© in This Web Service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2 Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet Index More information

Index

Abbasid caliphate, 415–16 timar system and, 293–6. See also bureaucracy ‘Abbas I (Safavid shah), 41–2, 53–4, 138–9 in Ottoman Empire Abdüllatif Çelebi. See Latifí Aegean Islands Abdülvehhab Efendi, 193–5 Ottoman raids on, 141–8 Abdüssamed Diyarbekri, 29 Ottoman western Mediterranean expansion absolutism and domination of, 155–70 architecture as reflection of, 465 Venetian attacks on, 152 central European dynasties’ adoption of, ağa bölükleri, janissary restructuring as, 282–4 251–2 ağas, architectural projects by, 472 domestic borrowing rejected by Ottoman, age data, population demographics 256–8 based on, 363 Ottoman expansion and role of, 248–52 agriculture Abu Bakir Darani, 147–8 harvest cycle and, 416 Abu Hanıfa, 339–40 nomad involvement in, 398–401 Abūl-Fidā al-Hamawi, 422 Ahbar ad-duwal wa atar, 449–50 Acem Alisi (Alaüddin), 511 ahi confraternities, 466–70 Aceman, 494 ahidname action radius, military strategy and importance Ottoman economic policy and granting of, 279 of, 261 adaletnames (justice edicts), 334–7 trade policies and, 6–7 Addi Quarro, battle of, 184 Ahlak-ı Alâî (Kınalızade), 435–8 Aden, Ottoman control of, 177–9 Ahmad b. Majid, 425, 426–7 Adja’ib al-makhluqatwa ghara’ib al-mawdjudat Ahmed (son of Bayezid II), 30–2, 103–4, 105, (Wonders of creation and marvels of 207–8 existence), 540–2 Ahmed Bey (nazır-ı emval), 193–5 administrative structure in Ottoman Ahmed I (1603–17), 454–5 Empire judiciary corruption and, 334–7 beylerbeylik of Egypt and Hijaz and, 186–90 Ahmedi, 446 capital formation in Ottoman polity and, Ahmed Karahisari Qur’an, 498–501 262–7 Ahmed Pașa, 32, 114–15, 184 economic policies and ideology and, 258–62 gazel poetry and, 568–70 financial administrative shortcomings and poetic discourses of, 583–6 collection cost increases, 254–6 Ahval-i kiyamet, 454–5 governance in Ottoman Empire and, 205–40 Aja’ib al-makhluqat, 412–15 institutions of government and, 222–32 Akbar (1542–1605), 348–9 in post-conquest Ottoman regions, 63–4 Akdağ, Mustafa, 116, 384, 385–6 private profit limitations and, 267–9 Akhlaq-i Jalali (Dawwani), 435 sultan’s authority and, 207–18 Akhlaq-i Nasiri (Nasiruddin Tusi), 435

665

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2 Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet Index More information

Index

Akkerman grain harvests in, 383 Bayezid II and, 27–8, 50–1 internal disorder in 1526–9 in, 228 Ottoman occupation of, 9 Islam’s roots in, 320–1 Akkoyunlu, Turkoman confederation judiciary system in, 328–9 architecture of, 474 Mediterranean coastline seized, 144 decorative aesthetic of, 474–86, 490–1 Mehmed II’s administration of, 74–91 expansion in Anatolia of, 276–7 nomad migration from, 398–401 Mamluks and, 86–91 Ottoman expansion and control in, 74–96 Ottoman expansion in, 10, 26, 79–81, 85–91 in poetry, 574–5 Ak Şemseddin, 324, 343 population demographics in, 375–9, 385–6 Alanya, Ottoman capture of, 144 post-conquest rebellion in, 211–12 Alaüddevle, 28–9, 30–2, 89–90, 92, 94 provincial government in, 225–6 Selim I/Isma’il war and, 108, 110–13 revolt in 1520 in, 115–17 Al-‘Aylam az-zahir fi ahwa ‘il wa l’awahir Selim I and, 30–2, 107 (Cenabi), 449–50 Süleyman and, 32–3, 34, 44 Alba Iulia, treaty of, 37–8 See also Rum Albania Ancona, 261–2, 270–1 migration from, 394–5 Angelović, Mikhail, 23–4 Ottoman expansion into, 25, 28 Angiolello, Giovan Maria, 144n23, 146n40, Skanderbeg uprising in, 9–10 149n68, 152–3 Aleppo Anis al-‘Ushshaq (Ramii), 581–3 Selim I’s conquest of, 475 Antalya, Venetian attack on, 144 urbanization and population growth in, antinomian beliefs, 343 379–82 of ulemas, syncretism with Islam, 320–1 Alexander VI (Pope), 27–30, 69–70 Arabic al faraj ba’d al-shidda (relief after distress), 427 influence on Rum literary tradition of, 552–5, Alfonso, D., 199 558n29, 558–60, 559n34 Ali Dede Sigetvarî, 342–3 learning tools for, 560–2 Ali Ekber, 425–6 in Ottoman historical sources, 4 Ali Kuşçu, 415–16 prose structure and, 562–5 Alkas Mirza, 36–7, 123–5 d’Aramon, Gabriel (French ambassador), 161, Al-Malik al-Ashraf Inal, 347–8 162–3, 163n179 Al-manhaj al-sawi wa l’manhal al-rawi fi l-tibb archaeometry, Ottoman historical sources and, al-nabawī (Suyuti), 432 15–16 Al-miftah al-jafr al-jami (Bistami text), 491–2 archeology, Ottoman historical sources and, 15–16 alum mines, 142–3 architecture Amasya in Bayezid II’s reign, 8–9 calligraphy and book arts in, 478–9 elites’ patronage and advancement of, 466–70, palace complex in, 462, 466, 469 472–4, 491–528 poetry in court of, 581–3 imperial aesthetic in, 510–28 treaty of (1555), 38–9, 41, 126–32, 340 monumental cursive scripts and, 480 America, Ottoman knowledge of, 425–6 Ottoman religious architecture, 407–8 Amr ibn Davud, 179–80 political transformation and imperial ethos Amir Khusrav Dehlavi, 488–90 reflected in, 459–74 Anatolia representations of power in, 529–32 architecture in, 474 in Rum, 556n25 auxiliary forces in, 296–7 Armenians bandit armies in, 386–7 under Mehmed II, 322–5 Bayezid II’s incursions into, 28–9 population data on, 369–70 carpet production and export in, 484–5 army judges. See kadıaskers

666

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army of the Ottoman Empire Aulic War Council, 316–17 auxiliary forces in, 296–7 autobiography deployments in 1453 campaign and, 303 in poetry, 572–6 fortress garrisons in, 297–302 in prose, 576–8, 578n90 historiography concerning, 280–2 auxiliary military forces in Ottoman Empire, 303 janissaries as land force of, 282–4 avariz registers salaried horsemen in, 284–6 costs of war and conquest and, 13–15 sipahis in, 286–96 population data from, 363–5 artisan production Ayalon, David 117 costs of war and conquest and drafting of, 14 Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia) church/mosque, 324, decorative aesthetic and, 474–86 378–9, 415–16, 465–6 longevity of Ottoman political economy and, artistic images of, 534–43 272–4 Ayas Paşa, 452 ornament aesthetic and, 493–504 Aydınoğulları, history of, 449 profit limitations on, 267 Aynı Ali, 214–15, 434–5 regional trading and, 6–7 Ayşe Sultan, 539 sürgün migrations and, 391–2 azeb (azab), 307–8 arts in Bayezid II’s reign, 8–9 Baba İlyas-ı Horasani, 321 imperial image articulated in, 491–528 Baba Nakkaş ceramics, 476–80 Ottoman literary discourse on, 544–7 Baba Zul-Nun, 340 visual arts, 457–60 Babai uprising, 321, 346–7 See also architecture; literary production and babas (spiritual leaders), 321 tradition; visual arts Baghdad, as cultural center, 542–3 aruz metric form, poetry in, 567, 581–3 al-Baghdadi, 325–6 Asafname (Lütfi Paşa), 434–5 Baharistan (Land of Spring) (Jami), 538, 586–9 ashlar masonry, in Ottoman architecture, 469 Bahjatu t-tawarikh (Şükrullah), 449 Asian Mode of Production, imperial revenues Bahrü‘l-Ma’arif (The Sea of Knowledge), 581–3 and expenditures and, 246 Baki (poet), 218–19, 432, 568–70, 578–9 Aşik Çelebi, 445–6, 548, 559–60, 567 Baykara meclisi (literary gathering), 555n22 biographical dictionary of, 589–91 Balastero, Andrea, 151 discourses on poetry by, 559n34, 584, 590n123 Balbi, Nicolò, 166 Aşikpaşazade, Ottoman chronicler, 409 Balbi da Correggio, 164n192, 164–5 on Bayezid II, 113 Balım Sultan, 346–7 historical narratives of, 3–4, 447–8 Balkans on Mehmed II, 74–5, 75n5, 77–8, 80, 81, 92–3 Catholic population in, 370–2 prose style of, 562–5 cizye payments in, 363–5 askeri. See military administrative class (askeri) forced migrations from, 390–3 Assmann, Jan, 439 gazi architectural projects in, 473 astrology, Ottoman interest in, 416–18 Islamization in, 374–5 prognostications and end of time predictions nomad migration from Anatolia to, 398–401 and, 453–5 in official illustrated histories, 508–9 astronomy, Ottoman knowledge of, 415–20 Ottoman expansion into, 249–52, 256–8 Astuacatar, 322–5 population data for, 370, 372 Atayi, Nevizade, 332, 342, 576–8 timar system in, 287 Athar al-bilad, 412–13 See also Albania; Bosnia; Hungary Atjeh, Sultan of, 243–4 bandit armies, integration of, 386–7 atlases, Ottoman production of, 421–3 Barakat II b. Muhammad b. Barakat (Şerif of Attar (scholar and writer), 560–2, 576–8 Mecca), 349–50 attraction (mahabbet), Ottoman principle of, 435–8 Barbaro, Giosafatte, 84

