7. Enhanced Water Treatment Technologies For Upgrading Water Stewart I, Seawright AA, Schluter PJ, Shaw GR (2006) Primary irritant Quality, September, Tianjin, China. and delayed-contact hypersensitivity reactions to the freshwater Cetin L, Zhang B and Recknagel F (2005) Process-based simulation cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and its associated library SALMO-OO for lake ecosystems. Proceedings of the toxin cylindrospermopsin. BMC Dermatology 6:5. International Congress on Modelling and Simulation MODSIM Stewart I, Webb PM, Schluter PJ, Fleming LE, Burns JW Jr, Gantar 2005, December, Melbourne, Australia. M, Backer LC and Shaw GR (2006) Epidemiology of recreational exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria – an international prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 6:93.
108 PUBLICATIONS 2005/6
Chapman HF, Huston R, Gardner T, Chan A and Shaw G (2006) Steffensen D (2005) Water quality management framework for Chemical water quality and health risk assessment of urban catchments and drinking water reservoirs. International Healthy rainwater tanks. 7th International conference on urban modelling Cities Conference, October, Taipei, China. and the 4th International conference on water sensitive urban Talib A, Recknagel F, Cao H and van der Molen D (2005) Use of design. Volume 1 (Eds, Deletic, A. and Fletcher, T.), April, Grand recurrent neural networks and hybrid evolutionary algorithms Hyatt, Melbourne, Australia. for the prediction of phytoplankton abundance and succession Charles K, Davies CM, Baker DL, Charles CJ, Ashbolt NJ, Schijven JF before and after eutrophication control of two shallow lakes. and Deere DA (2005a) Virus transport and fate in soils as a basis for Proceedings of the International Congress on Modelling and setback distances for septic tanks. In WaterMicro05, Proceedings Simulation MODSIM 2005, December, Melbourne, Australia. of the IWA Health-Related Water Microbiology Symposium, Tran T, Gray S, Naughton R and Bolto B (2005) Improved NOM September, International Water Association, Swansea, Wales, CD- removal and membrane performance via coagulation with ROM. polysilicato iron. Proceedings of the International Workshop Charles KJ, Davies CM, Ashbolt NJ, Baker DL, Souter FC, Schijven On Novel And Enhanced Water Treatment Technologies For JF, Ferguson CM, Deere DA and Banens R (2005b) On- Upgrading Water Quality, (editors: Jun Ma, Wenjie He and Ron site sewage management in Sydney’s drinking water supply Linsky), September, Tianjin, China. catchments: virus transport experiments and risk assessment. On- Wang H, Lewis DM, Brookes JD, Newcombe G and Ho L (2005) site’05 Performance Assessment for On-site Systems: Regulation, Combined adsorption and biodegradation of microcystins. operation and monitoring Lanfax Labs, Armidale, Australia. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Applied Falconer IR and Humpage AR (2005) Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) Phycology, July, Kunming, China. toxins in water supplies: Cylindrospermopsins. 12th International Welk A, Recknagel F and Burch M (2005) Ordination, clustering and Symposium on Toxicity Assessment, June, Skiathos, Greece. forecasting of phytoplankton dynamics in the Myponga drinking Ferguson CM and Croke BFW (2005) Deterministic model to quantify water reservoir by means of supervised and non-supervised artificial pathogen and faecal indicator loads in drinking water catchments. neural networks. Proceeding of the International Congress on International Congress on Modelling and Simulation MODSIM Modelling and Simulation MODSIM 2005, December, Melbourne, 2005, Melbourne, Australia. Victoria. Greenwood PF (2005) The GCMS correlation of series of highly
branched C3n alkanes detected in extant and ancient sediments CONFERENCES: INTERNATIONAL WITHOUT PROCEEDINGS and polypropylene oligomers. 22nd International meeting on Organic Geochemistry, September, Seville, Spain, CD-ROM. Ashbolt, NJ (2005) Invited presentation, IWA- Indian Water Works Association – ‘9th International EcoSan Conference, November, Ho L, Hoefel D, Aunkofer W, Meyn T, Keegan A, Brookes J, Saint C Mumbai, India. and Newcombe G (2005) Biological filtration for the removal of algal metabolites from drinking water. Proceedings of the 1st IWA- Ashbolt, NJ (2005) PAHO-WHO – Invited workshop, Guidelines for ASPIRE Conference, July, Singapore, CR-ROM. Safe Recreational Water Environments Development of a Protocol for Epidemiological Investigations in Recreational Bathing Waters, Hoefel D, Ho L, Aunkofer W, Bock F, Keegan A, Monis P, Saint C and November, Mexico City, Mexico. Newcombe G (2005) Biofiltration and identification of bacteria involved in the removal of taste and odour compounds from Burch M and Brookes JD (2005) Regulation and management of toxic water. Proceedings of the 7th IWA Symposium on Off-flavours in cyanobacteria in Australia. The First International Conference on the Aquatic Environment, October, Cornwall, Ontario, Canada. Sustainable Water Environment: Water Resource and Quality Management, November, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. Humpage AR (2005) Toxin types, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Invited presentation at an International Symposium on Burch MD (2005) Effective doses guidelines and regulations. Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms, September, Research Interagency International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Triangle Park, NC, USA. Algal Blooms ISOC-HAB, September, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. Jayaratne A (2005) Target water supply mains cleaning areas using hydraulic models. Transactions of the Annual Sessions of the Falconer IR (2005) Health effects associated with controlled Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, CD-ROM. exposures to cyanobacterial toxins. International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Blooms (ISOC-HAB) US, September, Newcombe G (2005) Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North and Treatment Toxic Cyanobacteria Research. Final project meeting Carolina, USA. for the European Union Project - Barriers against cyanotoxins in drinking water, TOXIC. August, Karlsruhe, Germany. Falconer IR (2005) Are Endocrine Disrupting Compounds a Health Risk in Drinking Water? Second International Symposium on Newcombe G (2005) Treatment of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research, September, in drinking water. First International Conference on Sustainable Jackson, Mississippi, USA. Water Environment: Workshop on ‘Management of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water’, November, Taiwan. Ferguson C, Davies C, Kaucner C, Ashbolt N and Deere D (2005) Catchment Research at the Cooperative Research Centre for Sinclair MI and Schlosser O (2006) Studies Needed to Improve the Water Quality and Treatment. American Water Works Association Database and Interpretations. Proceedings of the International Annual Conference and Exhibition, AWWA, San Francisco, USA. Symposium on Health Aspects of Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water. World Health Organisation, Baltimore, Maryland, Ferguson C, Deere D, Davison A, Wood J and Billington K (2005) USA. Prioritisation of management strategies in the Torrens catchment (South Australia) using a process based pathogen model. 13th Roser DJ, Signor RS, Petterson SR and Ashbolt NJ (2005) Defining biennial International Water Association Health-related Water the magnitude of microbial risks in water supplies through Microbiology Symposium, September, IWA, Swansea, Wales. the quantification of water quality under event and base-line conditions. WaterMicro05, Proc. of the IWA Health-Related Heitz A, Driessen H, Joll CA and Kagi RI (2005) The Role of Free Water Microbiology Symposium, September International Water Chlorine in the Formation of Bromophenol Taints in Distributed Association, Swansea, Wales. Water. 7th International Water Association Off-Flavours in the Aquatic Environment Symposium, October, Cornwall, Canada. Signor RS and Ashbolt NJ (2005) Pathogen monitoring offers questionable protection against drinking-water risks: A QMRA Hobson P and Burch M (2005) Control of cyanobacteria: A South approach to assess risk management strategies. WaterMicro05, Australia perspective. 10th International Conference on Applied Proc. of the IWA Health-Related Water Microbiology Symposium, Phycology, July, Kunming, China. September, Swansea, Wales, pp. CD-ROM. Hoefel D, Ho L, Aunkofer W, Bock F, Keegan A, Monis P, Saint C Stranger M, Agutter PA, Lake RC, Ashbolt NJ and Roser DJ (2005) and Newcombe G (2005a) Biofiltration and identification of Microbial risk and removal – A utility perspective. WaterMicro05, bacteria involved in the removal of taste and odour compounds Proc. of the IWA Health-Related Water Microbiology Symposium, from water. Off-flavours in the aquatic environment symposium, September International Water Association, Swansea, Wales. Ontario, Canada. Steffensen D (2005) Economic cost of cyanobacterial blooms. Keegan A (2005) Validation. World Health Organisation International Symposium on cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms, Water Safety Plan Workshop, September, Swansea, Wales. September, Raleigh North Carolina,USA.
109 PUBLICATIONS 2005/6
Keegan A, Daminato D, Monis P and Saint CP (2005) Tracking the national conference of the Australian Organic Geochemists and Survival of Cryptosporidium through the Water Treatment Process. the NOM Users Group, February, Rottnest Island, Perth, Western 13th biennial International Water Association Health-related Water Australia. Microbiology Symposium, September, IWA, Swansea, Wales. Busetti F, Gray S, Tran T and Greenwood PF (2006) Chemical McKay JM (2006) Groundwater as the Cinderella of Water Institutions characterisation of Nom fractions prone to membrane fouling. The in Australia, in ISWAS conference Sustainable Groundwater Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic Matter: Combined Management, Alicante, Spain. national conference of the Australian Organic Geochemists and Newcombe G (2005) Management options for MIB and Geosmin: the NOM Users Group, February, Rottnest Island, Perth, Western What works? How much do we use? How much will it cost? 7th IWA Australia. Symposium on Off-Flavours in the Aquatic Environment, October, Chapman HF and Leusch FDL (2006) Risk assessment in water Cornwall, Canada. recycling: EDCs as a case study. Proceedings of Enviro 2006 Newcombe G (2005) Harmful cyanobacteria and their toxins: Removal Conference and Exhibition, May, Melbourne, Victoria. strategies and cost effectiveness. First International Conference Chapman HF, O’Toole J and Huston R (2006) Rainwater quality – an on Sustainable Water Environment, November, Taiwan. Australian snapshot. Proceedings of Sustainable Urban Water Storey MV (2006) Challenges for developing a career in water in the Urban Environment II. Australian Water Association and research – opportunities for Young Water Professionals. IWA 3rd Storm Water Industry Association Conference, June, University of Young Researchers Conference, May, Singapore. Sunshine Coast, Queensland. Watkinson AJ, Micalizzi G and Costanzo SD (2006) A novel Chow C, Fabris R, Drikas M and Makjewski P (2006) Removal method for the rapid assessment of bacterial resistance in the of Natural Organic Matter using Self-Assembled Monolayer Australian aquatic environment. 5th International Conference Technology. The Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic on Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Matter, Combined National Conference of the Australian Organic Water, March, National Groundwater Association, Costa Mesa, Geochemists and the NOM interest Group, February, Rottnest California. Island, Perth, Western Australia. Watkinson AJ, Murby EJ and Costanzo SD (2006) Antibiotics in Chow C, Fitzgerald F, Sutherland-Stacey L, Dexter R, Fabris R and Drikas M (2006) Applications of UV-Vis Spectrometry in sewage, recycled water and the aquatic environment: an Australian nd perspective. 5th International Conference on Pharmaceuticals Drinking Water Quality Management. 2 Annual South Australian and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water, March, National Operator’s Conference, AWA, April, Adelaide, South Australia. Groundwater Association, Costa Mesa, California. Chow C, Heitz A, Allpike B, Wilkinson K, Fabris R, Drikas M, Joll CA and Kagi RI (2006) Recent developments in high performance size exclusion chromatography. The Origin and Fate of Naturally CONFERENCES: DOMESTIC WITH PROCEEDINGS Occurring Organic Matter: Combined national conference of Allpike B, Heitz A, Joll CA and Kagi RI (2006) Development of an the Australian Organic Geochemists and the NOM Users Group, organic carbon detector for size exclusion chromatography. The February, Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Australia. Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic Matter: Combined Critchley MM, Storey MV, Diaper C, Toifl M and Tjandraatmadja national conference of the Australian Organic Geochemists and G (2005) Testing protocols for greywater treatment systems. the NOM Users Group, February, Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Australian Society for Microbiology Annual Conference, Australia. September, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Bain PA, Shaw GR and Patel BKC (2005) Activation of the Ribotoxic Croue JP, Gallard G, Ambonguilant S, Greenwood P, Boyd L, Stress Response in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and HepG2 Grice K, Berwick L (2006) Characterisation of colloids isolated Cells Exposed to the Cyanobacterial Toxin Cylindropsermopsin. from surface waters. The Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring COMBIO 2005 (ASBMB and ASPS combined meeting) September, Organic Matter: Combined national conference of the Australian Adelaide, South Australia. Organic Geochemists and the NOM Users Group, February, Bain PA, Wells CA, Shaw GR, Patel BKC (2005) Transcriptional Profiling Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Australia. of Cylindrospermopsin Toxicity in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Driessen H, Lethorn A, Joll CA and Heitz A (2006) The effect of HepG2 Cells. 5th Australian Microarray Conference, September, calcium ions on halogenation reactions with natural organic matter Barossa Valley, South Australia. in drinking water treatment. The Origin and Fate of Naturally Beale DJ, Porter NA and Roddick FA (2005) Atrazine detection Occurring Organic Matter: Combined national conference of in water by flow injection chemiluminescence. Proceedings of the Australian Organic Geochemists and the NOM Users Group, the Environmental Research Event (ERE), December, Hobart, February, Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Australia. Tasmania, CD-ROM. Drikas M (2006) Out, damned NOM! Proceedings of the Enviro 2006 Berwick L, Croue J-P, Kagi RI and Greenwood PF (2006) The Conference and Exhibition, May, Melbourne, Victoria, CD-ROM. thermal release of N-containing products from natural organic Fabris R, Chow C and Drikas M (2006) Strategies for optimum NOM matter (NOM) by microscale sealed vessel (MSSV) pyrolysis. The removal. 2nd Annual South Australian Operator’s Conference, Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic Matter: Combined AWA, April, Adelaide, South Australia. national conference of the Australian Organic Geochemists and the NOM Users Group, February, Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Fabris R, Chow CWK and Drikas M (2006) Combined treatments for Australia. enhanced natural organic matter (NOM) removal. Proceedings of Enviro 06 Conference and Exhibition, May, Melbourne, Australia, Blythe J, Joll CA, Heitz A and Kagi RI (2006) The effect of natural paper e6174, CD-ROM. organic matter in water treatment processes upon bromophenol formation in distributed water. The Origin and Fate of Naturally Fernando G, Maier HR, Dandy GC and May R (2005) Efficient Occurring Organic Matter: Combined national conference of Selection of Inputs for Artificial Neural Networks. Proceedings of the Australian Organic Geochemists and the NOM Users Group, the Modelling and Simulation Society of Australasia, MODSIM February, Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Australia. 2005, December, Melbourne, CD-ROM. Boyd LR, Greenwood PF, Grice K and Croue JP (2006) A stable Fisher I, Kastl G, Sathasivan A and Chen P (2006) Projecting effects isotope study of the origins of aquatic natural organic matter. The of treatment on chlorine and chloramine decay in a distribution Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic Matter: Combined system. Proceedings of Enviro 06 Conference and Exhibition, national conference of the Australian Organic Geochemists and May, Melbourne, Victoria, paper e6177 CD-ROM. the NOM Users Group, February, Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Fisher I, Kastl G and Sathasivan A (2006) Impact of nom reduction Australia. processes on chlorine and chloramine decay characteristics. Brinkmann S, Morran J and Drikas M (2006) High salinity, high Proceedings of Enviro 06 Conference and Exhibition, May, dissolved organic carbon process waste: A biological treatment Melbourne, Victoria, paper e6381 CD-ROM. approach. Enviro 2006 Conference and Exhibition, May, Fogelman S, Zhao H, Blumenstein M, Zhang S (2006) Estimation of Melbourne, Victoria, CD-ROM. oxygen demand levels using UV-Vis spectroscopy and artificial Brinkmann S, Morran J Drikas M neural networks as an effective tool for real-time, wastewater and (2006) Identifying st Biodegradation of NOM with & without ozone pre-treatment. The treatment control. Proceedings of the 1 Australian Young Water Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic Matter: Combined Professionals Conference, February, Sydney, New South Wales, CD-ROM.
