Ricardian

Bulletin Spring 2005 Contents 2 From the Chairman 3 Reception at the for HRH the of Gloucester 7 A Princess is Remembered: The Memorial Service for Princess Alice 8 Society News and Notices 10 Developing the Potential: A Research Proposal 11 £1m Lottery Fund Award to Bosworth Battlefield Centre 13 Media Retrospective 16 Match of the Day 18 News and Reviews 21 Then and Now: Reflections on the First 30 Years of the Ricardian Bulletin 24 Anne Mowbray: In Life and In Death 27 The Man Himself 29 The Debate: Elizabeth of ’s Letter 35 Richard’s Friend Francis 38 Logge Notes and Queries: The Death of Joan Boughton by Lesley Wynne-Davies 40 Richard III’s Easter by John Ashdown-Hill 42 Paul Murray Kendall: A Child’s View by Callie Kendall 44 Correspondence 47 The Barton Library 49 Book Review 50 Booklist 52 Letter from America 54 Report on Society Events 55 Future Society Events 57 Branches and Groups 62 New Members 63 Obituaries 64 Calendar Contributions Contributions are welcomed from all members. Articles and correspondence regarding the Bulletin Debate should be sent to Peter Hammond and all other contributions to Elizabeth Nokes. Bulletin Press Dates 15 January for Spring issue; 15 April for Summer issue; 15 July for Autumn issue; 15 October for Winter issue. Articles should be sent well in advance. Bulletin & Ricardian Back Numbers Back issues of the The Ricardian and The Bulletin are available from Judith Ridley. If you are interested in obtaining any back numbers, please contact Mrs Ridley to establish whether she holds the issue(s) in which you are interested. For contact details see back inside cover of the Bulletin

The Ricardian Bulletin is produced by the Bulletin Editorial Committee, General Editor Elizabeth Nokes and printed by St Edmundsbury Press. © Richard III Society, 2005 1

From the Chairman

005 is a year for anniversaries. It is fifty years since the publication of Paul Murray Kendall’s bi- 2 ography of King Richard and the premiere of Laurence Olivier’s classic film of Shakespeare’s Richard III. Forty years ago, the discovery of the remains of Anne Mowbray was announced and, amazingly, it is twenty years since we commemorated the five hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Bosworth. Ten years ago in the autumn, we lost one of our much loved and still much missed mem- bers, Joyce Melhuish. I still find it incredible that it can take a dozen people to do the things that Joyce did alone. Most of these will be recalled throughout the year in the Bulletin. Next year, of course, we will celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the re-founding of the Society. Naturally, we want to celebrate this in style, and in June’s Bulletin we will outline the initial programme for the year. In the meantime, we will be talking to our branches and groups to ensure that the celebrations involve as many mem- bers as possible, in Britain and overseas. So, send me your suggestions for celebrating this milestone. All will be considered. However, it’s not all about anniversaries. The announcement by the Heritage Lottery Fund and County Council of funding for the Bosworth Battlefield Centre is perhaps the most exciting news we have heard for some time. In this issue, the Research Committee is putting forward an exciting new proposal and I would encourage those of you who want to get involved in research to respond to it. Although the idea of a research community sounds quite daunting, if successful, it should greatly help our research pro- gramme, further enhancing the Society’s reputation in historical scholarship. The Research Committee is the oldest of our standing committees, having started its life back in 1979. The annual report gives details about its composition and activities, the most important of which is its responsibilities for over- seeing our research agenda. The Society has another busy year ahead with the regular annual events and outings and I look forward to meeting members at many of these. There are two additional events this year which I would like to mention. In April, Cambridge will host the Society’s triennial conference, and, down under in July, the Australians and New Zealanders will be holding their biennial conference in Syd- ney. I am sure both will be highly successful and I look forward to reading the reports in future issues of the Bulletin. Recently, we learned of the death of Jack Leslau, who believed that Holbein left us clues that the sons of Edward IV lived during the lifetime of Thomas More, and who was prepared to dig up Meche- len Cathedral to prove it! No matter what one thought of Jack’s theories, at least he made us think. I wonder if he now knows the answers. Another notable Ricardian who has died recently is Vera Legg, who will be remembered in the annals of the Society as the original promoter of Fotheringhay. She began the project, which led to the York Chapel window there. The fund raising for the window, with the first craft sale, gave rise to Joyce Melhuish’s long involvement with Fotheringhay, which in turn gave rise to mine, and to regular craft sales. Joyce’s first costume doll, of Queen Anne Neville and christened ‘Queen Dolly’, was won, fittingly, by Vera, at that first sale. Those of you who attended the AGM in Bristol last October will know that we had a talk about the accounts of William Worsley, Dean of St Paul’s Cathedral from 1479 to 1497, a key period in Yorkist history. The book about this interesting man who was closely involved with many of the great events of the time is now available from the sales team. Finally, thinking of books brings to mind that one of the best introductions to the Ricardian controversy is that by our former chairman, the late Jeremy Potter. In ‘Good King Richard?’, Jeremy included the question mark to acknowledge that the ‘good’ was still open to debate in some quarters. Last year was a good one for promoting a positive view of the king. Let’s make sure that 2005 is another such for good King Richard. Phil Stone 2

Reception at the College of Arms for HRH The Duke of Gloucester

ecently, as the Society prepares to cele- dsor Herald (William Hunt), who told us R brate the golden anniversary of its re- about the day-to-day work. This remains, as founding in 2006 and the whole body of its it was in 1484, the granting of arms and the achievement over those fifty years, smaller heraldic and genealogical research and record anniversaries and aspects of that achievement -keeping that these grants involved. We were have also been marked. In 2003, the publica- shown one of the most recent grants of arms; tion of a Festschrift, and the reception to this was to the Society of International Bank- launch it, celebrated twenty-five years of ers and represented £400 for 100 hours of Anne Sutton’s editorship of The Ricardian. work, the money is crucial as the College is Last November it was the turn of the Society entirely financially self-supporting. We were to record with gratitude the silver anniversary also shown the grant of arms to the late Sir of HRH The Duke of Gloucester’s patronage, Harry Secombe, showing a mermaid combing with a reception at the College of Arms, in her hair and the motto GO ON. Other older the , attended by around forty artefacts were also on display. Windsor members. pointed out to us an armorial from 1510. He The choice of the College of Arms was demonstrated to us how this sort of illustrated highly appropriate, as it received its charter of guide showed how arms were becoming more incorporation from Richard III in March 1484 fussy during Tudor times, the entry for Rich- and so is a living legacy of his life and reign. ard III noted him as having killed the Princes. The College was originally housed at Cold- We also had a chance to view a pedigree of harbour, though at the start of his reign Henry Edward IV, showing his supposed descent VII granted this mansion to his mother – a de- from Adam. The College has the Latin ver- cision that still appears to rankle! Somewhat sion of the Rous Roll and we could see how ironically the College was to move to its cur- Edward of Lancaster had been inserted into rent site, between St Paul’s and the river, the entry for Anne Neville, presumably after through a grant from Edward Stanley, 3rd 1485. It was the practice of heralds to tour Earl of Derby – great-grandson of Lady Mar- the country on visitations, to make grants of garet’s husband. Shortly after this, in 1555, it arms and to check that existing grants were received a charter of re-incorporation from not being misused. Just to show that some Queen Mary and King Philip. Its present things do not change, we were shown an ex- home, was built in the 1670s after Derby penses claim from a 1683 visitation. The item Place was destroyed in the Great Fire. that probably aroused the most comment and The College’s officers consist of three interest was non-heraldic though. These were Kings of Arms, six Heralds and four Pur- the notes of a London citizen from the , suivants. In medieval times they were re- with their intriguing claim that the Princes sponsible for the organisation of tournaments were killed by the ‘vyse’ of the Duke of and from this they developed their role in or- Buckingham.* ganising great ceremonies of state and their After this very interesting talk, it was time armorial expertise. Today, under the Duke of for the Duke of Gloucester’s arrival. He was Norfolk as hereditary Earl Marshal, the offi- greeted by our Chairman, Phil Stone, Garter cers remain responsible for organising great Principal King-of-Arms (Peter Llewellyn ceremonies of state, such as the state opening Gwynn-Jones) and Windsor Herald. Fortu- of Parliament and state funerals. nately, he found time to meet all the mem- Our college host for the evening was Win- bers, both before and after his own viewing of

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Above left : Isolde Wigram receives her Vice President’s Badge. Above right: Murray Craig Below left: Peggy and Roger Martin. Below right : Andrea Lindow, Sally Henshaw and Ros Conaty.

Below left: Kitty Bristow, Phil Stone, Carolyn and Peter Hammond, Wendy Moorhen. Below right: Comparing regalia.

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Above left: Bill Featherstone and Elizabeth Nokes. Above right: Margaret Stiles being presented to the Patron. Tom Wallis and Joan Dupont looking on.

Above left: William Hunt, Windsor Herald. Above right: Garter, Patron & Chairman during supper in the Earl Marshal’s Court. Below left: Anne and Bryan Hall. Below right: Carolyn West and Sandra Church.

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the documents and to say a few words to ing that he hoped to be our Patron until many of them. Phil Stone, then presented the ‘whenever’. The Chairman also asked the Duke with his badge as our patron. In his Duke to present Isolde Wigram with her lapel speech Phil recalled the sense of excitement badge as a Society Vice President, recalling and pride, within the Society, when it re- that she was one of those involved in re- ceived royal patronage in 1980 – especially as founding the Society in 1956. it came from the first Richard of Gloucester After the formal business of the evening since the great man himself. He mentioned was over, we moved to the splendid Earl Mar- how the Duke had unveiled plaques in the shal’s Court for a finger buffet – prepared by most inclement weather and also his previous the College porter’s wife, so I was told, and visit to the College of Arms, when the society she made a fine job of it, as the frequent re- had received its own grant of arms; most re- filling of plates showed. We lingered for a cently the Duke had attended the Festschrift long time, no-one, including the Patron, launch. In his short speech of thanks the Duke seemed very keen to leave. Much thanks is mentioned his own pride in being our Patron, due to Wendy Moorhen for all her hard work his pleasure in visiting the College again and on such an enjoyable and well-organised his hope that the Society would continue its evening. research into the archives to show evidence of Howard Choppin Richard’s innocence of some of the crimes of which he was accused. He concluded by say- * Published in the English Historical Review, 1981, vol. 96 – ‘Historical Notes of a London Citizen’ by RF Green.

A personal addendum from Phil Stone It was indeed, a splendid evening, and it was quite obvious that the Duke enjoyed himself. As he, Garter and I sat on the steps of the Earl Marshal’s chair during the meal, it also became obvious that our Patron is a widely read and extremely knowledgeable man: the subjects of conversation were many and various. Unfortunately I did not get a chance to give thanks publicly during the event but I want to say thank you to everyone who was involved with it, especially Wendy Moorhen, who made all the arrangements with the College of Arms and Windsor Herald. The College recorded the Society’s visit in their own Newsletter circulated last November: On 17 November members of the Richard III Society with their patron HRH the Duke of Glouces- ter, KG, made an evening visit to the College of Arms where they were shown the records and collections by William Hunt (Windsor). And finally I received the following letter of thanks from Kensington :

3rd December 2004

Dear Doctor Stone, The Duke of Gloucester has asked me to thank you most sincerely for your hospitality and assis- tance during his visit to the Richard III Society on the 17th November which he very much en- joyed.

His Royal Highness has asked me also to thank you and the Society for the presentation of his Patron’s medal. This is a great honour and a distinction he greatly appreciates.

The Duke of Gloucester has enjoyed his long association with the Richard III Society and wishes it a long and successful future. His Royal Highness would ask that his thanks and best wishes are passed on to all those involved in making the evening such a success. Yours sincerely, Alistair Wood Private secretary 6

A Princess Remembered

THE MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR HRH PRINCESS ALICE

n Wednesday 2 February a service was The central part of the service was the O held in the St Clement Danes Church in address given by HRH the Duke of Glouces- central London to give thanks for the life of ter, in which he spoke affectionately about HRH Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, his mother, suggesting that on Christmas Day mother of the Society’s Patron. The Duchess 1901 no one present at her birth could have is held in no small affection by the Society, predicted that, over a century later, there since she had been present at the dedication would have been such a memorial service, of the window in Fotheringhay and had un- and that it would have been a century of so veiled the much change in the statue when His Roy- land that she came to al Highness was love so much. He called away at the spoke of her sense of last moment to rep- duty, of service and of resent HM the commitment, espe- Queen in the New cially when she was Hebrides. In a church working, and in par- filled with people ticular, during her from many walks of time in Australia. life, including a king His Royal Highness and a queen and said how happy he and duch- was that she had de- esses, but especially cided to become a from the charities mother, even if she supported by the had left it rather late! Duchess and by As a young woman, members of the the princess-to-be armed forces, the was told by a fortune- Society was repre- teller, who didn’t sented by the Presi- know who she was, dent, a Vice Presi- that she would marry dent, the Chairman ‘above her station’ and the Secretary - Peter and Carolyn Ham- which, as she thought at the time, was going mond, myself and Elizabeth Nokes. to be difficult for a duke’s daughter. She had There was much music, with some fine been a good mother, too, and an even better singing from the choir, most notably in Duru- grandmother, spoiling his children, even flé’s ‘Ubi caritas’, while the readings included when asked not to, as any grandmother the famous lines about ‘time’ from Ecclesias- would. He said that she would be missed by tes, read by the late Duchess’s grandson, the all, and that seemed to be the sentiment felt Earl of Ulster. by all those attending the service. Certainly, 7

Society News and Notices

Subscriptions Rates from October 2005 Please note: incorrect figures were included for the subscription increase due to take place for existing Society members from October 2005, on the inside front cover of the Winter Bulletin. The correct figures are now printed – we apologise for this error. Editor

Membership Number It would be very much appreciated if members could include their membership number in any correspondence to me including the payment of subscriptions. The membership number is print- ed on the inlay card that accompanies each issue of the Bulletin. This will help considerably with administration, particularly when members share similar names and initials or if the payment of subscriptions is from an account where the name and initials differ from the name on the mem- ber’s record. A number of members received letters in January to say that they had not paid their subscriptions when in fact they had but I had great difficulty in matching the payments with these members. Happily all these problems have now been resolved but it has taken a great deal of time. If you have not made a note of your membership number then perhaps you could include your postcode which is the next most unique item on your record. James Petre, Membership Manager

Discounted Entry Scheme The Visits Committee has negotiated reduced-price entry for Richard III Society members to the following:

 Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire (discount at party rate)  Cardiff Castle (10% discount)  Ingatestone Hall, near Chelmsford, Essex (2 for the price of 1)  Moyses Hall Museum, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, (2 for the price of 1)  The Richard III Museum, Monk Bar, York, (adults £1, seniors 50p.)  (Please note that the Richard III Museum is not connected with the Richard III Society. Any comments which members may have regarding the museum should be addressed directly to the museum and not to the Richard III Society.)  The play An Audience with King Richard III at the Richard III Museum (adults £3, seniors £2)  Warwick Castle (£4 off standard adult entry)

In all cases except Warwick Castle, to obtain the discount you will need to present a Richard III Society membership card. To obtain a membership card, please write to the Chairman, Dr. Phil Stone, enclosing SAE. Discounted entry to Warwick Castle will be by voucher, also obtain- able from Phil Stone (again, by letter, enclosing SAE). If you require any further information please contact me. Please note that the Visits Commit- tee will be pleased to receive suggestions (preferably with contact details) of other venues from whom we might seek discounted entry for Richard III Society members. John Ashdown-Hill

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Branch and Group Liaison Formerly liaison with branches and groups was a shared responsibility, John Saunders looked after overseas branches and groups, and I looked after UK and European ones, while also being responsible for the world-wide dissemination of the ‘branch/group information form’. As from the beginning of 2004 the situation has changed, and responsibility for liaison with all branches and groups has been taken over by John Ashdown-Hill, who has mailed out the 2004 ‘branch/group information form’ and associated information. I bowed out at the end of December 2004, with a mailing to all branches and groups to advise them of the change, and notify them of the results of a telephone contact survey with UK branches and groups. As I bow out of this role, I would like to thank all branch and group contacts, world-wide, with whom I have liaised, and assure them that my formal retirement from this post need not sever informal contacts. I have enjoyed being in touch, and hearing about activities world-wide. I would also like to note that, while in the past, one message of change of secretary/contact details would suffice for the branch/group liaison officer and the Bulletin Editor, now that the two offic- es are held by different people, I, as Bulletin Editor will need to be notified (copied-in) on any contact detail changes, so I can report them in the Bulletin. Elizabeth Nokes

PALAEOGRAPHY BY POST

Would you like to be able to read original documents yourself? Can you read this?

This script should not be too difficult the read because it is computer generated but the Society can help you read the real thing. The Society offers a correspondence course for be- ginners or near beginners who wish to read fifteenth-century hand-writing. The emphasis will be on private and business hands - the kinds of script to be found in government and family records – rather than the formal book hands employed in copying literary texts. The full course will consist of eight lessons which can be paid for in two groups of four if desired. Each lesson will include sample texts with a commentary drawing attention to such matters as abbreviations and characteristic letter shapes and to any particular problems. Part of the sample material will be fully transcribed; the student will be expected to transcribe the remainder and return it for correction and comment. As the course progresses the amount of commentary will decrease, and the texts set for transcription increase in length and difficulty so that the final lessons will be in effect an occasion for supervised practice. Any participants undertaking the course in order to be able to read a particular document may, if they wish, replace one or two of the final practice lessons with photocopies, (supplied by them), of a text of their choice. Transcripts of such texts would be corrected in the usual way by the tutor - allowing students to receive specialist help with their own work. Students can work at their own speed and no deadlines will be imposed. When one assign- ment has been completed the corrected version will be returned with the next lesson. The course can therefore take as much, or as little, time as the student feels able to spare. The cost of the course is £27.50 for each group of four lessons, payable in advance. There is an additional cost for overseas postage. To enrol or obtain details of overseas postage costs please write to the Research Office, Wendy Moorhen, 2 Field Hurst, Langley Broom, Lang- ley, Berkshire, SL3 8PQ. Cheques should be made payable to the Richard III Society.

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Developing the Potential

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

s a Society we exist to secure a re-assessment of the life and times of Richard III. To A achieve this the promotion of research has always been our primary aim. Since its founding in 1924 the Society has initiated various research activities including: the publication of primary sources, such as the Harleian Manuscript 433; group projects, such as the transcription of the Logge wills and the Wills Index; and the organisation of regular research weekends, seminars and conferences. The Society’s Research Committee now wants to take things a step further. Research can be a solitary pursuit and, especially to those just starting out, a daunting pro- spect. Whilst it is true that some topics require specialist skills such as palaeography and Latin, much can be achieved through the study and interpretation of printed primary sources and sec- ondary material. The Research Committee has published the Beginner’s Guide to Research and Speaker’s Notes to help members who are new to research or who want to give talks on the life and times of Richard III. Over the years many individual members have undertaken such re- search and seen the results published in The Ricardian, the Bulletin and branch magazines. Whilst the Wills Project was in progress, there developed a very strong sense of camaraderie amongst the participants. Linked by a newsletter and regular meetings at research weekends, the project became a real community of researchers. At the time we felt that this was a quality that we wanted to sustain and so we would now like to establish a wider ‘research community’ within the Society. By working together and making the best use of our resources we will have the po- tential to increase significantly the impact and effectiveness of the Society’s research agenda. And, most importantly, we will involve many more members in a core area of the Society’s work. Participation in the proposed community will be open to any member who is interested in research, irrespective of whether they are experienced, a beginner or just have aspirations. We would also be interested to hear from members who are archaeologists, especially those with experiences of working on medieval projects. History and archaeology are twin and mutually dependent disciplines and it would greatly enhance the Society’s research programme if we could encourage co-operation between the two. We already have two archaeologists contributing to the redesign of our web site and it would be a welcome development to extend such involvement to other research areas. We envisage a definite two-way communication process: the Research Committee will have a more informed understanding of the scope of members’ research interests and skills; and members will have more direct access to the committee and other members in- volved in research. Given that we have a wide geographic spread of members both within the UK and overseas, the mechanisms used to communicate and maintain the cohesion of the community will be cru- cial. Our primary means of achieving this will be through a regular newsletter which will include: case studies; reports on projects; notices of external events; summaries of research queries raised and responses as well as a general Q & A section; notification of relevant new theses; and much more. We would like to hold regular research events and a seminar on research methods for be- ginners is being considered. Personal contact can also be made via regular Society events. In the longer term we will explore the potential of the internet to strengthen our network. We hope that such a research community will encourage members to take the plunge and commence work on research projects of their own. Ideas on how the concept might be developed will be gratefully received. If you are interested in the ‘research community’, please complete the form in the centrefold section of the Bulletin. Wendy Moorhen 10

£1m Lottery Fund Award to Bosworth Battlefield Centre

he Heritage Lottery Fund has announced around the areas of and Re- T almost £1m worth of funding to Leices- demore Plain, the latter identified by Peter tershire County Council for a project they Foss and from which, members may recall, describe as a ‘world precedent’ to ‘uncover Mr Foard has already conceived a conjectual the true battlefield through a three-year pro- account of the battle. gramme of archaeological and topographical The story was picked up enthusiastically studies. Forensic techniques will be used to by the media on 21 January with reports on determine where radio, television woodland, marsh- and in the broad- es, fields and sheets and local roads would have press. Channel 4 been situated in featured a two- 1485 to help with minute segment the detective work from Bosworth and determine the complete with Les true battlefield. Routiers re- Metal detecting enactment group will also be used performing in the to determine the background, a clip point where the from the Olivier armies met, known film of Richard III as the “clash and an interview point”’. The fund- with Glenn Foard. ing, £990,000, will They also reported also be used to that a mere update and devel- £200,000 would be op the visitor cen- spent on the ar- tre which will chaeological work. become a regis- Stories ran in The tered museum Independent, The displaying any Times and The finds from the Guardian. Howev- archaeological er, the reports were work. confusing. Channel The Winter Richard III at Bosworth Field by A Hopkins and engraved 4 reported that the 2004 issue of the for the 19th century edition of Staunton’s Shakespeare. areas to be exam- Bulletin published Courtesy of Goff Wheeler. ined were ‘Ambion an article by Paul Hill, an Old Roman Startin of the Bosworth Battlefield Visitor Road a mile away and ’. The Centre and this provides a brief summary of Times, on the other hand, reported on Michael the County Council's strategy towards exca- Jones’ theory that the battle took place at vating the site based on the report of the pre- and went on to write that Mr liminary findings by Glenn Foard of the Bat- Foard was ‘satisfied that Dr Jones was incor- tlefield Trust. His survey was carried out rect’ from which it could be inferred that the 11

Atherstone/Fenny Drayton site may not be important that a range of individuals and examined. Another ambiguous area relates to groups are kept updated on the project, none Richard’s final resting place. The HLF press more so than your Society’. Leicestershire release refers to the studies shedding ‘some County Council believe the archaeological light on the ultimate resting place of Richard and geographic survey will take many years III, something which until now has been sub- as ‘the actual battlefield is likely to cover a ject to many myths and legends’. No refer- large area, as there are thought to have been ence was made to the fact that the fate of between 20,000 and 25,000 on the field.’ Richard's body only became uncertain after What was encouraging from these press the Reformation and the dissolution of the reports was the political correctness in their Greyfriars monastery in Leicester. treatment of Richard with none of the precon- The Branch chairman, ceptions of the monster stereotype we are all Richard Smith, represented the Society at the so familiar with. For example, The Times press launch hosted by Leicestershire County commented that Shakespeare ‘demonised’ Council on 21 January. Richard has con- Richard. firmed that the exact locations for excavations The Guardian’s reporter asked the Society were not given other than the mentioning of for a comment on the funding, and the sound the villages of , and byte they chose to publish closed their article: . Mike Jones has since commented ‘Sadly nothing can change the outcome; to the Society that he has serious concerns treachery and betrayal led a brave man to his over whether the Atherstone site will be death - the last king of to die on the properly considered. The Society has been in battlefield’. touch with Glenn Foard who believes ‘that Richard Van Allen everyone involved in the project will feel it

Your last chance to buy this important Trust publication

A small stock of the Crowland Chronicle Continua- tions has recently been found and is now available for sale to Society members.

