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Global Diversity of Dipteran Families (Insecta Diptera)

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Global Diversity of Dipteran Families (Insecta Diptera) CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Entomology Publications Entomology 2008 Global diversity of dipteran families (Insecta Diptera) in freshwater (excluding Simulidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Tipulidae and Tabanidae) Rüdiger Wagner University of Kassel Miroslav Barták Czech University of Agriculture Art Borkent Salmon Arm Gregory W. Courtney Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs BoudewPart ofijn the GoBddeeiodivrisersity Commons, Biology Commons, Entomology Commons, and the TRoyerarle Bestrlgiialan a Indnstit Aquaute of Nticat uErcaol Scienlogyce Cs ommons TheSee nex tompc page forle addte bitioniblaiol agruthorapshic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ent_pubs/41. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Rüdiger Wagner, Miroslav Barták, Art Borkent, Gregory W. Courtney, Boudewijn Goddeeris, Jean-Paul Haenni, Lloyd Knutson, Adrian Pont, Graham E. Rotheray, Rudolf Rozkošný, Bradley Sinclair, Norman Woodley, Tadeusz Zatwarnicki, and Peter Zwick This book chapter is available at Digital Repository @ Iowa State University: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/41 Hydrobiologia (2008) 595:489–519 DOI 10.1007/s10750-007-9127-9 FRESHWATER ANIMAL DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT Global diversity of dipteran families (Insecta Diptera) in freshwater (excluding Simulidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Tipulidae and Tabanidae) Ru¨diger Wagner Æ Miroslav Barta´k Æ Art Borkent Æ Gregory Courtney Æ Boudewijn Goddeeris Æ Jean-Paul Haenni Æ Lloyd Knutson Æ Adrian Pont Æ Graham E. Rotheray Æ Rudolf Rozkosˇny´ Æ Bradley Sinclair Æ Norman Woodley Æ Tadeusz Zatwarnicki Æ Peter Zwick Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Today’s knowledge of worldwide species realize a dramatically decline or even lack of special- diversity of 19 families of aquatic Diptera in Conti- ists being able, having the time or the opportunity to nental Waters is presented. Nevertheless, we have to extend or even secure the present information. The face for certain in most groups a restricted knowledge respective families with approximate numbers of about distribution, ecology and systematic, particu- aquatic species are: Blephariceridae (308), Deutero- larly in the tropical environments. At the same time we phlebiidae (14), Nyphomyiidae (7), Psychodidae (*2.000), Scatopsidae (*5), Tanyderidae (41), Pty- Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Le´veˆque, H. Segers & K. chopteridae (69), Dixidae (173), Corethrellidae (97), Martens Chaoboridae (*50), Thaumaleidae (*170), Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment R. Wagner (&) G. E. Rotheray University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK e-mail: [email protected] R. Rozkosˇny´ M. Barta´k Institute of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk Univerity, Czech University of Agriculture, Praha, Czech Republic Brno, Czech Republic A. Borkent B. Sinclair Salmon Arm, British Columbia, Canada Ontario Plant Laboratories, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada G. Courtney Iowa State University, Ames, USA N. Woodley USDA, c/o Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, B. Goddeeris USA Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium T. Zatwarnicki Department of Zoology, Academy of Agriculture, J.-P. Haenni Wroclaw, Poland Muse´um d’histoire naturelle, Neuchaˆtel, Switzerland P. Zwick L. Knutson Schwarzer Stock 9, 36110 Schlitz, Germany Salita degli Albito 29 (Via Aragonese), Gaeta, LT 04024, Italy A. Pont Goring-on-Thames, Reading RG8 0EP, UK 123 490 Hydrobiologia (2008) 595:489–519 Ceratopogonidae (*6.000), Stratiomyidae (*43), Authors have tried to provide most complete up to Empididae (*660), Lonchopteridae (2), Syrphidae date information, however, in many cases knowledge (*1.080), Sciomyzidae (*190), Ephydridae and existing databases are still far from being (*1.500), Muscidae (*870). Numbers of aquatic complete. species will surely increase with increased ecological and taxonomical efforts. Introduction Keywords Aquatic Diptera Á Continental waters Á Diversity Á Distribution Á State of knowledge Family Blephariceridae (P. Zwick) For a long time, the slender, long-legged net-winged Foreword midges (wing lengths between 4 and 12 mm) were first known by the name Blepharoceridae in the With few exceptions it is difficult to extract from the 1840s. Blepharicerid larvae and pupae were only numerous Diptera families those