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Gardner EA, Millar GE, Christiansen C, Vieritz A and Chapman national conference of the Australian Organic Geochemists and HF (2006) Water and energy use at a WSUD development in the NOM Users Group, February, Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Brisbane, Queensland. Proceedings of Enviro 2006 Conference Australia. and Exhibition, May, Melbourne, Australia. Sinclair M, Leder K and Rodrigo S (2006) To drink or not to drink, Gardner EA, Millar GE, Vieritz A, Christiansen C and Chapman that is the question – health risks of using rainwater in the house. HF (2006) Urban metabolism of an eco-sensitive subdivision. Proceedings of the Sustainable Water in the Urban Environment II Proceedings of UDM&WSUD Conference, April, Melbourne, Conference, June, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, CD-ROM. Australia. Soh YC, Roddick F and van Leeuwen J (2005) The effect of solar Greenwood P, Croué J-P, Berwick L, Boyd L, Busetti F, Grice K, radiation on the treatability of reservoir water and its subsequent Habarou H (2006) Molecular and isotopic characterisation of quality. Proceedings of the 13th Annual RACI Research & the organic foulant of an RO membrane. Proceedings of Enviro Development Topics, December, Mt Eliza, Victoria. 06 Conference and Exhibition, May, Melbourne, Victoria, paper Soh YC, Roddick F and van Leeuwen J (2005) The potential effects of e1820, CD-ROM. climate change and ozone depletion on Australian water quality, Hamilton S, Joll CA, Greenwood PF and Kagi RI (2006) Isolation quantity and treatability. Proceedings of the Environmental and characterisation of natural organic matter from Perth Research Event (ERE), December, Hobart, Tasmania, CD-ROM. groundwaters. The Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic Soh YC, Roddick F and van Leeuwen J (2006) The effect of solar Matter: Combined national conference of the Australian Organic radiation on the treatability of reservoir water and its subsequent Geochemists and the NOM Users Group, February, Rottnest quality. Proceedings of the 1st Australian Young Water Professionals Island, Perth, Western Australia. Conference, February, Sydney, New South Wales, CD-ROM. Hobson P, Hackney P and Brookes J (2005) Effects of a bushfire on Stewart I, Webb PM, Schluter PJ and Shaw GR (2005) Recreational water quality in Little Para Reservoir. Proceedings of the South exposure to cyanobacteria: Epidemiology, cutaneous effects Australian Regional Conference of the AWA, Glenelg, South and some aspects of the immunotoxicology of cyanotoxins. Australia, CD-ROM. 8th International Riversymposium, September, Brisbane, Jayaratne A, Snadden D and Sukumaran N (2006) Water Quality Queensland. of Hot Water Systems Drawn from Rainwater Tanks in Urban Storey MV, Kaucner CE, Blackbeard JR and Ashbolt NJ (2005) The Environments. Proceedings of Enviro 2006 Conference and incidence and control of opportunistic bacterial pathogens in Exhibition, May, Melbourne, Australia, CD-ROM. potable and recycled water-pipe biofilms in Australia. Australian Joll CA, Couton D, Heitz A and Kagi RI (2006) Comparison of Society for Microbiology Annual Conference, September, reagents and conditions for off-line thermochemolysis of natural Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. organic matter. The Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Tran T (2006) Ultrasound enhancement of microfiltration performance Organic Matter: Combined national conference of the Australian for NOM removal. The Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic Geochemists and the NOM Users Group, February, Organic Matter: Combined national conference of the Australian Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Australia. Organic Geochemists and the NOM Users Group, February, Joll CA, Kobes A, Driessen H and Heitz A (2006) The role of natural Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Australia. organic matter (NOM) in chlorinous off-flavours in drinking Young F, Micklem J and Humpage A (2005) Human reproductive in water. The Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic vitro bioassay for environmental toxins: the effects of a blue-green Matter: Combined national conference of the Australian Organic algae (C. raciborskii) toxin on granulosa cells. Abst 100 Proceedings Geochemists and the NOM Users Group, February, Rottnest of the 10th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australasian Society Island, Perth, Western Australia. for Ecotoxicology, Melbourne, Victoria. Lee MK, Solarska S, Roddick FA and Harris JL (2005) Application of White Rot Fungi for the Biodegradation of Natural Organic Matter. Environmental Engineering Event, December, Hobart, CD-ROM. CONFERENCES: DOMESTIC WITHOUT PROCEEDINGS Livingston D, Colebatch HK and Ashbolt NJ (2006) Querying Ashbolt NJ (2005) Bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. Contaminants institutional support for decentralised urban water: four Australian of Concern in Water, June, Australian Water Association, Artarmon, cases. Proceedings of 1st Australian Young Water Professionals Rydges Lakeside Hotel Canberra. CD-ROM. Conference, February, IWA (Australia), UNSW, Sydney, New South Bain P, Shaw G and Patel B (2005) Associated transcription in Wales. human dermal fibroblasts and Hep G cells in response to the Miles J, Heitz A, Busetti F and Greenwood PF (2006) Characterisation cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin. Fifth Conference of the studies to investigate the origin of aquatic biopolymers. The Australian Research Network for Algal Toxins, July, Moreton Bay Origin and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic Matter: Combined Research Station, North Stradbroke Island, Australia. national conference of the Australian Organic Geochemists and Beale DJ (2005) Is your water safe? 13th Annual RACI R & D Topics the NOM Users Group, February, Rottnest Island, Perth, Western Conference, December, Mt Eliza, Victoria. CD-ROM. Australia. Bursill DB (2005) Delivering high quality water: How science makes a Morran JY and Brinkmann SM (2005) Dealing with wastes from water difference. 10th Annual National Water Conference, Sydney, New treatment, with a focus on salty waste from the MIEX process. South Wales. Proceedings of AWA Worry Wastes workshop, December, Sydney, Ferguson C (2006) Bioaerosols in sewerage, plumbing and recycled New South Wales, CD-ROM. water settings. Bioaerosols and Airborne Infection in Public O’Toole J, Sinclair M and Leder K (2006) Microbiological water quality Health, The University of Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, and health risk assessment of urban rainwater tanks. Proceedings New South Wales. of Enviro 2006 Conference and Exhibition, May, Melbourne, Ferguson C (2006) Getting the most out of conference networking. 1st Victoria, CD-ROM. Australian Young Water Professionals Conference, International O’Toole J, Sinclair M, Leder K, Chapman HF and Cartwright T Water Association and Australian Water Association, Randwick, (2006) Microbial Water Quality and Health Risk Assessment of Sydney, New South Wales. Urban Rainwater Tanks. Proceedings of Enviro 2006 Conference Ferguson CM (2005) Bugs budgets - practical approaches for and Exhibition, May, Melbourne, Victoria. determining where best to target pathogen source controls. AWA Roddick FA and Porter N (2006) Hazardous byproduct formation New South Wales Regional Conference, Port Macquarie, New arising from UV and VUV irradiation of natural organic matter. South Wales. Proceedings of Enviro 2006 Conference and Exhibition, May, Keegan A, Poon J, Deere D, Davison A and Monis P (2005b) Practical Melbourne, Victoria, CD-ROM. Approaches for Proving the Performance of Treatment Systems Roddick FA and Porter N (2006) Removal of NOM from water: and the Importance of Independent Validation. AWA New South Development of a process utilising UV photooxidation. Wales Regional Conference Port Macquarie, New South Wales. Proceedings of Enviro 2006 Conference and Exhibition, May, Keegan A, Poon J, Deere D, Davison A and Monis P (2005c) Melbourne, Victoria, CD-ROM. Validation of a UV Disinfection System for Recycled Class Shaw GR, Richards D and Wickramasinghe W (2006) NDMA A Water from Western Treatment Plant. AWA South methodology and survey of Australian drinking waters. The Origin Australian Regional Conference, Adelaide, South Australia. and Fate of Naturally Occurring Organic Matter: Combined
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Lane R, Chow C, McLeod S, Davey DE and Mulcahy DE (2005) Hipsey MR, Antenucci JP, Brookes JD, Burch MD, Regel RH, Optimisation of a microstill flow injection system for ammonia Davies C, Ashbolt NJ and Ferguson C (2005) Hydrodynamic measurement. The 12th RACI Convention, July, Sydney distribution of pathogens in lakes and reservoirs. Final AwwaRF Convention and Exhibition Centre, Darling Harbour, Sydney, New Report, American Water Works Association Research Foundation, South Wales. Denver, Colorado, USA. Neumann C, Bain P and Shaw G (2005) The in vitro toxicology of Hobson P, Burch M, Pilotto P, Ranmuthugala G, Weightman W and deoxycylindrospermopsin. Fifth Conference of the Australian Attewell R (2006) Acute skin irritant effects of blue-green algae in Research Network for Algal Toxins, July, Moreton Bay Research healthy volunteers. Research Report No 25. CRC for Water Quality Station, North Stradbroke Island, Western Australia. and Treatment, Adelaide. Newcombe G and Burch M (2005) Operational responses to blue- Kärrman E, Söderberg H, Lundie S, Ashbolt NJ, Kazaglis A, Lai green algal problems - examples from the new CRC Guidance E, Livingston D, and Anderson J. (2005) Literature Review. Manual. AWA New South Wales Regional Conference, Port Methodology for Evaluating the Overall Sustainability of Urban Macquarie, New South Wales. Water Systems. Centre for Water and Waste Technology, University Pollard P, Leeming R, Bagraith S, Greenway M and Ashbolt N (2005). of New South Wales, Sydney. Health impacts of sewage overflows into a tidal urban (Lota) creek Lundie S, Ashbolt NJ, Livingston DJ, Lai E, Kärrman E, Blaikie J of Brisbane. Proc. 2005 Annual Meeting of the Australian Society and Anderson J (2005) Sustainability Framework: Methodology for Microbiology, Canberra, Australian Society for Microbiology, for Evaluating the Overall Sustainability of Urban Water Systems. Melbourne, Victoria. Centre for Water and Waste Technology (commercial report for Roberts AA and Neilan BA (2006) The Effect of Lateral Gene Transfer Water Services Association of Australia) University of New South on Cyanobacterial Toxicity and the Implications for Toxic Bloom Wales, Sydney. Monitoring. 1st Australian Young Water Professionals Conference, Medema G, Loret J-C, Stenström T A and Ashbolt N (2006) February, Sydney, New South Wales. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment in the Water Safety Plan. Roberts AA and Neilan BA (2006) The Role of Transposition in Final Report on the EU MicroRisk Project. European Commission, Cyanobacterial Toxin Variation and Distribution: Implications Brussels, Belgium. for Toxic Bloom Monitoring. Australian Society of Microbiology Nicholson B, Papagiorgiou J, Humpage A, Steffensen D, Monis P, Conference, June, Gold Coast, Queensland. Linke T, Fanok S, Shaw G, Eaglesham G, Davis B, Wickramasinghe Tan B, Leusch F, Hawker D, Tremblay L, Mueller J, Chapman H W, Stewart I and Carmichael W (2006) Determination and (2005) From sewage treatment plant to laboratory: preservation significance of emerging algal toxins (cyanotoxins). Final AwwaRF of endocrine-disrupting compounds in wastewater and alternative Report, American Water Works Association Research Foundation, techniques of monitoring. Australasian Society for Ecotoxicology Denver, Colorado, USA. Conference, Melbourne, Victoria. Sinclair MI (2005) Strategic Review of Waterborne Viruses for the Watkinson AJ, Micalizzi G, Murby EJ, and Costanzo SD (2005) Water Services Association of Australia. Occasional Paper No 11 Antibiotics as pollutants: do they pose a risk to the environment CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. and recycled water? 