This is one of the major sources for late 15th-century English history, containing information found nowhere else on crucial events, including those of the reign of Richard III. They have hitherto only been available in a 19th century English translation and a 17th century Latin version. The present book represents the first scholarly edition. It contains a long introduction which includes a discussion of the vexed question of the authorship, and parallel Latin and English texts.

Price £18.50 plus £4.50 postage and packing from the Sales Liaison Officer. See inside back cover of the Bulletin.

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Media Retrospective

From Renée Jennison From Ruth Margolis The Times 16 October, Giles Coren on David Metro 12 November, ‘ ... presents a new and Starkey’s ‘Monarchy’ series: ‘David Starkey intriguing spin on the reputation of Richard is fronting another dull TV history of Eng- III, who has been maligned throughout the land. Much more fun to make it up – like ages. Richard, famous for murdering his two Geoffrey of Monmouth … God knows, histo- nephews, was a much more complex figure ry doesn’t have to be true. We remember than the man remembered in popular myth. Henry V and Richard III not because of Hol- His hunchback, for example, has been much inshed but because of Shakespeare – nobody overstated’. Radio Times, 6-12 November: gives a damn whether Richard really had a ‘... film on England’s last medieval king, hump or offered rash bargains when horse- most famous for murdering his two nephews. dealing’. Far from being the hunchbacked child-killer of Shakespeare’s Richard III, the king, we From Elizabeth Nokes learn, was perfectly formed and a dutiful Nine to Five & Midweek, 8 November, Adam brother to Edward IV, only turning bloody Scott on John Caird’s production of after his death. And a revelation about Ed- Anouilh’s Becket: ‘[Jasper] Britton ... his ward’s parentage throws new light on Rich- priggish, spoilt King Henry becoming almost ard’s real motivation for murder’. as deliciously likeable as Shakespeare’s Rich- ard III. … Anouilh plays as fast and loose From Marilyn Garabet with history as Shakespeare did in the afore- Daily Mail 6 November 2004, Richard Pen- mentioned Richard III’. dlebury reporting on Christine and Neil Ham- Daily Express 23 October. Margaret Hold- ilton’s purchase of Bradfield Manor in Wilt- er, in an article on Prince Harry’s instinct for shire: ‘like all rural properties of substance trouble, and how it resides in his royal genes [it] is said to be haunted. The phantoms sup- commented, ‘Richard III is still a prime sus- posedly in residence are a medieval monk and pect in the murder of his nephews ... who died a former owner who was executed for com- in the year of his coronation’. posing a seditious ditty about Richard III’. The Times 29 October, Derwent May on Collingbourne, we presume? ‘The noble heritage of two great queens’ [Mechelen] referred to Margaret of From Andrea Fiander and Richander York, who ‘gave her protection to the impos- Birkinshaw tor Perkin Warbeck, choosing to believe that From English Heritage magazine Autumn he was one of her princely nephews who were 2004, ‘Yorkshire Update’: ‘Haunting Beauty murdered in the of London.’ … … ‘Other Royals to Neither of these references was as bad as have been associated with the castle include it might be, stopping short of an outright ac- Richard III, who is thought to have wooed his cusation against Richard, but the Editor wrote wife, Anne, there. So attached was he to the to the respective newspapers about both, and castle that his ghost is said to wander around both letters were published. Thanks go to its grounds to this day.’ Geoffrey Wheeler for alerting her to the items. From Peter Hancock In the Daily Mail of 27 November 2004 they The repeat of Tony Robinson’s Fact or Fic- provided the answers to a series of questions tion: Richard III on Discovery Channel in posed to pupils aged eleven in 1898. Need- November yielded comment: less to say, since the test was largely on con- 13

tent and factual information, it proved diffi- kings, who concisely summarises Richard cult, even for the knowledgeable of today. III’s life and reign under thirteen sub- However, for our purposes, question 2, under headings, such as ‘Northern pre-eminence’, English History, proved most interesting: ‘Protector of the realm’, ‘the search for stabil- ‘Give some account of Egbert, William II, ity’, etc., into just over seven pages, but inev- Richard III, Robert Blake, Lord Nelson’. In itably it is more dealing with ‘the king’s char- the answer section published that day in the acter’ and ‘image and reputation’, that will Mail, the answer for Richard read: ‘Richard give some cause for concern among the more III: seized the throne when brother Edward ardent of Richard’s defenders, as she believes IV died in 1483. Believed to have murdered ‘when he ordered the death of his nephews, Edward’s sons, the Princes in the Tower’. he may very well have justified it to himself May be Richard got a better ‘shake’ at the (as he justified his own usurpation) as a way turn of the 20th century than the 21st? At of averting unrest, although that, of course, least the qualifier ‘believed’ was injected. was synonymous with securing his own posi- tion’. Her views are reiterated in the entry for From Livia Visser-Fuchs Edward V: ‘… the princes’ fate continues to ‘George ... er.. Richard ... er ... George III. arouse controversy. Chronicle accounts of The announcement of the BBC2 programme their murder are inevitably speculative, and Timewatch on 11 December 2004 in a Dutch little light has been shed on their death by TV Guide: ‘Historical documentary: How analysis of the bones found in the Tower in mad was George III ? Documentary about 1674 and assumed to be those of the princes. Richard III who sat on the British throne for The most plausible explanation for their un- some 60 years.’ doubted disappearance is that they were mur- dered in the summer of 1483, to try and pre- From Geoffrey Wheeler empt a rising in their favour’. Nicholas Barker, reviewing the new Oxford As this new edition will doubtless be a Dictionary of National Biography (Times prime resource for future researchers for Literary Supplement 10 December 2004) many years to come, both in the library edi- ‘Chroniclers of the DNB from Sidney Lee tion and online, it is perhaps regrettable that onwards give the impression that British bi- Dr Horrox could not have expressed a more ography, or at least biographical dictionaries, moderate and reasonable view. A brief sur- sprang from the brain of Zeus, without ante- vey of other lives of interest to members re- cedents Far from it: Aelfric’s Lives of the veals Michael Hicks on Clarence and Eliza- Saints inaugurated a long medieval tradition, beth Woodville, but surprisingly not Warwick and Thomas More’s Life of Richard III, writ- ‘the Kingmaker’ (A.J. Pollard), Cecily, Duch- ten in Latin and English, looked back to Sal- ess of York (Christopher Harper-Bill) and her lust, as well as forward to the exemplary plan husband Richard (John Watts), while Henry of Izaak Walton’s Lives’. Later in the article, VII is dealt with by S.J. Gunn, who sees revealing his personal interest as the writer Richard III as ‘bellicose’. responsible for discovering the identify of the real ‘Jane’ Shore (Etoniana, No. 125, June 4, From The Independent on Sunday, ‘Well Exe- 1972), he comments: ‘the idea of joining forc- cuted Art. This Bloody block ... ‘Come, lead es (with the National Portrait gallery archive me to the block: bear him my head. They for illustrations) has proved a double benefit. smile at me who shortly shall be dead’. So It can be improved. The Eton picture of ‘Jane says Lord Hastings in Shakespeare’s Richard Shore’, is of a half-naked woman known III, before his life is curtailed in gruesome (wrongly) as Diane de Poitiers, although the fashion. The real-life Hastings is just one of life-time portrait of Edward IV’s mistress is the many high-profile executees who are be- cited in the article’s references’. ing commemorated by The Tower of Lon- This entry is one of many contributed by don’s new sculpture on the site of the former Rosemary Horrox, writing on the Yorkist chopping block in Tower Green. ... But while

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Hastings was the victim of monarchic whim- ‘We know from history that the real Rich- sy, the new sculpture’s installation will be a ard III was nothing like Shakespeare’s power- far more democratic process, with five short- craving psychopath. But for Battistelli the listed designs and ‘viewer feedback’ [and] an play’s the thing, and it is the protagonist’s all-star selection committee including David status as a prototype for the 20th-century Starkey and AS Byatt will listen to the views monster that especially attracted him.’ of the public, before disregarding them and It was inferred that the opera will be per- making their final decision’. – Ed Caesar. formed in Britain and the US.

From Christine Roberts, Elizabeth Butler, Geoffrey Wheeler and Elizabeth Nokes And finally: The Society’s Chairman is Daily Telegraph 15 January, ‘Books’, review invited to comment on the rehabilitation of by Diarmaid Macculloch of The Hollow Macbeth, another Shakespearian ‘villain’ Crown: a History of Britain in the Late Mid- Glasgow Herald, 4 February 2005. Under the dle Ages, Miri Rubin: ‘It was generally those banner of ‘Is this a villain I see before me?’ monarchs who showed no enthusiasm for the Herald reported on Conservative MSP carnage overseas who suffered violent Alex Johnstone’s belief that Macbeth is a deaths ... the gentle, insanely generous and much-maligned monarch who has Shake- often downright insane Henry VI ... Worse speare to thank for his image problem and he was the fate of the blameless boy Edward V, claims that the ‘myth has overshadowed the secretly murdered in prison by the worst royal man, and it’s time to reassert a few historical thug of all, Richard III (who alone can bear facts’. Sound familiar? Well, the journalist the blame, despite all ingenious modern argu- involved thought it did and she contacted Phil ments to the contrary). Richard was so cyni- Stone who she described as knowing ‘a little cal that he promoted the martyr’s cult of Hen- about sticking up for history’s “villains”’. ry VI, whose only claim to martyrdom was She wrote ‘he is one of 3500 people to that he had been murdered by Richard’s have joined the 80-year-old society in its mis- brother Edward IV’. sion to reassess the king’s reputation as a child-murdering hunchback (although he does From Pat Conway stress “we are not the Richard III Adoration Ancestors January 2005. Lez Smart tells the Society, as I often tell members”). He says: story of the Chertsey Abbey Map ...‘Interes- “When it comes to having your name black- tingly the abbey’s most famous visitor was ened, Richard III, King John and Macbeth all dead when he arrived. Being King of England have done pretty well in that respect. I can was not a secure position during the Wars of completely understand why people would like the Roses and Henry VI was murdered in the to rehabilitate Macbeth and I suspect he, too, in 1471, probably on the has suffered in the hands of Shakespeare. If orders of his successor Richard III’. you're interested in truth, then obviously this is paramount. Yes, they’re damn good stories, Ann Wroe alerted the Editor to a review in but they forget the truth. Shakespeare twists the International Herald Tribune on a new things. If it was beneficial to besmirch Mac- opera based on Shakespeare’s Richard III beth’s character for King James, his rival’s February 9 Antwerp. George Loomis re- descendant, then it was essential to foulmouth viewed the opera by Giorgio Battistelli with Richard, deposed by the Tudors, for the Eliza- libretto by Ian Burton which had its world bethan audience. We can’t let good drama premiere the week before at the Flemish and personal grudges get in the way of histor- Opera with a mainly American and British ical fact”, says Dr Stone, adding: “Maybe bad cast. King John will have his turn, too.”’

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Match of The Day 1485

This one is for the husbands, fathers, brothers, boyfriends, who drive ladies to meetings … and of course for all the ladies who are football fans too! Editor

(GL) Good evening from BBC1 Television After all, the Yorkists had been up in Notting- and welcome to the first Match of the Day of ham. Their camp was at the Castle and they the season, The Charity Shield Cup sponsored had been using Forest’s facilities rather than by AXA Insurance. As usual we have Alan those at Notts County for some early season and Trevor here with us for comments and training. I understand that when they heard analysis. that the match had been fixed, they assembled (AH) Looking at the way the second half the team horses and came south. Filbert went, Gary, is that AXA or Battleaxes? Street, (remember those days, Gary?), was (GL) Yes, very good, Alan. talked about as a venue but a couple of (AH) And what’s more, Gary, on the day, I Leicester City players had just gone down think you will agree, there were plenty of with plague after a pre-season friendly, a shields but not much charity! week ago, against an Italian club, Genoa I (GL) Hmmm. Very humorous, Alan. think it was. Well, today’s Match of the Day brings you a (GL) Well, at least the Yorkists had horses truly titanic struggle between two arch ene- and team coaches to transport them to the mies, the Yorkists and the Lancastrians. match. It seems the Tudor team transport Would you agree, Alan? failed to rendezvous with them when they (AH) Yes, Gary, this was a massive match. disembarked at Milford Haven, from their Absolutely awesome. training camp in France, earlier in the month. (TB) Yes, Alan’s right, Gary, that this was an Well, viewers, we can now go over to John up enormous encounter. Mind you, the venue at . John, can you confirm, was unexpected and it just goes to show what first of all, that the Lancastrian team actually an effect all the dithering and delay with legged-it all the way from West Wales? Wembley is having on staging big occasions. (JM) Gary, today has been quite unbelievable. (GL) So, Trevor, you think it should have And yes, Henry Tudor’s team did walk here been fought closer to the City of London ra- from Wales. ther than in the Midlands? (GL) Definitely one for the record book, (TB) Well, I can see the argument that Market there, John. Bosworth was handy for the supporters of (JM) Yes, indeed Gary, and I have to say this both sides rather than a venue down south. result will be something spectators and com- However, older viewers will remember the mentators will talk about for centuries to time these two deadly rival teams met in come, believe me. Firstly, Richard arrived, 1471, when Edward IV, captaining the York- took up position on Ambion Hill with, it has ists, won handsomely at the . to be said, a very expensive looking team. In (AH) Trevor’s right, Gary. The nation can’t contrast, Henry’s lot looked poorly kitted out, afford to have these big events staged in any and had the wetter end of the pitch. old field. (GL) What formation did the teams play, (GL) It might have been that Richard saw a John? Were there differences? real advantage in choosing Ambion Hill at (JM) Very much so, Gary. Everyone here, Bosworth Field. Early kick-off, sun rising thought both sides would play a 4-2-4 for- behind him, bouncy pitch, and, I believe, mation. Henry deployed the French players short turf after they had moved the sheep off. he signed up in the summer in very fluid mid- (TB) I think you are probably right, Gary. field positions. Richard, however, appeared

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to line up in a 2-3-5 pattern, with two wing- just stays back, gives no support whatsoever ers, a centre-forward and two inside-forwards. and midfield seem to have disappeared com- Very old fashioned, I think you will agree. pletely. It’s clear to me that if Richard had (GL) That’s very interesting, John. Alan, do survived the day, both Stanley and Northum- you think playing 2-3-5 led to Richard’s de- berland would have been dropped from the feat? first team. (AH) I think so, Gary. What’s more, he had (AH) Trevor, I think you’ll find given the too little strategy. It was all attack. Time and occasion, ‘chopped’, might be closer to what time again. He really should have stayed Richard would have done to those two play- back. Let the Lancastrian side come to him ers! But, I agree, Richard’s tactics of a dash up the slope. Instead, what did he do? He for death or glory, just handed victory to the hurtled his troops forward, lost position, de- Welsh no-hopers . The replay shows how fence stayed stuck at the back and midfield well Henry marshalled his defence, played a was nowhere at all. neat offside trap and Richard fell for it. (JM) Alan, I have to say, there were truly (GL) Alan, offside is one thing, but here to- amazing scenes here after one of Richard’s day, August 22nd 1485, we've witnessed, forwards took a severe injury early on in the ‘regicide’. match. Howard Norfolk, sometimes known as The Duke, and playing in the No. 9 ar- mour, was pole-axed by de Vere, Earl Ox- ford. From the commentary box it looked as if de Vere should have been shown a red card but after some delay it was only Norfolk who left the field, on a stretcher. Richard then called for Stanley, who was on the substitute bench, to replace him. But, and here is anoth- er one for the record books, Gary, Stanley didn’t move and ignored Richard completely. Some say Richard’s dual role as player- manager meant poor communication between the pitch and the bench. Unfortunately, now Cartoon by courtesy of the Yorkshire Branch. First we shall never know. However, since the end published in The Yorkshire Jester. of the match some members of the press are reporting that Stanley already had been in (AH) Very good, Gary. secret transfer talks with the Tudor team and (GL) Well, Trevor, Alan and, of course, John has now signed a 3-year contract with them. up at Market Bosworth, today’s unexpected (GL) Trevor, how did you see the second result has delivered crowning victory to Hen- half, that clearly gave the Tudors their unex- ry Tudor. It would seem that after a truly pected victory? battle royal, it’s the end of the Yorkist cause (TB) Well, Gary, it has to be said that Richard with the death the last of the Plantagenets and showed real courage, but somehow he didn’t perhaps the start of a new dynasty. seem to get the support he needed from the So that’s it viewers, I suppose with the Divine rest of his team. Here on the replay you can Right of Kings, still in fashion, this contest, see Richard rushes forward, perhaps to fill the this Battle of Bosworth, 1485, , hasn’t been vacant centre-forward position left by Nor- your normal MOTD, more like Match of the folk’s early exit from the match. Northum- Deity. Good night. berland, playing old-fashioned centre-half, Richard Shattock

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News and Reviews

News from Fotheringhay:

Oak Trees The PCC plans to plant three oak trees at the west end of the churchyard to replace the three fall- en horse chestnuts. They will be approximately 3m high and well grown. Juliet Wilson, the Society’s representative in the village, asks if the Society would like to sponsor a tree, perhaps to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the re-founding of the Society in 2006? The cost will be about £100 per tree – slightly more if they have to be delivered. They are pot grown and it will be possible to plant them as soon as the ground is ready for them. If you are interested in contributing to this scheme, send your cheques to me, Phil Stone, asap, at the address on the inside back cover. Please make them out to ‘The Richard III Society’ and write ‘Oak tree’ on the back. Thank you.

Photograph courtesy of Juliet Wilson.