667

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Barbarossa/Barbaros. See Hayreddin state expansion under, 19–20 Barbera, Benedicto, 150 Sunni Islam under, 11 Barbosa, Duarte, 189–90 Bayındır (Emir), 474 Barendse, René J. 196–7 Baykara, Hüseyin, 555–6 Barkan, Ömer Lütfi, 246, 262–3, 267, 361–2, 375–6 Bayrami dervish order, 321, 324, 343 Barkey, Karen, 386–7 illicit branches of, 343–7 Basra, beylerbeylik established in, 181–2, 352–4 Baysungur, 86 Bathori, Stephen, 42, 53–4 Bedayiü‘l-Asar (Most Ornate Stories), 576–8 Battalname, 441–2, 552–5 Bektaşi, 321, 345, 346–7, 372–3, 441–2 Bayezid (son of Süleyman), 38–9, 126, 127–8, belagat poetic technique, 584–5 207–8, 220, 238–9 Bergama, carpet production in, 484–5 Bayezid I (1389–1402), 2, 9, 347–8 Beyan-ı Menazil-i Sefer-i Irakeyn (Mecmua-i Byzantines and, 395 Menazil), 505–7 Timur’s attacks on, 365–6 beylerbeylik Bayezid II (1481–1512) of Egypt and the Hijaz, 186–90 administrative legacy of, 239–40 establishment in Basra of, 181–2 anonymous texts concerning, 2–3 establishment in Yemen of, 179–80, 181, 191–3 architecture in reign of, 8–9, 466, 472, 477–69 of Ethiopia, 193–5 art in reign of, 8–9, 487–90 provincial government structure, 225–6 astronomers in court of, 417 beylerbeyis calligraphy and book arts under, 478–9 architectural projects of, 472–3 collections of art and manuscript in reign governmental duties of, 226–32 of, 476 judiciary as check on, 232–3 colleges founded by, 333–4 biographical dictionaries Halvetiye religious order and, 342 development in Rum of, 548–51, 559–60 Hanefi school of Islamic law and, 234–6 histories of Rum poets as, 586–92 historical writing in reign of, 439 table of, 588–92 history of reign of, 27–30, 45, 173–5 Birgevi Mehmed b. Pir Ali, 341–3, 411, 432–3 janissaries under, 216–17 Bistami, Abd al-Rahman al-, 491–2, 539–40 land and tax laws under, 237 Blackburn, Richard, 191 leadership style of, 219–20 Black Sea legal system under, 325–6 Mehmed II’s expansion in, 79, 144–5 library of, 409 Ottoman expansion in, 25–6, 52, 57–9 literary patronage in reign of, 552–6, 562–5 piracy in, 74–5 Mamluks and, 91–6 Blount, Henry, 171–2 Mediterranean expansion under, 148–55 Bocskai, István, 63–4 Mehmed II and, 22 Bodrum, 154 as Mehmed II’s successor, 148 body and health, Ottoman knowledge of, 430–3 naval forces under, 304 book arts periodization in regime of, 50–2 manuscript culture in Rum and, 551n8 population growth under, 375–9 See also calligraphy and book arts Quaytbay and, 94–6 Book of Dede Korkut, 441–2 religious institutions in reign of, 339–40, 346–7 Book of Forty Questions, 414–15 rivalry with Cem (brother), 27–30, 50–2, 91–6, border agreements, Ottoman terms for, 13 148–9, 149n68, 207–8 border regions in Ottoman Empire scholarly and literary activities sponsored geographic knowledge and, 421–3 by, 3 migration patterns in, 396–8 Selim’s rebellion against, 444 Bosnian kingdom Shah Isma’il, 102–4, 105–6 fortress garrisons in, 300 standing army under, 282–4 Islamization in, 374–5

668

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Ottoman expansion into, 9–10, 22–3, 49–50 Ottoman development of, 45 as Ottoman province, 225–6 urbanization and population growth in, Botero, Giovanni, 248–9 379–82 Boxer, C. R., 195–6, 198 Çaldıran, battle of (1514), 19–20, 30–2, 109–10 Brahe, Tycho, 419 caliphate Branković, George, 22, 23–4 declining status of, 350 Branković, Lazar, 23–4 Ottoman legal theory and, 325–6 Braudel, Fernand, 174–5, 195–6, 197–8, 361 social order and position of, 437–8 Brummett, Palmira, 21, 44–73 calligraphy and book arts, 476–80 Buonrizzo, Alvise, 166–7 ornament aesthetic and, 493–504 Burak Reis, 149–50, 151 Cami’ün-Neza’ir (A Compilation of Parallel bureaucratization in Ottoman Empire Poems), 580–1 architectural influence of,51 1–13, 527–8 Campanella, Tommaso, 396 as historical source, 5 canal construction, Selim II’s initiatives for, 39–40 impact of war on, 55–7 Canale, Nicolò da, 25, 144n23 institutions of government and, 222–32 Canatar, Mehmet, 366–7 integration of military and, 65–8 Çandarlı dynasty, 212–13, 321, 337–8 Ottoman capital formation and servile status Çandarlı Halil, 212–13 of bureaucrats, 263 Çandarlı İbrahim, 212–13 Ottoman Red Sea expansion and importance cannon foundries, Ottoman armanents of, 185–6 technology and, 309–10 post-conquest administration, 63–4 Caoursin, 148 prose structure development and, 562–5 capital formation, Ottoman economic policies state stability linked to, 20 and, 262–7 structural reforms in, 100 Capsali, Moses, 322–5 See also beylerbeylik captives of Ottoman soldiers, forced migration Bursa of, 387–90 caravansarys in, 472 Caraldo, Pero, 177–9 economic productivity in, 273 caravansarys, pilgrimages to Mecca and, 352–4 historical sources on, 5 Carlos V (King of Spain), 177–9 kadı hierarchy in, 328, 332–4 carpet production, 484–5, 501 population estimates for, 376 Castaldo, Giovan Battista, 37–8 private profit limitations in, 268 castles, fortress garrisons in, 297–302 slave population in, 370 Cateau-Cambrésis, peace of, 38–9, 121–2 textile production in, 481 Catholics in Ottoman Empire Busbecq, Ogier Ghislain de (Habsburg Orthodox Christians’ dispute with, 374 ambassador), 121–2, 126–7, 163–4, 248 population data for, 370–1 on plague outbreaks, 365–6 Cavalli, Marino, 156–7 Byzantine Empire cavalry in Ottoman army, 284–6 decline of, 276–7 cebecis in Ottoman army, 285–6 migration patterns in, 395 cebelis, timar system and, 293–6 Ottoman identification with, 241–2 Celâleddîn-i Rumi, 343, 576–8 celalis, 43, 55, 386–7 Cafer Paşa, 170–1 Celalzade Mustafa Çelebi Caffa (Kefe), Ottoman capture of, 144–5 administrative legacy of, 239–40 Cairo dynastic rivalries and, 209–10, 223–4 cultural influence of, 475 as historical source, 4, 70–3, 100 fortress garrisons in, 301–2 histories written by, 444–5, 452 kadı hierarchy in, 332–4 prose works by, 562–5 Mamluk presence in, 174–5 Çelebi Paşa, 572–6, 581–3

669

Index

celep appointments warfare justified as defense against, military provisioning system and, 310 277–80 Ottoman capital formation and, 264–5, See also Orthodox Christianity; Protestants 269–72, 273, 274–5 Chronology of Ottoman history, xvii–xxi Celvetiye dervishes, 343 çift, Ottoman laws relating to, 236–7 cemaat (artisan communities), 493–504 Ciğalazade Sinan Paşa, 137, 170–1, 215–16 cemaat (janissary corps), 400 Cihannüma (Katip Çelebi), 423 cemaat-i nakkaşan, 493, 494 Cihannüma (Neşri), 449 Cemili (poet), 579–80 Cinani (poet), 576–8 Cem Sultan, 9–10, 45 Ciudadela, 163–4 Bayezid II rivalry with, 27–30, 50–2, 91–6, cizye registers, population data from, 363–5 148–9, 149n68, 207–8, 472 ‘classical age’, Ottoman history in context of, 2 calligraphy and book arts in court of, 476–80 classicism, Ottoman visual arts and, 457–8 execution of sons of, 221 climes (iqlim), Ottoman system of, 420–1, 422 in Italy, 425 coffee trading, Ottoman Red Sea expansion literature commissioned by, 434 and, 185 pilgrimage to Mecca of, 351–2 collective homage, in Ottoman Cenabi, 449–50 conquests, 48–9 Cenderecizade Mehmed, 546–7 college system in Ottoman empire, 326–32 ceramics ulema career path through, 332–4 ceramic tile, architectural incorporation of, ‘command economy’, interregional/inter- 470–2, 511 empire trading and, 6–7 decorative aesthetic of, 480–1, 496, 501–4 commentaries (şerh) on poetry, 581–3 faience pottery, 8–9 communication systems in Ottoman Empire, Çeşme, 152 intermediaries in trans-imperial zone Chagatai language, poetry in, 555–6, 557n27, and, 61–2 580n96 conquest Charles V (King of Spain and Holy Roman historial definitions of, 48–9 Emperor), 12, 32–3, 35–6, 159–64 rhetoric for proclamation of, 70–3 domestic borrowing under, 252–3 territorial incorporation following, 211–12 power aspirations of, 277 Constantine XI, Mehmed II’s alliance with, 22 Süleyman I’s campaign against, 51–2, 67–8, Constantinople. See Istanbul 241–2 Constitution Livornina, 261–2 Charles VIII (King of France), 27–30 Contarini, Paolo, 168–9 China Conti, Sigismondo de’, 145–6 knowledge of astronomy in, 415–16 Cook, Michael A., 385–6 Ottoman travel narratives on, 425–6 Copernicus, 419–20 Chios island, Ottoman capture of, 142n59–148, Coptic Christians, 369–70 142–3, 165–6 Corfu, Ottoman attack on, 149–50, 159–60 Christianity Corinth, Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4 in Ottoman Europe, 65–8 Coron (Korone), 150–3, 155 Ottoman expansion and, 11 Correia, Gaspar, 181 in Ottoman paintings, 543 Correr, Giovanni, 131–2 Ottoman Red Sea operations and, 173–5 corsairs Ottoman tolerance of, 248–50 Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and, Red Sea expansion by Ottoman Empire and, 146–7, 149–50, 155–70 176–7 protection in Mediterranean from, 171–2 rhetoric of Ottoman expansion and, 69–70 raids by, 153 tolerance in Istanbul of, 322–5 See also levends in naval fighting force Uzun Hasan’s relations with, 84 Corsaro, Zuan Monaco, 146–7