5th Annual Health and Medical Research Sinclair MI and Schlosser O (2006) Evaluating the epidemiological Conference of Queensland, November, Brisbane, Queensland. evidence on the effects of calcium and magnesium in drinking water on cardiovascular disease rates. Report for the Global Water Research Coalition. REPORTS Azavedo S, Chernoff N, Falconer I, Gage M, Hilborn E, Hooth M, Jensen K, Mac Phail R, Rogers E, Shaw G, Stewart I (2006) Health WORKSHOPS – INTERNATIONAL effects of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Proceedings of the Burch M (2005) Management and monitoring of cyanobacteria Interagency International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful and cyanotoxins in reservoirs. Workshop on Management and Algal Blooms In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Treatment of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water, Springer Press, New York, K Hudnell (Ed), pp 1-20. November, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China. CAT (2006) How to Look After Your Rainwater. Pictorial publication Falconer IR (2006) Carcinogenicity risk assessment of cyanobacterial for remote Indigenous communities managing rainwater tanks. peptide toxins. June, International Agency for Research in Cancer, Centre for Appropriate Technology, Alice Springs. Lyon, France. CAT (2006) Rainwater Tanks in Remote Australia. (Design Brief). Centre Humpage A (2005) Invited workshop contribution to International for Appropriate Technology, Alice Springs. Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms, September, Codd GA, Azevedo SMFO, Bagchi SN, Burch MD, Carmichael Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. WW, Harding WR, Kaya K and Utkilen HC (2005) CYANONET: A McKay JM (2005) Corporate Governance models in Major urban global network for cyanobacterial bloom and risk management. Water Businesses- a typology in the first decade after reform and Initial situation assessment and recommendations. International Issues for the future, IWA Efficient Seminar Chile. Hydrological Programme –VI, Technical Documents in Hydrology McKay JM (2005) Regulating upstream consumptive water use- the No. 76: 138, UNESCO, Paris. issues in implementing the Irrigation CAP in the Murray Darling Davies C, Kaucner C, Altavilla N, Ashbolt N, Hijnen W, Medema G, Basin- Stockholm Water Symposium Finding ways to benefit share Deere D, Krogh M, and Ferguson C (2005a) Fate and transport of from integrated Land and Water use in river Basins, Sweden. surface water pathogens in watersheds. Report 91078F. American Roddick FA (2006) Fundamentals of photochemical processes. Water Works Research Foundation, Denver. Introduction to Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Fisher I, Kastl G, Chow C and May R (2005) Disinfection Management Treatment, May, Cranfield University, United Kingdom. – Implementing Tools for Optimising Disinfection. CRC for Water Roddick FA (2006) NOM research at RMIT University. New Directions Quality and Treatment Technical Fact Sheet Series, 36pp. in NOM Research, June, Cranfield University, United Kingdom. Grant A, Gray S and Anderson N (2005) Sustainable Water Systems Roddick FA (2006) UV and UV/H2O2 Processes, Introduction to Schemes and Technologies: Monitoring results from Melbourne Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment, May, Site 1, CMIT 2005-344, September, For CRC for Water Quality Cranfield University, United Kingdom. and Treatment. Stallard K (2006) Vision for an Environmentally Friendly and Grant A, Gray S and Hansen D (2006) Sustainable Water Systems Sustainable Urban Water System, June, Global Water Research Schemes and Technologies: Monitoring results from Site 3, CMIT Coalition Workshop, Water Concepts of the Future, Rapperswil, 2006-030, February, For CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. Switzerland. Grey-Gardner R, Wright A and Boyce S (2006) Harvesting Water Stewart I (2005) Cyanobacteria poisoning: birds & animals. that Falls on Country – Planning for Rainwater Tanks in Remote International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms Australia. Centre for Appropriate Technology, Alice Springs. (ISOC-HAB), September, Durham, NC, USA.
112 PUBLICATIONS 2005/6
WORKSHOPS – DOMESTIC May R (2005) ANN-based forecasting tools for improved control Angles M (2005/2006) Biofilms: Understanding their impact on water of disinfection within water distribution systems, CRC for Water quality. CRC for Water Quality & Treatment Distribution Roadshow Quality and Treatment Managing Water Quality in Distribution seminar series. Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Adelaide. Systems Roadshow seminar series. Sydney and Melbourne. Beard NJ (2005) Improving water supplies in remote Indigenous May R (2006) Utilisation of SCADA data for ANN-based forecasting communities - lessons, barriers and opportunities. NT Water in of water quality, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Managing the Bush Workshop, October, Darwin, Northern Territory. Water Quality in Distribution Systems Roadshow seminar series, Adelaide, South Australia. Beard NJ (2006) Water education in CRCWQT-CAT projects in remote Indigenous communities. Presentation to Australian Water Morran JY (2005) Organic Nitrogen Forms in Water and Consequences Association (AWA) – Alice Springs Water Education Network as regards DBP Formation. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment (WEN) Meeting, World Water Day – Water & Culture, March. Workshop, Brisbane, Queensland. Hosted by the Centre for Appropriate Technology (CAT), Alice Newcombe G (2005) Management options for MIB and geosmin: Springs, Northern Territory. Treatment methods and historical trends. SA Water workshop for Chapman H, (2005) Chemicals in Waste and Reclaimed Water – the identification of operational and research priorities for taste AWA/CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Joint Workshop on and odour control, October, Thebarton, South Australia. Chemicals in Waste and Reclaimed Water – State of the Science, Newcombe G (2005) How does NOM affect other treatment November, Greek Club, Brisbane, Queensland. processes? Activated carbon performance. CRC for Water Quality Chapman HF (2005) Mixtures and Risk Assessment. Oral presentation and Treatment Pathogen Roadshow seminar series, Adelaide, at AWA/CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Joint Workshop on Melbourne, Perth, Darwin, Brisbane. Chemicals in Waste and Reclaimed Water – State of the Science, Newcombe G and Drikas M (2006) Presentation of a one day IWES Novermber, Greek Club, Brisbane, Queensland. Course on Potable Water Treatment, February, Sydney, New Chapman, HF (2005) Indirect potable reuse in Queensland – what South Wales. can and did go wrong on the Sunshine Coast? Queensland Ruebhart D and Shaw G. (2006) Alternative bioassays for the Health Scientific Services Water Reuse Workshop, September, detection of cyanotoxins - Physarum polycephalum bioassay. Queensland Health Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland. Centre for Aquatic Process and Pollution 2nd Annual RHD Forum, Chapman, HF (2005) Is recycled water safe to drink? Water Wisdom: April, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland. Supply options for the Future’ workshop, Australian Water S Gray (2005) NOM removal with membranes. CRC for Water Quality Association (Qld) and the University of the Sunshine Coast, and Treatment Natural Organic Matter Roadshow seminar series, September Queensland. Perth, Adelaide, Darwin, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane. Chapman, HF (2006) Fate and effects of endocrine disruptors from Sinclair MI (2005) Epidemiology of the risk posed by disinfection sewage effluent in coastal estuarine environments. CRC for Water byproducts, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Disinfection Quality and Treatment Wastewater Program workshop. April, Byproducts Workshop, July, Brisbane, Queensland. Melbourne, Victoria. Storey MV (2006) Biofilms: Understanding their impact on water Chow C (2005) Use NOM Character to Improve Treatment & How quality. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Distribution Does NOM Affect Distribution System Operation?. CRC for Water Roadshow Seminar Series. Platform presentation. April, Darwin, Quality and Treatment Natural Organic Matter Roadshow seminar Northern Territory. series. Adelaide, Melbourne, Darwin, Perth, Brisbane, Canberra Storey MV and NJ Ashbolt (2006) Understanding the growth of and Sydney. opportunistic bacterial pathogens in potable and recycled water Chow C (2005/2006) Disinfection Management – Tool Box Approach. distribution systems. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Managing Drinking Water Platform presentation. Wastewater Program Workshop, April, Quality in Distribution Systems Roadshow seminar series. Sydney, Melbourne, Victoria. Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide and Darwin. Dandy GC (2005) Overview of the decision support system, CRC THESES for Water Quality and Treatment Managing Water Quality in Distribution Systems Roadshow seminar series. Sydney and Blasdall S (2005) Molecular Typing of Cryptosporidium parvum. PhD Adelaide. Thesis, University of New South Wales, Sydney. Drikas M (2005) What is NOM and why is it important?. CRC for Water Buchanan W (2005) Biological Removal of UV and VUV Pre-treated Quality and Treatment Natural Organic Matter Roadshow seminar Natural Organic Matter. PhD Thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne. series. Adelaide, Melbourne, Darwin, Perth, Brisbane, Canberra Ferguson C (2005) Deterministic model of microbial sources, fate and and Sydney. transport: a quantitative tool for pathogen catchment budgeting. Fisher IH (2005/2006) Understanding disinfection in distribution PhD Thesis, University of New South Wales, Sydney. systems – a Framework perspective. CRC for Water Quality and Hurlimann A (2006) An Exploration of Community Attitudes to Treatment Distribution Program Technology Transfer Workshop. Recycled Water Use - An Urban Australian Case Study. PhD Thesis, Sydney, Melbourne and Perth. University of South Australia, Adelaide. Greenwood PF (2005) Natural Organic Matter (NOM) in Australian Malek F (2005) Investigation of Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Freshwater and related CRC for Water Quality and Treatment photooxidation to reduce flux loss in microfiltration of drinking research. Organic-Nitrogen and Nitrogen-DBP workshop, water. Masters Thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne. Queensland Health Pathology & Science Services, July, Brisbane, Moore D (2005) Studies on the Life Cycle of the Cyanobacterium Queensland. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii focusing on Akinete Differentiation Hurlimann A (2005) Water Recycling in a South Australian Community, and Germination. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, is this Socially Sustainable? Water Justice Workshop, September, Brisbane. Hawke Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia. Jayaratne A (2005) Managing Drinking Water Quality in Distribution Systems - Case Study of Particles Modelling, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Distribution Program Roadshow seminar series, Perth and Darwin. Jayaratne A (2005) Managing Drinking Water Quality in Distribution Systems - Case Study Approach Decision Support Systems, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Distribution Program Roadshow seminar series, Perth and Darwin. Loetscher T (2006) Naiad - A repository for sharing knowledge about innovative water schemes. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Wastewater Strategy Program workshop. Melbourne, Victoria.
113 George Turelli Business Manager CRC for Water Quality and Treatment
Aim The Centre’s Governing Board and Management recognise that effective management of financial and other resources is essential for the delivery of world-class research. To achieve this, the Centre has established systems and frameworks to ensure efficient project and financial management.