Festal Mass for the Feast of Tongues at Pentecost On Sunday, 15 May, there will be a pentecostal mass – polyphony and praise – at 12 noon in Fotheringhay Church, presided over by the Venerable David Painter, Archdeacon of Oakham. There will be a special choir, directed by Stephen Rice, and appropriate music of the period of the English pre-Reformation. Vestments, incense and bells will feature in the liturgy. Mass will be followed by lunch in Fotheringhay Village Hall at 13.30, provided by Alan Stewart. Cost £10 per head (includes a glass of wine). Please book as soon as possible: Tel 01832 272026 e-mail [email protected] or from the Oundle International Festival Office, The Creed Chapel, Ashton, Oundle, Northampton- shire. Phil Stone

Graham Turner Exhibition Graham Turner, well known artist and Ricardian, will be holding an exhibition of his paintings and prints from the 22–24 April 2005 at the Rothschild mansion, Halton House, near Wendover in Buckinghamshire. Further information from Studio 88, PO Box 568, Aylesbury, HP17 8ZX. Tel. 01296 338504. E-mail www.studio88.co.uk 18

New DVD release of Sir Laurence Olivier’s 1955 film production of Richard III This DVD, although advertised as being a ‘fully restored, full

length version’ with ‘newly discovered footage’, apparently only refers to the previously released American video and disc ver- sions, which lacked ‘nearly 20 minutes of missing footage’. So unfortunately Buckingham’s execution scene and a number of other speeches to be found on the 3 LP disk set, released in the 1950s, are still missing. However, there are a few short se- quences included in the climactic Bosworth scenes which now make more sense of what has always been seen as a rather ‘scrappy’ battle! Additionally, the second disc contains a gallery of off-set and production stills, posters and TV/cinema trailers, together with the 1965 BBC TV recording of Kenneth Tynan’s interview with Sir Laurence Olivier, in the Great Acting Series. Please note this DVD is in NTSC Region 1 format and may not play on UK-bought DVD machines. Geoffrey Wheeler

Cecily Neville, A Medieval Kingmaker The National Archives are currently running a series of lectures entitled ‘Movers & Shakers’, running in parallel with an exhibition ‘Geoffrey Chaucer to Elton John’ which looks at docu- ments covering the ‘Movers & Shakers’ of the last 750 years. The first lecture in the series was given by Society member Joanna Laynesmith who is well known to many in the Society for her interesting talks and book on ‘Medieval Queens’. As usual Joanna did not disappoint. Her talk was fascinating and thought provoking. She started off with a look at the way Cecily has been viewed by historians from Shakespeare to the present day and summed up the changing opinions in the catchy phrase, ‘scold, saint, shopaholic and slut’. Joanna asked the question how accurate are these views and how do they fit together? Cecily had been a widow for thirty-five years and had very nearly been the first English woman to be- come queen. Her father Ralph Neville arranged a staggering series of marriages for his ten chil- dren by Joan Beaufort, the best being made for Cecily, to Richard, Duke of York. Only eight when they were betrothed in 1423, they did not set up their own household until 1432, when they moved to Fotheringhay. It was here that their first child Anne was born in 1439 and eighteen months later that their second child Henry died. When York went to France in 1441, Cecily went with him because he needed an heir. Edward was born in April 1442. The question of his legiti- macy has recently been much discussed by Michael Jones and this is the idea of Cecily as ‘slut’. The evidence for Edward’s illegitimacy is slim; he was more likely to have been premature. The allegations made in Cecily’s own lifetime were transparently political. The ‘shopaholic’ was a view put forward by TB Pugh in the 1980s. While reviewing York’s accounts he came across an astonishing piece of expenditure on clothes and materials made by Cecily. The most damning evidence of her extravagance was the eight and a half ounces of gold and hundreds of pearls used to decorate one dress. Thirty of the pearls alone cost £6 each. How- ever this expenditure was made at the time when York and his wife were escorting Margaret of Anjou to England for her marriage to Henry VI. The dress was a political statement of York’s wealth and his position as a member of the royal blood. Women were limited in the ways in which they could become politically involved. Dress was one way. Cecily was politically astute. Following the defeat at Ludford she was able to secure some of York’s lands to support herself and her young children. She also visited Kent while York was in Ireland, and it was probably no coincidence that this is where her son and brother landed 19

in 1460 to support York’s claim to the throne. Following the death of York at Wakefield in De- cember 1460 she sent her youngest sons to Burgundy. The Duke was trying to remain neutral while King Charles of France was Lancastrian. Staying at the duke’s court was the dauphin, Lou- is, who to spite his father supported York. This was therefore a good place to secure her children. During the first years of Edward’s reign, Cecily was at his side. He granted her estates worth £3,000 p.a. and the papal legate advised the Pope that he should cultivate her friendship as she could rule the king. Cecily appears regularly in documents with her son until 1464 when he mar- ried Elizabeth Wydevile. Yet the only record that she was angered by the match comes in the reign of Richard III. She may well have accepted the marriage. Elizabeth was the daughter of Jacquetta St Pol who had been married to the Duke of Bedford before marrying Richard Wydevile. What did Cecily think of this match? Many of Bedford’s men had joined York’s household after his death. Also Jacquetta had links with Burgundy, so Cecily may not have ob- jected to the marriage as strongly as is believed. Whoever Edward married she would have re- placed Cecily. However Cecily now reinvented herself as ‘king’s mother and late wife of Rich- ard, rightly king of England’ etc. She may have spent much of her time at Fotheringhay where she paid for a lot of work to be done on the church. This was a celebration of her dynasty, not just her piety. In 1469 she was with Clarence and Isabel when they were planning to marry. Was she supporting them or trying to stop them? This is also the first time rumours were aired of Edward’s bastardy, when Warwick claimed that Clarence was the legitimate king. When their rebellion of 1470 failed and they tried to return Henry VI to the throne, Cecily began working to persuade Clarence to return to Ed- ward’s side. On Edward’s return from Burgundy he took his wife from sanctuary and placed her in the care of his mother, which suggests there was no great falling out. Cecily took part in major royal events, joining in the foundation of the Luton Gild of Holy Trinity. In the foundation miniature she is pictured behind the queen wearing royal robes which emphasised her position. At the christening of her granddaughter Bridget the herald records her as being ‘Queen by right’. In 1469 Edward granted her Berkhamsted and this now became her principal residence. She was less involved in politics and more involved in religion. In 1472 she founded a chantry at Lechlade and another at Kennington. Was her piety becoming deeper or simply more public? In the 1940s John Armstrong analysed her will and saw her as having ‘tranquillity of spirit’. This is the image as ‘saint’. She certainly built up a fabulous collection of vestments and items for the church, reliquaries, books and rosaries. She became politically involved again in 1483 when Richard stayed at her home to make his claim to the throne. Did this mean she supported his claim? Correspondence between them in 1483 suggests they were on good terms, and again she was present at important occasions. Did she believe the country would be safer in adult hands? Following Bosworth Cecily seems to have come to an accommodation with Henry Tudor. She asked for grants and favours, which she received and in return she gave posts to his support- ers. Yet when one of her servants joined Perkin Warbeck’s revolt she ‘along with members of her household’ supported him, paying his fine. So where were her sympathies? In June 1495 she died and was buried at Fotheringhay beside her husband. Joel Rosenthal suggests her life was a series of epic chapters, connected by her closeness to the throne. She was certainly more of a ‘Mover & Shaker’ than many crowned queens of England. Lynda Pidgeon

Continued on page 43

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Then and Now

REFLECTIONS ON THE FIRST THIRTY YEARS OF THE RICARDIAN BULLETIN

he Ricardian Bulletin was first pub- for the fledging Bulletin of 16 pages. The T lished thirty-one years ago in March Bulletin’s front cover was decorated with the 1974 and in this article we look back at its Society’s badge of Richard’s White Boar and origins and how the publication has devel- motto, similar to that which adorned (and still oped over the decades. Before the Bulletin adorns) The Ricardian’s front cover. The Society news and information was included badge had been designed by Royman Brown, together with historical articles in The Ricard- a freelance heraldic artist, shortly after the ian which was first published in 1963. Prior Society was re-founded in 1956. to this newsletters and research reports kept The new Bulletin was a low-key publica- members in touch; however by 1963 member- tion which reflected the technology and finan- ship had grown enough to justify a formal cial resources then available to the Society quarterly journal. and the first issue contained correspondence, In 1973 the decision was taken to publish notices and branch reports. There was also an a separate magazine from The Ricardian to article by the late Joyce Melhuish entitled cover internal Society matters, thus freeing ‘Concerning Courtesy’ which included a typi- The Ricardian to concentrate purely on his- cally Joycean account of a recent encounter torical articles and research. This decision with a vicar who suggested the Society’s was prompted by a number of factors, not membership should be closed to ‘everyone least the substantial increase in membership except qualified people’ to which she modest- that had taken place that year and the recogni- ly replied ‘well, that would leave me out’! tion that The Ricardian would have a poten- The next issue clarified the editorial position tial market outside the Society if its focus was solely on fifteenth-century history. The last edition of The Ricardian in its original format was a modest 32 bound pages and it ended on a particularly up-beat note with the publica- tion of a letter to the then President, Patrick Bacon, from Roy Strong, the National Portrait Gallery’s director, who thanked the Society for its contribution to the Richard III Exhibi- tion which had just closed. He wrote ‘It at- tracted over 41,000 visitors. It has certainly brought out a number of unknown facets and has, I think, added significantly to the study and understanding of Richard III and of late fifteenth-century England’. The exhibition was also the primary cause of the sudden in- crease in Society membership. In March 1974 The Ricardian appeared Design for the Society’s ladies’ scarf by Geoff along side the new Ricardian Bulletin. The Wheeler and featured on the front cover of the December 1975 Bulletin. [The scarf is still availa- size of both was a uniform A5, smaller than ble from the Sales Liaison Officer, price £3 plus the older 7” x 9” Ricardian, with a page count 50p p&p.] 21

by explaining that The Ricardian editor During 2002 as a part of the Society’s new would be editor in chief of both publications, strategy for the future it was decided that the with Elizabeth Nokes having specific respon- time was right for the content and presenta- sibility for the Bulletin’s content and printing. tion of the Bulletin to undergo a comprehen- Inevitably the Bulletin soon developed its sive revamp. Whilst the old style magazine own identity and moved more and more out had served the Society well over the years the of The Ricardian’s stable. By December need to respond to the advances in infor- 1978 Elizabeth was being officially referred mation technology provided an opportunity to to as editor and in 1981 it was confirmed that create a new style. At the time the decision the editorship of the two journals would be had also been taken to publish The Ricardian entirely separate. On the production side re- on an annual basis so there was an additional sponsibility for the collation and typing lay need for the Bulletin to fill the quarterly void. initially with Ann Graham, followed in later So it was decided that the Bulletin would be years by Debbie Monks and Sue Taylor. expanded to include historical articles based Over the years the Bulletin developed in on secondary sources. This would also pro- content and size, along the way introducing vide an opportunity for members to contribute many of the features that are still enjoyed to the Bulletin and also to gain research and today. One of the earliest innovations came in writing skills which in the longer term might December 1975 when Geoff Wheeler’s de- give them the confidence to write for The sign for the Ricardian head square appeared Ricardian. on the front cover: thereafter his drawings A working party was therefore appointed remained a regular feature of the Bulletin. with the brief to build on the Bulletin’s suc- As the Society grew there became much cess and create a new magazine that would more to report on in terms of activities and be both informative and entertaining. This events, including regular accounts of the vis- involved a balance between retaining all that its organised by Joyce Melhuish and other was good in the magazine and adding new Society events. These were written by partici- features to widen its appeal to existing and pants and became a popular feature of the potential members. Amongst the new fea- Bulletin, particularly for members who were tures was ‘The Debate’ which enables contro- not able to attend such events. In 1981 the versial issues to be looked at in a new light first of the Society’s triennial conferences and for members to contribute their views as was held at Oxford’s Trinity College and an on-going part of the feature. We also in- although it was reported in The Ricardian, troduced ‘Letter from America’ to give a future conferences, seminars and research voice to our largest overseas branch. The new weekends were covered in the Bulletin Bulletin has also been used to communicate Humour became a regular feature during the work of the Executive Committee to the the 1980s with such memorable light hearted wider membership, particularly through the spoofs as ‘Lizzie’s Letters’ (Elizabeth of chairman’s introduction to each issue. York of course) inspired by extracts from Value for money was also an important Dick’s Diaries. Regular contributions also consideration, especially as we were moving came from Carolyn Hammond who kept to a bigger magazine with greater use of in- members up to date with new additions to the formation technology. A key issue in keeping library, and in later years offered them the costs down has been to edit the Bulletin tech- opportunity to purchase surplus stock via the nically in-house using desktop publishing and annual library auction. Another regular fea- producing camera-ready copy for the printers. ture included defences or unlikely defences of We went out to tender for the printing and the Richard III, which eventually led to a section contract was won by St Edmundsbury Press devoted to media watching. Geoffrey who provided the most competitive estimate. Wheeler diligently kept readers up to date They were already printing The Ricardian so with his reviews of plays and television pro- we already had experienced of the quality of grammes. their work. Despite all the improvements and

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that it would become a standing committee with each member having spe- cific responsibilities in the production process. So we now have the Bulletin Editorial Committee which meets every quarter to consider the content and size of the current issue and look ahead to future issues so that arti- cles can be commissioned in good time. The size of the magazine has to be maintained at a strict 64 pages, excluding the blue insert and cover, if we are to manage our costs properly and this some- times leads to tough deci- sions as to what goes in an issue and what has to be held over. We hope we do get the right balance and that members feel that the Bulletin is a good read. Certainly the feedback so far has been very positive. We have come a long way from the early days of One of last pages from the old-style Ricardian (December 1973) featuring the The Ricardian and news- popular series on Coats of Arms by Laurence Greensmith and which continued letters that were produced in the new-style Ricardian until December 1978. using duplicating ma- chines and stencils (and many more pages the cost of each copy of the how many members can remember these and new Bulletin came to only a few pence more the bright pink squidgy eradicating liquid?). than the old style. This made the Treasurer Then it was despatched using an old address- very happy and he commented that we had a labelling machine with the envelopes filled ‘win-win situation’. The first issue was pub- manually. Nowadays technology takes care lished in the summer of 2003 and over the of most things, except of course the content past two years the magazine has not stood and for that we depend, as we have always still and new features have already been intro- done, on our members. So in reflecting back duced, such as the ‘The Man Himself’ which over the past thirty years we should not forget focuses solely on King Richard. to thank all those who have contributed to the The original intention was for the working Bulletin as compilers, illustrators, typists and party just to manage the revamp and launch contributors – and most especially we should of the Bulletin; however it soon became clear thank the lady who started it all and remains a that it had a continuing role to oversee the on- key member of the current editorial team: going production and development of the Elizabeth Nokes expanded magazine. It was therefore agreed Bulletin Editorial Committee

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Anne Mowbray

IN LIFE AND IN DEATH

Inscription: Here lies Anne, Duchess of York, daughter and heiress of John, late , Earl Marshal, and Warenne, Marshal of England, Lord of Mowbray, Segrave and Gower. Late wife of Richard, Duke of York, second son of the most illustrious Prince Edward the Fourth, King of England, and France, and Lord of Ireland, who died at Greenwich on the 19th day of November in the Year of Our Lord 1481 and the 21st year of the said Lord King ust over 40 years ago, on 15 January 1965, Clarence languished in the Tower awaiting J the London Museum announced that the his fate. remains of Anne Mowbray had been discov- There is no documentary evidence about ered a few weeks earlier in Stepney. The date the remainder of Anne’s life. It is generally for the announcement had been carefully cho- presumed she became part of the Queen’s sen, the anniversary of her wedding to Rich- household as it was at the royal manor of ard, Duke of York, the younger son of King Greenwich that she died in November 1481. Edward IV. The story hit the headlines as the King Edward spent £215 16s 10d on her buri- poignancy of Anne’s story and her marriage al and ordered three barges to transport the at the age of five caught the imagination of body and its entourage in state to Westmin- the media. I am sure many members will re- ster. King Edward’s open-handedness, how- member this important discovery but for ever, was not difficult to understand. He had those newer and younger members it is per- arranged matters such that, if Anne died with- haps appropriate to recall the brief life of one out issue, her lands and titles would remain of the great fifteenth-century heiresses and to with her husband. She was buried in the review the events of 1964-65. Chapel dedicated to St Erasmus in Westmin- Anne was born on 10 December 1472 ster Abbey but in 1502 the chapel was demol- and baptised at Framlingham church by Wil- ished to make way for the construction of liam Waynflete seven days later. She was the Henry VII’s own mausoleum. Anne’s body daughter of John de Mowbray, Duke of Nor- was removed to the Abbey of the Minoresses folk, a distinguished supporter of the house of without (Stepney), a few hundred York, and his wife Elizabeth Talbot, half- yards north of the Tower of London where sister to Lady Eleanor Butler. John died sud- her mother became a ‘tenant’ in 1487/8. This denly when his daughter was just three years may only have been meant to be a temporary old and she immediately became a great heir- arrangement as it has been suggested that it ess. She became a ward of the crown and was due to an outbreak of plague in 1515 that King Edward assumed the management of her her return to the Abbey was indefinitely post- estates. Two years later Anne married the poned and then forgotten. King’s son, who had been created Duke of On 11 December 1964 three workmen Norfolk almost a year earlier. crashed a 14lb hammer through chalk and The marriage of the children took place brick walls to reveal a vaulted chamber, in St Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster, on 15 measuring 6’ in height and 7’ in length, where January 1477/8, a ceremony that was attended Anne’s coffin had been placed. It was found by the great and the good of the Yorkist court 11’ underground on a site near St Clare Street and recorded for posterity by a herald. The off the Minories. The workman contacted the reason, however, for such a good attendance police and the press. The London Museum was rather sinister. Parliament had been as- (now the ) were contacted sembled to hear the bill of against some three hours later. Although commended George of Clarence. Whilst his nephew pre- by the Museum for their prompt action (The pared to become a bridegroom, George of Guardian) the workmen were later criticised 24

by officials of the Museum as the coffin had carry out their investigations. This omission been stood on end for press photographs ‘thus was to have dire consequences for the project. destroying any chance of the bones remaining Oblivious of the gathering storm, the team of intact and in their original position’ (The Tel- specialists, which included radiologists, anat- egraph). Labelled as ‘found property’, and omists, osteologists and dentists, minutely thought to be a Roman burial, the hundred- examined the remains, which had been weight leaden coffin was then taken to Leman wrapped in a shroud of 12 layers of woven Street police station before being transferred linen, coated with beeswax and decorated to the London Museum. Here a special room with gold leaf. was set up to examine the coffin and its con- Meanwhile 20th century politics now tents. The coffin was opened on the instruc- took a hand. Bill White takes up the story: tion of the Coroner and with the approval of ‘interference at a high level began to have a baleful influence upon the research in train. Questions were asked in the House of Lords, notably by the then Baron Mowbray and Segrave, an who regarded himself as the living representative of Anne Mowbray’s family. Likewise, the 15th Duke of Norfolk, declared that as a relative [sic] he had been upset by a photograph in the press showing the skeleton in its coffin. Lord Ston- ham for the Home Office responded that this was not the same “as if it were a comparative- ly recent interment”. However, there was a lot of unwelcome pressure on the Government behind the scenes and the Duke of Norfolk, in his capacity of Earl Marshal, sent Garter King of Arms to lobby the Cabinet Office. Despite the fact that the Government had only been elected the previous October with a Parlia- mentary majority of only five, the first La- bour administration for 13 years did not wish to be seen by its supporters to be giving into pressure from the House of Lords but in this Engraving after the painting by James Northcote instance the upper house appears to have had RA (1820). Courtesy of Geoff Wheeler. the upper hand. The Home Office went into the Dean and Chapter of Westminster in the action and the burial licence was issued on 12 presence of the Director of the museum and a April 1965. It forbade any new research and six-strong team of archaeological, medical work in progress had to be brought to a close and technical specialists led by Dr Francis by 15 May prior to her re-burial in Westmin- Celoria, the Museum’s field officer. Overhead ster Abbey. The team observed these stric- cameras recorded the proceedings. Society tures and made a special effort over the care- member Bill White commented that they ‘had ful replacement of Anne’s bones in the coffin, devised a protocol for the careful opening of sewing them into a new lining so that they the lead coffin and the examination of all the should retain their anatomical position.’ contents, not just the skeleton – a welcome The ceremony took place in the evening departure, compared with the precedents of of 31 May 1965. Anne was laid in state in the Henry VI, in 1910, and that other exhumation Jerusalem Chamber, as she had been in 1481, in 1933’. Unfortunately, the Museum had surrounded by burning candles, and a long failed to follow the correct procedure by not wreath, almost the length of the coffin, was applying to the Home Office for a licence to placed next to it. She was carried ‘between

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flickering candles through the cathedral to the ings would be published in the form of a com- Henry VII Chapel followed by a dozen clergy prehensive report. Ironically the complete dressed in white’. The Queen was represented findings of the investigation never made the and Lord and Lady Mowbray were in attend- light of day, although reports have been pub- ance as was Sir Frank Soskice, the Home lished on her skeleton in London Archaeolo- Secretary. gist and her dental health in the British Dental Plans for the reburial in the Abbey had Journal. The Society hopes the file is not been announced at the press launch back in finally closed, and we shall continue to make January and the London Evening News quoted enquiries. the museum as saying that Anne would ‘in a If the full archaeological results are not sense, be reunited with her husband Richard’. forthcoming, do we learn anything more This was firmly rejected by Lawrence Tanner, about Anne by re-visiting the documentary librarian and keeper of the Muniments at evidence? There is one curious anomaly and Westminster Abbey, who said that the Dean this was raised at the time of the discovery in and Chapter had decided to rebury Anne in a letter to the Daily Telegraph by Eado P J the Abbey ‘because she was originally buried Stourton, a latter-day relative of Anne. He there’ and he was sorry that this ‘suggestion had always understood that the ceremony in crept into the Press hand-out. It was not au- 1477 was a betrothal and not a marriage. The thorised by the Dean and Chapter’. The Tele- inscription on the coffin is quite clear – Anne graph further quoted him as saying ‘There is Richard’s wife and the report of the cere- was no question of reuniting the bones with mony on 15 January 1477 is that of a mar- the bones of her husband … Whether those riage. However, a dispensation for the couple bones are the remains of Richard, Duke of was required as they were related within the York, is quite another question’. This state- forbidden degrees but what the Pope actually ment appears to be a volte face by Mr Tanner, agreed to was the ‘espousals forthwith, and as whom members will be familiar with as the soon as they reach the lawful age to contract co-author of the report on the examination of marriage’. Clearly, King Edward was pre- the alleged bones, with Dr Wright, over thirty pared to ride roughshod over the niceties, and years earlier. However, this rebuttal was over- when, as tradition demanded, the procession looked by many reporters who glibly wrote of the wedding party was halted and the mar- along the lines that the children would be re- riage forbidden because of the couple’s rela- united in death. The treatment of the ‘Princes tionship, no doubt the king looked sufficiently in the Tower’ story by the press during this stern in case anybody dared to read the papal time was an unequivocal ‘they were probably bull that John Gunthorpe had produced. murdered in the Tower in 1483 or 1485’, ob- Nothing was going to come between the viously the line fed to them by the press re- crown and the Mowbray inheritance. If Rich- lease but which for the most part was fortu- ard of Gloucester can be accused of being nately not exploited to encompass any in- acquisitive he had learned, no doubt, from a volvement by Richard III. Whether due to master – his brother. laziness of the media in researching their sto- Wendy Moorhen ries or the work of the Society it is difficult to I would like to thank Bill White for making available to decide. me the script of his talk to London Branch in 1999 and Anne Mowbray’s story is a sad one, a for allowing the quotations. little girl who in her own time only touched Further reading: ‘Anne Mowbray’ by Philomena Jones, The Ricardian, history when she was born, when she married vol 4, no 61, June 1978, pp. 17-20. and when she died. In the 20th century she ‘The Mowbray Inheritance’ by Anne Crawford, The made news as her remains went under the Ricardian, vol 5, no 73, June 1981, pp. 334-40. microscope. Not for the faint-hearted the re- Both re-printed in Crown & People edited by James Petre, Gloucester 1985. ports of what was found in the coffin nor to ‘The Ladies of the Minories’ by W E Hampton, The view the photographs made available to the Ricardian, vol 4, no 62, September 1978, pp. 15-22. public. It was widely reported that the find-