670

Index

corvée (feudal obligation), Ottoman abolishment Danişmendname, 441–2 of, 250 Danube river, as Ottoman zone of operation, Corvinus, Matthias (King of Hungary), 23–4, 28 57–9 cosmography Darir, Mustafa, 539–40 as encyclopaedia, 412–15 d’Aubusson, Pierre, 93–4 geographic knowledge and, 422 Dávid, Géza, 19–20 in illustrated manuscripts, 540–2 David of Trabzon, 75–7 Ottoman historiography and, 440 Davud Ağa, 530, 546–7 timekeeping and, 416 Davud Paşa, 28–30, 93–4 Cossack raids, 398 Dawlat-shah (poet), 586–9 costs of war and conquest in Ottoman decorative aesthetic Empire, 13–15 defined, 493–504 Counterreformation, 249, 370–2 Ottoman artisan production and, court culture and politics 474–86 decorative aesthetic and, 474–86 defter (register, inventory) ornament aesthetic and, 493–504 pepper and spice trade figures in, 200–1 ‘courtyard of the eight’ (sahn-i seman/semaniye), in Yemen beylerbeylik, 191–3 324 defterdars (finance officers) Couto, Dejanirah, 196–7, 198 governmental duties of, 222–32 Crépy, treaty of, 161 as provincial governors, 226–7 Crete Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, 434–5 Mehmed IV’s occupation of, 172 Deli Hasan, 43 Ottoman attack on, 166–70 delis (army auxiliary forces), 296–7 Crimea, khanate of, 9, 52, 77–8 Delle Navigationi e Viaggi, 423–9 criminal justice, Ottoman law concerning, 235 Demetrios Palaiologos, 22–3, 24, 212 criminals, in naval fighting forces, 307–8 Demirci, Süleyman, 364–5 cultural tradition Derviş Eğlence, (storyteller), 576–8 geography and, 422 dervishes gift exchange in, 474–86 convents of (zaviye), 462–6 ornament aesthetic and, 493–504 illicit orders of, 343–7 representations of power in, 528–43 literature of, 549n5 visual arts and, 458–9 permitted orders of, 341–3 Cüneyd, 97–8, 100–1 ulema as, 320–1 cursus honorum (legal education), 332–4, See also Mevlevi (whirling dervishes) 348–9, 354. See also legal infrastructure in Derviş Paşa, 381 Ottoman Empire Despina Hatun, 76, 79, 98 customs duties, in Ethiopian beylerbeylik, 194–5 De Venetis, Jacobo, 150 Cyprus devlet el-ebed müddet (perpetual state) judicial consultations on proposed conquest ideology, 274 of, 330–1 Devletoğlu Yusuf, 558–9 Ottoman occupation of, 39–40, 57–9, 166–70, devşirme (state levy on non-Muslim boys), 46 352–4 cultural and artistic influence of elites drafted sürgün resettlements in, 391–2 from, 459–60, 472 Islamization in Ottoman Europe through, Dahlak, Ottoman occupation of, 182–3 65–8, 373–4 Damascus in Mehmed II regime, 323–4 textile production in, 481 in official illustrated histories, 508–9 urbanization and population growth in, 379–82 physiognomy and recruitment practices ‘Damascus wares’, 501–4 for, 433 al-Damiri, 429 upward mobility through, 216–18, 251

671

Index

disease, population demographics and data on, Cyprus conquest and advice of, 330–1 365–6 heresy trials under, 340–1 Diu campaign, 179–80, 191–3, 196–7, 198 as kadıasker of Rumeli, 233, 237–8 divan (poetry collection) Süleyman’s elevation of, 330 commentaries on, 582–3 ulema rules established by, 332 gazel poetry, 567–70 economic policies in Ottoman Empire as historical source, 3, 566n56 capital formation and, 262–7 illuminated manuscripts, 490–1, 538, 544 expansion and, 41–2, 185–6, 241–6 kaside (praise poetry) in, 570–2 financial administration and changing poetic form and content of, 568 conditions in, 254–6 Divan-ı Hümayun Mühimme Defterleri, 187–8 historical legacy of, 274–5 divan-ı-hümayun (Imperial Council), 222–32, imperial revenues and expenditures and, 246–8 248–9, 328 longevity of Ottoman political economy and, judicial decisions by, 329 272–4 Divan-ı Husaini, 544 loss of Ottoman supremacy and, 238–9 Divnić, Juraj, 69–70 migrations in search of income and, 393–5 Diyarbakir, provincial government structure, Ottoman campaigns and, 21 225–6 population increase, food shortages and Djinggis, Khan, 415–16 migration, 382–7 domestic borrowing system private profit accumulation limitations in, Ottoman delay in adoption of, 256–8 267–9 Ottoman revenue adminstration impacted provisionism, fiscalism and traditionalism in by, 252–3 Ottoman administration, 258–62 Donini, 158 in Yemen beylerbeylik, 191–3 Don Juan of Austria, 167–8, 169–70 Edirne Doria, Andrea, 35–6, 155, 161, 162–3, 169 economic productivity in, 273 Doria, Antonio, 159 kadı hierarchy in, 328 Doukas, 75–6 mosque in, 465–6 dry-field agriculture, yield fluctuations in,5–6 palace complex in, 452, 462, 469, 472 Dukakinzade Ahmed Paşa, 212–13 educational institutions Dulgadir, 87–8, 90–1 language learning tools and, 560–2 post-conquest revolt in, 211–12 Rum literary tradition and, 554n20–555, Selim I’s campaign against, 110–13 558n31, 558–60 Dulkadir dynasty, 473–4 See also medreses Durrës, 152 Eğridirli Hacı Kemal, 580–1 Dürr-i Meknun, 413–15, 432–3, 454 Egri fethi Şehnamesi, 538 Düsturname (Enveri), 449 Egypt Dutch, coffee trade and, 185 beylerbeylik of, 186–90 dynastic families fortress garrisons in, 301–2 authority of sultans and, 207–18 Ottoman conquest of, 32, 45, 173, 174–5, 322, history of, 445–9 348–9 kaside (praise poetry) and rise of, 570–2 political, economic and military importance literary patronage by, 552–5, 553n12 to Ottomans of, 185–6 marriage negotiations and, 210–11 Selim I and conquest of, 113, 276–7 tax registers and population estimates for, 361 ebced numerical system, 589–91 See also Cairo Ebul Fazl Mehmed Çelebi, 337–8 ehl-i hıref (artisans working for the palace), Ebul-Hayri Rumi, 434 493–504 Ebu-Muslimname, 441–2 ehl-i kalem (men of the pen), 337–8 Ebussuud Efendi, 132, 166–7, 221–2, 325–6, 329–30 elites administrative legacy of, 221, 239–40 absolutist regimes and control of, 248

672

Index

architectural patronage and construction by, military revolution in, 315–19 472–4, 491–528 Ottoman economic policy and protectionism charities sponsored by, 472 in, 260 courtly paintings and portraits commissioned Ottoman expansion in, 44–73 by, 535–6 post-conquest Ottoman administration in, decorative aesthetic influenced by, 476 63–4 elite vs. folk literatures and, 549n5 Evliya Çelebi, 413–15 fiscal inefficiencies in policies of, 256–8 Evrenosoğlu family, 212–14, 226–32, 473 gift exchange among, 474–86 executions government role of, 221–2 dynastic security and practice of, 207–8, illustrated manuscript patronage by, 532–43 209–10 influence on architecture of, 459–60 sultan’s role in, 221 interregional/inter-empire trading and, 6–7 expansion of Ottoman Empire knowledge production and, 407–8, 415–20 characteristics of, 62–8 military recruitment of, 389–90 conquest and administration patterns in, 63–4 Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7 definitions and terminology, 46–9 Ottoman legal structure and, 325–6 Eastern expansion and consolidation, 104–25 post-conquest co-optation of, 402 political factors in, 248–52 Rum literature and poetry and patronage of, in Red Sea, 173–201 552–5, 553n12 rhetoric of, 68–73 See also ulema (scholar-officials) trans-imperial zones and frontiers in, 59–60 encyclopaedias, cosmography and production zones, stages and context of, 57–62 of, 412–15 expenditures. See revenues and expenditures Enez explosive devices, military development of, Ottoman possession of, 142–3 285–6 Venetian-Ottoman conflict over,14 3–4, exports, Ottoman economic policy and role 144n23 of, 259 England eyalet system (provinces), 185–6 coffee trade and, 185 domestic borrowing in, 256–8 Fadullah b Ruzbihan Khunji, 98 economic policy and foreign trade in, 260–1 faience pottery, 8–9 emerging commercial power of, 44, 172, 241, Farah, Caesar, 191 242–3 Fatih socio-religious complex, 462–6 Ottoman trading and, 6–7 Fatima Sultan, 539 revenues and expenditures in, 247 Fenarizade Muhyiddin Çelebi, 555–6 Enveri, 449 Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 32–4, 35–6, 37–8 Eremya Çelebi, 369–70 Holy League and, 159–60 Erünsal, İsmail, 409 Süleyman’s campaign against, 51–2 esham (tax farm shares), 255, 256–8 Ferdinand I, Duke of Tuscany, 261–2 Eskandar Beg Monshi, 121, 130, 214–15 Ferhad Paşa, 41, 137, 221–2 Ethiopia, Ottoman presence in, 174–5, 181, 182–3, Feridun Ahmed Bey, 4, 533, 544 184 fermans (sultanic commands), 187–8 beylerbeylik of, 193–5 Ferrante (King of Naples), 144 Euboea (Negroponte), 142–3 Ferrara, Constanzo da, 486–7 Venetian loss of, 9, 25 fesahat poetic technique, 584–5 Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4 fetvas (legal opinions) eunuchs, illustrated histories commissioned against astronomy and astrology, 415 by, 538 legal authority of, 234–5, 330 Europe Figueira, Luiz, 181–2 domestic borrowing system in, 252–3 Filarete (Florentine architect), 465 Islamization and, 65–8 Fil Yakup Paşa, 118–19

673

Index

financial policies of Ottoman regimes free market conditions capital formation in Ottoman polity and, longevity of Ottoman political economy and, 262–7 272–4 collection cost increases and administrative Ottoman economic policy and role of, 260 shortcomings, 254–6 frontier narratives, Ottoman historiography economics and, 258–62, 269–72, 274–5 and, 441–2 ‘financial revolution’ in Europe and, 252–3 Fürkatname (Halili), 572–6 imperial revenues and expenditures and, Fuzuli, 440–1 246–8 inefficiencies in,25 6–8 galatat dictionaries, 560–2 longevity of Ottoman political economy and, Galateo, Antonio De Ferrariis, 146, 148 272–4 Garcia de Noronha, D., 180 private profit limitations in, 267–9 Garzoni, Costantino, 168–9 ulema involvement in, 337–8 Gattilusio, Dorino, 147 Firdevsi, 488–90 Gattilusio, Nicolò, 147–8 firearms, Ottoman use of, 173, 174–5 Gazali (poet), 576–8 armaments technology development and, Gazanfer Ağa, 538 309–10 gazavatname histories, 537–8, 539, 574n81 army restructuring based on, 284 gazel poetry artillery units in Ottoman army and, 284–6 form and content of, 567–70 Firuz Ağa, 476–80 by Süleyman I, 578–86 Flanders, domestic borrowing system in, 252–3, Gazi Umur Bey, 146–7 256–8 Gedik Ahmed Paşa, 85 Fleet, Kate, 19–43 execution of, 209–10, 221 Fleischer, Cornell, 450 Mehmed II and, 22, 145–8 Flemming, Barbara, 64–5 mosque of, 466–70 folkloric practices Ottoman expansion and, 26, 149 elite vs. folk literatures, 549n5 gedikli zeamets, 292 Ottoman medical practices and, 432 Gelibolu (Gallipoli), shipyards in, 305 vilayetname folk legends and, 441–2, 443 Gelibolulu, Mustafa Ali, 4, 168, 350, food supplies 417, 421 migration due to shortages in, 393–5 gazel poetry by, 568–70 population demographics and, 382–7 on Iran-Ottoman relations, 139–40 fortresses Künhü‘l-ahbar (world history) by, 450–1 army garrisons in, 297–302 Menakıb-ı Hünerveran of, 494, 544–6 living conditions for soldiers in, 313–15 Nusretname of, 537–8, 542 Ottoman expansion and role of, 60–1 Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and, 172 Foscolo, Andrea, 153 painting and, 544 Fourth Crusade, 9 prose by, 562–5, 563n48, 564n52–65 Fra Bernardino (corsair), 153 statecraft manual by, 434–5 France on Turkish language in Rum, 556–8, 557n27 armaments technology in, 309–10 Genç, Mehmet, 246, 258–62, 267, 269–72 domestic borrowing system in, 252–3 Gencine-i Feth-i Gence, 538 emerging commercial power of, 242–3 Genoa, public debt in, 252–3 Ottoman alliances with, 32–3, 38–9, 159–64 geography Ottoman trading and, 6–7 in illustrated manuscripts, 504–9, 540–2 public debt in, 252–3 of Ottoman expansion, configurations and revenues and expenditures in, 247 zones of, 57–9 François I, 35–6, 159–64 in Ottoman historical sources, 5 fratricide, dynastic disputes and practices of, Ottoman knowledge, 420–3 207–8 spheres of operation and, 70–3