TABLES
Appendix A – Research Staff Resources
Research Staff - In-Kind Contributions 115 ces Research Staff - CRC funded resources 121
Summary of Contributions Resour Table 1. In-kind Contributions from Participants 124 and Table 2. Cash Contributuions 129
Table 3. Summary of Resources Applied to Activities 131
Budget Table 4. Allocation of Resources between Categories of Activities 132
114 APPENDIX A RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES
APPENDIX A - RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES PERCENTAGE TIME ALLOCATION OF RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES IN-KIND CONTRIBUTION FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 2004/2005
Organisation: ACTEW Corporation Ltd % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Ms C Ferguson R 16.8 16.8 16.8 Mr V Jonceski R 9.2 9.2 9.2 Ms Z Moore R 5.3 5.3 5.3 TOTAL 31.4 0.0 31.4 0.0 31.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Australian Water Quality Centre % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Dr C Chow R 89.1 89.1 89.1 Dr D Steffensen R 84.7 84.7 84.7 Ms M Drikas R 83.7 83.7 83.7 Dr P Hobson R 78.2 78.2 78.2 Mr M Burch R 64.9 64.9 64.9 Dr G Newcombe R 64.8 64.8 64.8 Dr A Humpage R 63.9 62.5 62.5 1.4 Dr B Nicholson R 56.8 56.8 56.8 Dr A Keegan R 48.5 0.5 48.0 48.5 Dr C Saint R 36.5 0.4 36.1 36.5 Mr J Morran R 26.6 26.6 26.6 Dr J Papaegeorgiou R 16.7 16.7 16.7 Ms S Fanok R 12.5 12.5 12.5 Dr P Monis R 9.5 9.5 9.5 Mr P Baker R 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.5 Mr D Cook R 0.7 0.7 0.7 TOTAL 737.8 75.9 659.9 0.0 735.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Brisbane City Council % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Ms D Cooper R 23.3 23.3 23.3 Mr M Parusel R 12.5 12.5 12.5 Ms J McLellan R 11.3 11.3 11.3 Mr R Townsley R 9.4 9.4 9.4 Mr R Gray R 8.8 8.8 8.8 Ms A Roux R 0.4 0.4 0.4 Ms K Browning R 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 66.1 0.0 66.1 0.0 66.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Centre for Appropriate Technology Inc % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education CRC Communication Activity of time Total Commercialisation Administration 1 2 3 Research Ms A Wright R 13.1 13.1 13.1 Mr M Moran R 3.0 3.0 3.0 Mr S Bailey R 2.2 2.2 2.2 Mr S Fisher R 1.7 1.7 1.7 TOTAL 20.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
115 APPENDIX A RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES
Organisation: CSIRO % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Prof T Priestley R 50.0 0.0 50.0 Dr B Bolto R 49.2 49.2 49.2 Dr S Gray R 18.1 17.3 0.8 18.1 Ms C Diaper R 9.4 9.4 9.4 Mr J Gras R 0.9 0.9 0.9 Ms J Wu R 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 128.0 10.7 66.5 0.8 78.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0
Organisation: Curtin University of Technology % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Dr C Joll E 42.8 13.7 13.7 29.2 Prof R Kagi E 42.8 12.8 12.8 30.0 Dr A Heitz E 26.7 0.0 26.7 Mr G Chidlow E 6.3 6.3 6.3 A/Prof K Grice E 5.6 1.0 1.0 4.6 TOTAL 124.1 0.0 33.7 0.0 33.7 90.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Griffith University % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Dr G Shaw R 89.2 62.1 62.1 27.1 Dr P Teasdale R 7.5 7.5 Dr H Zhao R 39.4 33.2 33.2 6.1 Dr B Gleeson R 39.0 39.0 39.0 Dr T Greene R 20.4 10.0 10.0 10.4 Dr H Stratton R 15.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 Dr A Chan R 14.1 7.5 7.5 6.7 Dr J Lee R 12.5 0.0 12.5 Dr R John R 10.0 10.0 10.0 Dr J Tisdell R 5.8 0.0 5.8 Dr R Rickson R 5.0 0.0 5.0 A/Prof B Patel E 66.3 56.3 56.3 10.0 TOTAL 324.2 128.4 99.6 0.0 228.0 96.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Melbourne Water Corporation % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Mr S Haydon R 55.3 55.3 55.3 Dr M Stevens R 40.7 40.7 40.7 Ms K Cinque R 6.4 6.4 6.4 TOTAL 102.4 0.0 102.4 0.0 102.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Monash University % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Dr M Sinclair R 46.5 30.8 0.4 6.7 37.9 5.0 3.6 Dr K Leder R 25.8 18.3 0.4 18.7 7.1 Prof J McNeil R 25.0 20.0 20.0 5.0 Mr R Wolfe R 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ms S Rizak R 26.7 26.7 26.7 Dr A Forbes R 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 124.9 96.7 0.8 6.7 104.2 17.1 0.0 0.0 3.6
116 APPENDIX A RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES
Organisation: Orica Australia Pty Ltd % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Mr T Scott R 6.8 6.8 6.8 Mr G Vero R 4.9 4.9 4.9 Mr S Harrison R 2.9 2.9 2.9 Mr P Smith R 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 15.1 0.0 15.1 0.0 15.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Power & Water Corporation % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Ms A Dysart R 66.5 66.5 66.5 Mr P Heaton R 10.3 10.3 10.3 Ms K Green R 7.7 4.4 3.3 7.7 Mr S Plant R 4.7 4.1 0.6 4.7 Mr D Jan R 4.7 4.7 4.7 Mr L Miles R 4.7 2.1 2.5 4.7 Mr D Day R 3.1 3.1 3.1 Mr A Donald R 2.4 1.9 0.5 2.4 Ms J Croft R 2.3 2.3 2.3 Mr N McCarthy R 0.8 0.8 0.8 Mr D George R 0.8 0.8 0.8 Ms S Powell-Harbour R 0.0 0.0 TOTAL 107.8 0.0 21.0 86.9 107.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific Services % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Mr G Eaglesham R 6.9 4.4 2.5 6.9 Mr G Prove R 5.0 5.0 5.0 Mr D Wruck R 5.0 5.0 5.0 Mr J Bates R 2.5 2.5 2.5 Dr R Sadler R 2.5 2.5 2.5 TOTAL 21.9 4.4 17.5 0.0 21.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: RMIT University % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Prof F Roddick R 35.7 0.5 0.5 35.2 Mr F Younos R 19.8 0.0 19.8 Dr N Porter E 15.0 0.0 15.0 Dr N Jayasuriyo R 7.3 2.3 2.3 5.0 Dr J Harris R 3.3 0.0 3.3 TOTAL 81.2 0.0 2.8 0.0 2.8 78.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: SA Water Corporation % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Ms K Billington R 2.2 2.2 2.2 TOTAL 2.2 0.0 2.2 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
117 APPENDIX A RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES
Organisation: South East Water Ltd % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Mr G Ryan R 2.3 1.9 1.9 0.4 TOTAL 2.3 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Sydney Catchment Authority % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Mr R McInnes R 8.1 8.1 8.1 Mr B Whitehill R 7.0 7.0 7.0 Mr P Cox R 3.3 2.7 2.7 0.7 Ms B Bennett R 2.7 2.7 2.7 Dr B Vigneswaran R 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.3 Ms J Birrell R 0.8 0.8 0.8 TOTAL 23.1 0.0 22.2 0.0 22.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7
Organisation: Sydney Water Corporation % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Mr A Cartwright R 43.3 43.3 43.3 Mr D Vitanage R 39.3 39.3 39.3 Dr I Fisher R 19.1 19.1 19.1 Ms C Doolan R 17.6 17.6 17.6 Mr D Cooper R 10.8 10.8 10.8 Dr H Bustamante R 9.4 9.4 9.4 Dr M Angles R 4.8 4.8 4.8 Mr G Kastl R 3.9 3.9 3.9 Mr P Chen R 3.3 3.3 3.3 Mr C Deininger R 2.5 2.5 2.5 Mr M Healey R 0.9 0.9 0.9 Mr D Corben R 0.8 0.8 0.8 Mr A Venturino R 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ms M Logan R 0.3 0.3 0.3 Ms J Hu R 0.1 0.1 0.1 TOTAL 156.7 0.0 156.7 0.0 156.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: United Water International Pty Ltd % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Dr D Sweeney R 36.2 36.2 36.2 Mr M Holmes R 24.0 23.4 23.4 0.6 Dr J Nixon R 15.5 14.7 14.7 0.4 0.4 Dr R Regel R 4.3 4.3 4.3 Mr U Kaeding R 3.3 3.0 0 3.0 0.3 Dr S Rinck-Pfeiffer R 0.3 0.3 0.3 TOTAL 83.6 0.0 81.9 0.0 81.9 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.4
Organisation: University of Adelaide % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research A/Prof H Maier R 20.0 0.0 20.0 Prof G Dandy R 15.0 0.0 15.0 A/Prof F Recknagel R 12.5 0.0 12.5 A/Prof G Ganf R 10.0 0.0 10.0 Dr D Lewis R 5.0 0.0 5.0 TOTAL 62.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
118 APPENDIX A RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES
Organisation: University of New South Wales % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Prof N Ashbolt R 48.8 33.4 33.4 15.4 A/Prof B Neilan R 17.5 0.0 17.5 Prof D Waite R 10.0 0.0 10.0 Mr H Colebatch R 9.2 0.0 9.2 Mr A Feitz R 5.4 0.0 5.4 A/Prof V Chen R 5.4 0.0 5.4 Prof T Fane R 5.4 0.0 5.4 Prof D Wiley R 5.4 0.0 5.4 Dr D Roser R 2.5 0.0 2.5
Dr C Davies R 0.3 0.0 0.3
TOTAL 110.0 0.0 33.4 0.0 33.4 76.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: University of Queensland % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Dr I Stewart R 33.3 33.3 33.3
Dr G Kirchoff R 16.7 16.7 16.7
Prof A Seawright R 11.7 11.7 11.7
Dr A Abu Bakar R 10.9 10.9 10.9
Mr D Richards R 10.4 10.4 10.4
Dr M Moore R 5.1 2.6 2.5 5.1
Prof C Critchley R 3.3 0.0 3.3
Dr L Sly R 2.5 2.5 2.5
Dr G Shaw R 1.3 1.3 1.3
Dr J Keller R 1.3 0.0 1.3
Dr B Molaee R 0.0 0.0
TOTAL 96.4 68.9 22.9 0.0 91.9 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: University of South Australia % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research A/Prof J Brookes R 40.0 40.0 40.0
Dr J van Leeuwen R 37.6 26.3 26.3 11.3
Dr A Badalyan R 25.0 25.0 25.0
Dr G Klass R 5.0 0.0 5.0
Prof M Barton R 5.0 0.0 5.0
Prof P Majewski R 3.5 0.0 3.5
Prof D Mulcahy E 99.5 0.0 99.5
A/Prof P Pendleton E 15.0 0.0 15.0
Prof J Mckay E 7.5 0.0 7.5
A/Prof D Davey E 5.7 5.7 5.7
Dr S Beecham E 1.7 0.0 1.7
TOTAL 245.4 0.0 97.0 0.0 97.0 148.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Organisation: Water Corporation % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Mr P Engler R 1.6 1.6 1.6
TOTAL 1.6 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
119 APPENDIX A RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES
Organisation: Yarra Valley Water Ltd % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Name Sub program Education Commercialisation CRC Communication Activity of time Total Administration 1 2 3 Research Mr A Jayaratne R 8.6 3.9 3.9 2.2 2.5
Mr M Bruno R 0.4 0.0 0.4
Mr D Snadden R 0.4 0.0 0.4
Ms R Narangala C 1.6 1.6 1.6
Ms N Sukumaran C 0.2 0.0 0.2
TOTAL 11.1 0.0 5.5 0.0 5.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 3.5
GRAND TOTAL 2679.7 385.1 1542.0 114.3 2041.4 579.7 0.4 50.0 8.1
120 APPENDIX A RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES
Research Staff - CRC funded resources % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Commercialisa- Name Sub program Education Administration Communication Activity of time tion Total Research 1 2 3
Mr R Fabris R 100.0 100.0 100.0 AWQC
Dr H Chapman R 100.0 100.0 100.0 QHP&SS
Mr M De Souza R 100.0 100.0 100.0 RMIT
Dr L Ho R 100.0 100.0 100.0 AWQC
Mr D Daminato R 100.0 100.0 100.0 AWQC
Mr M Bruno R 100.0 12.9 87.1 100.0 YVW
Dr F Leusch R 100.0 32.2 67.8 100.0 GRIFFITH UNI
Ms L Hamilton R 100.0 100.0 100.0 GRIFFITH UNI
Ms K O’Halloran R 100.0 100.0 100.0 GRIFFITH UNI
Dr S Froscio R 97.1 97.1 97.1 AWQC
Ms S Brinkman R 83.3 83.3 83.3 AWQC
Ms S Zhang R 75.4 75.4 75.4 GRIFFITH UNI
Dr P Teasdale R 70.0 70.0 70.0 GRIFFITH UNI
Dr T Loetscher R 67.6 67.6 67.6 QLD UNI
Dr T D Nguyen R 66.7 66.7 66.7 RMIT
Ms C Kaucner R 65.5 65.5 65.5 UNSW
Dr R Daly R 57.6 57.6 57.6 AWQC
Dr M Sinclair R 53.5 53.5 53.5 MONASH UNI
Dr N Roseth R 50.0 50.0 50.0 UTS
Dr B Nicholson R 48.3 48.3 48.3 AWQC
Dr T Tran R 48.2 48.2 48.2 CSIRO
Ms N Cooke R 47.0 47.0 47.0 MONASH UNI
Dr P Greenwood R 41.7 41.7 41.7 CURTIN UNI
Dr D Deere R 38.4 38.4 38.4 CRC
Mr S Fane R 38.3 38.3 38.3 UTS
Dr A Wickramasinghe R 34.6 20.0 14.6 34.6 QLD UNI
Ms C Fazekas R 33.7 33.7 33.7 AWQC
121 APPENDIX A RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES
Research Staff - CRC funded resources % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Commercialisa- Name Sub program Education Administration Communication Activity of time tion Total Research 1 2 3
Em Prof I Falconer R 32.3 32.3 32.3 UNI OF ADEL
Dr M Storey R 29.9 29.9 29.9 CSIRO
Dr R Plant R 28.8 28.8 28.8 UTS
Dr G Shaw R 27.7 27.7 27.7 QLD UNI
Mr C Kapralos R 25.0 25.0 25.0 AWQC
Assoc/Prof C Mitchell R 25.0 25.0 25.0 UTS
Mr F Busetti R 25.0 25.0 25.0 CUT
Ms Ying Cheng R 24.3 24.3 24.3 SWC
Mr M Phadtare R 21.3 21.3 21.3 UTS
Ms S Simard R 19.2 19.2 19.2 UTS
Mr A Grant R 18.8 18.8 18.8 CSIRO
Mr S Smith R 17.5 17.5 17.5 CSIRO
Ms M Smith R 17.3 17.3 17.3 QLD UNI
Ms M Keywood R 14.0 14.0 14.0 CSIRO
Ms J House R 11.5 11.5 11.5 AWQC
Dr T Lwin R 11.1 11.1 11.1 CSIRO
Ms S Rizak R 10.8 10.8 10.8 MONASH UNI
Ms J Guice R 7.8 7.8 7.8 SCA
Mr A Kazaglis R 7.5 7.5 7.5 UTS
Ms L Franklin R 7.1 7.1 7.1 MONASH UNI
Prof S White R 5.5 5.5 5.5 UTS
Mr J Ward R 5.0 5.0 5.0 CSIRO
Ms N Jones R 3.4 3.4 3.4 CAT
Ms M John R 2.3 2.3 2.3 GRIFFITH UNI
Dr C Davies R 2.1 2.1 2.1 UNSW
Dr S Toze R 1.7 1.7 1.7 CSIRO
Dr M Angles R 1.6 1.6 1.6 SWC
Mr B Budanovic R 0.9 0.9 0.9 SWC
122 APPENDIX A RESEARCH STAFF RESOURCES
Dr B Horsborough R 0.8 0.8 0.8 ACTEW
Research Staff - CRC funded resources % Allocation of Time Spent
Research Program
Main Total % Commercialisa- Name Sub program Education Administration Communication Activity of time tion Total Research 1 2 3
Dr S Gray R 0.8 0.8 0.8 CSIRO
Ms N Beard R 0.4 0.0 0.4 CAT
Ms C Bellamy E 62.0 0.0 62.0 UNI SA