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The Man Himself

RICHARD, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER AND CARLISLE CASTLE

here are many reminders of Richard III a crag looking northwards into Scotland. In T scattered throughout England in the 1471 the castle looked, in main outline, much form of places with which he was associated. as it does today. All the major building opera- Chief among these is in tions had been completed long before 1471 Yorkshire, which was his home both as a boy when Gloucester first arrived in the area. in the household of the Earl of Warwick, and However, it was in a sorry state of repair later when he governed the North in the reign largely due to the disturbed state of the border of his brother, Edward IV. While Middleham in the previous few years. is the best-known reminder of Richard III as It has been assumed that while Richard Duke of Gloucester, there are others, and was warden of the West Mmarch he repaired among these is Carlisle Castle. and rebuilt parts of the castle. Much alteration Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was granted to the fabric was certainly done at this time to the lordship of the castle of Penrith by Ed- the inner ward and to William de Ireby's tow- ward IV in 1471, and in 1474 he was made er (the main gatehouse) as well as to the warden of the West Marches towards Scot- ‘Tile’ Tower, which is situated outside the land and thus the castle and town of Carlisle castle proper in the western wall which joins came under his jurisdiction. The wardenship the castle to the town. (See page 34 for a lay- of the West Marches was enhanced the fol- out of the castle.) The main gatehouse has a lowing year when he was made sheriff (for plaque over the entrance facing the town on life) of the county of Cumberland. and he re- which, at one time, was engraved a coat of tained all these three offices until his acces- arms, which is unfortunately now obliterated. sion to the throne in 1483. His administration There is some doubt as to the origin of the was peaceful and successful and, in recogni- arms as they have been thought in the past to tion of this, parliament in 1482 made a special be those of Richard III, which would seem provision to allow the wardenship of the West probable as he spent some time there as well Marches to descend to his heirs male, togeth- as conducting the repair work, but more re- er with the possession of Carlisle and various cently it has been thought that they were lands in Cumberland. Earlier in the same those of Henry VII. year, on 24 February 1482, he had been grant- The association of Richard III with the ed a licence to buy 2,000 quarters of wheat ‘Tile’ Tower is because of the badge of a and 1,000 quarters of barley, rye, oats, white boar carved high up on its southern maslin, (a mixture of rye and wheat), beans face, and it is mentioned in Camden’s Britan- and peas in all places in the realm, Wales or nia that Richard repaired the tower. There is Ireland, for the support of the additional garri- also a legend that he lived in the tower while son maintained on the border. This was essen- he was in Carlisle, but this assumes that both tial for the provisioning of the garrison, as the keep and the palace were uninhabitable at there had been an increasing scarcity of food the time. Inside the inner ward was the royal in the Marches because of its size. palace which was built during the reign of One of the chief places on whose strength Edward I and this was apparently much al- the security of the West Marches depended tered by the Duke of Gloucester. The palace was Carlisle, both town and castle. The castle originally stood on the site of what is now the is situated at the northern end of the town on museum of the Border Regiment, but there is

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very little trace of the original building as it the artist. The carvings, however, are mainly was largely pulled down between 1824 and religious and heraldic devices, and from the 1835, leaving only part of the original stair- subjects it can be seen that they date from a case called Queen Mary’s Tower still stand- much earlier period than the eighteenth centu- ing. ry. The keep was originally built by the Nor- The religious carvings include pictures of man kings, probably before 1175, but there St Michael weighing souls; the Virgin Mary had been some alteration done to it during the and Mary Magdalene; St Sebastian; St reign of Edward I. It is built as a square keep George and the dragon; as well as a fox with four floors. Originally each floor was preaching the geese, which was a popular one large room but has been divided into two subject in the medieval period. The majority rooms by the addition of a cross wall running of the carvings are heraldic and include the north and south. This is particularly noticea- white rose of York, the water-bouget of Roos, ble on the first floor where there is a fireplace an escallop and ragged staff of Dacre, a ‘lion which would be much too big to heat the passant guardant crowned’ of Greystoke of room and it is apparent that it was intended to Greystoke, a fetterlock of Percy, and the heat the whole floor. These interior additions white boar of Richard III. There are three sep- have been credited to Lord Scrope, who re- arate carvings of the boar, the main one of ported to on the state of the castle which is illustrated here, and it can be seen to the effect that it was in ruinous condition, that there is no doubt that this is the badge of and as a result repair work was undertaken. Richard. However, it has been thought that this work As many of the carvings have animals as was some of that done under the wardenship subjects, it had been assumed that they were of Richard, Duke of Gloucester. the work of poachers who were imprisoned in On the second floor of the keep, in the in- the castle at various times from the fourteenth terior of the east wall, is a mural chamber century onwards, but since it has been recog- which runs to the north and south and leads nised that many of the carvings are heraldic out of a window embrasure, making three badges it is possible to date them as belong- rooms in all. These rooms have been used as ing to the second half of the fifteenth century. cells, and in fact were at one time known as An attempt has been made to identify all the ‘Major Mclvor's Cell’ after the character in badges as well as to identify the author, but Sir Walter Scott's Waverley, who was tradi- this last seems an impossible task until more tionally imprisoned in the castle after the is known about the region during the reigns of 1745 rebellion. In the entrance to the cells (in Edward IV, Richard III, and Henry VII. what is actually the window embrasure), are Although much of what is known of Rich- numerous carvings on the walls. It has been ard, Duke of Gloucester, and Carlisle Castle assumed in the past that these were the work during the period 1471 to 1482 is largely sup- of prisoners, and legend made Major Mclvor position and local legend, it can be seen that in at least two respects there is tangible evi- dence of his association with the castle. Jean M Perkins

First published in The Ricardian, no 47, 1974, pp. 13-16. Reading List 1. Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1476-1485. 2. Victoria County History, Cumberland, vol 2, 1905. 3. R.S. Ferguson, ‘Carlisle Castle’, Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeo- logical Society, vol 2, 1874-75. 4. G.P.H. Watson and G. Bradley, Carlisle Castle: Cum- berland, H.M.S.O., 1937. Engraving of the boar badge of Richard of Gloucester 5 F.J. Field, ‘The Carvings in the entrance to Major on the ‘Tile Tower’, Carlisle Castle. Courtesy of Geoff Mclvor's Cell, Carlisle Castle’ TC&WA&AS vol 37 (NS), Wheeler. 1937. 28

The Debate

ELIZABETH OF YORK’S LETTER

We have had a good response to this Debate. It is an interesting story and while we may never know if the letter ever existed the possibility of its existence has provided some fascinating arti- cles for us. Interestingly two of them link the letter to the suggested marriage of Richard III and Joanna of Portugal.

From Howard Choppin smooth his sister’s path to the throne and Elizabeth was sent to Castle. s Livia Visser-Fuchs implies, Elizabeth Another piece of evidence appears, in ret- A of York’s supposed letter to John How- rospect, to give grounds for their fears. In De- ard, Duke of Norfolk provides a slender foun- cember 1502 12d was granted from Queen dation on which to base too much interpreta- Elizabeth’s privy purse to a Pontefract man tion of her relationship with her uncle, though who had lodged Anthony Woodville in his this has not stopped considerable speculation house on the last night of the earl’s life. If, and argument. However, all seem to agree long after the event, the queen could still be that Elizabeth was seeking Norfolk’s assis- moved by the sorrow and pity of her uncle’s tance and anxious that he should provide it. fate, then how much more raw would the de- This in itself shows her pragmatism, since, graded princess’ feelings been in 1485? It notwithstanding her apparent praise for his would seem likely then that the bitter animos- loyalty and service to her father and his chil- ity between Richard’s leading supporters and dren, he owed title and land to the destruction Elizabeth was mutual. This animosity can be of her youngest brother in June 1483. If she traced into the next reign. In 1494, Richard’s was willing to do business with one benefi- former Master of the Rolls, Thomas Barowe, ciary of her family’s downfall then she may endowed a chantry in Cambridge with a re- well have been willing to do business with the quest for prayers to be said for Richard III, biggest beneficiary of them all. Whether this Henry VII and Lady Margaret Beaufort, but stretched to marriage is of course now a moot Queen Elizabeth was omitted. The Queen ig- point. nored Cambridge’s Queens’ College, so gen- Elizabeth’s attitude to any marriage re- erously endowed by Richard and Anne, and it mained a moot point in 1485 also, since ac- was left to her mother-in-law to offer patron- cording to the Crowland Chronicle two of age after Elizabeth’s death. In contrast, Kath- Richard’s leading councillors, Catesby and erine, Lady Hastings received a handsome Ratcliffe, vetoed the project, and the king was Book of Hours from Elizabeth, possibly in forced into a public denial of the whole idea. gratitude for Lord Hastings’ sacrifice. The councillors’ opposition stemmed from As Livia Visser-Fuchs mentioned, in 1993 their belief that Elizabeth was not as pragmat- she wrote about Elizabeth’s ownership, dur- ic as she perhaps wished to appear; specifical- ing her uncle’s reign, of Boethius’ De conso- ly they feared she desired ‘to avenge the latione philosophiae (Consolation of Philoso- death of her uncle, Earl Anthony and of her phy) and its meaning to her. The article brother Richard [Grey], upon those who had showed how the text, originally composed by been the principal counsellors in the affair.’ Boethius when imprisoned awaiting execu- They had not successfully aborted the reign of tion in the sixth century, had also offered a half-Woodville king, in order to eventually comfort to Louis de Gruuthuse, James I of 29

Scotland and Sir Thomas More, when they hood as a possible opportunity to forge an al- found themselves in similar situations. Eliza- liance with a powerful foreign power, and to beth’s interest in the text probably reflects a sire another heir to the kingdom - something similarly unhappy frame of mind, but it also that had been dangerously lacking since the shows an intelligent and sophisticated mind death, in April 1484, of the king’s only legiti- as well. Her use of her uncle’s motto may mate son, Prince Edward. There is also a have been a subtle way of deflecting attention strong probability that Anne herself would from the text’s generally accepted signifi- have recognised the necessity of remarriage, cance as a comfort to those who, like her, and it is surely not too presumptuous to as- found themselves ‘imprisoned in misery’. sume that Richard and Anne would have dis- In early 1485 Elizabeth’s intelligence led cussed the matter. her not just to draw comfort from Boethius, An important, though generally ignored, but also to try to engage in court politics. She consequence of Queen Anne’s death is the pragmatically chose as her would-be patron proposed Portuguese marriage, which has someone who had benefited from her family’s been researched thoroughly by Barrie Wil- eclipse, and was a loyal servant of her uncle, liams and highlighted in Jeremy Potter’s but had also served her father and therefore Good King Richard? According to a chroni- might have residual sympathy for her. How- cle preserved in the monastery of Aveiro, ever, the northern Ricardians, with no such King John II of Portugal received a number of record of service to Edward IV, were highly foreign proposals for the hand of his elder sis- suspicious of Elizabeth’s stance and as I sug- ter, the Princess Joanna. Barrie Williams and gest above, they were probably right so to be Jeremy Potter are in no doubt that the ‘King – they inflicted a short-lived defeat on her. of England’ who is referred to in the docu- After Bosworth, Elizabeth, elevated to the ment as sending emissaries to Portugal in queenship and with her family restored; sur- 1485 could have been none other than Rich- rounding herself with the Hautes and Gaynes- ard III. There is perhaps reason to speculate fords who had served her mother; identifying that, as Henry Tudor supposedly proposed with the victims of June 1483 rather than the himself as a prospective husband for Joanna, victors; showed where her loyalty was really the ‘king’ in question could have been Henry. bound. However, given that the emissaries left Eng- land for Portugal on 22 March 1485, just six From Wendy Johnson days after Anne’s death, there can be no doubt that the ‘king’ was in fact Richard III. t was with considerable interest that I read Crucially, as both Williams and Potter I Livia Visser-Fuchs’ debate article con- have pointed out, the proposed union between cerning ’s alleged letter. King Richard and the Princess Joanna was to The question of Elizabeth’s real intention has be accompanied by a second marriage – that fascinated me for some time and I am grateful between the Princess Elizabeth of York and to Livia for bringing the subject once more to the Duke of Beja, a cousin to the Portuguese our attention. I believe that there is every pos- royal house. sibility of an explanation other than that most This takes us back to Elizabeth’s letter. Of commonly provided by historians. course, there is no evidence to prove that the According to the Croyland Continuator, letter ever existed, but, on the supposition that by Christmas 1484, and certainly by the early it did, I believe that the Portuguese marriage months of 1485, it was widely known at court proposals could indeed explain its tenor. that Queen Anne Neville was mortally ill. The Princess Elizabeth had been involved Whether Richard found the subject delicate or in other marriage arrangements. One to the not, he would be compelled to face the inevi- Duke of Bedford, son to John Neville, Mar- tability of his wife’s death, and the dynastic quis Montagu; another, more well known, to imperative of remarriage. Richard and his ad- the Dauphin of France, son to Louis XI. Giv- visers would clearly view the event of widow- en that these came to nothing, would it be

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such a leap of imagination to suppose that the negotiations. King Richard could only de- Elizabeth considered herself let down and dis- ny that he intended to marry his niece; he was appointed? And would she not be eager to as- not in a position to reveal his true intent. In sure herself of an honourable match else- the event, Princess Joanna remained unmar- where? It could, of course, be argued that this ried, despite offers from some of the most view lends support to the contention that Eliz- powerful men in Europe. She died in May abeth desired the prestige of a marriage to her 1490, living a sequestered life in the convent uncle the king. However, upon further consid- at Aveiro. eration, I offer the following interpretation. As for Richard, there had also been an of- Upon discovering the seriousness of his fer of the hand of the 15-year-old Infanta, Isa- wife’s illness, Richard, as discussed above, bella of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and would have had to consider the future – not Isabella. Interestingly, as Barrie Williams only of the house of York, but also of his points out, it was not the youthful Isabella kingdom. The king was childless, and conse- who appealed to him but the 33-year-old Jo- quently needed to remarry as soon as possi- anna. It has to be said that marriage to either ble. Richard was facing the threat of invasion Joanna or Isabella would have forged for by Henry Tudor, and, as a king without an Richard an alliance with a powerful foreign heir, remained particularly vulnerable. Eng- power, a prospect which could hardly have land had recently endured a civil war, and been achieved by a marriage to his English therefore required a strong and secure king niece. The offers in themselves also prove, who could provide dynastic continuity. The contrary to the picture painted for us by Tu- question of Henry Tudor also raised the prob- dor historians, the esteem in which Richard lem of Elizabeth of York. As Henry had was held by at least two European monar- sworn in December 1483 to invade England chies. It is doubtful whether John II or Ferdi- and marry Elizabeth, Richard needed to find a nand and Isabella would choose to ally them- fitting husband for her, which would foil Tu- selves with a man whom they believed to dor’s plan at a stroke. The Portuguese mar- have murdered his nephews. riage alliance provided an ideal solution. Both Elizabeth herself, had her proposed Portu- Richard and Elizabeth would indeed be mar- guese marriage proceeded, would, in fact, still ried – but not to each other. have worn a crown. Alfonso, the only legiti- Could it not be that Elizabeth, in her letter, mate son of Joanna’s brother John II, was speaks of the marriage proposed between killed in a riding accident. Upon John’s death, them as being just that; not a marriage as man it was the Duke of Beja, Elizabeth’s intended and wife, but arranged between them to the husband, who succeeded to the throne as Princess Joanna and Manuel, Duke of Beja? King Manuel I. It is ironic that the marriage Elizabeth’s concern that her aunt, the queen, proposals extended by Richard to the deeply had not yet died and the greater part of Febru- pious princess of the house of Avis, and the ary was past, could well be an indication that secret negotiations which accompanied them, the Portuguese had only agreed to the mar- should have led to the circulation of malicious riage should both parts of the agreement be rumours challenging Richard’s morality. adhered to. In other words, until Richard be- came a widower he could not enter into his Reading List part of the agreement. O Mosteiro de Jesus de Aveiro (Lisbon 1963) The negotiations would, by necessity, Domingos Mauricio Gomes de Santos, tr. have to remain secret. As seems to be the Barrie Williams. case, rumours began to circulate that Richard ‘The Portuguese Connection and the Signifi- was planning a marriage involving both him- cance of “The Holy Princess”’ by Barrie Wil- self and Elizabeth. While Anne remained liams, The Ricardian, No 80 March 1983. alive, and until the Portuguese ratified ar- Good King Richard? Jeremy Potter rangements, Richard was unable to (Constable, London 1983) acknowledge or explain the real purpose of

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A contribution by Wendy Moorhen Norfolk to act as a mediator ‘for her in the entitled ‘A Hypothesis’ cause of the marriage to the king’. The words ‘the marriage’ were an emendation taken ivia Visser-Fuchs’ debate prompted me from another manuscript known as British L to re-read the earlier articles and ex- Library MS. Egerton 2216’, hence Dr Han- changes that she mentioned in order try and ham’s comment. The syntax is ambiguous make some sense, not only of Elizabeth’s and the phrase could have two meanings, first possible indiscretion but why Richard found that Elizabeth wants Norfolk to mediate for himself in the position that he had to deny he her in the matter of her marriage (in the gen- intended to marry her. Personally I have al- eral sense) and secondly in the matter of her ways found it nonsensical that Richard ever marriage with the King. Later in his article Dr considered his niece as his next wife. It has Kincaid wrote ‘I would further conjecture been discussed many times that as he had that Elizabeth in her letter was referring to a bastardised her he would seriously compro- hoped-for marriage – not necessarily with the mise his position by such an action and that’s king.’ without even contemplating the incestuous If Dr Kincaid is correct in his conjecture nature of the union and the overwhelming (with his knowledge of the texts and expertise difficulties of obtaining permission from the and I would take him very seriously), then the pope. It also needs to be taken into considera- way is open to a hypothesis of events in Feb- tion that six days after the death of Queen ruary/March 1485. First, however, there is Anne, the king sent Sir Edward Brampton to the interpretation of the letter by Buck who Portugal to open marriage negotiations with clearly believed Elizabeth wanted to marry Princess Joanna. the king. It would appear that he was shown However, the subject under debate is the the letter by Lord Howard and that it is un- alleged letter written by Elizabeth. Although likely he was able to make a verbatim copy of no longer extant, it seems obvious that it did the letter or even take any notes at the time. It exist. Buck would hardly have fabricated the is likely, therefore, that as his notes were story, as suggested by some of his critics, as written up after the reading and at some stage, he presumably wanted his manuscript pub- maybe immediately or maybe later, Buck lished, and as it was dedicated to the man associated Elizabeth’s talk of a marriage to be who owned the letter, ‘the Most Illustrious with the king. Buck, of course, was the first Lord, Sir Thomas Howard etc’, any falsehood historian to read the Crowland Chronicle would have been quickly discovered. The (which is the main source for the report of reading of the letter was obviously an event Richard having to deny the rumour) and he and one which Buck clearly recalled ‘An he was also perhaps influenced by Cornwallis’ keepeth that princely letter in his [Lord How- Encomium which he had seen and as a conse- ard] rich and magnificent cabinet, among quence he drew his own conclusions on Rich- precious jewels and rare monuments’. ard’s actions based on hindsight and an im- Livia touched on some of the problems perfect recollection of the letter. with the manuscript and in the Hanham/ Let us just suppose then that Elizabeth had Kincaid riposte in the 1980s Dr Hanham sug- no intention of marrying her uncle but was gested that marriage was not the subject of anxious for the wedded state, and that Rich- the letter. This was strongly rebutted by Dr ard wanted to secure a foreign princess as his Kincaid who pointed out that the account of bride. We are left with one fact, that there the letter was positioned such in the text that were rumours of the marriage. I would now it could have no other meaning as Buck im- like to speculate on what may have happened. mediately reports on Richard’s denial of the Perhaps Elizabeth already had somebody in marriage in the Great Hall at St John’s. What mind as her husband. As she was no longer a was useful, however, was that Dr Kincaid re- royal princess, her choice for a prospective examined the BL MS Cotton Tiberius E X husband was considerably widened. Alterna- and the crucial section that Elizabeth wanted tively, her mother was no doubt anxious to

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see her settled. Elizabeth was already nine- daughter in such plans this would have been teen years old, with four younger sisters. Dr made known to Henry Tudor and it would Kincaid has suggested Elizabeth may have have rankled! Perhaps this explains his action written the letter at the prompting of her in 1487 when the former queen was sent to mother, Elizabeth Woodville. Of course, Eliz- Bermondsey. The official reason for her ban- abeth, was already ‘promised’ to Henry Tudor ishment was the trust she placed in Richard but the former queen may, some fourteen when she came out of sanctuary, and perhaps months after Henry’s declaration in Rouen this is not so far from the truth if Richard was Cathedral, have considered that his chances of considering a marriage for her daughter. ousting Richard were slight and life must go This does leave the problem of the final on. Margaret Beaufort, on the other hand, part of Elizabeth’s letter when Buck wrote would have taken the opposite view and if she ‘… she feared the queen would never die’. learned of the former princess’s plans, she no The condition of the queen was no doubt up- doubt went into panic mode – how could she permost in the minds of those at court in mid- stop any prospective marriage? Perhaps she February and as Dr Hanham has suggested, a came to the conclusion that desperate times closing remark on the subject would not have warranted desperate measures and she em- been out of place. The BL MS reads ‘… the barked on a high-risk plan and through her queen would neu ...’ and the insertion of the network of friends and allies she began the end of the word ‘never’ and the word ‘die’ rumour that Richard planned to marry Eliza- was an emendation taken from the Egerton beth himself. It would have been a gamble but manuscript, which had been edited by Buck’s one that succeeded. Richard could have im- great-nephew, George Buck, Esq. and which mediately married Elizabeth off to anybody is highly suspect. He had embellished the but, in the event, he didn’t but sent her to story of the letter in his version; for example, Sheriff Hutton under the care of the earl of he had referred to the royal marriage as being Lincoln while he prepared for the Tudor/ ‘propounded between them’ and the problems French invasion and the outcome of his em- of this manuscript are rehearsed fully by Dr bassy to Portugal which included offering Kincaid in his introduction to the ‘History’. Elizabeth in marriage to the Duke of Beja. Dr Hanham’s delightful reconstruction substi- tuted the word ‘live’ for ‘die’ and under the This theory, is of course, pure conjecture, circumstances this seems a reasonable solu- but two small items lend it support. Livia, in tion. her Ricardian article, advised that ‘we do not Livia closed with ‘… there is enough oth- have to consider the later versions of the story er evidence that Elizabeth Woodville and her (the letter) by Polydore Vergil and Edward daughters were on “speaking terms” with Hall as they do not add anything to our Richard in 1485 and we need not depend on knowledge’ which, of course, is correct, but dodgy transcriptions, tendentious interpreta- in his Anglica Historia, Vergil writes that tions and damaged manuscripts for corrobora- Richard is confiding in Thomas Rotherham, tion’. Fair comment but we do have a piece of Archbishop of York. According to Vergil the evidence written during a crucial period that I king is complaining about his marriage and believe we cannot ignore. Whilst the original his wife’s barrenness but whilst this seems letter remains missing, and considering the just another occurrence of Richard being ma- problems with the Buck manuscripts, we can ligned by a Tudor historian, it is perhaps true never be absolutely certain about its contents that Richard was in conversation with Rother- or of Buck’s summary and interpretation. ham and mentioned that plans for a marriage The testimony has to be treated with care and for Elizabeth was under consideration. As a with caution but if its contents can provide supporter of Margaret Beaufort the prelate the basis for a speculative scenario that could would be well-placed to be both informer and fit with other known facts then it surely scandal-monger. Secondly, if Elizabeth serves some purpose. Sometimes we have to Woodville was promoting or supporting her use not only deduction but also imagination.