with aquatic or discovered in 1881. They inhabit fast flowing, often ‘water dependent’ species. A key problem for most torrential waters, from sea-level to high mountains. groups is the lack of knowledge on larval ecology and Larvae attach to smooth rock substrata with their morphology of many taxa on the one hand, and the suckers, head upstream, some resisting speeds of flow great ecological plasticity on the other hand. In over 1 m s–1. Locomotion is by successive detach- general, the majority of ‘water dependent’ larvae and ment of suckers and is slow, except during sideways pupae live in moist to wet grounds (providing (!) escape gate. substratum, shelter and food) in the surrounding of Distribution on inhabited lands is not uniform, for springs, streams, rivers, ponds lakes or in wetlands ecological reasons, plains and terrain without rock where they may occupy a multitude of spatially and substrata cannot be colonized. Blephariceridae are temporally variable habitats. also absent from sandstone and other coarse grained A restricted amount of families show unquestion- rocks to which suckers cannot attach. Most species able aquatic life cycles, i.e. Chaoboridae and occur in permanent streams, but some taxa with long Corethrellidae, that are almost exclusively found in egg diapause survive or even specialize (Dioptopsis) the pelagic zone of standing water bodies, or in the in intermittent water courses. families of Blephariceromorpha whose larvae live almost only in torrential mountain streams. Recently, a few Diptera families have been reported from Family Deuterophlebiidae aquatic habitats, e.g. Lonchopteridae (Vaillant, (G. Courtney & R. Wagner) 2002), Scatopsidae (Haenni, Vaillant pers. comm.), and Bibionidae (own observation). Another example Deuterophlebiidae (mountain midges) is one of the is the family Dolichopodidae; several thousand most specialized dipterous insects. The larvae and species have been described until now. Some species pupae of these small flies (\4 mm) are aquatic, found exhibit aquatic development of larvae; however, mostly in cold torrential streams, but ranging from larval ecology of most species remains totally small high-gradient creeks to large low-gradient unknown. A compilation of ‘water dependent rivers (Turner et al., 1986; Courtney, 1991a). Larvae other Diptera’ (to our best knowledge) is given in and pupae are restricted to riffle habitats where they Table 1. adhere to larger stones. Among the structural and Some families were left out of this assessment ecological adaptations are eversible larval prolegs because we could not find available specialists to deal and flattened streamlined pupae. Adults have com- with the worldwide diversity of these groups (e.g. paratively large wings and males extremely long Athericidae, Rhagionidae, Tabanidae). This is a antennae. Adults that have vestigial mouthparts, live strikingly clear indication of a dramatic loss or even for only a few hours (Courtney, 1991a, 1994a). lack of taxonomic specialists—not only in aquatic Univoltine, synchronous life cycles are typical of Diptera—all over the world. most Nearctic species but bivoltine, asynchronous 123 Hydrobiologia (2008) 595:489–519 491 Table 1 Compilation of Suborder: Nematocera Suborder: Brachycera ‘water dependent’ Diptera families Infraorder: Blephariceromorpha Infraorder: Tabanomorpha Superfamily: Blephariceroidea Superfamily: Tabanoidea Family: Blephariceridae Family: Tabanidae Family: Deuterophlebiidae Family: Rhagionidae Superfamily: Nymphomyioidea Superfamily: Stratiomyoidea Family: Nymphomyiidae Family: Stratiomyidae Superfamily: Bibionoidea Infraorder: Asilomorpha Family: Bibionidae Superfamily: Empidoidea Infraorder: Psychodomorpha Family: Empididae Superfamily: Psychodoidea Family: Dolichopodidae Family: Psychodidae Infraorder: Muscomorpha Family: Scatopsidae Section: Aschiza Infraorder: Ptychopteromorpha Superfamily: Platypezoidea Family: Tanyderidae Family: Lonchopteridae Family: Ptychopteridae Superfamily: Syrphoidea Infraorder: Culicomorpha Family: Syrphidae Superfamily: Culicoidea Section: Schizophora Family: Dixidae Subsection: Acalyptratae Family: Corethrellidae Superfamily: Lauxanioidea Family: Chaoboridae Family: Sciomyzidae Family: Culicidae Superfamily: Sphaeroceroidea Superfamily: Chironomoidea Fam: Heleomyzidae Family: Thaumaleidae Fam: Sphaeroceridae Family: Simulidae Superfamily: Ephydroidea Family: Ceratopogonidae Family: Ephydridae Family: Chironomidae Subsection: Calyptratae Superfamily: Muscoidea Family: Muscidae life cycles were also reported by Courtney (1991a); & Courtney, 1995) suggest the Nymphomyiidae are seasonal, habitat and reproductive isolation of
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