674

Index

travel and Western culture and expanded hâdim al-haramayn (servitor of the two holy knowledge of, 423–9 sanctuaries), sultans as, 349–52 Georgia, Ottoman occupation of, 41, 105 Hadım Ali Paşa, 30 Gerber, Haim, 268 Hadım Süleyman Paşa, 177–9, 191 Gerlach, Stephan, 142n59–148, 170 Hadis-i nev, 425–6 al-Ghazālī, 434 Hafez (poet), 582–3 gift exchange, artisan production and influence Hagia Sophia. See Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia) of, 474–86 church/mosque Giray dynasty, 399–400 hagiographies girih (decorative interlace), 475–6 Ottoman historiography and, 434 Giustiniani, Gieronimo, 165–6 of poets, 445–6 Göde Ahmed Bey, 85–6 Hakim İshak, 340–1 Godhino, Vitorino Magalhães, 177–9, 195–6, 197 Halife, Hasan, 103–4 Golden Horn aesthetic style in faience, 496 Halife Çelebi, 472–4 governance structures in Ottoman Empire, Halil, Çandarli, 22–3, 97–8, 321 205–40 Halili (penname), 572–6 divan-ı-hümayun (Imperial Council), 222–32 Halvetiye order of dervishes, 342, 443 institutions of government and, 222–32 persecution of, 345 processes of government and, 218–38 Sunni ‘right belief’ defended by, 342–3 sultan’s authority and, 207–18 Hamdallah Mustawfi,422 grain harvests and shipments Hamon, Moses, 432 beylerbeyis’ duties regarding, 188–9 Hamza Bali, 342–3, 344–5 food supply estimates and, 382–7 Hamza Saru Görez, Müftü, 107, 142–3, 221–2 protection in Mediterranean of, 171–2 Hanbalis, 348–9 grave registration, 334–7 Hanefi school of Islamic law, 234–6, 238, 320–1, Grimani, Antonio, 151 325–6, 348–9 Gritti, Battista, 144–5 Haniwaldanus, anonymous author, 94–6 Gülistan (Sadi), 560–2, 576–8, 578n90, 582 Haremeyn, beylerbeyis’ duties regarding, 187–8 gunpowder mills (baruthane), Ottoman Hasan Bey, 75–6 armanents technology and, 309–10 Hasan Paşa, 43, 542–3 Hasb-i Hal (Nev’i), 567 Habsburgs hass, tax and population data and, 358–60 Counterreformation initiated by, 249–50 Hass Murad Paşa, 212–13 European military revolution and, 315–19 hatayi decorative aesthetic, 475–6, 495, 501–4 Mehmed III and, 42–3 Hayali (poet), 568–70, 582–3 migration patterns in border regions near, Hayat al-hayavan (al-Damiri), 429 396–8 Haydar (son of Tahmasp), 132–3 military parity with Ottomans of, 277 Haydar the Geomancer, 454–5 Murad III and, 42 Hayreddin Bey, 178 Ottoman confrontation with, 45, 50–2 Hayreddin Reis (Hayreddin Paşa), 12, 153, 225–6, Ottoman Empire rivalry with, 241–2 509 Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and Charles V and, 12, 35–6 conflict with,159– 64 as naval commander, 306 piracy sponsored by, 14–15 western Mediterranean expansion and, 155–70 serfdom under, 250 hazine (treasury), cultural production and, 493 Süleyman and, 32–3, 38–9 health, Ottoman knowledge of, 430–3 War Council of, 251–2 Heberer von Bretten, Johann Michael, 171–2, 387 See also Holy Roman Empire Heinen, Anton, 412–13 Hacı Bektaş, 346–7, 441–2, 473 heliocentric systems, Ottoman disinterest in, Hadidi, 100–1 419–20 Hadikatü‘ssu’ada (Fuzûlî), 440–1 Hemden Paşa, 108

675

Index

Henri II (King of France), 38–9, 161–2 holy war doctrine, Ottoman warfare and role heroic stories, as historical source, 3–4 of, 277–80 Hersekzade Ahmed Paşa, 28–9, 210–11, 212–13, House of Osman, historical narratives of, 451–2 239–40 Hud (Arabian prophet), 440 Heşt Behişt (Amir Khusrav Dehlavi), 488–90 Hülägü (son of Chingiss Han), 415–16 Heşt Bihişt (Bidlisi), 448 humouralism Heşt Bihişt (Eight Gardens of Paradise) (Sehi Kınalızade’s discussion of, 435–7 Bey), 445–6, 586 in Ottoman knowledge of body and health, heterodoxy, in Sunni Islam, 338–47 430–3 Hevesname (Book of Desire) (Cafer Çelebi), Hundi Hatun, 210–11 572–6, 584–5 Hünername (Book of Arts and Skills), 72–3, Hevesname (Book of Desire) (Paşa Çelebi), 572–6, 533–4, 537 581–3 Hungary Hidaya (al-Marghinani), 327–8 Catholic population in, 370–2 Hijaz cizye payments in, 363–5 beylerbeylik of, 186–90 economic importance of, 67–8 Ottoman relations with, 173–5, 185–6 European military revolution and, 315–19 pilgrimages to, 347–8 fortress garrisons in, 297–302 Hijra (627–28), 330–1 janissary participation in campaign for, 283 hilat (honour robes), 474–86 Mehmed II’s focus on, 144–5, 276–7 historical overview of Ottoman Empire naval river flotillas in, 308 from 1451 to 1603, 19–43 Ottoman expansion in, 23–4, 28, 32–3, 38–9, 1451 to mid-sixteenth century, 22–36 42–3, 51–2 mid-sixteenth century to 1603, 36–43 Ottoman military strategy concerning, 279 historiography of Ottoman Empire population estimates for, 376 archaeometry and, 15–16 serfdom in, 250 army structure and history, 280–2 timar system in, 288–96 coverage of international trade and, 195–201 Hunyadi, John, 22 definitions of conquest in, 48–9 Hürrem Sultan/Roxelana (wife of Süleyman I), definitions of Europe and expansion in, 46–9 37–8, 125, 210–11, 388–9 dynastic history and, 445–9 architectural projects influenced by, 511, in illustrated manuscripts, 504–9, 529–43 516–19 imperial revenues and expenditures, data on, Hurufis, 321, 346–7 246–8 Husayn Bayqara, 490–1 official court historiographers and, 508–9 Hüsameddin Ankaravi, 344–5 Ottoman concepts of time and, 439–45 Hüseyin Ağa, 472 pepper and spice trade data and, 199–201 Hüseyin (Emir), 174–5, 177–9 rhetoric of expansion and, 68–73 Hüseyin Hezarfen, 331–2, 336–7 stereotyping of Ottoman Empire and, 1 Hüseyin Paşa, 193–5 world history and, 449–53 Hüsrev and Şirin, 572–6, 573n74 zones, stages, and contexts of, 57–62 Hüsrev Paşa, 133, 380–1 Hızır Bey, 76, 193–5 Hütteroth, Wolf Dieter, 385–6 Hoca Sadeddin, 81–2, 101, 112, 419, 448–9, 452 Holy Apostles, Byzantine Church, Ottoman İbn el-Hac Hasan, 333–4 complex on site of, 462–6 Ibn Iyas, 30–2, 112 Holy League including Venice, 35–6, 39–40, 53–4, İbn Kemal. See Kemapaşazade 159–60, 167–8, 169 İbn Khaldun, 450–1 Holy Roman Empire Ibn Taymiyya, 341–3 governance in, 248–9 Ibn ‘Ulayyan, 39–40, 214–15 Ottoman Empire ambitions and, İbrahim (ruler of Karaman), 22–3, 79–81 241–2 İbrahim Cevri, 417

676

Index

İbrahim Gulşeni, 345–6, 443 income levels İbrahim Müteferrika, 423, 434–5 historical trends in, 259 İbrahim Paşa, grand vizier of Süleyman I, 32, migration patterns and changes to, 393–5 34–5, 114–15, 119–20, 177, 215 timar system and, 288–96 administrative legacy of, 239–40, 504–5 India execution of, 209–10 Moghuls of, 348–9 geographic knowledge under, 424–5 Ottoman knowledge of, 426–8 imperial imagery in artistic projects of, 491–2 pepper and spice trade and, 199–201 as military commander, 218–19, 278–9 Portuguese expansion into, 196 post-conquest rebellions and, 211–12 textile production in, 481 İdrîs Bidlisi, 214–15, 448 Indian Ocean region ignorance, Ottoman concepts of, 407–8 Ottoman expansion in, 12, 173, 243–4 Ilkhanid dynasty, 352–4 Ottoman Red Sea protective operations in, illustrated manuscripts, 476–80, 488–90 175–85 geography and history in, 504–9, 540–2 Portuguese ambitions in, 243–4 multiple copies of, 539 industrial arts, 476–80, 493 ornament aesthetic and, 493, 494 inheritance rights paintings and biographies of authors of, grave registrations and, 334–7 544–7 Ottoman capital formation and infringement representation of power in, 528–9, 532–43 of, 263 ilmiye hierarchy, 331–2 Innocent VIII (Pope), 27–30 knowledge production and, 409–11, 418–19 Inquisition, Islamic inquisitions and, 372–3 İmadüddin Hüseyinoğlu Hasan, 560–2 inşa literary prose, 576–8 Imber, Colin, 21, 158n148 inter-empire trading, growth of, 6–7 Imbros, Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4 interest rates imperial ethos European domestic borrowing system and, architecture influenced by, 459–74 252–3 artistic articulation of images of, 491–528 Islamic prohibitions on interest taking, 256–8 Ottoman European expansion and, 50–1 profit limits and, 268–9 protection of Muslim sanctuaries and, intermediaries, in trans-imperial zone, 61–2 349–52 international trade in Topkapı Palace design, 459–60 Ottoman economic policy and, 258–62, 275 trans-imperial zone and, 59–60 Ottoman expansion and, 195–201 ulema (scholar-officials) and, 322–5 Iran in visual arts, 457–8 fortress garrisons on frontier with, 301 warfare as tool of, 279–80 geography of, 422 imports, Ottoman economic policy and role Ottoman confrontations with, 11, 41–2, 44, of, 259 53–4, 139–40 İnalcık, Halil, 195–6, 198 Ottoman trading with, 6–7 administrative structure and, 63–4 Selim’s ban on trade with, 114 conquest of Constantinople and, 241–2 Süleyman’s relations with, 34–5, 38–9, 113–25 fiscal policies and,55 , 260 treaty of Amasya and, 126–32 on longevity of Ottoman political economy, Iraq 272–3 Jacobites and Nestorians in, 369–70 on Ottoman Balkan expansion, 251 Ottoman provinces in, 225–6, 276–7, 352–4 on Ottoman capital formation and wealth Selim II and, 39–40 accumulation, 263, 264 Isabella of Hungary, Süleyman and, 33–4, 37–8 on population demographics, 361–2 İsa Bey, foundation in Skopje of, 472–3 Red Sea expansion and, 174–5 İsfendiyaroğulları on rural migration patterns, 385–6 Mehmed II’s conquest of, 75–6 on ulemas, 337–8 Uzun Hasan’s alliance with, 79