Ms F Wellby C 100.0 0.0 100.0 AWQC
Dr G Vaughan C 71.3 0.0 71.3 CSIRO
Ms P Lightbody C 40.0 0.0 40.0 MONASH UNI
Prof A Priestley C 30.0 0.0 20.0 10.0 CSIRO
Mr G Turelli A 100.0 0.0 100.0 AWQC
Mr B Dorratt A 100.0 0.0 100.0 YVWL
Mr F Fleuren A 100.0 0.0 100.0 AWQC
Ms S Spragg A 60.0 0.0 60.0 AWQC
Ms P Barry A 57.9 0.0 57.9 AWQC
Mr K Stallard A 44.2 0.0 44.2 AWQC
Prof D Bursill A 40.0 0.0 40.0 AWQC
GRAND TOTAL 3128.7 382.0 1781.8 159.1 2322.9 62.0 20.0 512.1 211.7
123 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,251 5,007 1,780 (3,227) 79,428 56,642 12,848 20,099 15,684 (22,786) (17,345) 294,097 276,752 305,664 321,348 (194,105) (142,356) 3,717,302 3,523,197 1,183,238 1,040,882 7 YEARS DIFFERENCE AL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31,390 43,610 75,000 182,350 167,650 350,000 200,522 219,478 420,000 131,505 177,686 309,191 4,022,577 5,644,506 9,667,083 1,438,808 1,870,337 3,309,145 7 YEARS AGREEMENT GRAND TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 7,251 12,848 20,099 36,397 40,383 76,780 159,564 247,078 406,642 183,177 513,575 696,752 147,189 483,350 630,539 TOT 3,828,472 9,361,808 1,296,452 3,053,575 4,350,027 7 YEARS 13,190,280 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,278 8,722 26,050 23,950 50,000 28,646 31,354 60,000 21,938 29,642 51,580 15,000 577,390 810,196 205,544 267,191 472,735 YEAR 7 2007/08 1,387,586 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,278 8,722 26,050 23,950 50,000 28,646 31,354 60,000 21,938 29,642 51,580 15,000 577,390 810,196 205,544 267,191 472,735 YEAR 7 2007/08 1,387,586 BUDGET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,278 8,722 26,050 23,950 50,000 28,646 31,354 60,000 21,938 29,642 51,580 15,000 577,390 810,196 205,544 267,191 472,735 YEAR 6 2006/07 1,387,586 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,278 8,722 26,050 23,950 50,000 28,646 31,354 60,000 21,938 29,642 51,580 15,000 577,390 810,196 205,544 267,191 472,735 YEAR 6 2006/07 1,387,586 BUDGET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 87,629 18,834 26,166 45,000 130,250 119,750 250,000 143,230 300,000 118,402 206,031 156,770 2,867,797 4,024,114 6,891,911 1,027,720 1,335,955 2,363,675 TE AGREEMENT TIVE TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TO DA 7,251 12,848 20,099 23,841 22,939 46,780 107,464 199,178 306,642 125,885 450,867 576,752 103,313 424,066 527,379 885,364 CUMULA 2,673,692 7,741,416 2,519,193 3,404,557 ACTUAL 10,415,108 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,278 8,722 26,050 23,950 50,000 28,646 60,000 21,938 29,642 51,580 15,000 31,354 577,390 810,196 205,544 267,191 472,735 YEAR 5 2005/06 1,387,586 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 849 1,168 2,017 4,704 4,052 8,756 31,121 26,685 57,806 61,936 18,240 82,319 639,030 396,830 458,766 100,559 150,033 507,598 657,631 YEAR 5 2005/06 1,917,755 2,556,785 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,278 8,722 26,050 23,950 50,000 28,646 31,354 60,000 21,938 29,642 51,580 15,000 577,390 810,196 205,544 267,191 472,735 YEAR 4 2004/05 1,387,586 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 433 2,336 2,769 5,410 20,100 29,530 49,630 12,324 17,734 45,820 12,399 12,844 25,243 99,697 601,449 111,097 156,917 465,262 564,959 YEAR 4 2004/05 1,883,821 2,485,270 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,278 8,722 26,050 23,950 50,000 28,646 31,354 60,000 21,938 29,642 51,580 15,000 574,487 806,126 205,544 267,191 472,735 YEAR 3 2003/04 1,380,613 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,088 3,504 1,692 5,196 9,280 4,648 6,738 6,043 29,384 33,472 13,928 23,331 12,781 529,498 117,507 140,838 186,842 541,839 728,681 YEAR 3 2003/04 1,238,649 1,768,147 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EXPENDITURE 26,050 23,950 50,000 28,646 31,354 60,000 21,815 29,476 51,291 569,492 799,115 205,544 267,191 472,735 YEAR 2 2002/03 1,368,607 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ANTS 3,504 2,894 6,398 14,239 77,864 92,103 22,622 18,864 41,486 15,922 506,839 113,143 129,065 210,324 491,288 701,612 TICIP YEAR 2 2002/03 1,276,759 1,783,598 ACTUAL AR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 26,050 23,950 50,000 28,646 31,354 60,000 569,038 798,481 205,544 267,191 472,735 YEAR 1 2001/02 1,367,519 AGREEMENT echnology Inc.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,336 1,382 3,718 37,916 35,714 73,630 19,723 25,115 44,838 396,876 238,468 513,206 751,674 YEAR 1 2001/02 1,424,432 1,821,308 ACTUAL opriate T ater Quality Centr ater Services Pty Ltd ater Ltd est W ANT e for Appr AL AL AL AL AL AL AL TICIP AR ACTEW Corporation Ltd Salaries Capital Other TOT Australian W Salaries Capital Other TOT Australian W Salaries Capital Other TOT Brisbane City Council Salaries Capital Other TOT Centr Salaries Capital Other TOT City W Salaries Capital Other TOT CSIRO Salaries Capital Other TOT P able 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM P T
124 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,416 82,769 53,749 47,986 (79,416) (75,880) (85,384) (88,532) 101,078 107,698 208,776 425,456 427,872 377,359 171,610 (420,381) (222,484) (642,865) (155,296) (131,484) (216,868) (205,749) 7 YEARS DIFFERENCE AL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 89,117 91,860 120,883 210,000 150,726 147,987 298,713 132,170 224,030 708,547 881,874 701,344 933,513 1,284,479 1,524,222 2,808,701 1,590,421 1,634,857 1,270,311 1,742,993 3,013,304 7 YEARS AGREEMENT GRAND TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 686 AL 6,476 7,162 71,310 72,107 82,769 864,098 190,195 228,581 418,776 143,417 710,963 612,812 987,262 TOT 1,301,738 2,165,836 1,307,330 2,018,293 1,682,843 1,064,562 2,120,352 3,184,914 7 YEARS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,731 17,269 30,000 183,497 217,746 401,243 101,221 125,982 227,203 100,192 133,359 233,551 181,473 248,999 430,472 YEAR 7 2007/08 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,731 17,269 30,000 183,497 217,746 401,243 101,221 125,982 227,203 100,192 133,359 233,551 181,473 248,999 430,472 YEAR 7 2007/08 BUDGET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,731 17,269 30,000 183,497 217,746 401,243 101,221 125,982 227,203 100,192 133,359 233,551 181,473 248,999 430,472 YEAR 6 2006/07 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,731 17,269 30,000 183,497 217,746 401,243 101,221 125,982 227,203 100,192 133,359 233,551 181,473 248,999 430,472 YEAR 6 2006/07 BUDGET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 63,655 86,345 91,860 917,485 150,000 150,726 147,987 298,713 506,105 629,910 500,960 666,795 907,365 132,170 224,030 1,088,730 2,006,215 1,136,015 1,167,755 1,244,995 2,152,360 TE AGREEMENT TIVE TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 TO DA 686 6,476 7,162 71,310 72,107 82,769 497,104 866,246 164,733 194,043 358,776 143,417 508,521 412,428 720,544 701,616 CUMULA 1,363,350 1,055,366 1,563,887 1,215,741 1,622,354 2,323,970 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,731 17,269 30,000 183,497 217,746 401,243 101,221 125,982 227,203 100,192 133,359 233,551 181,473 248,999 430,472 YEAR 5 2005/06 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,152 3,404 12,556 94,538 122,114 187,202 309,316 388,149 762,589 118,659 213,197 132,704 240,101 372,805 YEAR 5 2005/06 1,150,738 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,731 17,269 30,000 13,122 18,881 32,003 183,497 217,746 401,243 101,221 125,982 227,203 100,192 133,359 233,551 181,473 248,999 430,472 YEAR 4 2004/05 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,200 1,200 17,651 20,656 38,307 59,169 92,143 99,250 121,690 241,932 363,622 151,312 189,848 289,098 135,157 337,920 473,077 YEAR 4 2004/05 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,731 17,269 30,000 50,242 49,329 99,571 26,246 37,763 64,009 183,497 217,746 401,243 101,221 125,982 227,203 100,192 133,359 233,551 181,473 248,999 430,472 YEAR 3 2003/04 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 476 686 1,162 56,415 70,009 27,708 96,665 82,769 127,287 259,746 387,033 126,424 124,373 155,148 340,689 578,606 123,351 308,059 431,410 YEAR 3 2003/04 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EXPENDITURE 12,731 17,269 30,000 50,242 49,329 99,571 26,246 37,763 64,009 183,497 217,746 401,243 101,221 125,982 227,203 100,192 133,359 233,551 181,473 248,999 430,472 YEAR 2 2002/03 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ANTS (Cont.) 2,400 2,400 68,943 73,262 90,929 24,863 22,313 47,176 30,099 50,512 61,552 112,293 181,236 164,191 102,843 132,942 112,064 120,796 341,379 462,175 TICIP YEAR 2 2002/03 ACTUAL AR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,731 17,269 30,000 50,242 49,329 99,571 26,246 37,763 64,009 183,497 217,746 401,243 101,221 125,982 227,203 100,192 133,359 233,551 181,473 248,999 430,472 YEAR 1 2001/02 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 echnology 8,253 9,045 2,400 2,400 3,396 1,126 4,522 9,796 57,070 65,072 17,298 46,447 49,794 96,241 12,980 22,776 122,142 189,608 394,896 584,504 YEAR 1 2001/02 ACTUAL otection Agency (QLD) ater Corporation ne W ANT onmental Pr AL AL AL AL AL AL AL TICIP AR Curtin University of T Salaries Capital Other TOT Department of Human Services (VIC) Salaries Capital Other TOT EGIS Consulting Australia Pty Ltd Salaries Capital Other TOT Envir Salaries Capital Other TOT Griffith University Salaries Capital Other TOT Melbour Salaries Capital Other TOT Monash University Salaries Capital Other TOT P able 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM P T
125 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,113 (5,725) 32,620 53,699 57,000 48,878 (40,964) (68,636) (72,911) (42,103) (12,500) 112,974 145,594 170,636 192,931 120,020 110,699 370,637 180,982 (109,600) (166,523) (189,655) 7 YEARS DIFFERENCE AL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 163,502 209,280 372,782 481,677 602,196 675,248 760,662 156,491 191,259 397,750 753,571 1,083,873 1,616,818 2,292,066 1,028,629 1,789,291 1,610,000 1,610,000 1,020,929 1,774,500 7 YEARS AGREEMENT GRAND TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 53,699 37,500 122,538 140,644 263,182 514,297 715,170 508,725 687,751 114,388 240,137 392,025 563,916 TOT 1,229,467 1,787,454 2,296,179 1,221,560 1,909,311 1,667,000 1,720,699 1,391,566 1,955,482 7 YEARS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26,750 34,240 60,990 68,811 86,028 96,464 24,728 30,222 54,950 154,839 230,974 327,438 108,666 146,947 255,613 230,000 230,000 107,653 145,847 253,500 YEAR 7 2007/08 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26,750 34,240 60,990 68,811 86,028 96,464 24,728 30,222 54,950 154,839 230,974 327,438 108,666 146,947 255,613 230,000 230,000 107,653 145,847 253,500 YEAR 7 2007/08 BUDGET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,750 32,960 58,710 68,811 86,028 96,464 23,892 29,200 53,092 154,839 230,974 327,438 108,666 146,947 255,613 230,000 230,000 107,653 145,847 253,500 YEAR 6 2006/07 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,750 32,960 58,710 68,811 86,028 96,464 23,892 29,200 53,092 154,839 230,974 327,438 108,666 146,947 255,613 230,000 230,000 107,653 145,847 253,500 YEAR 6 2006/07 BUDGET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 50,000 111,002 142,080 253,082 344,055 430,140 774,195 482,320 543,330 734,735 107,871 131,837 289,708 538,265 729,235 1,154,870 1,637,190 1,278,065 1,150,000 1,150,000 1,267,500 TE AGREEMENT TIVE TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 TO DA 70,038 73,444 53,699 65,768 37,500 143,482 376,675 543,114 919,789 315,797 470,419 927,666 180,715 283,983 348,610 CUMULA 1,325,506 1,641,303 1,398,085 1,207,000 1,260,699 1,099,872 1,448,482 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24,438 31,280 55,718 68,811 86,028 96,464 23,083 28,212 51,295 154,839 230,974 327,438 108,666 146,947 255,613 230,000 230,000 107,653 145,847 253,500 YEAR 5 2005/06 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,092 3,912 9,004 21,029 19,754 40,783 97,602 23,557 90,413 11,163 23,313 33,551 56,864 119,782 217,384 228,767 252,324 239,929 330,342 261,079 272,242 YEAR 5 2005/06 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23,250 29,760 53,010 68,811 86,028 96,464 22,304 27,258 49,562 154,839 230,974 327,438 108,666 146,947 255,613 230,000 230,000 107,653 145,847 253,500 YEAR 4 2004/05 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,896 18,713 34,609 84,369 10,973 15,275 34,168 49,443 79,290 104,224 188,593 110,415 479,828 590,243 147,779 244,363 392,142 239,277 250,250 172,493 251,783 YEAR 4 2004/05 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22,126 28,320 50,446 68,811 86,028 96,464 21,549 26,336 47,885 154,839 230,974 327,438 108,666 146,947 255,613 230,000 230,000 107,653 145,847 253,500 YEAR 3 2003/04 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,533 8,324 15,579 17,432 33,011 84,114 79,414 85,171 14,283 12,857 46,955 60,983 102,252 186,366 419,923 499,337 136,498 221,669 239,510 253,793 107,938 YEAR 3 2003/04 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EXPENDITURE 21,125 27,040 48,165 68,811 86,028 96,464 20,819 25,000 25,446 71,265 154,839 230,974 327,438 108,666 146,947 255,613 230,000 230,000 107,653 145,847 253,500 YEAR 2 2002/03 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 ANTS (Cont.) 5,690 6,453 9,216 12,143 63,487 79,762 85,859 74,219 22,889 37,500 68,580 48,698 143,249 164,687 250,546 161,916 236,135 234,127 243,343 128,969 439,901 488,599 TICIP YEAR 2 2002/03 ACTUAL AR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,063 25,680 45,743 68,811 86,028 96,464 20,116 25,000 24,585 69,701 154,839 230,974 327,438 108,666 146,947 255,613 230,000 230,000 107,653 145,847 253,500 YEAR 1 2001/02 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,064 11,844 11,092 22,936 47,103 16,552 32,300 48,852 72,837 17,979 65,731 83,710 57,151 137,093 184,196 144,961 217,798 233,007 241,071 486,147 543,298 YEAR 1 2001/02 ACTUAL ater Corporation ater Ltd ANT ater Corporation AL AL AL AL AL AL AL TICIP AR Orica Australia Pty Ltd Salaries Capital Other TOT Power and W Salaries Capital Other TOT Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific Services Salaries Capital Other TOT RMIT University Salaries Capital Other TOT SA W Salaries Capital Other TOT South East W Salaries Capital Other TOT Sydney Catchment Authority Salaries Capital Other TOT P able 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM P T