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Additional sources consulted: abeth’s wording was plain enough, and that The Encomium of Richard III (1616) by Sir she could hardly have been more explicit. William Cornwallis the Younger, edited by That she had a ‘crush’ on her uncle is indeed A N Kincaid, 1977 possible, and one must remember that young The History of King Richard III (1619) by teenagers (though nineteen is perhaps a bit Sir George Buck edited by AN Kincaid, old for this) often fall victim to hero wor- Gloucester 1982 ship, and Elizabeth seems to have found Three Books of Polydore Vergil’s English Richard a man that people could love. History edited by Sir Henry Ellis, Camden With regard to Queen Anne Neville’s Society 1844, p. 211 approaching death, Livia and Dr Hanham ‘The Portuguese Connection and the Signifi- can of course interpret the letter according to cance of “The Holy Princess”’ by Barrie the usage of the time, but it might be remem- Williams, The Ricardian, Vol 6, No 80, bered that nearly two hundred years later March 1983, pp. 138-145. Charles II apologised to his courtiers for taking so long in dying, though of course his reference to himself and not a third person Finally from Isolde Wigram considerably alters the sense. One further point. Richard’s advisers ivia Visser-Fuchs is of the opinion that urged him to deny publicly the rumour that L I thought Elizabeth of York’s signature he was going to marry his niece, saying that on the verso of the last flyleaf of the French it would alienate his supporters in the North, translation of Boethius’s De Consolatione but not a word about the possible murder of Philosophiae and the addition of Richard’s Elizabeth’s brothers … own motto Loyaulté me Lie were connected. Can we not leave the mystery of Eliza- Livia is of the opinion that what the letter to beth’s real meaning at her description of the Duke of Norfolk really said cannot be Richard as ‘her only joy and maker in the ascertained beyond doubt. world’ and even perhaps the hope that Queen Livia obviously knows more about all Anne Neville’s death might not be long de- this than I do, but I would have thought Eliz- layed, to spare her further suffering?

Plan of Carlisle Castle by Geoff Wheeler from drawing in the British Library, see p. 27.

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Richard’s Friend Francis

This article is adapted from the notes by Lesley Wynne-Davies given to participants in the first- ever day trip organized by the new Visits Team after the death of Joyce Melhuish. On Saturday 12 April 1997, a beautiful sunny day, we went to Minster Lovell in Oxfordshire, home of Fran- cis Lovell. These notes, articles in The Ricardian in June 1985 and June 1990, and a booklet on Lovell written and published by the West Midlands branch, filled in the background for us.

aul Murray Kendall describes Francis of an erstwhile Lancastrian supporter from P Lovell as ‘a shadowy figure’, saying that Ravensworth in Yorkshire, who had got him- the rhyme for which Colyngbourne was exe- self into Edward’s good books. It might have cuted in 1484 probably provides the most di- helped that Anne’s mother was the sister of rect indication for his importance in Richard Warwick the Kingmaker. III’s government: Then Francis was sent to Middleham to The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell our dog begin his knightly training under Warwick in Rule all England under the Hog. 1467, where apparently he DID NOT meet Richard of Gloucester. Richard was there The ‘dog’ reference isn’t necessarily to from 1461 to 1465, but was at Court by the Lovel’s character or his supposed fawning on end of 1465. When Warwick was killed at Richard, but to the fact that a wolfhound sits Barnet in 1471, Francis was made the ward of on his crest: ‘on a helmet befitting his degree, John, duke of Suffolk, and his wife Elizabeth, on a torse of the liveries, is set for crest a sister of Edward IV and Richard. Later, Ed- wolfhound sejant argent ducally gorged and ward IV took back the wardship for himself. leashed’, says the West Midlands booklet. In 1473 Francis and his wife became (See page 23 for a representation of the Lov- members of the prestigious Corpus Christi ell wolfhound.) guild of York. Alice Deincourt died in 1474, Francis Lovell was born towards the end which added her vast estates to Francis’s of 1456, the only son of John, Lord Lovell, property (whose revenues Edward IV was and Joan Beaumont. His paternal grandpar- still pocketing in right of the wardship). ents were William, Lord Lovell, Burnell and Francis came of age and petitioned for his es- , and Alice, baroness Deincourt and tates in November 1477. baroness Grey of Rotherfield. All these lines He was appointed Commissioner of Array were wealthy, but Alice was really rich, and for the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1480, to Francis was the heir. His family were Lan- raise troops against the Scots, and he went castrian, and did very well under Henry VI. with Richard of Gloucester on the 1480-81 Francis’s father, in spite of taking an active campaign, and was present at the taking of part against Edward IV in 1460, managed not Berwick. Richard knighted him in 1481, on to be attainted, although the Lovell lands the soon-to-be-fateful date of 22 August. were confiscated. He was dead by January Francis himself knighted Richard Ratcliffe 1465. Ten months later, Francis’s mother (‘the Rat’) at Dumfries in 1481. Edward IV married again, this time to Sir William Stan- made Francis a Viscount on 27 January 1483. ley, but died within the year. An account of his investiture survives and is Francis, a rich child of nine years old, was printed in the West Midlands booklet. now (like his property) in the custody of Ed- In 1483 he became Chief Butler of Eng- ward IV, who could marry him off into any land, in charge of the royal wine supply, ap- family he wished to reward. In 1466 Francis pointed by Edward V, and then by Richard was married to Anne Fitzhugh, third daughter III, and then he was made Chamberlain of the

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King’s Household and a knight of the garter. wasn’t true. We shall probably never know if The drawing of his arms in the West Mid- he was there. lands booklet is based on his garter stall-plate. At Richard’s coronation on 6 July 1483 Fran- What Happened to him? cis carried the Temporal Sword of Justice. The accepted view in Tudor times was Francis accompanied Richard on his tour that he had been killed at the Battle of Stoke, of the realm. They went first to Reading, Ox- 16 June 1487. Obviously, his body wasn’t ford and Gloucester, and one of the stops was identified, but what with bloodlust and loot- at Minster Lovell. This was at the time when ing that need not be surprising. A herald with Richard was enjoying his great popularity, the Tudor army said that he had fled from the and would have been a happy man. We know battle. The story that he had drowned in the that the party stopped here because Richard river Trent at Fiskerton didn’t appear until wrote a letter to his Chancellor, John Russell, Hall wrote in in his Chronicle in 1542. There dated ‘at this manoir of Mynster Lovel the are various possible references to him as alive xxixth day of Juyll’. This is the well-known in the years after Stoke, but none is 100% letter ordering the trial of unnamed persons convincing. The really interesting reference for unspecified crimes, which has caused so is that Bacon, in his History of the Reign of much speculation about its background. Henry VII, published 1622, says, ‘yet another Richard obviously trusted Lovell, and report ... [is] that he lived long after in a cave heaped honours and responsibilities on him. or vault’. Rosemary Horrox thought Richard hoped Lovell would establish a power base in the The Minster Lovell Body Thames Valley, but Lovell didn’t maintain his This was found in 1708. We hear about it local contacts. He preferred instead to associ- in a letter written by William Cowper, clerk ate with the northern friends he had made in of Parliament, to Francis Peck, the antiquary, the Middleham years. It is also interesting, as on 9 August 1737: ‘On the 6 May, 1728, the Joanna Williams points out in The Ricardian present D[uke] of R[utland] related in my (June 1990), that among the feoffees he chose hearing that, about twenty years before [i.e. for his Northants estates in 1484-5, as well as 1708, when there was chimney building at northerners, were Sir Richard Ratcliffe and Minster Lovell] there was discovered a large , the Rat and the Cat. Was vault or room under ground, in which was the Colyngbourne’s doggerel accurate? entire skeleton of a man, as having been sit- Francis Lovell received a personal sum- ting at a table, which was before him, with a mons to attend the Parliament of January book, paper, pen etc. In another part of the 1484. With the Chancellor, John Russell, and room lay a cap; all much mouldred and de- John, duke of Suffolk, he founded a guild of cayed. Which the family and others judge to the Holy Cross at Abingdon, Berkshire. He be this lord Lovel, whose exit hath hitherto was prominent in endowing Magdalen Col- been so uncertain.’ Another account is in A lege, Oxford, in this respect following the Genealogical History of the House of Yvery, footsteps of his grandmother, Alice Dein- published in 1742, which adds that the body court. Richard appointed him to most com- remained whole until the air was admitted and missions dealing with Oxfordshire and the that it was richly clothed. surrounding counties. All this is discussed carefully in David Was he at Bosworth? And if not, why not? Baldwin’s article in The Ricardian of June Richard had sent him to Southampton after 1985. He also notes another interesting point: Whitsun 1485 to defend the south coast that the Minster Lovell ruins are the home of against Henry Tudor. Did he get back in time the ancient, strange story of The Mistletoe when it was found that Tudor had landed in Bough Chest, in which the bride of a Lord Pembrokeshire? Early accounts say he was at Lovell, playing hide-and-seek with the wed- Bosworth, and Henry announced after the bat- ding guests, hid in a chest from which she tle that he had been killed there – but that couldn’t escape. Frantic searches for her fol-

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lowed, but nobody thought to look in the story: Thomas Coke, who owned the manor chest, and her crumbling skeleton was found of Minster Lovell in the 1720s, and John many years later. A form of this story ap- Manners, the future Duke of Rutland, were peared in a Reliques of Literature about 1600, both Whig M.P.s at that date, and their ca- i.e. EARLIER than the discovery of the body. reers would clearly have ensured they knew But the bride who dies on her wedding day is each other. a popular literary theme. We wondered if the parish registers of We are assured that the papers of the Minster Lovell had any reference to the re- Dukes of Rutland have no reference to the burial of a body, but alas, the earlier registers discovery of the body in the cellar, but there are lost. is a perfectly good transmission route for the

Medieval Miscellany An occasional series of short pieces about the fifteenth century

Anyone for the Tro Briez?

t this time of the year in the Middle Ages some people might be thinking of going on a A pilgrimage, to Canterbury, perhaps, or even Santiago de Compostela; but across the seas in Brittany there was also the Tro Breiz, a very popular pilgrimage, at least in Breton eyes. It is said to have originated in the twelfth century, and lasted until the Duchy of Britta- ny lost its independence in 1532. There is a theory that it may have been based on a previous Celtic ritual in honour of seven brother-gods. The journey was dedicated to the seven saints who founded the first seven bishoprics in Brittany: St Samson in Dol de Bretagne, St Malo in St Malo, St Brieuc in St Brieuc, St Tugdual in Tréguier, St Paul Aurelian in St Pol de Léon, St Corentin in Quimper, and St Patern in Vannes. Every Breton was supposed to make the journey of the Seven Saints at least once in his life, because anyone who failed to do so would have to do it after death, and would then only be able to advance by one coffin’s length every seven years. The route was 370 miles long, and could be travelled in either direction as long as it took in all seven bishoprics. The pilgrim had to bow before the graves of all seven saints and make an offering at each. The usual rate of progress was a dozen miles a day for thirty days, and many chapels and fountains still stand along the traditional route. Today, four of the original seven cities are no longer bishoprics: Dol, St Malo, St Pol de Léon and Tréguier, but all have the architectural inheritance of their past prominence. There have been recent attempts to re-establish the pilgrimage: apply to the association ‘Les Chemins du Tro Breiz’ in St Pol de Léon ... ‘you will need a rucksack, an inflatable mattress, a sleeping bag, good walking shoes, your musical instrument and your address-book’, says the publicity.

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Logge Notes and Queries: The Death of Joan Boughton

LESLEY WYNNE-DAVIES

n the Bulletin of December 2003 I suggest- ‘Upon The xxviij daye of apryll was an I ed three topics for research, and two mem- old cankyrd heretyke that dotid ffor age bers took me up on this; perhaps we shall be namyd Johanne Bowghton wedowe & modyr reading about their researches in a future Bul- unto the wyffe of sir John yong, which letin. A third topic, the unnatural death of Sir dowgthyr was soom Reportid had a grete John Yong’s mother-in-law Joan Boughton, smell of an heretyk aftyr the modyr, Brent in and her possible connection with the Smythffeeld, This woman was iiij score yeris Boughton family of , was not of age [or more] and held viij oppynyons of claimed. heresy whych I passe ovyr, ffor the heryng of Sir John Yong is one of the testators in the thym is nothyr plesaunt nor ffrutefful, She Logge register (no. 31), and (some will re- was a dyscypyll of wyclyff whome she ac- member) docked his daughters of their legacy comptid ffor a Seynt, and held soo ffast & of plate because he had had to pay out too ffermly viij of his oppynyons that alle the much lately in his defence in a quarrel with doctors of london cowde not turn hyr ffrom Lord Ferrers. He was a member of the Gro- oon of theym, and when It was told to hir that cers’ company, an alderman of she shuld be brent ffor hyr obstynacy & ffals ward, and mayor of London in 1467. He was byleve, She set nowgth at theyr wordis but knighted on 21 May 1471, a remarkable day – deffyed theym, ffor she said she was soo be- the very day that Edward IV entered London lovid wt God & his holy angelys, That all the after winning the battle of Tewkesbury. Stein- ffyre In london shuld not hurt hyr, But upon berg’s Historical Tables (a most useful book the morw a quarteron of ffagot wyth a ffewe for setting out what happened when in the Rede consumyd hir In a lytill while, and world) adds to the events of 21 May: ‘Henry whyle she mygth Crye she spak offtyn of God VI murdered’. You’d think that the restored & owir lady, But noo man cowde cause hyr to Yorkists would be too busy to knight anybody name Jhesus, and soo she dyed. But It ap- that day, but maybe Sir John had distin- peryd that she lafft soom of hyr dyscyplys be- guished himself somehow on their behalf. He hynd hyr, ffor the nygth ffolowyng the more made his will on 8 November 1481, and died part of the asshys of that ffyre that she was soon afterwards, so was safely in his grave brent In, were hadd awaye, and kepyd ffor a when his mother-in-law met her fate. precious Relyk, In an erthyn pott, so afftyr Joan Boughton was aged over 80 when was provid In the tyme of sir Henry Colett she died at Smithfield on 28 April 1494. The beyng mayer, as aftir shall be shewyd’. place of her death tells all: she was burnt alive Which eight of Wycliff’s opinions Joan at the stake as a heretic Lollard. The Great Boughton maintained we shall never know. Chronicle’s compiler was very hostile to her, The main Lollard beliefs were that the Bible or perhaps to heretics in general. He called was the sole authority in religion, and all peo- her ‘an old cankered heretic’, and has a long ple had the right to read it and interpret it for description of her trial and death (p. 252): themselves – so of course it had to be translat- 38

ed into English. Priests and sacraments were city. His connexions with the church estab- thus not really necessary. They did not be- lishment can be seen too in the fact that the lieve in transubstantiation, venerating the im- archdeacon of London was one of his execu- ages of saints, that you could buy indulgences tors and the Archbishop of York the supervi- to shorten your time in purgatory, or that it sor of his will’. was any use to go on a pilgrimage. As to the Foxe’s Acts and Monuments (usually more detailed rules, Margery Baxter of Nor- known as his Book of Martyrs), of course, has folk roundly declared before bishop Alnwick a different opinion of Joan Boughton. This is during his persecutions of Lollards in 1428 the version in the first edition of 1561: that it was more economical if on a Friday ‘ ... a woman, who for her constancie and you ate the cold meat left over from Thursday vertue, was greatly to be commended and rather than went off to the market to buy an praised, beynge called the mother of a cer- expensive fish. She also, on meeting a friar, taine lady Surnamed yong she persevering told him to go off and get a job of work. even unto the fier with a stoute and manly (Margery was not the stuff martyrs were courage for the confession of the Gospel was made of: she prudently abjured her beliefs burned in the yeare of oor Lord 1490’. before the bishop.) I have not found any connection yet be- It appears from the account in the Great tween Joan Boughton and the Warwickshire Chronicle that Sir John Yong’s wife, another Boughtons, but Warwickshire was a very Lol- Joan, was also suspected of heresy, having ‘a lard area earlier in the fifteenth century, and great smell of an heretic’, but she is not defi- Sir John Oldcastle (the prominent Lollard) nitely recorded as having joined her mother in took refuge there after his abortive rising the flames. A Lollard named Joan Baker, the against Henry V in 1415. wife of a merchant tailor, tried in early 1511, The fifteenth century was the one in apparently told her parish priest that Lady which the statute requiring heretics to be Yong had ‘dyed a martir be for god’, and that burnt, de Haereticis Comburendis, was first if she herself died for refusing to honour im- enacted. Josephine Tey in The Daughter of ages, as Lady Yong had done, she would be Time picked on this as one of the salient dying well. (But then she abjured her hereti- points of the new Lancastrian dynasty: ‘For cal views.) It may be that Joan Baker con- three generations the usurping Lancasters had fused Lady Yong with her mother, Joan ruled England: Richard of Bordeaux’s Henry Boughton. Students of Lollardy find this unhappily but with fair efficiency, Shake- mother and daughter interesting, in that they speare’s Prince Hal with Agincourt for glory were based in London, and higher up the so- and the stake for zeal, and his son in half- cial scale than many Lollards, but no more is witted muddle and failure’. In fact, it was known about them. Henry IV who instituted the stake for zeal, in One wonders what Sir John’s own reli- March 1401, though it had been urged earlier gious opinions were. Did he keep them to by church authorities as Lollardy increased in himself, or did he too incline towards Lol- popularity and they felt the need to combat it. lardy? Or perhaps his wife and mother in law The statute came in nice time to take people’s only revealed themselves as Lollards after his minds off the fact that his usurpation was not death. His will is orthodox, as J.A.F. Thom- going as well by 1401 as it had been in the son points out in his book The Later Lollards: heady days of 1399. I wonder if any heretics “In his will he endowed a chantry, provided were burnt at the stake in the years when for the observance of an obit, and made be- Richard III was king? quests to the various orders of friars in the