677

Index

İshak (Karaman ruler), 26, 80–1, 87–8 Catholic population in, 370–2 İskender Bey-Scanderbeg, 213–14 conquest of, 9, 21, 44, 241–2 İskender Çelebi, 209–10 economic and trade importance of, 142–3 İskendername (Ahmedi), 446, 487–8 empire consolidation and, 45 İskender Paşa, 36–7, 125 European influences in, 46–9 Islam Ottoman sources on history of, 2 Christian-Islam confrontations, Ottoman population growth in, 6–7, 377–9 European expansion and, 65–8 religious tolerance in, 322–5 conversions to, 323, 369–75 shipyards in, 305 data on women’s conversion to, 366–9 symbolism in Islam of, 347–8 dominance in post-conquest Constantinople under Mehmed II, 22–3 of, 322–5 istimalet (accommodation/persuasion) Hanefi school of Islamic law and, 234 in Balkan provinces, 251 in illustrated manuscripts, 539–40 decline of, 251–2 institutional polity in Ottoman empire of, 317 Ottoman expansion and role of, 249–50 Iranian-Ottoman conflict and, 11 Italy kaside (praise poetry) and, 570–2 domestic borrowing system in, 256–8 Ottoman embrace of, 45 Mehmed II’s campaign in, 145–8 Ottoman legal system and influence of,232 migrations to Ottoman Empire from, 396 Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80 Muslim slaves in, 14–15 padişah of, 348–9 Ottoman western Mediterranean expansion slavery and conversion to, 372–3 and attacks on, 159–64 voluntary conversions to, 323–4 Ottoman withdrawal from, 27–30 See also Shi’a Islam; Sunni Islam textile production in, 481 Islamic holy cities trading restrictions in ports of, 261–2 beylerbeyis’ duties regarding, 187–8 Ivan IV (RussianTsar) (1547–84), 53–4 kadı hierarchy in, 328 Iyas, Ibn, 112 Mamluk presence in, 174–5 İz, Fahir, 562–5 Ottoman control of, 45, 113 İznik (Nicaea) pottery, 8–9 Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 173–5 sultans as servitors of, 349–52 Jalalnddin Dawani, 435 treaty of Amasya and protection of, 126–7 Jalayrid dynasty, 352–4 Isma’il (son of Tahmasp), 132–9 Janbirdi al-Ghazali, 32, 112–13, 114–15, 117, 211–12 Ismail Abu Taqiyya, 273, 379–80 janissaries İsmail Bey (İsfendiyaroğulları ruler), 75–6, 80 as army land forces, 282–4 Isma’il Safavid (Shah), 10, 29–30, 34–5, 44, 97 Bayezid II and, 27–30 ascends Iranian throne, 322 conversion to Islam among, 373–4 Ottoman Eastern expansion and corsair capture of, 153 consolidation and, 104–25 devşirme as route to service in, 215–16, 282–3 posthumous power of, 116 garrisons in beylerbeyliks of, 179–80, 185–6, religious beliefs of, 339–40 189–90 Safavid ascendancy and, 97–104 living conditions in military garrisons for, Selim I’s war with, 50–2, 70–3, 106–13, 276–7 313–15 İsmihan (daughter of Selim II), 525 in naval forces, 307–8 isolarii (maps and sailing handbooks), 423–5 raiding parties organized by, 397 as illustrated history, 504–5 revolt of, 41 Issawi, Charles, 380 Safavid war and, 108, 126 Istanbul Selim I supported by, 27–30 Albanian migration to, 394–5 support of sultan by, 216–18 architecture in, 459–74 timars received by, 229–30

678

Index

training and selection process for, 216–18 Mamluk involvement in, 86–91 Jeddah, Ottoman protection of, 175 Mehmed II’s campaign against, 22–3, 82–3 Jerba, 161 rebellion in, 212–14 Jewish population in Ottoman Empire Karamanlı Nişancı Mehmed Paşa, 144–5 data on women in, 369 Kara Memi, 496–7 in imperial Istanbul, 322–5 Kara Yazıcı, 43 tax farming by, 262–7, 270–1 kaside (praise poetry), 567–8, 570–2 restrictions on tax farming, 261–2 Kasım (brother of Pir Ahmed), 82 John IV (Byzantine rule of Trebizond/ Kasım Paşa, 114–15 Trabzon), 76 Kaşşaf (Seyyid el-Şerif ), 333–4 judiciary system in Ottoman Empire, 232 Kastriota, George, 25, 394–5. See also Skanderbeg consultations on conquest and war and, 330–1 uprising kadı hierarchy and, 328 Katib Çelebi, 157, 165–6, 168, 170 ulema hierarchy and, 328–32 Cihannüma of, 423, 455–6 venality and unemployment in, 334–7 on Mehmed II, 145 Julius III (Pope), 162–3, 163n179 statecraft manual by, 434–5 juros (Castilian annuities), 252–3 Kitab-i Bahriye (Piri Reis), 427 Kava’idü‘l-Fürs, 560–2, 561n44–562 kadı, 193–5, 222–38 Kaykavus İbn Iskandar, 434 in Bursa, 328 Kazimierz IV (King of Poland), 27–8, 29–30 career mobility of, 332–4 Kemalpaşazade (İbn Kemal), 72–3, 88–9, 92, in Edirne, 328 277–8, 340–1, 344 hierarchy of, 328–32 on Bayezid II regime, 50–1 judicial independence of, 329–30 on Bayezid II’s Mediterranean expansion, 152–3 politicial activities of, 337–8 historical narrative of, 448–9 sürgün migrations, 391–2 on Mehmed II, 81 system of, 232–8 prose work of, 576–8 venality and unemployment of, 334–7 publications of, 560–2 Kadızadeli movement, 341–3 on Selim-Isma’il war, 107, 111 Kadızade Rumi, 415–16 on Venetian-Ottoman conflict, 143–4 Kadri of Bergama, 560–2, 582–3 Kemal Reis, 149–50, 159–60 Kafescioğlu, Çiğdem, 20–1 explorations by, 424, 427 Kanizsa, as Ottoman province, 225–6 naval forces reorganization by, 304 kanunname (law code), 186–90, 237 Kemalüddin Mehmed, 409–10 Ottoman legal practices and, 325–6 Kepler, Johannes, 419–20 See also legal infrastructure in Ottoman Khamsa manuscript, 488–90 Empire kharaj muwassaf/kharaj muqasama taxes, 235–8 Kanunname-i Mısır, 114–15 Kharidat al-‘aja’ib, 412–13, 421–2 Kapı Ağası medrese, architecture of, 469 Khayrbak (Egyptian governor), 32, 114–15 Karagöz Paşa, 28–9, 92–3 Khitāy-name (Book of China), 425–6 Karakoyunlu dynasty Khusrav va Shirin manuscript, 488–90 architectural influences of, 474 kidnappings by pirates, 389, 397–8 decorative aesthetic of, 474–86 Kilia Karaman Bayezid II and, 27–8, 50–1 Ottoman incorporation of Karaman, 2–3, Ottoman occupation of, 9 26, 79–81 kılıç (revenue element), timar system and, 288–9 provincial government in Karaman, 225–6 Kılıç Ali Paşa, 167–70 Karaman dynasty Kınalızade Ali, 433–4, 435–8 Bayezid II and, 28–9 Kısas (Ramazanzade Mehmed Paşa), 449 decorative aesthetic of, 475 kisve (Ka’aba covering), 349–50, 352–4

679

Index

Kitab al-Talwih, 333–4 kul (sultan’s servitors), 248 Kitab-ı Bahriye (Piri Reis), 424–5, 504–5 career mobility for, 337–8 Kızıl Ahmed Bey, 75–6, 79 standing army and, 282–4 Kızılbaş tribesmen See also slavery Ottoman persecution of, 345, 346–7 Künhü‘l-Ahbar (Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali), 450–1 Shah Isma’il and, 339–40 Kuran, Timur, 265–6 Knights Hospitallers, 141–2 Kurdoğlu, Fevzi 156–7 Anatolia attacked by, 144 Kuru, Selim, 20–1 Bayezid II and, 27–30, 221 Kütükoğlu, Mübahat, 269–72 Cem and, 27–30, 50–1, 207–8 corsairs and, 149–50 Lajos II (King of Hungary and Bohemia), 32–3, on Malta, 164–5 225–6 Mehmed II’s Mediterranean campaign and, Lala Mustafa Paşa, 12–13, 39–40, 41, 42–3, 135–7, 147–8 221–2, 537–8 prisoners of, 14–15 Lamii (poet and scholar), 576–8, 583–6 protection in Mediterranean from, 171–2 land system Süleyman and, 32–3, 51–2, 155 land surveys in Anatolia and, 116 westward Mediterranean move by Ottomans Ottoman property rights law concerning, and, 161–2 235–8 knowledge and knowledge production post-conquest annexation practices and, 212 of astronomy, 415–20 sipahi’s duties in maintenance of, 286–96 of cosmography, 412–15 Lane, F. C., 195–6 dynastic history and, 445–9 language of human body, 430–3 learning tools for, 560–2 importance of, in Ottoman society, 407–8, multilingualism in Rum and, 558n30, 558–60 455–6 in Ottoman historical sources, 4 of maritime geography, 423–9 Rum literary tradition and evolution of, 551, of natural history, 429–30 552–5, 556–8 Ottoman historiography and, 439–45 See also specific languages production and dissemination in Ottoman Łaski, Hieronymus, 278–9 Empire of, 20–1 Latifi, 562–5, 576–8, 579–80, 588–90, 590n123 prognostications and end of time and, 453–5 ‘Latin campaign’ of 1204, 9 of social order and politics, 433–8 Latin-Greek divisions, Mehmed II’s exploitation systematization of, 409–12 of, 147–8 of universal geography, 420–3 la Vigne, Jean de, 163 world history and, 449–53 ‘Law Book of Mehmed II’, 208–9, 224 Koca Sinan Paşa, 42, 221–2 Le’ali (poet), 559n36–560 Koçi Bey, 434–5 Lef kas islands, 145–6, 152 Komnenos dynasty, 75 corsair attacks on, 156–7 Konya legal infrastructure in Ottoman battle of, 207–8 Empire, 232–8 carpet production in, 484–5 heresy accusations and, 340–1 list of foundations in, 2–3 Islamic schools of law and, 348–9 Köprülü, Fuat, 3–4 Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80 Korkud (son of Bayezid II), 29, 30–2, 147–8, 155–6 şeri’at and kanun and, 325–6 execution of, 207–8 sultan’s authority and, 207–18, 221, 437–8 Kos island (İstanköy), 142–3, 154 See also cursus honorum (legal education); Krause, Keith, 317 kannuname (law code) Kritoboulos, 69–70, 75–6, 77 Le Historie de Europa (Ulloa), 67–8 Krujë, 144–5 Lemnos, 142–3, 147–8 Küçük Kaynarca, treaty of, 350 Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4