126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79,798 10,773 57,124 16,963 22,828 109,314 686,602 795,916 131,975 141,371 273,346 330,028 409,826 528,284 539,057 148,201 165,164 207,871 230,699 (211,683) (154,559) 7 YEARS DIFFERENCE AL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48,000 48,000 228,662 271,530 500,192 568,155 890,057 767,697 1,509,074 1,911,011 3,420,085 1,458,212 1,199,331 1,967,028 1,798,104 2,790,655 4,588,759 1,098,076 1,703,569 2,801,645 7 YEARS AGREEMENT GRAND TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 22,828 360,637 412,901 773,538 647,953 778,470 255,871 278,699 TOT 1,618,388 2,597,613 4,216,001 1,220,085 1,868,038 1,727,615 2,506,085 1,586,421 2,847,779 4,434,200 1,115,039 1,851,770 2,966,809 7 YEARS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32,666 38,790 71,456 81,165 12,000 12,000 192,290 243,507 435,797 127,151 208,316 109,671 171,333 281,004 256,872 398,665 655,537 156,868 243,367 400,235 YEAR 7 2007/08 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32,666 38,790 71,456 81,165 12,000 12,000 192,290 243,507 435,797 127,151 208,316 109,671 171,333 281,004 256,872 398,665 655,537 156,868 243,367 400,235 YEAR 7 2007/08 BUDGET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32,666 38,790 71,456 81,165 12,000 12,000 192,290 243,507 435,797 127,151 208,316 109,671 171,333 281,004 256,872 398,665 655,537 156,868 243,367 400,235 YEAR 6 2006/07 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32,666 38,790 71,456 81,165 12,000 12,000 192,290 243,507 435,797 127,151 208,316 109,671 171,333 281,004 256,872 398,665 655,537 156,868 243,367 400,235 YEAR 6 2006/07 BUDGET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 24,000 24,000 163,330 193,950 357,280 405,825 635,755 548,355 856,665 784,340 1,124,494 1,423,997 2,548,491 1,041,580 1,405,020 1,284,360 1,993,325 3,277,685 1,216,835 2,001,175 TE AGREEMENT TIVE TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TO DA 22,828 295,305 335,321 630,626 485,623 965,783 559,128 801,303 231,871 254,699 CUMULA 1,233,808 2,110,599 3,344,407 1,451,406 1,384,949 1,944,077 1,072,677 2,050,449 3,123,126 1,365,036 2,166,339 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32,666 38,790 71,456 81,165 12,000 12,000 192,290 243,507 435,797 127,151 208,316 109,671 171,333 281,004 256,872 398,665 655,537 156,868 243,367 400,235 YEAR 5 2005/06 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66,874 75,429 71,527 79,972 22,828 158,407 205,637 364,044 142,303 159,245 230,772 164,092 303,065 467,157 239,554 319,526 238,531 407,136 645,667 155,676 178,504 YEAR 5 2005/06 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32,666 38,790 71,456 81,165 12,000 12,000 192,290 243,507 435,797 127,151 208,316 109,671 171,333 281,004 256,872 398,665 655,537 156,868 243,367 400,235 YEAR 4 2004/05 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68,055 70,524 76,196 76,196 203,779 331,495 535,274 138,578 151,687 285,953 437,640 150,737 232,474 383,211 419,814 953,467 199,444 354,972 554,416 YEAR 4 2004/05 1,373,281 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32,666 38,790 71,456 81,165 192,290 243,507 435,797 127,151 208,316 109,671 171,333 281,004 256,872 398,665 655,537 156,868 243,367 400,235 YEAR 3 2003/04 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82,479 94,041 99,143 88,808 278,877 452,976 731,853 176,520 202,324 301,467 105,216 205,293 310,509 256,945 345,753 161,554 277,072 438,626 YEAR 3 2003/04 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EXPENDITURE 32,666 38,790 71,456 81,165 258,757 327,674 586,431 127,151 208,316 109,671 171,333 281,004 256,872 398,665 655,537 156,868 243,367 400,235 YEAR 2 2002/03 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ANTS (Cont.) 47,928 54,759 65,472 65,997 280,215 523,027 803,242 102,687 152,122 217,594 264,448 330,445 209,645 403,522 613,167 106,533 184,815 291,348 TICIP YEAR 2 2002/03 ACTUAL AR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32,666 38,790 71,456 81,165 288,867 365,802 654,669 127,151 208,316 109,671 171,333 281,004 256,872 398,665 655,537 156,868 243,367 400,235 YEAR 1 2001/02 AGREEMENT , Sydney 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29,969 40,569 70,538 97,794 73,086 95,241 national Pty Ltd 312,530 597,465 909,995 166,139 263,933 379,669 452,755 274,438 196,961 471,399 141,041 236,282 YEAR 1 2001/02 ACTUAL echnology ater Corporation ater Inter ANT AL AL AL AL AL AL AL TICIP AR Sydney W Salaries Capital Other TOT United W Salaries Capital Other TOT University of Adelaide Salaries Capital Other TOT University of NSW Salaries Capital Other TOT University of Queensland Salaries Capital Other TOT University of South Australia Salaries Capital Other TOT University of T Salaries Capital Other TOT P able 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM P T
127 0 0 0 42,480 17,342 59,822 85,490 70,269 141,808 216,432 358,240 539,017 624,507 9,874,859 8,830,015 7 YEARS (1,115,113) DIFFERENCE AL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 7 YEARS 19,264,455 28,700,173 48,014,628 AGREEMENT GRAND TOT 0 0 0 AL 42,480 17,342 59,822 85,490 141,808 216,432 358,240 539,017 624,507 120,269 TOT 7 YEARS 18,149,343 38,575,032 56,844,643 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YEAR 7 2007/08 2,707,564 4,053,481 6,761,045 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YEAR 7 2007/08 2,707,564 4,053,481 6,761,045 BUDGET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YEAR 6 2006/07 2,705,728 4,051,179 6,756,907 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YEAR 6 2006/07 2,705,728 4,051,179 6,756,907 BUDGET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 50,000 TE 13,851,163 20,595,513 34,496,676 AGREEMENT TIVE TOT 0 0 0 TO DA 59,822 85,490 42,480 17,342 141,808 216,432 358,240 539,017 624,507 120,269 CUMULA ACTUAL 12,736,051 30,470,372 43,326,691 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YEAR 5 2005/06 2,703,607 4,048,511 6,752,118 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 9,440 8,415 12,238 11,375 13,294 24,669 17,855 143,832 156,070 YEAR 5 2005/06 2,760,342 6,866,101 9,626,443 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YEAR 4 2004/05 2,714,762 4,064,918 6,779,680 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 8,260 2,898 23,511 27,232 50,743 11,158 29,159 245,813 274,972 eatment was applied. r YEAR 4 2004/05 3,039,888 7,171,782 ACTUAL 10,211,669 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - participants. ater Quality and T YEAR 3 2003/04 2,773,346 4,114,697 6,888,043 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 9,577 7,080 2,064 9,144 13,304 22,881 17,470 27,963 45,433 82,769 YEAR 3 2003/04 2,437,646 5,528,793 8,049,208 ACTUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EXPENDITURE 25,000 YEAR 2 2002/03 2,826,686 4,180,795 7,032,481 AGREEMENT ganisation utilising the multiplier shown in 0 0 0 ANTS (Cont.) , the average multiplier for CRC W 9,440 1,533 67,839 89,104 10,973 20,706 37,500 156,943 102,617 123,323 TICIP elevant activities. YEAR 2 2002/03 2,328,158 5,643,494 8,009,152 ACTUAL AR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 YEAR 1 2001/02 2,832,762 4,186,592 7,044,354 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 8,260 2,432 5,917 25,779 77,225 10,692 18,792 24,709 103,004 YEAR 1 2001/02 2,170,017 5,260,202 7,430,219 ACTUAL ater Ltd eement. For participants without a derived multiplier AL (IN alley W ANT AL IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS aluation AL AL AL TICIP ater Corporation ater Services Association of Australia arra V AR W Salaries Capital Other TOT W Salaries Capital Other TOT Y Salaries Capital Other TOT TOT Salaries Capital Other GRAND TOT KIND) (T1) otal Yr 5 contributions equals $9,691,892. This amount includes an additional of $65,449 contributed by non P able 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM P T Basis of V 1. Salaries have been valued at actual cost based on time spent r 2. Participants contributions have been valued seperately for each paticipant or Commonwealth Agr 3. T
128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YEARS SEVEN DIFFERENCE AL 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 42,480 17,342 59,822 85,490 70,269 350,000 140,000 441,000 350,000 250,000 105,000 350,000 700,000 350,000 280,000 350,000 420,000 350,000 350,000 105,000 350,000 700,000 210,000 700,000 350,000 350,000 200,000 770,000 350,000 141,808 216,432 358,240 539,017 624,507 YEARS SEVEN 1,900,000 1,400,000 1,050,000 1,225,000 9,874,859 8,830,015 7 YEARS (1,115,113) 14,496,000 DIFFERENCE AGREEMENT GRAND TOT AL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 50,000 50,000 350,000 140,000 441,000 350,000 250,000 105,000 350,000 700,000 350,000 280,000 350,000 420,000 350,000 350,000 105,000 350,000 700,000 210,000 700,000 350,000 350,000 200,000 770,000 350,000 YEARS TOT SEVEN 1,900,000 1,400,000 1,050,000 1,225,000 7 YEARS 14,496,000 19,264,455 28,700,173 48,014,628 AGREEMENT GRAND TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 42,480 17,342 59,822 85,490 141,808 216,432 358,240 539,017 624,507 120,269 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 TOT 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 7 YEARS YEAR 7 18,149,343 38,575,032 56,844,643 2,028,000 2006/07 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 YEAR 7 2,028,000 2006/07 YEAR 7 BUDGET 2007/08 2,707,564 4,053,481 6,761,045 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 YEAR 7 2007/08 2,707,564 4,053,481 6,761,045 BUDGET YEAR 6 2,028,000 2006/07 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 YEAR 6 2,028,000 2006/07 BUDGET YEAR 6 2006/07 2,705,728 4,051,179 6,756,907 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 75,000 75,000 50,000 250,000 100,000 315,000 250,000 150,000 250,000 500,000 350,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 750,000 500,000 150,000 500,000 250,000 250,000 100,000 875,000 550,000 250,000 YEAR 6 2006/07 2,705,728 4,051,179 6,756,907 1,400,000 1,000,000 BUDGET 10,440,000 TE AGREEMENT TIVE TOT 0 0 TO DA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 75,000 50,000 AL 250,000 100,000 315,000 250,000 150,000 250,000 500,000 350,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 750,000 500,000 150,000 500,000 250,000 250,000 100,000 875,000 550,000 250,000 50,000 CUMULA 1,400,000 1,000,000 ACTUAL 10,440,000 TE 13,851,163 20,595,513 34,496,676 AGREEMENT TIVE TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TO DA 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 59,822 85,490 42,480 17,342 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 141,808 216,432 358,240 539,017 624,507 120,269 CUMULA YEAR 5 2,028,000 2005/06 ACTUAL 12,736,051 30,470,372 43,326,691 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 YEAR 5 2,028,000 2005/06 ACTUAL YEAR 5 2005/06 2,703,607 4,048,511 6,752,118 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,440 8,415 12,238 11,375 13,294 24,669 17,855 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 143,832 156,070 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 YEAR 5 YEAR 4 2005/06 2,760,342 6,866,101 9,626,443 ACTUAL 2,078,000 2004/05 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62,500 20,000 63,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 YEAR 4 2,090,500 2004/05 ACTUAL YEAR 4 2004/05 2,714,762 4,064,918 6,779,680 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,260 2,898 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 23,511 27,232 50,743 11,158 29,159 100,000 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 245,813 274,972 eatment was applied. r YEAR 3 YEAR 4 2,078,000 2003/04 2004/05 3,039,888 7,171,782 ACTUAL 10,211,669 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37,500 20,000 63,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 - participants. 100,000 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 YEAR 3 2,065,500 2003/04 ACTUAL ater Quality and T YEAR 3 2003/04 2,773,346 4,114,697 6,888,043 AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,577 7,080 2,064 9,144 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 13,304 22,881 17,470 27,963 45,433 82,769 100,000 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 YEAR 2 2,028,000 2002/03 YEAR 3 2003/04 2,437,646 5,528,793 8,049,208 ACTUAL AGREEMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EXPENDITURE 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 YEAR 2 25,000 2,028,000 2002/03 ACTUAL YEAR 2 2002/03 2,826,686 4,180,795 7,032,481 AGREEMENT ganisation utilising the multiplier shown in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ANTS (Cont.) , the average multiplier for CRC W 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 9,440 1,533 100,000 100,000 400,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 67,839 89,104 10,973 20,706 37,500 YEAR 1 156,943 102,617 123,323 2,228,000 2001/02 TICIP elevant activities. YEAR 2 2002/03 2,328,158 5,643,494 8,009,152 ACTUAL AGREEMENT AR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 20,000 63,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 15,000 50,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 400,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 175,000 110,000 YEAR 1 2,228,000 2001/02 ACTUAL 25,000 YEAR 1 2001/02 2,832,762 4,186,592 7,044,354