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Richard III’s Easter

JOHN ASHDOWN-HILL

aster, the oldest and most important well have felt the full force of the Lenten E Christian festival, is tied to the Jewish gloom, for in the second week of Lent 1484 feast of Passover and to the lunar calendar his desperately sick wife, Anne, died, while and so has never been held on a fixed date. in 1485 the anniversary, or ‘year-mind’ of The two Easters of the reign of Richard III her death fell in the week before Passion both fell in April: that of 1484, on 18 April, Sunday. In the middle ages a year-mind was and that of 1485, on 3 April. a solemn occasion, and as Richard was at In the fifteenth century, as today, the Westminster on the anniversary day, he may Easter season was preceded by the peniten- well have attended anniversary obsequies for tial period of Lent. The seventh Sunday be- Anne at Westminster Abbey, where he had fore Easter marked the beginning of Shrove- buried his queen beneath a tomb slab in the tide, three days of spiritual and practical Sanctuary probably surmounted by a memo- preparation for Lent which were character- rial brass. ised by a degree of jollification, still found in On the Sunday before Easter (Palm Sun- Catholic countries where the tradition of the day) Christ’s entry into Jerusalem was and is carnival is kept. All meat had to be used up, re-enacted, in a procession with ‘palm’ for it could not be eaten during Lent. Nor branches. Palm trees being conspicuous by could the so-called ‘white meats’, which in- their absence in medieval England, it was cluded cheese and eggs. ‘Shrove Tuesday’ customary in those days to make do with any was a day for confessions (‘shriving’) and greenery that came to hand. The use of sal- for using up prohibited foods, such as fat and low, willow and yew is recorded. Palm Sun- eggs, a tradition still reflected in England by day marked (and marks) the start of Holy the custom of making pancakes on that day. Week. On the following Wednesday the On Ash Wednesday, at mass, the ashes, chrism mass was celebrated in all cathedrals made by burning the previous year’s Palm and the sacramental oils (chrism) for the Sunday branches, were (and are) placed by coming year blessed. It is possible that Rich- the priest on the foreheads of the people, ard III attended the chrism mass at St Paul’s with the injunction ‘Remember man that you Cathedral in 1485, for he was in London at are dust and to dust you will return’. This rite the time. signalled the beginning of Lent. The next day is Maundy Thursday, com- In the Middle Ages Lent was a very sol- memorating the Last Supper and the institu- emn period and strict abstinence was ob- tion of the mass. In the fifteenth century on served in the diet. On the second Sunday be- Maundy Thursday priests, bishops, abbots, fore Easter the Passion (the Biblical account some aristocrats, and the king, re-enacted of the death of Christ) was read, and total Christ’s washing of the feet of his disciples, gloom descended on the church building as as priests, bishops, and even the pope, still all the figures of saints in the church were do today. In 1484 Maundy Thursday fell on veiled, even to the figures high up on the 15 April. Richard III was in Nottingham, and rood screen. Many painted altarpieces must have observed the customary ceremo- (diptychs and triptychs) were hinged specifi- nies there. In 1485 (31 March) he did so in cally in preparation for this moment, so that London. At the Maundy Thursday mass, they could be closed, and the paintings hid- church bells were rung for the last time, and den. then fell silent until the Easter vigil. At the In both years of his reign Richard III may end of the mass the blessed sacrament, usual- 40

ly kept in a prominent place in the church, Christ’). The people lit small candles from the was carried in solemn procession to the Easter large one, and light spread throughout the Sepulchre, where it was deposited, reflecting church as the plainchant Exultet was sung by the burial of Christ, after which the faithful a deacon. The Lenten veils were removed kept vigil before it. This rite is still observed. from the images of the saints, the litany was No mass was celebrated on Good Friday. In- chanted and the two-hour long vigil mass, stead there was a solemn liturgy unique to was celebrated. that day, which included the ceremony of Easter day itself was marked by a further veneration of the cross called, in the Middle mass, with a different liturgy, and by feasting Ages, ‘creeping to the cross’. Even kings and to celebrate the end of the lenten fast. In the queens took part in this procession, genuflect- fifteenth century this meant that meat and ing and kissing the cross, while the choir sang eggs, prohibited since Shrove Tuesday, could the improperia (‘reproaches’) in a mixture of now be eaten again, and in token of this, eggs Greek and Latin. There were, of course, no were blessed in churches. They were real hot cross buns on Good Friday in the Middle eggs, of course, not chocolate ones (choco- Ages. The lenten fast would not have permit- late, like America, being then still undiscov- ted them, and they are an eighteenth-century ered). The Easter season was brought to a invention. close by the secular celebration of Hocktide, The fall of darkness on Holy Saturday be- two weeks later. There were games, including gan the Easter vigil. All lights were extin- a tug-of-war, and it was the custom in many guished, and in total darkness the faithful as- places for groups of women to capture and tie sembled outside the church, where the priests up the menfolk, holding them to ransom. The kindled the new fire. From this the huge pas- money raised in this way went as alms to the cal candle was lit and carried into the church needy. to chants of Lumen Christi (‘The Light of

Memorials of the Another occasional series, this time devoted to notables who lived during this period and whose memorials were published by W E Hampton in 1979. Thanks to Bill for allowing them to be reproduced in the Bulletin and to Geoff Wheeler for the brass effigy images

Windsor, St George’s Chapel 1483. SIR THOMAS ST. LEGER AND HIS WIFE, ANNE, DUCHESS OF EXETER Azure, fretty argent, a chief or Brass, lightly engraved, the figure kneeling; tabard, heraldic mantle; now mural, N wall of the chapel found by St Leger in 1481, now known as the Rutland Chapel. Son of John St Leger by Margery Dannet; his first wife’s name is unknown; m.2, Anne, sister of Edward IV and Richard III. In order to marry St Leger (her accepted lover by 1467) Anne obtained a divorce from her attainted and exiled husband, Henry Holland 2nd Duke of Exeter, from whom she had been separated since c. 1464. In 1465, St Leger, brawling within the pre- cincts of the Palace of Westminster, was arrested, and John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, Con- stable of England, ordered that his hand be struck off. Only the king’s intervention saved him. Conspiring with the Woodvilles in 1483, he was taken, executed in mid-November, and at- tainted. His marriage to the King’s sister ‘by seduction means’, her husband ‘then being on lyve’, was denounced in the Parliament of 1484. Anne died in childbirth, 12 January, 1476, six months after the corpse of her first husband had been found in the sea between Calais and Dover.

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Paul Murray Kendall: A Child’s View

CALLIE KENDALL

2005 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Paul Murray Kendall’s Richard III, and the Bulletin will be publishing a series of articles on this topic throughout 2005. We begin with an article by Callie Kendall, Paul Murray Kendall’s daughter. Further articles will look at the impact of the book.

don’t know when Richard III became a rather have stayed at home: thus he ‘never I member of our family, the exact moment had a close shave’. This irked me: I felt it was that he crossed that boundary between almost beneath the dignity of our serious intent. mythical historical figure and flesh and blood. However, when we stopped for our picnic But, whenever it happened, it was my father lunches (it was years before I could face a who breathed life into him and made him real. salami again), we were vigilant in case an Even as a child of nine – for that is how enemy scout should come upon us unexpect- old I was when Richard III was published – I edly. stoutly defended Richard’s reputation to all All this was in defence of the realm of challengers. Woe betide anyone who held up King Richard III, and my father was happy to Shakespeare’s characterisation of the king as indulge my imagination. We would talk about the true man! I remember one of the teachers Richard, what he did, the kind of life he led, at my primary school quizzing me about who when he was worried, and how he felt about did murder the Princes in the Tower. I must things. The rest of the world might have have been a very earnest child. thought an English king had died half a mil- Richard was virtually our own for three lennium ago, but there was a six-year-old for years before publication of the book, during whom he lived. which time I honed my techniques in leaping Paul Murray Kendall had a gift for bring- to his defence. In the interim we visited every ing history and past lives and times into the castle, great house, cathedral, church, battle- present, and he spent an inordinate amount of field, museum, gallery and ruin in England time ensuring his daughter grew up embrac- and France, or so it seemed to me. ing a passion for the subject and a feel for the We sped along the byways of France in Middle Ages in particular. Fifty years on, I our Morris Minor convertible with the top found the copy of Quentin Durward he had down. I knelt on the back seat, looking out at read to me. (The novel takes place in fifteenth the road behind in case the French either pur- -century France.) Huge passages had been sued us or lurked in the forest, and egged on marked out in pencil to make the text man- my father to drive faster. I rode White Surrey, ageable for a four-year-old to absorb as a bed- he galloped along on Bucephalus (being the time story. By the by, I have yet to find an- only other horse name I knew besides Black other person who was deliciously terrified at Beauty, which would have been highly inap- the same age by the telling of the eighth- propriate), and my mother, not really entering century epic poem Beowulf. into the spirit of the chase, followed on Stub- The first adventure began in 1952. We ble. Her horse was so named because he was lived in Chiddingfold, a delightful village in scared, took up the rear, and would really the English countryside, where we used ration 42

of John Paul Jones’s desk, shown off by his great niece, who lived down the road from us. And all the time, in the background, Paul Murray Kendall was researching and writing about Richard. He was producing ever more cascading piles of notes and jottings to incor- porate into a book, once the research had reached a critical mass. The research I re- member most vividly was a trip to Bosworth Field, where we stood on a rise and surveyed the open landscape while my father explained the tactics of the battle. From my vantage point on his shoulders I could see with ease the troops amassed and waiting to strike Rich- ard down. Three years later, on 7 February , the local newspaper ran a feature that included a large photograph of the three of us poring over an atlas and smiling for the camera: ‘Kendalls Leave for London to Continue Study’. Rich- ard III’s imminent publication had made us the local experts on England. I still have the scrapbook I kept of all the reviews of the book that were sent by the pub- lisher and by literary friends. (I have been accused of inheriting his enthusiasm for life.) Paul Murray Kendall There is C V Wedgwood’s review in the Dai- ly Telegraph on 25 November 1955: ‘Neither “Bunch-Backed Toad” Nor Hero’ says the coupons for butter, sugar and meat. I learned headline. There are pages and pages of re- to go to bed when it was still light in the sum- views that have sat untouched on the book- mer and in the winter. Attempting to skate, I shelf for fifty years. Yet one glance at the fell through the ice on the village pond next to lovingly collated A3-size scrapbook leaves the blacksmith. On the way home from the reader in no doubt as to the profound ef- school, I ate blackberries along the path fect the publication of Richard III had on the through the cow pasture, and when I reached child record-keeper. Paul’s daughter was im- the top of the hill I would look to see if mensely proud of his book, and always her Chanctonbury Ring was visible. I was in awe father’s and Richard’s champion.

News and Reviews Continued from page 20

International Medieval Congress: 11-14 July 2005 in Leeds A four day conference covering all aspects of the European Middle Ages with over 300 sessions. This year’s special thematic strand is ‘Youth and Age’. Details may be found at http:// www.leeds.ac.uk/imi/imc/imc.htm or by contacting: International Medieval Congress, Institute of Medieval Studies, Parkinson Building, Room 1.03, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT. Tel. 0113 343 3614. Fax. 0113 343 3616. E-mail:[email protected]

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Correspondence

Dear Editor, the so-called sorcery of Elizabeth and her In response to Geoffrey Wheeler’s query re- mother Jacquetta – I had heard the first accu- garding enamel preservation or degradation sation, but Jacquetta married Sir Richard (Bulletin Autumn 2004): he and John Ash- Woodville for love on being widowed of down-Hill are both correct. John, Duke of Bedford – a distinct social To clarify: true enamel is a vitreous mate- come-down and not very efficient sorcery. rial composed of silica, alkaline oxide modifi- To return briefly to the sapphire. The ers and colourants fused to a metal backing, phrase ‘or anywhere else since, till Regency which, as Wheeler rightly observes, can be times’ may be due to shortening, as there is preserved sufficiently well to allow for accu- certainly evidence of the sapphire in France rate identification of badges and motifs. from a portrait of the nineteen-year-old Jaco- However, enamel rarely survives without bite James III and VIII taken in 1707 to en- some degree of degradation related to its courage the Scots, still angry at losing their composition and the conditions under which parliament and no doubt prepared to support it was buried. Essentially, soluble components his rising of 1708. This portrait shows the leach out into soil water, leaving behind a po- sapphire on a table, set in a temporary crown. rous matrix often far removed in colour and It had been smuggled to France by James II in translucency from the ‘as new’ appearance. 1688, probably in the heel of his shoe, and he The more fragile and ‘de-vitrified’ this matrix used to keep it in his pocket and finger it fre- becomes, the more likely it is to disintegrate quently. Its history is known after its return altogether - hence the areas of loss so typical following 1804, but the gap is, as stated, be- of enamelling on objects recovered from ar- tween Barnet and the Restoration. chaeological contexts. White enamel seems Regarding Elizabeth of York, I understood particularly prone to such deterioration and, that she sent a ring to Henry Tudor in Brittany moreover, seldom survives in its original col- (‘The Lady Bessy rose up like the dayspring’ our due to absorption of corrosion products – Brereton’s song) indicating that she would from the backing metal (blue-green in the marry him, whereupon he took the oath to do case of copper alloys, and red-brown-orange so in a local church. This must still have been in the case of iron). in the reign of Richard III, but perhaps by Helen Cox, Archaeological Conservator then Richard had denied intending to marry Elizabeth and was negotiating for a marriage Dear Editor, with Portugal. Thank you very much for allowing space Pamela Hill about the not strictly Ricardian question of the Stuart Sapphire. However, Richard did Dear Editor, have connections with Scotland – as Glouces- I write further to Pamela Hill’s letter about ter he took Berwick and Edinburgh, and one the royal Scots sapphire. From my research of his allies was James III’s rebel brother Al- on the More, George Neville’s house at Rick- bany, who later escaped to France. James III mansworth, Hertfordshire, I understand that it himself was proposed by Henry VII as a was not ‘ransacked’ immediately after the means of getting rid of Henry’s inconvenient battle of Barnet in April 1471 but following mother-in-law Elizabeth Woodville, but Neville’s impeachment for high treason and James, partly for his Lancastrian convictions, arrest by Edward IV in April 1472. It was was killed in 1488 before the marriage could then that the manor of the More and all his take place. other properties were seized for the king by I should be interested to learn more about royal officers. According to Warkworth’s

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Chronicle, soon after this Edward ‘brake the Editor: we have now received two opposing seyd Archebysschoppes mytere, in the whiche views on members’ interaction with the Exec- were fulle many ryche stones and preciouse, utive Committee: we would welcome your and made therof a croune for hyme self. And views – please write to the Editor detailing all his other juels, plate, and stuff, the Kynge what you think is right/wrong in this relation- gaff it to his eldest sonne and heyre Prince ship, what works well, what you think could Edward’. (Warkworth’s Chronicle of the First be done better. Thirteen Years of the Reign of King Edward the Fourth (Camden Society, London, 1839), p. 25). Dear Editor, Unfortunately I can shed no light on the I would like, if I may, to make a point which missing jewel. appears to have been overlooked in the debate Heather Falvey regarding the legitimacy of Edward IV. Edward IV won the crown by right of conquest, not once but twice. It did not mat- Dear Editor, ter whether his claim was as spurious as that Thank you for the (as usual) excellent Winter of William I or Henry Tudor, he was still Bulletin. Just a couple of comments on the rightful king of England. contents if I may. Firstly, I cannot quite see Tracy Upex the point of P.A. Hancock’s article ‘Archetypes and the problem of Richard III’. Dear Editor I think that no one would deny that things that Dr Michael K. Jones’ recent chance discovery are drummed into us at an early age stick with in the records of Rouen is igniting many new us for the rest of our lives and are very hard to and exciting questions about Richard’s life dislodge, however debatable they may be. but should it not also be begging other im- But I cannot quite see why Mr Hancock has portant questions from us as a Society? For to take three pages trying to prove this rather example, should we not be asking what else is obvious fact. still out there and waiting to be found and Secondly, however, if I find Mr Hancock what are we, as a Society, doing about it? rather bewildering, Carolyn West’s letter In this country the possibility of a new leaves a slightly unpleasant taste in the discovery on Richard is, as we know, highly mouth. unlikely due to Henry Tudor’s [almost] sys- You, in your editorial capacity, have dealt tematic destruction of anything pertaining to fully, and completely satisfactorily, with the his predecessor’s rule and here the Society is question of the Royal Garden Party tickets, doing an excellent job with many ongoing but I must take issue with Ms West regarding schemes and sponsorships, but my question her remarks about the Executive Committee. relates specifically to where the vast majority I have been a member of the Society for near- of new discoveries are coming from, and that ly fifty years and have never found members is Europe. of the committee ‘aloof’ or ‘remote from the For example, surely it is not beyond rea- grass-roots membership’. On the contrary, I sonable probability to concur that the Vatican have always found them more than willing to is holding many important papers that relate talk to me, to discuss the Society, and listen to to Richard. Have we [as a Society] ever ap- my opinions, however dubious. proached the Vatican and if not, why not? Do It seems to me that we owe an enormous we have [or need?] a Catholic student priest/ debt of gratitude to those members, elected by historian within the membership [or out of it] us, who are willing to undertake a large who would not only be eager to undertake amount of work, unpaid, to make our Society such research but would be someone to whom more enjoyable and rewarding for the rest of the Vatican would be willing to give authori- us. sation? If such projects are out of reach of the John Knights Society’s limited resources should we not

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then be calling upon the membership not only a special research group [with the backing to help fund this kind of research but also to and influence of our Patron, HRH The Duke be volunteering to help in any way - the Vati- of Gloucester] whose sole purpose would be can being only one example of what may be to secure permission from these many Euro- waiting for us out there? Perhaps there is a pean organisations and then to commit to re- history of such attempts of which I am una- searching them? We have a superb research ware but, if not, as a Society dedicated to officer in Wendy who is doing an excellent Richard surely we need to be recognising job but should we not be sending out an army firstly where the majority of findings are for our king if we are to be successful in se- coming from and then be focusing our efforts curing his good name? to secure them? For example, could we form Philippa Langley

THE ROYAL FUNERALS OF THE HOUSE OF YORK AT WINDSOR

Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs with Ralph A. Griffiths

Available from 1 April 2005

This study is a companion volume to the Reburial of Richard Duke of York. It presents in the same format and with five colour and twenty-one black and white illustrations everything that is known about the funerals of Edward IV (1483), Queen Elizabeth Woodville (1503), their son George (1479) and their daughter Mary (1482). Each funeral has an introduction discussing all the details of the ceremony, followed by an edition of the surviving documents. Also included are a study and edition of all the surviving verse laments on the death of Ed- ward, a new discussion of his tomb and chantry in St George’s Chapel – what it looked like and where it was situated – and an account of the discovery of his tomb and remains in 1789. Finally there is an up-to-date survey of the many locks of Edward’s hair preserved in various collections. 152 pages, 4 pages in full colour, 21 black and white figures and index.

Order from the Society’s Sales Liaison Officer, 42 Pewsey Vale, Forest Hill, Bracknell, Berk- shire RG12 2YA. Price £10 plus £2.75 postage and packing.

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The Barton Library

Latest Additions to the Non-Fiction Books Library

Listed below are the latest selection of books that have been added to the Non-fiction Books Li- brary. All the books are hard back unless otherwise described.

AUSTIN, John D Merevale Church and Abbey (Brewin Books 1998 Paperback) Merevale Church was originally the Gate Chapel of Merevale Abbey (1148) and contains the most im- portant Cistercian stained glass in Britain, including the famous Jesse window. There are chap- ters on how medieval stained glass was made and in iconography of Jesse windows. There are beautiful colour plates of all the stained glass windows. BUCKLEY, JA Medieval Cornish Stannary Charters 1201 - 1507 (Penhellick Publications 2001 Booklet) History of the charters issued to the Cornish tin miners from the first charter is- sued by King John to the Cornish Revolt in the reign of Henry VII. BUCKLEY, JA Who’s Who in the Wars of the Roses (Penhellick Publications 2004 Paperback) Listing alphabetically of the famous personages in the Wars of the Roses with very brief descrip- tions together with brief synopsis of the major battles. CLARK, John (editor) The Medieval Horse and its Equipment (Museum of London/The Boydell Press 2004, new edition - first published in 1995) Horses played a vital role in the Mid- dle Ages and this is borne out by the number of artefacts linked with horses which are excavated in London. Among them are harness, horseshoes, spurs and currycombs, from the ordinary to highly decorated pieces. The role of the horse in Medieval London is considered, from historical and archaeological sources, including the price of horses and maintenance costs plus hiring ‘hackneys’, the size of horses and the use of carts in and around London. The role of the farrier or ‘marshal’ is also explored. This new edition has an introduction updating the reader on new research since 1995. CLARK, Linda & CARPENTER, Christine (editors) The Fifteenth Century 4: Political Cul- ture in Late Medieval Britain (The Boydell Press 2004) Essays include History and Memory in Lancastrian England; Common Law, Counsel and Consent in Fortescue’s Political Theory; Prel- ates and Politics; Religious Symbols and Political Culture; Political Culture of Medieval London; Political Life of the English Village; The Press of the Public on Later Medieval Politics; National Pride, Decentralised Nation. Contributors include Christine Carpenter, Maurice Keen, Caroline Barron and John Watts. CORRIDON, Christopher & WILLIAMS, Ann A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases (Boydell Press 2004) This dictionary is intended to assist the non-specialist readers with their research. It contains around 3,400 terms, including Latin, Old English and Middle English, rang- ing from legal and ecclesiastical to words of everyday life. There are also examples of medieval terms and phrases still in use today. DIEHL, Daniel & DONNELLY, Mark P Tales from the Tower of London (Sutton Publishing 2004) An entertaining collection of historical tales from the Tower, including the fate of the Princes in the Tower. This book explores the court intrigues, clandestine liaisons, unimaginable tortures and grisly executions which took place within the Tower and brings to life some of the most famous and infamous characters of its long and colourful past. GOLDBERG, PJP & RIDDY, Felicity (editors) Youth in the Middle Ages (York Medieval Press 2004) Essays include Childhood and Youth in the Early Middle Ages; Childhood and the Jewish Society; Femininity in Late Medieval England; Authority in Narratives of the Child King Richard; Provision for Children; Youth and Gender in Later Medieval England; Advice on Leav- 47

ing Home in the Romances. Contributors include PJP Goldberg, Felicity Riddy, Edward James and Helen Cooper. GROSS, Anthony The Dissolution of the Lancastrian Kingship: Sir John Fortescue and the Cri- sis of Monarchy in Fifteenth Century England (Paul Watkins Publishing 1996) The author chal- lenges the traditional view of the late Lancastrian Court as one struggling to survive by tracing an intelligent Lancastrian strategy, led not by Henry VI or Queen Margaret but by their ministers and principally by Sir John Fortescue. Gross analyses Sir John Fortescue’s Governance of Eng- land to show that his books were more intimately associated with the immediate political struggle than previously recognised. LACEY, Robert 1387 - 1688: Great Tales from English History: Chaucer to the Glorious Revo- lution (Little, Brown 2004) Robert Lacey’s popular re-telling of some of the truly classic stories of English history between 1387 and 1688, including Dick Whittington, the Battle of Agincourt, The Wars of the Roses and William Caxton. Great fun! LINDLEY, Philip Gothic to Renaissance: Essays on Sculpture in England (Paul Watkins Pub- lishing 1995 Paperback) Art historian, Philip Lindley reviews the origins and development of the craft of sculpture in medieval England. There are eight specialist essays prefaced by a compre- hensive introduction. Subjects covered include the range of methods and materials; the relation- ship between patron and artist; the place of sculpture in architectural settings and images of king- ship and the hero, especially St George fighting the dragon. STRATFORD, Jenny (editor) Harlaxton Medieval Studies Volume XIII: The Lancastrian Court (Shaun Tyas Publishing 2003) A collection of essays which challenge traditional views about the Lancastrian Court. They explore the nature and role of the Court in England and in France, in peace, in war and in exile, from the accession of Henry IV to the deposition of Henry VI. Con- tributors include Barry Dobson, Alfred Hiatt; John Watts, Carole Rawcliffe and Nicholas Rogers.