680

Index

Lepanto Lubenau, Reinhold, 249–50 battle of, 44, 53–4 Lucano, Giovanni Albino, 148n64 Bayezid’s siege of, 150–3 Ludovisi, Danielle de’, 149–50 Mehmed II’s siege of, 144–5 Lütfi Paşa, 111, 118–19, 122, 159–60 Ottoman attack of 1571 on, 167–70 on conquest of Rhodes, 154–5 Lesbos, Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4 on execution of Ibrahim Paşa, 209–10 Letaifname (Book of Witticisms), 576–8 history by, 452 levends in naval fighting force,307–8 . marriage to Şahi Hatun, 210–11 See also corsairs military provision system under, 310 Levni, 8–9 statecraft manual by, 434–5 Leyla and Mecnun, 572–6 Luther, Martin, 248–50 life-time tax-farm (malikane), 255 Lybyer, A. H., 195–6 literary production and tradition cosmography in, 413–15 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 207, 248–9 discourse on poetry and, 583–6 Macuncuzade Mustafa Efendi, 171–2, 571 discourse on the arts in, 544–7 magic, Ottoman study of, 430 dynastic history and, 445–9 Mahdia, 161 elite vs. folk literatures, 549n5 mahmal, mehmel (palanquin sent to Mecca), 351–2 histories of Rum poets and, 586–92 Mahmud (son of Mehmed III), execution of, 209–10 literary tools for poetry in Rum and, 578–86 Mahmud Paşa manuals and commentaries and, 581–3 appointment of, 190, 212–13 new forms of, 566–78 commercial centre built by, 472 in Ottoman Empire, 20–1 execution of, 212–13 Ottoman historiography and, 439–45 hagiography of, 434 Ottoman travel narratives in, 423–9 Mehmed II and, 23–4, 82 parallel poetry anthologies, 580–1 mosque of, 466–70 poetic form and content and, 566–78 naval skills of, 146–7 prose structure and, 562–5 Ottoman expansion and, 75–6, 183–4 prose vs. poetry and, 565–6 Majalis al-Nafais (Excellent Gatherings) (Nevai), rare book collections and, 476–80 586–9 of Rum, 548–92 Maksud Ali Bey, 123–5 statecraft manuals and, 433–8 Malamatiyya/Melametiyye mysticism, of on wonders (acaib), 539–40 ulemas, syncretism with Islam, 320–1 See also illustrated manuscripts Malikis, 348–9 liva kanunnameleri (tax regulations), food supply MalkoçoğIu Bali Bey, 27–8 estimates and, 382–7 Malkoçoğlu family, 473 Livorno, trade with Ottoman merchants in, 261–2 Malta, Ottoman attack on, 21, 164–5 Lokman ibn Seyyid Hüseyin, 72–3 Mamluks Lokman, 433, 449–50, 533, 535–6, 537, 544 Bayezid II’s war with, 27–30, 91–6, 148–9 long war between Ottomans and Habsburgs cultural influence on Ottoman art and (1593–1606), 44, 53–4, 241 architecture, 459, 469, 511 European military revolution and, 315–19 Egyptian rule of, 349–52 military capabilities and, 276 Karaman and, 80–1 Lopes de Castanheda, Fernão, 177–9 military superiority of Ottomans over, 276–7 Lopes de Sequeira, Diogo, 176 Ottoman expansion and, 11, 26, 50–2, 86–91, Louis, William (Willem Lodewijk), 284 185–6 Louis XIV (King of France), 245–6, 248–9 Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 173–5, 185 love poetry Portuguese naval blockade and, 175–85, 243–4 form and content of, 572–6 religious ideology as justification for war history of, 589 against, 277–80 Lowry, Heath, 360 Selim I and, 10, 30–2, 110–13, 348–9

681

Index

Ma’mun (caliph), 415–16 al-Mawardi, 325 Manisa palace complex, 462 Maximillian II (Holy Roman Emperor), 38–9 manuals and commentaries on poetry and Mazzaoui, Michael M. 106–7 literature, 581–3 Mecca mapping Ottoman reconstruction of Great Mosque maritime geography and, 423–4, 426–8 in, 351 Ottoman universal geography and, 421–3 pilgrimages to, Ottomans as protectors of, Maragha observatory, 415–16 10, 352–4 al-Marghinani, 327–8 Mecmu’atü‘n-Nezair (An Anthology of Parallel maritime trade, 142n9 Poems), 580–1 Bayezid II’s Mediterranean consolidation and, medical knowledge, Ottoman study of, 430–3 148–55 medical services for Ottoman military, 313–15 customs taxes in Ethiopian beylerbeylik on, Mediterranean region, Ottoman expansion in, 194–5 12, 29–30 geographic configurations and zones of eastern consolidation from 1481 to 1533, 148–55 operation and, 57–9 eastern expansion, 1451–81, 141–8 impact on geographic knowledge of, 423–9 fortress garrisons in, 300–1 Ottoman eastern Mediterranean expansion post-1574 strategies, 170–2 and, 141–8 western expansion, 1533–74, 155–70 Ottoman expansion and, 11, 45 medreses Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 195–201 astronomy and mathematics in, 415–20 protection, in Mediterranean, of, 171–2 code of conduct for, 409–10 Red Sea as strategic location in, 175–85 heresy trials and network of, 340–1 Maronite Christians, population data on, 370–1 hierarchy and categories of, 327–8 Marranos (reconverted Jews), 261–2, 270–1 medical training and, 431 marriage muvakkıthane in, 416 as dynastic tool, 210–11 palace schools and, 216–18 of Ottoman soldiers, 313–15 post-conquest system of, 326–32 Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, 285–6 ulema career path through, 332–4 Martinuzzi, George, 33–4, 37–8 unemployment problems and enrollment martolos (Christian fighting unit in Ottoman in, 384 service), 397 Meğri, 152 martyrology, 440–1 Mehmed I (1413–21), 321 Marxist ideology Mehmed II (1451–81) Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7 architectural projects under, 459–60, 472 Ottoman imperial revenues and expenditures art and pictorial representation in reign of, in context of, 246 487–8 masjid artisan production in reign of, 476–80 elite architectural patronage and construction colleges founded by, 324, 333–4 of, 466–70 conquest of Constantinople and, 241–2, 347–8 in socio-religious complexes, 462–6 cosmography and knowledge in reign of, Massawa, 182–3 413–15 Maşukî, İsmail, 344 Crimea khanate and, 9 Masum Sultan Safavi, 130–1 death of, 148 Matali’üs-Sa’ade, 539, 540–2 decline of Venice and, 9 mathematics, Ottoman knowledge of, 415–20 dynastic rivalry in reign of, 207–8, 209–10 Matrakçı Nasuh, 428–9, 505–7 educational institutions in reign of, 558–60 Matthias Corvinus (King of Hungary), 276–7 Eight Medreses of, 233–4, 327–8, 333–4 mausoleums, architectural design and epidemics in reign of, 365–6 construction of, 459–74, 522 executions by, 321, 395

682

Index

expansion and control of Anatolia under, Mehmed Ağa, 538 74–91 Mehmed Aşik forced settlements under, 401–2 on body and health, 430–1 Hanefi school of Islamic law and, 234–6 on cosmography, 413–16, 440, 455–6 historical narratives concerning, 69–70, on geography, 420–3, 428–9 447–8, 537 on natural history, 429–30 Italian campaign of, 9–10 Mehmed, Kemâl al-Dîn, 409–10 judiciary system under, 328–9 Mehmed Paşa, 27–30 Karaman campaign of, 2–3, 79–81 Mehmed Reis ibn Menemenli, 427 as Kayser-i Rum (Caesar of the Romans), 241–2 Meilink-Roelofsz, M. A. P., 195–6 land annexation by, 212 Melami dervishes, 343–7 land and tax laws under, 237 Melheme (Şemsiye), 417 leadership style of, 224 Membré, Michele, 117, 122 legal system under, 325–6 memory, rhetoric of Ottoman expansion and, library of, 409 69–70 literary patronage in reign of, 552–6, 562–5 Ménage, Victor, 195 Mediterranean expansion under, 141–8, Menakıb-ı Hünerveran (Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali), 144n23 494, 544–6 as military commander, 218–19, 221 Menazıru’l-avâlim (Mehmed Aşık), 413–15, 420–1, military superiority of, 276–7 423, 430–1, 439, 454 naval forces under, 304 mercantilism Ottoman historical sources concerning, 3–4 Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7 palace schools established by, 217 Ottoman economic policy and role of, 260 pictorial representation and painting in, 8–9, mercenary soldiers, unemployment trends and 486–91 enrollment as, 384–5 poetry by, 560n39 merchant guilds population growth under, 375–9 domestic borrowing and role of, 256–8, 275 prognostications and apocalyptic thought in profit limitations on, 267–9 reign of, 454–5 Meşa’irü‘l- Şu’ara (Stations of Poets) (Ȃşik reign of, historical overview, 22–6, 44 Çelebi), 445–6, 589–91 religious tolerance in regime fo, 322–5 Meşale, battle of, 137 romanticized image of, 1 Mesihi (poet), 559n36–560, 574–6 scholarly and literary activities sponsored Mesihi Divanı, 559n36–560 by, 3 Mesihi-i Ermeni, 590n124 Skanderbeg uprising against, 9–10, 394–5 Mesih Paşa, 26, 29–30, 145, 212–13 state expansion under, 19–20 Mesnevi (Celaleddin-i Rumi), 576–8, 578n90 territorial expansion under, 276 mesnevi poetry, 560–2 ulema structure under, 326–32, 337–8 form and content of, 568, 572–6 Uzun Hasan’s rivalry with, 78–86 Metinsoy, Murat, 259 Mehmed III (1595–1603) mevali offices, 330 death of, 241 mevlas, 320–1 European expansion under, 53–4 Mevlevis (whirling dervishes), 343, 345 fratricide committed by, 208–9 Mevzuatu’l-Ulum (Mehmed, Kemâl al-Dîn), illustrated history of, 537, 538 409–10 leadership style of, 219–20 Mezőkeresztes, battle of, 283–4, 318–19 military campaigns of, 283–4, 318–19 Michael of Wallachia, 42 prognostication in reign of, 454–5 Michel, Nicolas, 375–6 reign of, 42–3 Miftah al-jafr al-jami, 538, 539–40 son’s execution ordered by, 209–10 Miftah al-sa’ada wa misbah al-siyada Mehmed IV (1648–87), 172, 267 (Taşköprüzade), 409–11