AGREEMENT e d ales 0 0 0 0 CSIRO ater Ltd ater Ltd ater Ltd Services 8,260 2,432 5,917 echnology 25,779 77,225 10,692 18,792 24,709 103,004 YEAR 1 est W 2001/02 2,170,017 5,260,202 7,430,219 ACTUAL alley W RMIT University national Pty Ltd ANTS ater Corporation ater Corporation ater Corporation ater Corporation ater Corporation Griffith University ater Supply Boar Monash University echnology Sydney W ater Ltd ater Quality Centr City W ater Services Pty Ltd arra V TICIP South East W Brisbane City Council Y ne W University of Adelaide SA W Orica Australia Pty Ltd otection Agency (QLD) AR ACTEW Corporation Ltd ater Inter University of Queensland eement. For participants without a derived multiplier Sydney W Power & W University of South Australia Sydney Catchment Authority Melbour University of New South W AL (IN Curtin University of T alley W Australian W University of T Egis Consulting Australia Pty Ltd Australian W ANT United W onmental Pr ANTS Department of Human Service (VIC) ater Services Association of Australia AL IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS aluation W AL AL AL Envir TICIP ater Corporation ater Services Association of Australia AL CASH FROM P Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific arra V TICIP ownsville Thuringowa W T AR W Salaries Capital Other TOT W Salaries Capital Other TOT Y Salaries Capital Other TOT TOT Salaries Capital Other GRAND TOT KIND) (T1) otal Yr 5 contributions equals $9,691,892. This amount includes an additional of $65,449 contributed by non able 2. CASH CONTRIBUTIONS P T TOT AR able 1. IN - KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM P P T Basis of V 1. Salaries have been valued at actual cost based on time spent r 2. Participants contributions have been valued seperately for each paticipant or Commonwealth Agr 3. T
129 0 79,131 242,500 371,260 816,620 732,052 217,719 YEARS (152,019) SEVEN 1,913,883 3,423,394 6,863,394 4,307,464 6,906,744 (2,816,999) DIFFERENCE AL 0 0 0 690,000 350,000 YEARS (320,000) SEVEN ,000: (250,000) 2,400,000 3,440,000 16,750,000 34,686,000 34,756,000 17,724,300 17,031,700 15 AGREEMENT GRAND TOT AL 79,131 932,500 721,260 482,052 217,719 ater Corp $ YEARS (472,019) TOT SEVEN 1,913,883 3,216,620 6,863,394 16,750,000 38,109,394 39,063,464 24,631,044 14,214,701 0 0 0 00. 50,000 5 100,000 400,000 550,000 , 00,000: Sydney W YEAR 7 (186,000) (394,000) 2,344,000 4,922,000 5,130,000 2,578,500 2,551,500 2006/07 1 79 ,000: South East AGREEMENT 25 0 0 0 ,000. 25 50,000 100,000 400,000 550,000 852,328 644,328 and WSSA $ YEAR 7 2,344,000 4,922,000 5,130,000 2,578,500 2,551,500 ater $ 2006/07 BUDGET 252 , 39 alley W 0 0 0 ater $ arra V 50,000 100,000 400,000 550,000 YEAR 6 (144,000) (186,000) 2,500,000 5,078,000 5,120,000 2,573,500 2,546,500 2006/07 : Sydney Catchment Authority $ 00: Y 9 AGREEMENT , 149 , 0,000: Gold Coast City Council $ 79 3 0 0 0 23 ,000: United W ,000. 73 50,000 45 ater $ 100,000 400,000 550,000 894,328 852,328 A Qld $ YEAR 6 2,500,000 5,078,000 5,120,000 2,573,500 2,546,500 2006/07 BUDGET A $ 0: EP 4 ,0
0 0 0 ater Corp $ - 68 : and WT AL : South East W 849 , 490,000 250,000 180,000 457 23 1,600,000 2,340,000 , TE 11,906,000 24,686,000 24,506,000 12,572,300 11,933,700 39 AGREEMENT d $ TIVE TOT ,000: Sydney W ,000. 6 TO DA ater $ 45 79,131 ater Services Association of Australia $ 732,500 621,260 217,719 ater $ CUMULA 1,913,883 2,416,620 5,763,394 9,062,353 8,358,283 9,116,701 ACTUAL 11,906,000 28,109,394 28,813,464 19,479,044 ,000: SA W 0,000: W 15 0 0 0 7 ept of Prime Minister & Cabinet $ ater Management Boar ater $ 50,000 D : South East W eatment Alliance $ 100,000 400,000 550,000 r YEAR 5 (102,000) (144,000) 2,500,000 5,078,000 5,120,000 2,573,500 2,546,500 2005/06 00: 177 , 5 , AGREEMENT 35 ater T 15 0 0 0 ater $ ater Corporation $ ater $ 50,000 ,000: Power & W : W 100,000 400,000 550,000 936,328 894,328 ens Catchment W YEAR 5 2,500,000 5,078,000 5,120,000 2,573,500 2,546,500 15 2005/06 ACTUAL
orr 0,000 and W 678 , 3 00 1 4 , Land & W 0,000: SA W 53 ,000: T O 1 0 0 0 ater $ 6 0 ater $ 50,000 ater $ rica Australia $ 100,000 400,000 550,000 YEAR 4 (102,000) O 2,500,000 5,128,000 5,230,000 2,678,500 2,551,500 2004/05 : 0,000: CSIR AGREEMENT 1 993 , 144 ater $ ,000: University of SA $ 1,623 55 81,169 0,000 Hobart W 209,377 175,000 123,581 451,818 961,399 936,328 0,000: Power & W 2 ater $ YEAR 4 2,500,000 5,551,899 2,276,284 6,891,855 4,881,187 1,929,499 2004/05 ACTUAL 25 ater $ ater $ ,000: South East Queensland W 0 0 0 0 6 50,000 ater Services Association of Australia $ 100,000 400,000 550,000 ater $ (52,000) : Central Highlands W YEAR 3 2,500,000 5,128,000 5,180,000 2,628,500 2,551,500 2003/04 : W ,000: Melbourne W 0,000: United W AGREEMENT 271 2 , 177 15 : Melbourne W 0, 0 4 387 ater $ 874 , 53,631 Health $ ater $ ,000: Hobart W 124 650,803 150,000 150,944 382,863 YEAR 3 0,000: Gold Coast City Council $ 1,388,241 2,500,000 5,953,741 3,019,903 2,276,284 6,697,359 4,540,411 2,156,949 2003/04 ACTUAL 15 wwaRF $ ,000. 14 21 ic) $ ,000: A 0 0 0 0 A Qld $ ,000: Sydney W ater $ 15 15 epartment of RE (V . D 0,000: United W d $ 50,000 5 100,000 400,000 550,000 DN 873 (92,000) ,000: EP YEAR 2 00: alley W 2,500,000 5,078,000 5,170,000 2,598,500 2,571,500 2002/03 ater $ 5 , 15 2 AGREEMENT epartment of Health $ 0,000: D arra V 2 0 ,000: SW $ 6 and GWRC $ 88,631 : and Y ,000. rica Australia $ N . 2 562,125 122,500 138,661 775,771 5 O 0 YEAR 2 1,599,057 2,500,000 6,127,057 1,393,716 3,019,903 4,500,870 2,526,798 1,885,442 2002/03 ACTUAL 7 333 , 782 , 0, ater $ ce Management Boar 3 73 ater $ 73 0,000: South East W 0,000: 4 5 est W 0 0 0 0 0 ater $ : WSAA $ wwaRF $ 90,000 50,000 140,000 468,000 ,000: Brisbane City Council $ YEAR 1 atural Resour 847 1,906,000 4,274,000 3,806,000 2,093,300 1,712,700 2001/02 , 0,000 WERF $ N 15 epartment of Health epartment of Health & Ageing $ 6 AGREEMENT 43 ,000: City W D D : : 21 ,000: SA W ater $ 55 922 863 0,000 and Power & W 0,000 and A 430 , 5 4 0, 90,000 16,350 epartment of Health $ 52 271 Z $ 105,000 105,242 113,782 414,454 ater $ D N YEAR 1 1,906,000 4,548,454 1,436,122 1,393,716 4,590,860 2,854,782 1,719,728 2001/02 ACTUAL eolia W ater Services $ 00: 8 , ater Corporation $ wwaRF $ wwaRF $ 15 0,000: V 0,000: WSSA $ 5 5 ,000: W : Australia W 5 ater $ ater $ 846 , ,000: Melbourne W ,000: Brisbane City Council $ 33 6 25 ater $ evious year Melbourne W ACTEW $ United W ACTEW $ Brisbane City Council $ ACTEW $ Funds contributed by ARMAH Funds contributed by A Funds contributed by A Funds Contributed by Adelaide & Mt Lofty Queensland W om pr
: : : : : : : : : 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 5 ch (Note 2) ear ear ear ear ear ear ear ear ear Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y ANTS TION OF CASH EXPENDITURE BETWEEN HEADS
: : est AL OTHER CASH AL CASH CONTRIBUTION CRC (T2) AL CRC CASH 1 2 TICIP able 2. CASH CONTRIBUTIONS (Cont.) T OTHER CASH Participants (Note 1) Associates Inter Sundry income Contract Resear TOT FUNDING FROM THE CRC GRANT TOT Cash carried over fr LESS Unspent Balance TOT EXPENDITURE (T3) ALLOCA Salaries Capital Other ote ote AR P N N
130
287,988 YEARS SEVEN 9,000,184 4,307,464 5,806,883 7,212,776 13,307,648 13,307,648 DIFFERENCE AL 50,000 YEARS SEVEN 48,014,628 34,756,000 82,770,628 36,927,477 45,718,151 82,695,628 AGREEMENT GRAND TOT
AL 337,988 YEARS TOT SEVEN 57,014,812 39,063,464 96,078,276 42,795,638 52,944,649 96,078,276 0 YEAR 7 6,761,045 5,130,000 5,286,064 6,604,981 2006/07 11,891,045 11,891,045 AGREEMENT 0 YEAR 7 6,761,045 5,130,000 5,286,064 6,604,981 2006/07 BUDGET 11,891,045 11,891,045 0 YEAR 6 6,756,907 5,120,000 5,279,228 6,597,679 2006/07 11,876,907 11,876,907 AGREEMENT 0 YEAR 6 6,756,907 5,120,000 5,279,228 6,597,679 2006/07 BUDGET 11,876,907 11,876,907 AL 50,000 34,496,676 24,506,000 59,002,676 26,362,185 32,515,491 58,927,676 TE AGREEMENT TIVE TOT TO DA 337,988 CUMULA ACTUAL 43,496,860 28,813,464 72,310,324 32,230,346 39,741,989 72,310,324 0 6,752,118 YEAR 5 5,120,000 5,277,107 6,595,011 2005/06 11,872,118 11,872,118 AGREEMENT
31,570 9,691,892 6,132,519 7,436,209 8,356,633 YEAR 5 2005/06 ACTUAL 15,824,411 15,824,411 0 YEAR 4 6,779,680 5,230,000 5,393,262 6,616,418 2004/05 12,009,680 12,009,680 AGREEMENT 81,169 YEAR 4 6,891,855 7,921,075 9,105,541 2004/05 ACTUAL 10,215,930 17,107,784 17,107,784 0 YEAR 3 6,888,043 5,180,000 5,401,846 6,666,197 2003/04 12,068,043 12,068,043 AGREEMENT 82,769 YEAR 3 8,149,668 6,697,359 6,993,309 7,770,950 2003/04 ACTUAL 14,847,027 14,847,027 25,000 YEAR 2 7,032,481 5,170,000 5,425,186 6,752,295 2002/03 12,202,481 12,202,481 AGREEMENT 126,131 YEAR 2 8,009,152 4,500,870 4,854,956 7,528,936 2002/03 ACTUAL 12,510,022 12,510,022 25,000 YEAR 1 7,044,354 3,806,000 4,926,062 5,899,292 2001/02 10,850,354 10,850,354 AGREEMENT 16,350 YEAR 1 7,430,219 4,590,860 5,024,799 6,979,930 2001/02 ACTUAL 12,021,079 12,021,079 Y OF RESOURCES APPLIED TO ACTIVITIES AL RESOURCES APPLIED TO ACTIVITIES OF CENTRE BETWEEN HEADS EXPENDITURE TION AL AL (IN KIND) AL (CASH) ANTS TION OF TOT ABLE 1 (T1) ABLE 2 (T3) AL RESOURCES AL SALARIES AL CAPIT AL OTHER AL ALLOCA TICIP AILABLE TO CRC V om T om T GRAND TOT fr GRAND TOT fr TOT A ALLOCA TOT (CASH AND IN - KIND) TOT (CASH AND IN - KIND) TOT (CASH AND IN - KIND) TOT AR able 3. SUMMAR T P
131 0.6 0.2 5.6 2.1 24.9 33.4 f Funded by CRC (2) Staf 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 19.3 25.2 f Staf Contrib. (2) 35,091 RESOURCE USAGE 987,752 194,536 6,906,098 1,568,415 9,691,892 $ In - kind 61,224 473,489 942,509 254,220 4,401,077 6,132,519 $ $Cash (1) 6,535 58,773 60,649 oughout the year 328,243 6,452,352 6,124,108 6,125,984 TEGORIES OF ACTIVITIES PROGRAM f. ogramme. t TION OF RESOURCES BETWEEN CA ce of $6,132,519 includes GST movement as calculated thr ogram ces, including CRC Pr ofessional and support staf esour ater Pr otal GST Movmn’ esented by: e as per P&L epr om all sour cialisation aste W ch AL able 4 is unaudited. otal CRC Expenditur T less W Sub-total Less 04/05 GST Bal Add 05/06 GST Bal Sub-total Add 05/06 T able 4 . ALLOCA T PROGRAM Resear Education Commer Administration Communications TOT (1) Cash fr (2) Person years, pr (3) T (4) The total cash r and is r
132 INDEPENDENT AUDIT REPORT TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TRAINING, REPRESENTING THE COMMONWEALTH, IN RESPECT OF THE COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE FOR WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2006
Scope
We have audited the financial information of the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment, as set out in Tables 1, 2 and 3 of the Annual Report for the year ended 30 June 2006, together with having addressed the specific contractual requirements of the Cooperative Research Centre under the Agreement with the Commonwealth of Australia dated 18 July 2001 (the Commonwealth Agreement) as specified by the Commonwealth of Australia’s representative the Department of Education, Science and Training. The parties to the Cooperative Research Centre are responsible for the preparation and presentation of the financial information and for its adherence to the Commonwealth Agreement. We have conducted an independent audit of the financial information and of the specific contractual requirements of the Cooperative Research Centre under the Commonwealth Agreement as specified by its representative the Department of Education, Science and Training, in order to express an opinion on the financial information and on those specific contractual requirements of the Cooperative Research Centre under the Commonwealth Agreement to the Department of Education, Science and Training.