Non-fiction Papers Library

Recent additions to the Non-fiction Papers Library include the following:

CADW - WELSH HISTORICAL MONUMENTS Beaumaris Castle (A guide book) EDGAR-BEALE, RS The Battle of Bosworth 22 August 1485 - The Location (Living History Register Digest, Vol 22, No 2) This article explores the possible whereabouts of the battle by using contemporary or near contemporary accounts. HARRIS, Gerald Cardinal Beaufort (Medieval History, Vol 1, No 1, 1991) The author looks at the life of Cardinal Beaufort, one time Bishop of Winchester, Cardinal of England and uncle to King Henry VI.

Audio-Visual Library Update

Additions to the audio and visual material over the past three months have included a transfer to video from the USA DVD release of Laurence Olivier’s 1955 film production of Richard III. (A short review of this DVD can be found under the News and Reviews section.) Other new items are video tapes of Channel 4 TV’s concluding programme in the first series of David Starkey’s Monarchy series, covering the reigns of Richard II to Henry VI and Lord of the North by Sydney L Charlton. Lord of the North is the author’s video of dress-rehearsals for the 1996 play, based on episodes in Richard’s life from PM Kendall’s biography, which was first performed at the People’s Theatre, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and won the People’s Play of the Year Award.

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Book Review

WITHIN THE FETTERLOCK BY BRIAN WAINWRIGHT

lthough this novel is not ‘Ricardian’ I A am sure most members would enjoy reading it. It is set during the last years of Richard II’s reign and the reign of Henry IV. The main character is Constance of York, the daughter of Edmund, Duke of York, uncle of King Richard II. Constance is therefore cousin to both Richard II and Henry Boling- broke, later Henry IV. She is married to Thomas Despenser, and, through the marriage of her younger daughter Isabelle to Richard Beauchamp, great grandmother of Isabelle and Anne Neville. Her brothers were Edward, second duke of York, and Richard of Conisbrough, later earl of Cambridge, who married Anne Mortimer. The son of Richard and Anne was Richard, third duke of York and father to Edward IV and Richard III. The book centres on Constance’s involve- ment with many family plots and intrigues, first to see who would be heir to the childless Richard II, and then, after his deposition and murder, to unseat Henry IV and replace him with Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, a more senior descendant of Edward III. After her husband’s death Constance en- This book is extremely well researched joys a love affair with Edmund Mortimer and written. My only comment would be it until he is taken prisoner by Owain Glyn might have been helpful to have had a family Dwr. She then goes on to have an affair with, tree at the beginning for anyone not complete- and then secretly marry, Edmund Holland, ly familiar with the period and the different later earl of Kent. branches of the family. Throughout all of this her brother Edward is busy plotting, first with one side and then Published by Trivium Publishing 2004 (ISBN the other, always making sure he ends up on 0-9722091-1-5). Available from the Fiction the winning side, and not regretting who he Library. betrays along the way. Anne Painter

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Booklist

A service to members from the Editor detailing fiction and non-fiction historical books that have recently been published or will be published in the near future.

AREFORD, David & Rowe, Nina A [editors] Excavating the Medieval Image: manuscripts, artists, audiences: essays in honour of Sandra Hindman, Ashgate, £55, October 2004 BALDWIN, David Elizabeth Woodville, new edition, Sutton Pub, pbk, £8.99, November 2004 BELL, Susan Gloag Lost Tapestries of the ‘City of Ladies’: Christine de Pisan’s Renaissance Legacy, Univ California Pr, £26.95, December 2004 BEVAN, Bryan Henry VII: the first Tudor king, Rubicon Press, £16.99, pbk, £11.95, Septem- ber 2004 BOOGAART, Thomas A Ethnography of late medieval : evolution of the corporate milieu, Mellen Studies in Geography Series No 11, E Mellen Pr, USA, £84.95, October 2004 BURNS, E. Jane [editors] Medieval fabrications: dress, textiles, clothwork and other cultural imaginings, New Middle Ages Series, Palgrave Macmillan, £50, October 2004 CAMPBELL, Lorne Van der Weyden, Chaucer Press, £15.99, October 2004 CARTER, Robert The Language of Stones, HCP, pbk, £6.99, February 2005 (fiction – histori- cal/fantasy: ‘combining myth, magic and legend in 15th-century Britain’) CLARK, Linda & CARPENTER, Christine [editors] Political culture in late medieval Britain, 15th Century Series, vol. 4, Boydell Pr, £45, November 2004 CORREDON, Christopher & WILLIAMS, Ann Dictionary of Medieval terms and phrases, D.S.Brewer, £25, September 2004 CRIEGHTON, OH Castles and landscapes: power, community and fortifications in medieval England, ne, pbk, Equinox Publishing, £19.99, August 2004 CULLUM, Patricia H. & LEWIS, Katherine J [editors] Holiness and masculinity in the Mid- dle Ages, Univ Wales Pr, pbk, £16.99. DAVENPORT, Anthony P Medieval narrative: an introduction, Oxford Univ. Press, pbk, £14.99, September 2004 DAVENPORT, Will The Perfect Sinner, HCP, pbk, £6.99, March 2005. Fiction. (‘dual time, medieval and contemporary, with the medieval story ... the stronger’) DAVIS, Norman [editor] Paston letters and papers of the fifteenth century, Early English Text Society, Supplementary Series, Nos 20 and 21, Oxford University Press, £50 each, September 2004 DODSON, Aidan, Royal Tombs of Great Britain, an illustrated history, Duckworth, £25. No- vember 2004 DUFOURNET, Jean Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, Onlybook, pbk, £12.99, Septem- ber 2004 DUFFY, Eamon, The Stripping of the Altars: traditional religion in England 1400-1580, new edition, Yale Univ. Pr, pbk, £15.99, February 2005 EDWARDS, J Ferdinand and Isabella, Longman, pbk., £14.99, October 2004 GATHERCOLE, Patricia M Depictions of Angels and Devils in medieval French manuscript illumination, Studies in French Civilization, No 32, E. Mellen Pr, USA, £64.95, October 2004 GRAEME-EVANS, Posie The Innocent, Hodder, £18.99 [December 2004], pbk, £6.99 [March 2005]. Fiction. (‘court intrigue (Edward IV), forbidden love ... first of a trilogy. Comparisons with Philippa Gregory but it is younger and a great deal sexier’ – Bookseller) (… well, that’s a bodice-ripper, then ... [Editor] – but the cover of the paperback appears quite tasteful ...) GRIFFITHS, Ralph Reign of King Henry VI, new edition, Sutton Pub, pbk., £19.99, December 2004

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HICKMAN, Trevor Battlefield of Leicestershire, Sutton Pub, new edition, pbk, £16.99, Octo- ber 2004 HOWE, Nicholas [editor] ‘Home and homelessness in the medieval and renaissance world’, Univ. Nôtre Dame Pr., £30.50, pbk, £15.50, November 2004 JAGER, Eric The Last duel: a true story of medieval crime and punishment, Century, £14.99, January 2005 (‘... true story of a notorious duel in medieval France between a knight and a squire accused of violating the knight’s beautiful young wife ...’) KALOGRIDIS, Jeanne The Borgia Bride, Harper Collins, £17.99, February 2005. Fiction (‘set in the Vatican during the 15th century when Pope Alexander VI ... began a reign of terror’) KING, Edmund Medieval England from Hastings to Bosworth, Tempus, pbk, £12.99, June 2004 KOEN, Thomas & McKENDRICK, Scott Illuminating the Renaissance: the triumph of Flem- ish manuscript painting in Europe, J. Paul Getty Trust Pubns, new edition, pbk, £95, September 2004 KREITNER, Kenneth Church music of 15th-century Spain, Studies in Medieval and Renais- sance Music vol 2, Boydell Press, £45, September 2004 LABARGE, Margaret Wade Medieval Travellers, Phoenix, pbk, £7.99, January 2005 (‘... account of the lavish trains and embassies that traversed the lands during the middle ages ...’) NORMINGTON, Kate, Gender and medieval drama, Gender in the Middle Ages Series, vol 1, D S Brewer, £40, November 2004 PASSARO, Maria C Pastore Representations of women in medieval and renaissance texts, Studies in Renaissance Literature Series, No 27, E Mellen Pr, USA, £69.95, November 2004 RAWCLIFFE, Carol & WILSON, Richard Medieval Norwich, Hambledon and London Ltd, £25, November 2004 RUBIN, Miri The Hollow Crown: a history of Britain in the late middle ages, Allen Lane, £25, January 2005 SAUL, Nigel Companion to Medieval England, Tempus, pbk, £19.99 April 2004 SAUL, Nigel Three Richards: Richard I, Richard II, Richard III, Hambledon and London Ltd, £19.95, November 2004 SOAR, Hugh David Hewitt Crooked stick: a history of the longbow, Weapons in History Se- ries, Westholme Pub, USA, £15.99, November 2004 STONOR, Frances The Diabolical Englishman, Faber & Faber, £17.99, September 2004 (... examines the life of John Hawkwood (1320-94) son of a minor Essex landowner and a cap- tain in the Black Prince’s Army, who in 1360 deserted, headed south to Italy and, as Giovanni Acuto, became one of the most successful, clever and reliable mercenary leaders of his time’.) STOPFORD, Jennie Medieval floor tiles of Northern England: pattern and purpose: produc- tion between the 13th and 16th centuries, Oxbow Books, £40, September 2004 TABRI, Edward E Political culture in the early Northern Renaissance: the court of , 1407-1477, Renaissance Studies Series No 7, E Mellen Pr, USA, £69.95, November 2004 TOMAN, Rolf, Gothic: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Koenemann, £24.99 August 2004 WALSH, Richard Charles the Bold in Italy 1467-1477: Politics and Personnel, Liverpool His- torical Studies No 19, Liverpool Univ. Press, £55, October 2004 WATT, Diane [editor] The Paston Women, Selected Letters, Library of Medieval Women, DS Brewer, pbk, £15.99, November 2004 WHEATLEY, Abigail The idea of the castle in Medieval England, York Medieval Press, £20, November 2004

51

Letter from America

First US ‘Dissertation Year’ dom focusing exclusively on this topic and Awardee time period. It is made possible through a bequest from Maryloo Spooner Schallek and Sharon D Michalove, the American Branch’s is administered on behalf of the Society by representative on the Medieval Academy of the Medieval Academy of America. America’s Schallek Awards Committee, re- Application deadlines are February 15 for ports: the $2,000 awards and October 15 for the ‘The first recipient of the Schallek Fellow- $30,000 award. Ricardians are encouraged to ship is Janelle Werner, who is a PhD candi- make eligible students, or faculties with eligi- date in the history department at the Universi- ble students, aware of this funding opportuni- ty of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her dis- ty. Additional information, including down- sertation director is the distinguished medie- loadable application forms, can be found on val historian Dr Judith Bennett. the Academy's website, http:// ‘Ms Werner's dissertation is titled “As www.medievalacademy.org/ long as their sin is privy”: Clerics and Concu- bines in Late Medieval England, 1375-1558. Focusing her research on the diocese of Here- American Branch Tour of Ricardi- ford, she will use part of the fellowship funds an England, June 18-29 for a research trip to England in the fall of 2005. Every year or so, American Branch Ricardian Her main questions, dealing with clerical Linda Treybig puts together an intimate tour concubinage, are: “how did late medieval for branch members and other interested par- clerics and laypeople view violations of cleri- ties. It focuses on Ricardian sites and takes in cal celibacy?” “how common were clerical other historical venues along the way. If unions and what was the nature of long-term you’ve ever had a hankering to meet up with clerical relationships?” and “how were the American Ricardians, you might be able to women perceived and treated by their com- catch them at these ‘ports of call.’ Or, with munities, and were they punished more or the current favorable exchange rates, you may less harshly than incontinent clerics?”’ find this tour an attractive holiday possibility ‘The committee was impressed with the if space is still available. scope and ambition of the project as well as by the interesting research questions that Ms June 18 – arrive Manchester, coach to the Werner is posing, which may totally change Lake District, recover from jet lag. our view of this aspect of clerical life in late June 19 – Penrith; drive through Lake Dis- medieval England as well as on the position trict; Levens Hall of women in clerical households.’ June 20 – Hadrian’s Wall, Chesterhold The William B. and Maryloo Spooner (Vindolanda), Brinkburn Priory Schallek Memorial Graduate Awards are giv- June 21 – ; Lindisfarne en to North American (US or Canadian) grad- June 22 – Durham Cathedral; Rievaulx Ab- uate students who focus on later medieval bey; York English history and culture. Janelle Warner is June 23 – York (self-guided) the first recipient of the $US 30,000 disserta- June 24 – Yorkshire Dales: Towton, Lead tion year award; the program also includes Chapel, , five $US 2,000 dissertation awards. We be- June 25 – Middleham Castle, church of St lieve that this is the largest scholarship pro- Mary and St Alkelda, Castle Bolton gram in North America or the United King- June 26 – , Hardwick Hall 52

June 27 – Bosworth and environs: Sutton ship at several venues. If you’re interested in Cheney, Battlefield Centre, Dadlington meeting up with the tour group, her contact Church; Ashby-de-la-Zouch information is Linda Treybig, 11813 Erwin June 28 – Fotheringhay castle and church; Avenue, Cleveland OH 44135, 216-889-9392, Castle Rising; Ely Cathedral [email protected]. Additional tour June 29 – Cambridge walking tour; Thaxted, details are on the American Branch website at return to London. http://www.r3.org/travel/tours/2005/ Linda has already arranged for members index.html. of some branches and groups to meet up with the tour participants for transatlantic fellow- Laura Blanchard, Philadelphia PA, USA

The Estate and Household Accounts of William Worsley Dean of St Paul’s Cathedral 1479-1497

Edited by Hannes Kleineke & Stephanie R Hovland

In 1495 William Worsley was arrested, along with three other clergymen, for their alleged involvement in the Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy. The background to Worsley’s involvement in the plot remains obscure but he was attainted and placed in the Tower although after only sixteen weeks his attainder was reversed and in June 1495 he was granted a general pardon.

Hannes Kleineke and Stephanie Hovland have pains- takingly transcribed and presented William Worsley’s accounts and provided an introduction to the life and career of this fascinating cleric. There are biograph- ical details of the individuals mentioned in the ac- counts, a pedigree, six black-and-white images, glos- sary, bibliography and index.

This latest edition to the catalogue of the Richard III & Yorkist History Trust is now available from Sally Empson, Sales Liaison Officer, 42 Pewsey Vale, For- est Hill, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 9YA at £18 plus £2.50 postage and packing.

‘A fascinating glimpse into the life of this important Drawing of Dean Worsley’s tomb cleric’ Peter Hammond, Society President brass in pre-fire St Paul’s.

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Report on Society Events

Christmas at Fotheringhay 2004 and 2005

he Society’s 2004 celebration of Christmas at Fotheringhay was another great success, de- T spite numbers being reduced on the day owing to illness - the pre-Christmas cold virus seemed to have been especially virulent this time. Before the service, lunch in the village hall gave us all a good start. Alan Stewart always pro- vides us with a great spread, from the soup to the mince pies, and whilst the hall may not be as historic a venue as the Falcon of old or as decorative as the golf club, it is most definitely a good substitute, and at a very reasonable price. It helps to support the village, too. Acknowledged as a great start to the Christmas season, and based in style upon the historic festival of nine lessons, the service in the church was a mix of traditional and modern, with biblical and poetry readings, Latin and English hymns. The recent innovation of singing “While shepherds watched” to its original tune, better known as “On Ilkley Moor”, has been a great success, and personally, I thought that this year’s service was one of our best ever. The congregation was in good voice, the readers told the Christmas story well and the choir gave a superb performance of a most enjoya- ble variety of carols in several languages. On behalf of all who were there, I thank everyone who played a part in making the day such a great success. This year, 2005, we are going to move the event to the Saturday in the hope that this will make it more convenient for more people to attend. Certainly, the choir and the church would prefer it. So, look out for the booking form in the Bulletin in September, but in the meantime put Saturday, 10 December, 2005, in your diary for the Society’s Lunch and Christmas Service at Fotheringhay. The great way to begin the festive season with good food, good music and good company - you know it makes sense! Phil Stone Fotheringhay Co-ordinator

Forget-Me-Not Books

Out of print and second hand history books, fact and fiction. For my new Spring catalogue please contact:

Judith Ridley • 11 Tamarisk Rise Wokingham • Berkshire • RG40 1WG Email: [email protected]

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Future Society Events

Reminders and Late Bookings

Requiem Mass and Anne Neville Commemoration The annual Requiem Mass will take place at St Etheldreda’s Church, , at noon on Satur- day 12 March 2005, followed by a buffet and wreath-laying at Westminster Abbey. Full details and booking form in the Winter 2004 Bulletin.

LAST CHANCE – DON’T WAIT ANOTHER THREE YEARS! The Cambridge Conference Friends and Foes: Richard III and the East Anglian Magnates There are still a few places left on the Society’s ninth triennial conference to be held at Queens’ College Cambridge from 15-17 April. The theme of the conference is Richard’s relationship with four of the most important East Anglian families of the second half of the fifteenth century: the Mowbrays, de la Poles, Howards and the de Veres. Apart from an exciting programme and first class speakers, other attractions include:  the opportunity to meet the speakers, other Ricardians and fifteenth-century enthusiasts.  the chance to stay in a college that dates from 1446, and has close associations with Eliza- beth Woodville, Anne Neville and Richard III.  time to visit the university city of Cambridge.  Saturday book stalls run by Bennett & Kerr (second-hand books), Oxbow Books (including a selection from Tempus Publishing) and the Society’s own bookstall (which will include our complete range of Society and Trust books).  the refurbishment of the college’s library should also be completed by April and the librari- an is hoping to assemble some documents dating back to the late fifteenth century for us to view. Day rates are now available, at £45 per day including dinner on Friday, and lunch on Satur- day/Sunday. Please contact me if you would like to know which lectures are on which day. For full details of the conference see page 50 of the Winter Bulletin. If you would like to at- tend the conference please complete the blue booking form to be found in its centre. However, please note that your booking form should be sent with your payment to Jacqui Emerson at 5 Ripon Drive, Wistaston, Crewe, Cheshire CW2 6SJ and not the address on the booking form. Places are likely to be taken up very quickly so don’t delay in sending in your application. Wendy Moorhen

Bookable Events

Medieval Colchester Visit – 4 June 2005 Did you know: That Richard III visited Colchester (as duke of Gloucester)? That John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, lived in Colchester? That Viscount Lovel took sanctuary at St John’s Abbey, Colchester, after the battle of Bosworth? That John de la Pole described himself as Richard III’s heir on his seal? This visit will allow me to share the results of both some of my PhD research and some of the work I am engaged in at Colchester Castle Museum. The programme for the day is:

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11.00 Guided walk round fifteenth-century Colchester 12.15 Free time for lunch 14.00 Visit to St John’s Abbey Gatehouse 15.00 Opportunity to examine fifteenth-century seals at the museum resources centre.

The visit will begin at the War Memorial in Colchester. Colchester is easily accessible by train from London (Liverpool Street – about 50 minutes). Please note that while all are welcome to the morning walk, places for the afternoon visit are limited, as the museum resources centre is a small building. Early booking is therefore advised. Please complete the booking form in the centre pages of this edition of the Bulletin. John Ashdown-Hill

Day visit to Hertford Castle and Hatfield House – Saturday 21 May 2005 This visit comprises a guided tour of Hertford Castle in the morning combined with a visit to Hatfield House in the afternoon. The cost of the visit is £22.00 per person. This includes the coach, the cost of the guided tour and the entrance fee to Hatfield House, also the driver’s tip and administration costs. There is little of the original Hertford Castle which dates back to the 11th Century but the modern building is still used as Council Offices and parts of this date from the 18th Century. It is still possible to make out Edward IV’s coat of arms which is over the main entrance to the Castle. There are also the Castle grounds which we will also see during our guided tour. Hatfield House is probably best known as being the childhood home of Elizabeth I and still remains in the Cecil family. As well as the house there are extensive grounds.

The itinerary for the day is:- 09:00 Coach leaves Embankment. 10:30 Guided tour of Hertford Castle. (approx. 1½ hours) 12:00 Own arrangements for lunch. 13:30 Leave Hertford for Hatfield House. (Group admission) 17:30 Leave Hatfield House for return journey to London.