683

Index

Miftah al-‘ulum, 327 Süleymaniye complex and, 325, 511–13 migration miniature painting, in Ottoman era, 8–9 in border regions, 396–8 Mirando, António de, 177–9 income and security as factors in, 393–5 Mir’âtü‘l-Memalik (Seydi Ali Reis), 425, 426–7 of Ottoman captives and slaves, 387–90 miri land, Ottoman laws relating to, 235–8 population demographics and “push” factors Mirim Çelebi, 415–16 in, 382–7 Mizrahi, Elijah, 322–5 sürgün and service to sultans and, 390–3 mnemohistory, 439 MihailoğIu İskender Bey, 94 Mocenigo, Piero, 144 Mihaloğlu family, 212–14, 226–32, 473 Modon, Ottoman attack on, 150–3 Mihrimah (Süleyman I’s daughter), 8–9, 37–8, 519 Mohács, battle of, 51–2, 277 marriage to Rüstem Paşa, 210–11 Moldavia military administrative class (askeri), 65–8 Ottoman expansion into, 33–4, 52, 53–4, 144–5 beylerbeylik of Egypt and the Hijaz and, Russian presence in, 53–4 186–90 Molla Cami, 555–6, 586–9 beylerbeylik of Yemen and, 191–3 Molla Kabız, 340–1 Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7, 269–72 Mongols, astronomic knowledge of, 415–16 standing army and, 282–4 Moriscos (Muslims of Granada), 160 ulema structure and, 326–32 Morosini, Giovanni Francesco, 169 military histories (gazavatnames, fethnames), mortality data, population demographics and, 444–5 365–6 military structure mosques advances after 1453, 49–50 architectural design and construction of, armaments technology and, 309–10 459–74, 514–21, 523–5 border guards in, 397 elite architectural patronage and construction enforced enrollment of slaves in, 387–90 of, 466–70 equipment and tactics in, 318 Mozaffar Han, 137–8 in Ethiopian beylerbeylik, 195 Müeyyedzade, 409 European military revolution, Ottoman Müezzinzade Ali Paşa (Ali Paşa at Lepanto), 306 military and, 315–19 mufassal registers, tax and population data increased costs and difficulties of,19–20 from, 359 living conditions of soldiers in, 313–15 müftü, in Ottoman legal system, 234, 330 Ottoman Empire consolidation and, 45, 185–6 Muhammad Hudabanda, 133 Ottoman sources on, 9–13 Muhammad Shaybani Han, 103 provisioning systems in, 310–12 muhasebe defteri (account register), 298 sixteenth-century Ottoman superiority and, Mutahhar, 184 241–6 Muhi al-Din ibn Arabi. See Muhieddin Ibn Arabi spying systems in, 312 Muhiddin Karamanî, 345–6 strategic importance of Suez to, 187 Muhieddin Ibn Arabi, 2–3 sultan’s leadership role in, 218–22 Muhyi-yi Gulşenî, 443 technological changes to, 238–9 Müniri Belgradi, 342–3, 344–5 warfare from 1453 to 1603 and, 276–319. Murad (son of Ahmed, grandson of Bayezid II), See also army of the Ottoman Empire; 105, 105n258, 207–8 janissaries; navy of the Ottoman Empire Murad I, Ottoman ruler (1362–89), 2, 97–8, 105 Miller Atlas, 424 kadıaskers under, 328–9 millet regime, 323 Murad II (1421–51), 79–81, 87–8 Mimar Sinan, 8, 492, 519–22, 530 architectural projects in reign of, 462, 465–6 artisan production and, 391–2 educational institutions in reign of, 558–60 autobiography of, 546–7 literature and poetry in reign of, 551 public architecture and, 525 religious persecutions by, 321

684

Index

Murad III (1574–95) Nagyvárad, pact of, 33–4 architecture in reign of, 529–32 Nahuda Ahmed, 179–80 artisan production in reign of, 498–501 Naima, 260 European expansion under, 53–4 Nakkaş Hasan, 537, 544 firearms used during reign of,284 Nakkaş Osman, 494, 533–4, 544 fratricide committed by, 208–9 nakşbend (textile designers), 494–5 Halvetiye religious order and, 342 Naples, Ottoman attack on, 162–3 illustrated manuscripts in reign of, 528–9, Nāṣiḥat al-Mulūk, 434 532–43 Nasiruddīn Tusi, 435 Iranian wars and, 132–9 national debt, European adoption of, 252–3 knowledge production in reign of, 425–6 natural history, Ottoman knowledge of, 429–30 land and tax registers in reign of, 359 Navarino, 152 leadership style of, 219 navy of Ottoman Empire literature in reign of, 576–8 captives enrolled in, 388 naval redevelopment under, 306–7 chronology of Red Sea operations by, 175–85 observatory established by, 418–19 Europeans’ enrollment in, 157–8, 158n148 poetry of, 559–60 illustrated history of, 504–5 prognostication in reign of, 454–5 improvement of, under Hayreddin, 155–70 reign of, historical overview, 8–9, 41–2, 44 Mediterranean expansion and, 141–8, 155 social order under, 437 post-1574 strategy of, 170–2 sürgün recruitments by, 391 relative independence of, 185–6 treaty of Amasya and, 131–2 structure of, 304–8 Murad IV (1623–40), 379 Necati (poet), 568–70 Murad Paşa, 183–4 Neşri, 68, 81, 83–4, 85, 209–10 Murad Reis, 181–2 historical narratives of, 448, 449 Murphey, Rhoads, 67–8 Netayicü‘l-Fünun (Nev’i), 411, 565–6 musammat (poetic interpretation), 582–3 Netherlands musical therapy, Ottoman use of, 431–2 emerging commercial power of, 172, 241, Muslihüddîn Efendi, 342–3 242–3 Muslim merchants, European restrictions on, firearm technology developed by,284 258–62 Nevai, 555–6, 579–80, 586–9 Mustafa (son of Mehmed II), 85, 212–14 Nev’i, 411, 565–6, 567, 569–70 Mustafa (son of Süleyman I), 37–8, 125, 413–15 Nigari (Haydar Reis), 509 father’s execution of, 209–11, 570–2 nişancı, governmental duties of, 222–32 Mustafa Bey (governor of Yemen), 179–80 ‘Nishaburi album’, 498–501 Mustafa Bey (Karmani pretender), 99–100 Nizam al-Mulk, 269–72, 434, 488–90 Mustafa Bey (sancak beyi in Egypt), 193–5 nobility formation, sultanates and prevention Mustafa Bey (Yemeni ruler), 177–9 of, 263–4 Mustafa Darir, 539–40 Nogay confederacy, 399–400 Mustafa Paşa, 114–15, 164–5, 167, 278–9 nomads college founded by, 333–4 migration patterns of, 398–401 Müteferrika, İbrahim, 423, 434–5 taxation of, 5–6 muvakkıthane, 416 non-Muslims (zimmis), tolerance in Istanbul Müyessiretü‘l-Ulûm, 560–2 of, 322–5 mysticism North Africa in poetry, 583–6, 589 fortress garrisons in, 301–2 Sufism and,341–3 Ottoman expansion in, 12, 45, 160–1, 163, mythical time, in Ottoman historiography, 441–2 169–70, 173, 322 Ottoman Red Sea operations and, 182–3 Nafplio (Nauplia, Napoli di Romania), 151 urbanization and population growth in, 381–2

685

Index

Notaras, Lucas, 395 Ottoman sources on, 2–5 Nur Ali Rumlu, 105, 108 periodization in history of, 21, 55–7 Nurbanu (mother of Murad III), 8–9, 388–9, 529–32 sixteenth-century global dominance of, 241–6 Nureddinzade Musliheddîn, 342, 344–5 treaty of Amasya and, 126–32 Nushatu’s-Selatin (Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali), 350, Ottoman-Venetian war of 1537–40, 117 434–5, 542 Özal government, modern capitalism and, 274–5 Nusretname, 537–8, 542 Özdemir Paşa, 181–2, 193–5 Nuzhatu’l-qulub (Mustawfı), 422 Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa, 41, 137, 184 Özel, Oktay, 385–6 observatories, Ottoman construction of, 417–20 Özvar, Erol, 246 ocaklık-revenue source, timar system and, 288–9 ocaks (infantry corps), 398–401 Pacheco, Pietro, 162–3 Olbracht, Jan, 27–8 painting omens, books of, 454–5 in illustrated histories, 534–43 Ömer bin Mezid, 580–1 Ottoman aesthetic in, 486–91, 509 Ömer Rûşenî, 345–6 wall paintings, 543 oneiromancy, 453–4 palace schools, 216–18. See also medreses Orhan, Ottoman historical sources concerning, palatial paradigm, in Topkapı Palace 3–4 architecture, 459–60 Orhonlu Cengiz, 182–3, 195–6 Pamuk, Şevket, 46, 259, 270 ornament aesthetic, Ottoman development of, Panaite, Viorel, 48–9 493–504 parallel poems Orthodox Christianity anthologies of, 580n96, 580–1 acceptance of Islam in, 241–2 composition of, 579–80 in, Aegean Islands, Latin-Greek rivalry paşa elites and, 152 as beylerbeyis, 186–90 architecture in churches for, 525–6 capital formation and, 263 Catholic disputes with, 374 Patras, Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4 data on women in, 369 patrilineal descent, authority of sultans and, fear of Catholic domination in, 249–50 207–18 hierarchy of, 248 Paul III (Pope), 35–6, 159–60 in Mehmed II’s reign, 322–5 Paul IV (Pope), 162–3, 261–2 Ottoman legal system and, 232 peasants population data and, 369–75 migration patterns of, 393–5 timar revenue and institutions of, 251 taxation of, 5–6 See also Christianity Peçevi, Ibrahim, 42, 135, 219–20 Oruç, chronicles of, 102, 448 Peloponnese Osman I (?–ca. 1324) Ottoman expansion into, 22–3, 24, 25, 143–4 illiteracy of, 409 Venetian loss of, 9 illustrated histories of, 533 Pendname (Attar), 560–2, 576–8 Ottoman historical sources concerning, 3–4 pepper trade, Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, Osman II (1618–22), 351–2 195–201 Osmanşah, 207–8 periodization, in Ottoman history, 21, 55–7 Otlukbeli, battle of, 26, 84, 85–91 Perjés, Géza, 279, 303 Otranto, 148 perpetual almanacs, 417 Ottoman capture of, 145–8, 146n40, 148n64 perpetual annuities, European nations’ sale of, Ottoman Empire 252–3 historical overview, 1451 to mid-sixteenth Persian culture and language century, 22–36 decorative aesthetic of, 475 military and political successes in, 9–13 historical narratives in, 448