The financial information has been prepared for the purposes of fulfilling the Cooperative Research Centre’s annual reporting obligations to the Department of Education, Science and Training under Clause 14(1)(e) of the Commonwealth Agreement. We disclaim any assumption of responsibility for any reliance on this report, or on the financial information to which it relates, to any person other than the Department of Education, Science and Training or for any purpose other than that for which it was prepared.
Our audit has been conducted in accordance with Australian auditing standards to provide reasonable assurance as to whether the financial information is free of material misstatement and to address the specific contractual requirements of the Cooperative Research Centre under the Commonwealth Agreement as specified by its representative the Department of Education, Science and Training. Our procedures included examination, on a test basis, of evidence supporting the amounts and other disclosures in the financial information and the evaluation of accounting policies and significant accounting estimates, together with addressing the specific contractual requirements of the Cooperative Research Centre under the Commonwealth Agreement as specified by its representative the Department of Education, Science and Training. These procedures have been undertaken to form an opinion whether, in all material respects, the Cooperative Research Centre’s sources of funding and the application of that funding for the year ended 30 June 2006 and its financial position as at 30 June 2006 are presented fairly in accordance with Australian accounting concepts and standards and the Commonwealth Agreement and that the Cooperative Research Centre has complied with the following specific contractual requirements of the Cooperative Research Centre under the Commonwealth Agreement as specified by the Department of Education, Science and Training:
! Contributions, both cash and in-kind, have been made and recorded in accordance with the Budget, being Schedule 4 to the Deed of Variation, approved for execution by the Department of Education, Science and Training on 30 June 2005, to the Commonwealth Agreement;
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133 ! Cash contributions have been paid into and expended from the Cooperative Research Centre’s account as required by Clause 12.4 of the Commonwealth Agreement; ! The application of Commonwealth Funding and Contributions for the Activities of the Cooperative Research Centre has been as specified in Schedule 1 to the Commonwealth Agreement; ! The Cooperative Research Centre has met its obligations in relation to the treatment of Heads of Expenditure and Capital Items under Clause 5 of the Commonwealth Agreement and Intellectual Property under Clause 9 of the Commonwealth Agreement; and ! In accounting for Commonwealth Funding and Contributions the Cooperative Research Centre has exercised proper accounting standards and controls as required under Clause 12.2(a) of the Commonwealth Agreement.
The audit opinion expressed in this report has been formed on the above basis.
Audit Opinion
In our opinion, the financial information set out in Tables 1, 2 and 3 of the Annual Report presents fairly, in accordance with Australian Accounting Concepts and Standards, the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment’s sources of funding and the application of that funding for the year ended 30 June 2006 and its financial position as at 30 June 2006.
It is further our opinion, in relation to the specific contractual requirements of the Cooperative Research Centre under the Commonwealth Agreement with the Commonwealth of Australia as specified by the Department of Education, Science and Training, that:
! Contributions, both cash and in-kind, have been made and recorded in accordance with the Budget, being Schedule 4 to the Deed of Variation, approved for execution by the Department of Education, Science and Training on 30 June 2005, to the Commonwealth Agreement, with the following exceptions where the Contributions were below the amount committed:
Amount Amount Organisation Committed Contributed $ $ City West Water Ltd 65,000 58,756 Curtin University of Technology 451,243 359,316 Department of Human Services (Victoria) 130,000 112,556 Monash University 490,472 432,805 Orica Australia Pty Ltd 105,718 90,783 QHPSS 327,438 252,324 South East Water Limited 101,295 59,004 Sydney Catchment Authority 453,500 256,864 Sydney Water Corporation 585,797 534,044 University of Queensland 705,537 369,526
134 ! Cash contributions have been paid into and expended from the Cooperative Research Centre’s account as required by Clause 12.4 of the Commonwealth Agreement; ! The application of Commonwealth Funding and Contributions for the Activities of the Cooperative Research Centre have been as specified in Schedule 1 of the Commonwealth Agreement; ! The Cooperative Research Centre has not met its obligations in relation to the treatment of Heads of Expenditure under Clause 5.2 of the Commonwealth Agreement in that the Researcher’s allocations of the budgetary resources between the Heads of Expenditure has been lower or higher than the allocation in the budget by $100,000 or 20%, whichever is the greater amount, without the prior approval of the Commonwealth. The variations relate to salaries expenditure, where actual expenditure of $4,675,867 exceeded budgeted expenditure of $2,573,500 by $2,102,367 and other expenditure, where actual expenditure of $1,425,083 was less than budgeted expenditure of $2,546,500 by $1,121,417. The Cooperative Research Centre has met its obligations in relation to the treatment of Capital Items under Clause 5.3 of the Commonwealth Agreement in that Capital Items acquired from the Grant and Contributions have been vested as provided in the Joint Venture Agreement, and in relation to Intellectual Property under Clauses 9.1 and 9.5 of the Commonwealth Agreement in that we have seen a statement by the Chief Executive Officer to the effect that Intellectual Property in all Contract Material is vested as provided in the Joint Venture Agreement and no Intellectual Property in any Contract Material having the potential for Commercialisation has been assigned or licensed without prior approval of the Commonwealth; and ! In accounting for Commonwealth Funding and Contributions the Cooperative Research Centre has exercised proper accounting standards and controls as required under Clause 12.2(a) of the Commonwealth Agreement.
PKF Chartered Accountants
I J Painter Partner
Signed at Adelaide, this 16th day of August 2006.
135 ABBREVIATIONS
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
ADWG Australian Drinking Water Guidelines eviations
AOC Assimilable organic carbon
AFM Atomic force microscopy Abbr
ANN Artificial neural networks
ARMCANZ Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand
AwwaRF American Water Works Association Research Foundation
BAC Bacterial artificial chromosome
BDOC Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon
BMAA B-methylamino-L-alanine
CC-PCR Cell culture-polymerase chain reaction
CDNA Communicable Diseases Network of Australia
CFS Cross flow sampler
COD Chemical oxygen demand
CRC Cooperative Research Centre
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
DOTM Direct Observation Through Membrane
DSMtool Disinfection System Management Tool
DRCT Disinfectant Residual Control Tools
DAF Dissolved air floatation
DBP Disinfection byproducts
DOC Dissolved organic carbon
DSS Decision support system
EC Enhanced coagulation
EMSS Environmental Management Support System
EDC Endocrine disrupting chemicals
eviations EERE Environmental Engineering Research Event
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunoassay
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
Abbr FESEM Field emission scanning electron microscopy
FD Fluorescence detection
FTIR Fourier transform infra red
GAC Granular activated carbon
GC-MS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
GWRC Global Water Research Coalition
HAA Haloacetic acids
HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
HPIC High performance ion exchange
136 ABBREVIATIONS
HPSEC High performance size exclusion chromatography
HILIC Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography eviations
IWA International Water Association
Abbr LPS Lipopolysaccharides
LWA Land and Water Australia
MF Microfiltration
MFI Modified fouling index
MIB 2-methylisoborneol
MW Molecular weight
NDMA Dimethylnitrosamine
KIWA Netherlands Water Treatment and Water Quality Research Institution
NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council
NOAEL No observable adverse effect level
NOM Natural organic matter
NRMMC Natural Resources Management Ministerial Council
OM Online monitoring
S::CAN On line organic scanning
PSM Particle Sediment Model
PDA Photo diode-array
POU Point-of-use
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PAC Powdered activated carbon
QC/QA Quality control/quality assurance
QHPSS Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services
SBSE Stir bar sorptive extraction
SDI Slit density index
SME Small to medium enterprise
MS/MS Tandem mass spectrometry
TOC Total organic carbon
THM Trihalomethanes
UKWIR United Kingdom Water Industry Research Ltd
UDS Unspecified DNA synthesis
WHO World Health Organization
WQ Water Quality
WSAA Water Services Association of Australia
WTP Water Treatment Plant
137 Mission To assist the Australian water industry produce high quality drinking water at an affordable price.
Vision By 2010, the Australian water industry will have achieved a high level of community confidence in the safety and We Received Other quality of the country’s water supply systems. Research 9% Cash from Grant undertaken by the Centre will have laid a solid foundation 16% for evidence based investment decisions for water infrastructure, as well as providing innovative solutions for achieving enhanced aesthetic water quality that meets community needs.
Objectives In-Kind from Cash from • Undertaking a high quality, targeted research program Participants Participants 13% that seeks to provide the knowledge and innovative 62% solutions required to meet national and water industry objectives for drinking water quality in the major urban 2005 - 2006 centres and in regional Australia, including small rural and Indigenous communities. • Building on the success of the existing cooperative We Expended Communication & activity between the Parties to incorporate evidence- Commercialisation Administration based guidelines into the Australian drinking water 3% 8% regulatory system. • Involving a high proportion of the water industry end- users in the development, conduct and utilisation of 2005 - 2006 the research and other activities of the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. Education Research • Enhancing the strategic international alliances to ensure 13% 76% that CRC for Water Quality and Treatment activities are well founded on the best experience and knowledge already available, and to provide, where appropriate, the benefit of Australian experience and opinion in the formulation of international water quality management strategies and guidelines. We Received $M • Providing high quality, well trained and informed Cash From Grant 2.50 professionals as future leaders in the industry through an extensive postgraduate student program. Cash From Participants 2.03 • Effectively communicating the outcomes of the CRC In-Kind From Participants 9.69 for Water Quality and Treatment research activity to Other Income 1.40 the industry and the community. Total 15.62 To assist the Australian We Expended $M water industry produce Research 11.89 Education 2.04
Administration 1.18 high quality drinking water Communication & Commercialisation 0.55 Total 15.66 at an affordable price. The Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment is an unincorporated joint venture between:
ACTEW Corporation Australian Water Quality Centre Australian Water Services Pty Ltd Brisbane City Council Centre for Appropriate Technology Inc City West Water Limited CSIRO Curtin University of Technology Department of Human Services Victoria 2005 - 2006 Griffith University Annual Report Melbourne Water Corporation Monash University Orica Australia Pty Ltd Power and Water Corporation Queensland Health Pathology & Scientific Services RMIT University South Australian Water Corporation South East Water Ltd Sydney Catchment Authority Sydney Water Corporation
The University of Adelaide CRC for Water Quality and Treatment
The University of New South Wales Private Mail Bag 3 The University of Queensland Salisbury United Water International Pty Ltd SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5108 University of South Australia Tel: (08) 8259 0211 University of Technology, Sydney Water Corporation Fax: (08) 8259 0228 Water Services Association of Australia E-mail: [email protected]
Yarra Valley Water Ltd Web: www.waterquality.crc.org.au 2005 - 2006 Annual Report To assist the Australian water industry produce high quality drinking water at an affordable price.