Those coming by their own transport meet at Hertford Castle at 10:30 a.m. for start of tour. Parking in Hertford is at the multi-storey car park in Gascoyne Way (unfortunately wherever you park you have to pay), the car park in St Andrew Street or Bircherley Green shopping centre. A map will be enclosed with the information sent to you nearer the time. If you want to join us on this visit please complete the booking form in the centre pages of this edition of the Bulletin. Carolyn West

Saturday 11 June: Event to Commemorate 25th anniversary of Croydon Group and 10th anniversary of the death of Joyce Melhuish The event will take place on Saturday 11 June, from 11.00, with lunch at 12 noon, at Seaford Church Hall, Seaford, Sussex. It will include tea/coffee on arrival, lunch, comprising a cold buf- fet of salmon, cold meats, salad, dessert and wine, at a cost of £7. There will be a raffle, craft stall, and guided tours of the historic twelfth-century church and other period buildings. It will be an opportunity for a Ricardian get-together, and will be in aid of the Ricardian Churches Res- toration Fund. Tickets £7 in advance available from: Mrs R Linsell, 59, Sherwood Road, Sea- ford, East Sussex, BN25 3ED. Travel directions will be supplied with bookings: Seaford can be reached by train from London, changing at Lewes. If you would like to attend this event, please complete the booking form in the centre pages of this edition of the Bulletin. Shirley Linsell Continued on page 63 56

Branches and Groups

New Group Shirley and Roy Linsell are seeking to form a Group in East Sussex, and would welcome contact from members interesting in being involved: Mr and Mrs R Linsell, 59 Sherwood Road, Seaford, East Sussex BN25 3ED. Tel. 01323 891910

Change of contact details Edinburgh Group: Philippa Langley, 85 Barnton Park Avenue, Edinburgh. EH4 6HD. Tel. 0131 336 4669

Continental Group Report of the Meeting of the Continental Group on Saturday 6 November 2004 in D-Oberems/Taunus Long distances and organisation problems prevented Continental Ricardians from getting togeth- er since 2000, but this year we were able to meet again. That was a good thing to face, according to old times. The result was maybe not a complete re-activation of the Group in its past form, but new ideas were introduced, giving a chance for a new way with activities we are able to afford in the future, and with the already mentioned problems a Group like ours has to live with. But of course Richard keeps us together and this is the most important reason for what we do. An old Richard sympathiser, Kevin Buckley from England, was our guest and we all enjoyed having him with us. As usual in the past we met again in the Taunus mountains. The day started with a little ser- vice in the protestant village church at eleven o’clock. As usual we decorated the altar and the little choir with Richard’s portrait, fresh white roses, candles, etc. The service was celebrated by the former vicar of Oberems, Pfaffer Eckhart Seifert. Both languages were used in text and song and of course Richard’s prayer from his Book of Hours. The service ended with Martin Luther’s famous composition A Mighty Stronghold is Our Lord. After lunch at Rita’s home the meeting began there at 2.00 p.m. The most important decisions that we made were that in one year we hold our meetings and in the next we meet for day or weekend trips to places, exhibitions or sim- ilar events of historical interest. If necessary, we discuss group matters during this time. A change of our bank account had to be decided after our old one became too expensive to run, but we found a good alternative. We continue to publish two smaller magazines or newsletters each year, we run our library with our experienced librarian Gabi Unverferth from Dortmund, and we reduce the membership subscription for singles and students from 10 to 5 Euros. We might or- ganise another trip for the next Landshut festival in 2009 and will of course welcome fellow Ri- cardians to share that event with us. As it now seems, we can return to our second meeting place, the Trappist Abbey of Tegelen in Limburg province in Holland. In 1998 the Convent’s guest house had to be closed, but we kept in touch and recently received the good news that the guest house had opened again and that we can return to the nice old abbey for our meetings. So in 2006 we cross the border and continue to meet in Holland – what a great pleasure. The meeting ended with a proper meal in our local restaurant ‘Deutsches Haus’ well known to us from former meetings. Seasonal menus such as venison and roast goose were served along with a good wine and a toast to Richard. Everything tasted absolutely delicious. Late at night that marvellous day ended and we look forward to the next one and of course to our other activi- ties. Rita Diefenhardt-Schmitt 57

Edinburgh and Lothian Court [2004] Firstly, our very grateful thanks go to Stuart Akers for his exhaustive work over the past two years having taken on board not only the responsibility of our ‘Court Journal’ but also that of secretary. Thank you to Stuart for being the glue that has kept us together over this time. With the visit of the Society imminent in June 2005 we thought that the readers of the Bulle- tin might be interested to read about our most exciting weekend of 2004 when we not only wel- comed Dr Michael K. Jones back to Edinburgh for a talk entitled ‘Richard III as a Military Com- mander’ but also completed a full week-end of visits based on ‘Ricardian Scotland’. We began on a bitter February morning with the north wind blowing as only it can in Scot- land and met up outside the ancient and gothic St Giles’ Cathedral in the Royal Mile, Edinburgh. Marilyn came from Argyll, Juliet from Perthshire, Margaret from Fife, Doug from Kent, Dave and Wendy from York, Stuart from Peebles, Johanna from Rotterdam, Dr Jones from London, and myself and Dave Fiddimore with two new members from Edinburgh – Muriel and Alexan- der. Our first stop was the Old Parliament House where Richard spoke to the Scottish nobles in 1482. Its site (as it no longer exists) is marked with brass cobblestones that are located just out- side the main door of St. Giles’ Cathedral. The Old Parliament House (or Old Tollbooth as it be- came known) was knocked down in 1817 but if you wish to see its dark stones they still exist in a building that stands at the corner of Trafalgar Street and Trafalgar Lane in Leith that is known locally as the gaol building. Interestingly the door and padlock were taken by Sir Walter Scott and re-erected at his home at Abbotsford in the Scottish borders, should you also wish to see them. A lovely description of this famous building comes from the Scottish historian Robert Chalmers, ‘At the north-west corner of St Giles’s church, and almost in the very centre of a crowded street, stood this tall, narrow, antique, and gloomy-looking pile, with its black stan- chioned windows opening through its dingy walls, like the aperture of a hearse, and having its western gable penetrated by a hole which occasionally served for the projection of a gallows.’ Lovely! Our next stop was just around the corner (and thankfully indoors) at the National Library of Scotland where the rare books department had kindly organised a private viewing of the Chroni- cle of Fabian. Having Dr Jones with us led to much discussion on the scribbled notes along its margins, as did the viewing of the old maps of a very different and smelly Edinburgh that Rich- ard would have seen – one of open, running sewers for streets. We then returned to St Giles for a guided tour and although they could give us no certain proof that Richard had actually visited this grand old place of worship we agreed that it was most likely due not only to its close proximity to the Old Parliament House but also because of its ‘Albany Chapel’ and the fact that it had been made a Collegiate church in 1476. A must–see for all those coming to Edinburgh, as is the Scot- tish Parliament House (c.1600) that is situated just behind St. Giles and now forms the law courts with one of the finest examples of a renaissance hall in Scotland (open to the public during the week) complete with roaring log fires, oak-beamed roof, portraits of the great and good, and ad- vocates going hither and thither in black gowns and wigs. On the following day, we set off for Berwick-upon-Tweed for a talk with local historian, Jim Herbert, on the castle and how it was likely to have been besieged by Richard, using a fabulous reconstruction, as it would have been in medieval times. An interesting fact for those of you com- ing by train to Edinburgh is that when you stop at Berwick you are actually stopping in the Great Hall of Berwick Castle itself – the hall that Richard would have surely walked in. Of course, nothing is left of it today bar a few stones but should a train ever be caught in a time warp there surely many brave medieval men-at-arms would be seen running for their lives from such a mon- strous steel monster. During the talk Jim went on to tell us about the local tradition that King Richard camped his men (and knighted those such as Tyrell) at Hutton Field, some ten miles away. At a later date Stuart went and visited the area and the laird of Hutton Castle only to dis- cover that there was no tradition that they knew of and after some discussion they thought it 58

highly unlikely as it was perhaps too far away to launch and control a siege. Perhaps time may yield more information about the elusive Hutton Field. After Jim’s fascinating talk we were then taken on a tour of 1482 Berwick, or at least what remains of it, and, entering a small terraced house, we were told that we would not be disappoint- ed with what we were about to see and boy were they right. Going through the house we came out into the small garden and onto a site that was simply breathtaking. There we were standing hundreds of feet high upon the remains of the inner southwest wall of the castle with its view that stretched outwards over much of the existing outer wall of the castle and the entire plain of the Tweed. In that single moment, we all had more than an idea of what it must have been like to have been standing guard on those very walls and watching as Richard and the massed English army drew closer and closer. Our grand finale came in the grounds of Lennoxlove House, near Haddington where we walked the virgin land known as ‘Belvedere’ that was originally a Roman camp and where Rich- ard also camped his army in 1482. As we walked the land it became clear just what a good choice this was. As Dr Jones pointed out, it was not only higher than the surrounding area so therefore quite easily defendable but it was also very close to the fortified tower of Lennoxlove (as it exist- ed in Richard’s time) so also afforded an ideal and relatively comfortable stopping-off point for Richard and his captains. Walking the land, which is now quite heavily wooded, it was more than a little eerie and dark and foreboding, and a local tradition still says that on wet and windy nights you can hear the screams of the English soldiers who died there. The following comes from the Lennoxlove records themselves: ‘Belvedere as it is known is on the hill about 200 yards to the rear of the house. This hill was used as a quarry for the house and also as a camp for the army of Richard III of England, then Duke of Gloucester, in his invasion of 1482 … During the ownership of the late Major William Baird three stone cists were dug up from the side of the quarry. Unfortunately, these are no long- er extant, but they have been thought to have been the coffins of soldiers who had died of plague on the 1482 English expedition.’ One final note for Lennoxlove and those of you coming to visit it in June – a portrait exists there of ‘Henry VII’ but, as Doug Weeks pointed out, it is clearly (to us anyway) a portrait of Henry VI. Doug wrote to Lennoxlove and queried their ‘Henry VII’ but to no avail. They firmly believe that it is the victor of Bosworth and we have to say, we do believe they are wrong. Have a look and let us know what you think. Philippa Langley

Gloucestershire Branch Having completed a successful winter programme we are all now looking forward to a very busy Spring and Summer schedule of activities [see details below]. During the winter the Bristol Group Christmas Dinner was particularly popular. The Castle Inn at Castle Combe in Wiltshire proved an excellent venue and location. The village is relatively ‘remote’, compact and compris- es primarily buildings of the fifteenth century. The Castle was very festively and tastefully deco- rated and extended both a very hospitable welcome and fine cuisine – all-in-all the perfect start to Christmas! This could be a regular venue for future years.

Future Programme Saturday 12 March ‘The Newport Medieval Ship’ Audio/visual presentation by Bob Trett from Gwent Archaeology on this key maritime discovery as featured in the recent television programme. Could this ship have served as part of Warwick the Kingmaker’s fleet? [Branch] Please note the later date for this meeting. This is to allow members to at- tend the ‘Wars of the Roses’ Symposium at Oxford which occurs on the previous weekend. 59

Friday 18 March ‘Edward IV – was he illegitimate?’ Video and debate on the recent asser- tions made by Michael Jones. [Bristol Group] Saturday 2 April ‘Ludlow connections and the death of Prince Arthur’ Talk by Mickie O’Neill [Branch] Saturday 7 May Field Visit to Wales: Glendower connections - Kentchurch Court etc. De- tails to be finalised [Branch] Saturday 20 May Field Visit – ‘The Three Castles’: visit to Skenfrith, White Castle [Llantilo] and Grosmont. [Bristol Group] Saturday 4 June Field Visit - Medieval Worcester: the cathedral and environs. Details to be finalised. [Branch] Saturday 18 June Field Visit - The Churches of North Herefordshire and South Shropshire. Conducted visit led by Mickie O'Neill. [Bristol Group] Saturday 2 July ‘Misericords’ - Illustrated talk by Peggy Martin [Branch]

Please note: during May we are also planning to spend a day in Medieval . This will in- clude looking at medieval buildings and a private visit to view medieval civic records (including a letter from Richard III to the City Council requesting a supply of horses!) The event will be held in conjunction with the Tewkesbury Battlefield Society and full details will be available shortly. Additional items may also be ‘squeezed’ in so please keep in touch at Branch or Group level to ensure you remain up-to-date with ongoing plans. Keith Stenner

Nottinghamshire & Derbyshire Group Report We have had a busy and fruitful year with a programme balanced as usual between home meet- ings, local visits, lectures and all-day excursions. Locally we braved a City Ghost Walk, toured Southwell Minster, and visited Holme Pierrepont Hall, a beautifully warm redbrick, fifteenth-century mansion guided by Robin Brackenbury whose family have lived there for more than four hundred years. Further afield we visited the marvellous Gothic Art for England exhibition at the V & A and made a journey into the North Country taking in the wonderful peace of Rievaulx Abbey (those monks certainly knew where to settle) and to Scarborough Castle. Apart from the obvious lure of paddling in the sea (well, I got my feet wet!) we were fascinated to find that we were there exact- ly five hundred and twenty five years to the day from Richard's visit, when he went to inspect and oversee the building of a new jetty in the harbour. In August, Broughton Castle was jewel-like in its green Oxfordshire setting, a glorious back- drop for many scenes in the Oscar winning film Shakespeare in Love. Quite a thrill to stand where Colin Firth stood! – and Joseph Fiennes is in fact a distant relation of the family who have lived there since Elizabethan times. Our planned talk on The Greys of Bradgate had to be cancelled due to the speaker’s illness, but Jean Townsend of the Lincolnshire Branch kindly stepped into the breach to give us ‘The Death of Kings’, an excellent overview of royal mortality from the Tudors onward. We generally try to have two talks a year and our second was really an on-site, on-the-move affair. With the knowledgeable guidance of Jill Campbell and Mike Cox we trudged the muddy length of East Stoke Battlefield, seeing the Burran Stone, the local church and both ends of the infamous ‘Red Gutter’, an unexpectedly high ridge with a deep track now densely covered in un- dergrowth. Despite this, it was still impressive to look down that steep slope and imagine the treacherous footing as the fleeing Yorkists slipped downwards on the bodies and blood of their fallen companions. Home meetings have been slightly more mundane with our annual book & bric-a-brac sale, quizzes and videos, but one very successful one was an afternoon of Medieval Cookery, swap-

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ping recipes and tasting home-made examples such as date and honey sweetmeats, wonderful fla- voured bread, and even my own cheese and mushroom pasties were well received. Finally at our Midwinter Fuddle and Quiz, after last year’s Medieval Call My Bluff, we again contrived a new twist on an old theme – wait for it – Ricardian Bingo! We had cards differ- ently printed with various characters in the Richard story and then names were pulled out ran- domly from a container as in normal Bingo. It was a refreshing change to have an activity that depended on luck rather than a good memory or deep academic knowledge. Our only problem was whether to shout out ‘House!’ or ‘Castle!’ I can supply further details if anyone wants to use the game for their own activities. Plans for this year include the Nottingham Galleries of Justice (I understand there is a medie- val section to the tour), Grafton Regis, Raby Castle and a talk by Ann Wroe on Perkin Warbeck. Details are to be found in our Itinerary which I can send to any interested member – you’d be very welcome to join us for one or all of the events; we’re slightly scatty but we don't bite!

Anne Ayres

Worcestershire Branch We have had a good end to 2004, visiting the Shakespeare Centre at Stratford-upon-Avon, which was specially opened for us on a Saturday afternoon, and where we had a talk by Dr Susan Brock on the staging of Shakespeare’s Richard III through the ages by the RSC. This was followed by an excellent tea as well as a chance to see a first folio edition of Shakespeare’s plays, as well as some of the centre’s other early books, including a copy of Holinshed’s chronicles. In October we had a business meeting, followed by three short talks by members on various subjects, and in December we had our Christmas lunch at Holy Innocents Church hall in Kidder- minster with thirty-four people present.

Future Programme 12 March Quiz at Beoley 9 April AGM and chance to browse the branch library, at Holy Innocents Church Hall, Kidderminster 14 April Guided Tour of Ludlow Castle Jane Tinklin

Yorkshire Branch The Branch’s December meeting usually takes the form of a pre-Christmas get-together with members bringing ‘medieval’ (or approximate) dishes. Several of us met this time at our secre- tary Moira Habberjam’s and enjoyed good food, drink and conversation. During the evening we took part in a challenging ‘Picture Quiz’, where one of the questions asked us to identify some famous fifteenth-century people only from their pictured hands. One of us remains convinced that was actually Henry VI – well, have you ever seen them together? On 30 December we went to Sandal, to commemorate the Battle of Wakefield with a brief act of remembrance at the Duke of York’s statue in Manygates Lane followed by a visit to the castle. We are grateful to Sheffield member, Pauline Pogmore, who again provided an arrangement of flowers to be placed by the statue. This year the weather was milder than in 2003, but the party was still glad of refreshments at the castle Visitor Centre and an opportunity to talk about the battle (if the word can be used for such a hurried and muddled disaster) in comfort. Contact numbers for the various Yorkshire Groups may be found on page 54 of the Winter 2004 Bulletin. Members living in the Airedale or Leeds area are welcome to contact me about local monthly meetings in the spring. We have a talk on medieval boats scheduled for June and an evening trip to Skipton (with supper) in July.

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May I remind members that our annual Branch Spring Lecture will take place on Saturday 19 March at 2.00 pm at the Leeds City Art Gallery. Dr Ann Wroe will speak on ‘Perkin War- beck: who was he?’ All members and friends are welcome. On Sunday 20 March (Palm Sun- day) the usual commemoration of the Battle of Towton will be held at Towton Hall, with guided walks of the battlefield and re-enactments by various groups including the Towton Battlefield Society. Events start about 10.00 – 10.30 am. New Branch merchandise, available from our Treasurer Christine Symonds, includes laminat- ed bookmarks (only 50 pence each) showing a range of full colour drawings of Ricardian castles or King Richard and his principal supporters. Ideal for keeping your place in your copy of Mi- chael Jones’ or Ann Wroe’s book! In connection with purchases, please note the Treasurer’s new email address: [email protected]. Angela Moreton

New Members

UK 1 October 2004 – 31 December 2004 Catherine Aitken, Bournemouth Ian Fraser, Leeds Jane Beckley, Farnborough Kathryn Green, Manchester Nigel Birch, Rotherham Vicki Hadfield, Chesterfield Peter Brown, Richmond Isobel Hunt, Mitcheldean Samantha Brown, Weybridge Christine Kirby, Great Bookham Deborah Brown, London Diana Newhill, Blackpool Lynn Buckley, Matlock Marian Owens, Portland Fiona Collier, Salisbury John Price, London Mrs SL Cottrill, Worcester Niamh Riordain, London Helen Cox, Doncaster Richard Shattock, Bangor Simon Craig, Newcastle-on-Tyne Ann Smith, Sevonoaks Anthony Davis, Market Harborough Graham Thomas, Stocksbridge David Evans, Bristol

Overseas 1 October 2004 – 31 December 2004 Mrs S Du Plessis, Vanwyks Dorp, S. Africa Angela Mcdermott, NSW, Australia Isabel Gortazar, Barcelona, Spain

US Branch 1 October 2004 – 31 December 2004 Margaret R Adams, Massachusetts Lorelle J Hunt, California Victoria Ives Adamson, Texas Laura K Johnson, Iowa Barbara & Sarah Ayars, Illinois Barbara Lashmet, Arizona Kristin Canzano, New Jersey Raymond Long, Connecticut Kimberly Klane Dallas, Indiana Marion Low, California Mary Jane Dodds, Wisconsin Erika Millen, Indiana Wendy J Eager, NewYork Theresa Mueller, New York Robert L Felix, South Carolina Victoria Pitman, Oregon Barbara Fleisher, Maryland Stuart Rice, South Dakota Maureen & Matt Giles, Virginia Bettina Ortiz Rini, West Virginia Shawn M Herron, Kentucky Steven B Rogers, Washington Karen Hiatt, California Cynthia Tonkin, Illinois

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Obituaries

Vera Legg We are very sad to report the death of Vera Legg on 28 October 2004. Vera was a founder mem- ber in 1971 of the recently disbanded Kent Branch, and went on to become Chairlady and later President of the Branch. She was instrumental along with many others in having the stained glass window dedicated to the House of York installed in Fotheringhay Church. From the early 1970s when the idea was first suggested Vera worked tirelessly to raise funds for the window to be installed, and this was brought to a successful conclusion with the dedication ceremony in March 1975. Vera was a very private person, a kind and compassionate member of the Society and of our Branch. She steered the Kent Branch through some difficult times, always ready with advice and help. Through her knowledge of Richard III and the Plantagenet times Vera provided quizzes and talks at our meetings to the enjoyment of all. I am sure all ex-Kent Branch members will join with us in conveying our sincere sympathy to Vera’s family. We will remember her with affection. Joan and Alf Daniels

Jack Leslau Sad news at the passing of Jack Leslau on 6 December 2004 after a final two and a half month illness. I am sure that those who knew him will agree that it was only his spirit that kept him searching for his goal that kept him with us for so long. Although never a member of the Society, many members would have known Jack from his articles in our publications and the responses they generated (perhaps a reprint would be a fitting tribute to the over a quarter of a century’s work that he shared with us?) plus talks to branches and groups with performances of his play ‘The Debt’ too, and television appearances. Jack was certainly a ‘larger than life’ character, once met, never forgotten. His theories will go on, strengthened by a team of academics (Jack was self taught) he had placed in waiting to take over. Hopefully one day this will bring final proof. Doug Weeks

Future Society Events Continued from page 56

Forthcoming Event

The Norwich Study Day The Norfolk Branch of the Society presents: ‘Knighthood and Battle – the Hundred Years’ War and the Wars of the Roses’, 12 November 2005, at the Assembly House, Theatre Street, Nor- wich. Cost: £16.00. Speakers to include Dr Michael K. Jones and Prof. Anne Curry. Full pro- gramme and booking form in the Summer issue of the Bulletin. If you wish to book in advance please telephone: Annmarie Hayek on 01603-664012. NB the raffle at the 2004 Study Day raised £40.00 for the Ricardian Churches Restoration Fund Annmarie Hayek 63

Calendar

We run a calendar of all forthcoming events: if you are aware of any events of Ricardian inter- est, whether organised by the Society - Committee, Visits Team, Research Committee, Branch- es/Groups, or by others, please let the Editor have full details, in sufficient time for entry. The calendar will also be run on the website, and, with full details, for members, on the intranet.

Date(s) Events Originator 2005 12 March Requiem Mass, St Etheldreda’s, Buffet and Wreath Visits Committee laying Westminster Abbey See page 55 19 March Yorkshire Branch Annual Lecture - Dr Ann Wroe Yorkshire Branch ‘Perkin Warbeck: who was he?’ See page 62

20 March Towton Battle Commemoration Yorkshire Branch See page 62 15-17 April Cambridge Triennial Conference, Queens’ College, Research Officer Cambridge See page 55

21 May Visit to Hertford Castle and Hatfield House Visits Committee See page 55 4 June Repeat visit to Colchester, St John’s Abbey Gatehouse Visits Committee medieval seals See page 55 11 June Croydon Group 25th anniversary / Joyce Melhuish See page 56 Commemorative Event, Seaford, Sussex 29 June-5 July Visit to Scotland Visits Committee

20 August Bosworth commemoration – Leicester, service, Visits Committee plaque unveiling, tea September Week-end visit to Mechelen for ‘City in Female Date to be Hands: Women of Distinction’ including Margaret of confirmed York and Margaret of Austria 1 October AGM and Members’ Day, English Heritage Lecture Theatre, Savile Row, London 12 November Norwich Study Day - ‘Knighthood and Battle - the Norfolk Branch Hundred Years’ War and the Wars of the Roses’ See page 63

10 December Fotheringhay Nine Lessons and Carols and Lunch Fotheringhay Co- Ordinator

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