686

Index

histories of poets of, 586–9 histories of Rum poets and, 586–92 learning tools for, 560–2 literary tools for, 578–86 Ottoman historical sources and, 4 manuals and commentaries on, 581–3 prose structure and, 562–5, 576–8 multilingualism in, 558n30, 559–60 in Rum literary tradition, 552–5, 558n29, parallel poetry anthologies, 580–1 558–60 prose vs., 565–6 statecraft manuals, 434 Rum’s identification with,548– 51 Pertev Paşa, 167–8 See also specific poetic forms, e.g., gazel Pervane bin Abdullah, 580–1 politics Pesaro, 261–2 architecture influenced by, 459–74 Petrović, Peter, 37–8 capital formation and, 262–7 Philip II (King of Spain), 38–9, 162–3, 163n179, 277 governance, administration and legal Philip of Burgundy, 80 infrastructure and, 205–40 Philip the Good, 84 kaside (praise poetry) and, 570–2 Phokaea, 142–3 longevity of Ottoman political economy and, physicians in Ottoman Empire, 430–3 272–4 physiognomy, Ottoman study of, 433 Ottoman sources on, 9–13, 433–8 Pickthall, Marmaduke, 333–4 overview from 1451 to 1603, 19–43 pictorial representation, Ottoman east/west ulema involvement in, 337–8 horizons in, 486–91 population demographics piracy in Arab provinces, 379–82 in Black Sea region, 74–5 cizye and avariz registers and, 363–5 in eastern Mediterranean, 141–2 data sources on, 360–3 kidnapping and, 389, 397–8 food supplies and rural flight and, 382–7 Ottoman expansion and, 14–15, 57–9, 153, illness and death data and, 365–6 166–70 nomads and settled populations, 398–401 protection in Mediterranean from, 171–2 non-Muslim population data and, 369–75 Pir Ahmed, 26, 81–6, 87–8, 89 scarcity of data on women and, 366–9 Pires, Lourenço, 199 shifts in post-conquest European regions, 64–5 Piri Paşa, 218–19, 337–8 tahrirs as sources for, 358–60 Piri Reis, 156–7 tax registers as source for, 375–9 Basra occupation and, 181–2 transformation in Ottoman Empire of, 20, as geographer, 5, 424–5, 426–8, 504–5 356–7 illustrated manuscripts and, 491–2, 504–5 urbanization and, 375–9 Mediterranean expansion and, 149–50 See also population demographics piracy and, 153, 156–7 Porte army Pir Sultan Abdal, 139–40 Ottoman expansion and, 50–1 Pius II (Pope), 23–4, 84 sipahi rebellion in, 41 Piyale Paşa, 157 porti franchi trade ports, 261–2 Mediterranean expansion and, 163–4, 165–6 portolan maps, 423–9 military expertise of, 164–5 portrait medals, production of, 486–91 provincial governments and, 225–6 Portugal Selim II and, 39–40, 221–2 chronology of Red Sea operations of, 175–85 plague epidemics, population demographics dominance in Indian Ocean of, 243–4 and, 365–6 impact of pepper and spice trade on, 199–201 poetry Mamluk sultanate threatened by, 11, 29 discourses on, 583–6 naval incursions against, 304 divan poetry, 3, 568 Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 173–201, elite patronage of, 552–5 352–4 form and content in, 566–78, 567n60 postal service (menzilhane), establishment of, 310

687

Index

power Ottoman financial administration difficulties absolutist regimes, Ottoman expansion and, with, 254–6 248–52 Ottoman late adoption of domestic cultural representations of, 528–43 borrowing, 256–8, 270–1 rhetoric of Ottoman expansion and projection of, 69–70 Qansuh al-Ghawri, 30–2, 111–13 Prester John, 176 al-Qaramānī, 449–50 Prevesa, battle of, 35–6 al-Qastallani, 432 warships at, 306 Quaytbay, 89, 94–6 price controls, private profit limitations and, Mehmed II and, 26, 98 267–9 Qusayr, Portuguese destruction of, 180 Prioli, Francesco di, 149 Qutbaddīn al-Makki, 428–9 Priuli, Girolamo, 197 private profit, Ottoman limitations on, 267–9 Radu Drakul, 22–3 prognostications, Ottoman interest in, 453–5 Ramazanoğlu family, 473–4 practical application of, 455–6 Ramazanzade Mehmed Paşa, 449 progressive conquest, Mehmed II’s policy of, 147 Ramii (Persian poet), 581–3 property rights rare book collections, of Ottoman elites, 476–80 Ottoman capital formation and infringement Rareş, Petru, 33–4 of, 263 Rasid ibn Makamis, 119–21 Ottoman law concerning, 234 reaya (non-askeri taxpayers) prophetic chronology, Ottoman historiography Amasya treaty and, 127–8 and, 440–1 Cüneyd supported by, 101 prophetic medicine, Ottoman practice of, 432 exclusion from public finance of,26 2–7 prose land holdings of, 116 form and content of, 576–8, 578n90 resistance to Ottomans from, 135, 138–9 poetry vs., 565–6 Safavid alliances among, 98–9, 101–2 structure of, 562–5 Red Sea Protestants chronology of Ottoman operations in, 175–85 Ottoman tolerance of, 249–50 international trade and Ottoman expansion population data in Ottoman Empire on, 370–2 in, 195–201 See also Christianity Ottoman expansion in, 173–201 proto-pseudo-socialist political economy model Ottoman naval presence in, 306 legacy of Ottoman economic policy and, political, economic and military importance 274–5 to Ottomans of, 185–6 longevity of Ottoman political economy and, Reformation, Islamization of Ottoman Europe 272–4 and, 65–8 Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7, reisülküttab (chief clerk), 223–4 269–72 religion provisioning systems, in Ottoman military, architecture as reflection of,46 2–6 310–12 astrology and, 416–17 provisionism, in Ottoman economic policy, astronomy and, 416 258–62, 269–72, 274–5 freedoms in post-conquest Constantinople, Ptolemy, Almagest of, 415–16, 420–1, 422 322–5 public architecture, in Mehmed II’s reign, 462–6, heresy charges and repression of, 340–1 525, 527–8 in illustrated manuscripts, 539–40 public baths, architecture and design of, 463 istimalet (accommodation) policy of public finance Ottomans concerning, 249–50 European domestic borrowing system as, Ottoman legal system and protection of, 232 252–3 Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80

688

Index

Red Sea expansion of Ottomans and impact elite patronage of literature in, 552–5, 553n12 on, 173 foreign influences on literature in, 555–6 role in Ottoman expansion of, 65–8, 354–5 gazel poetry identified with, 568–70 Selim-Isma’il war and role of, 106–7 histories of poets of, 586–92 şeri’at and kanun principles and, 327 kaside poetry in, 571 of sixteenth-century sultans, 347–8 literary tools for poetry in, 578–86 Sunni ‘right belief’, heterodoxy and, 338–47 literature of, 548–92 syncretism in ulema beliefs and practices, 320–1 manuals and commentaries on poetry in, ulema (scholar-officials) and, 320–38, 354 581–3 usury prohibitions and, 256–8 manuscript culture in, 551n8 See also specific religions mesnevi poetry in, 568, 572–6 Renaissance, Ottoman architecture and multilingualism in, 558n30, 558–60 influence of,465 , 469 new forms of literature in, 566–78 revenue producing units (mukataa), 186–90 parallel poem composition in, 579–80 revenues and expenditures poetry identified with, 548–51 administrative shortcomings in management prose structure in literature of, 562–5 of, 252–3 prose vs. poetry in, 565–6 Balkan expansion and, 248–52 provincial government in, 225–6 impact of revenue system on naval Turkish language and literature of, 551, 557n28 development, 306–7 Rumeli imperial budgets and, 246–8 delis (army auxiliary forces) in, 296–7 timar system as revenue source, 288–96 European influences in, 46–9, 52 See also specific taxes, e.g., timar and zeamet fortress garrisons in, 300 revenue system judiciary system in, 328–9 rhetoric of expansion, Ottoman utilization of, population estimates for, 375–9 68–73 post-conquest families’ influence in,21 2–14 Rhodes prophetic vision and conquest of, 69–70 Mehmed II’s failed campaign in, 145 provincial government in, 225–6 Ottoman attack on, 153–5 Safavid threat in, 105–6 riba timar system in, 286, 288–96 Islamic definitions of, 256–8 See also Balkans See also interest rates; usury Rumi identity, 174–5, 177–9 Rıdvan Paşa, 183–4, 193–5 Rumiyan, 494 ‘right belief’ heterodoxy, sultans’ religious Rumlu Dev Ali, 105 policies and, 338–47 Rumlu Hasan, 86, 108 Risala-i Kutbiya (Kutb al-Din Muhammad Yazdi), Rum Mehmed Paşa, 30–2, 42–3, 82, 83–4, 212–13 544–6 Russia river flotillas, in naval fighting forces, 308 expansion initiatives of, 53–4 Riyazi (poet and scholar), 585–6 Ottoman expansion and, 134–5, 352–4 Riyazü‘ş-Şu’ara (Gardens of Poets), 585–6 as threat to Ottomans, 277 Roman Empire Rüstem Paşa, 36–8, 86, 125, 163, 210–11, 225–6 Ottoman architecture influenced by,459– 74 administrative legacy of, 239–40 Ottoman identification with, 241–2 architectural patronage of, 514–21 royal portrait albums, commissioning of, 535–6 history by, 452 Rum Rüstow, Alexander, 248 architectural patronage in, 556n25 rüsüm (tax), 194–5 ‘Baykara meclisi’ (literary gatherings) in, 555n22 sacred history, Arabic and Turkish literature decorative aesthetic in, 475–6, 484–5, 501–4 on, 440–1 discourses on poetry in, 583–6 Sadi, 560–2

689

Index

Sadreddin-i Konevi, library of, 2–3 in Ethiopian beylerbeylik, 193–5 Safavids geographic configurations and zones of Bayezid II and, 29–30 operation, 57–9 cultural influence on Ottoman art and judiciary as check on sancak governors, 232–3 architecture, 459, 469 post-conquest administration and, 63–4 decline of, 41–2 in Yemen, 191–2 holy war ideology as justification for sanitary conditions for Ottoman military, 313–15 Ottoman warfare with, 277–80 Sanudo, Marino, 102, 177–9, 195–6, 197 Iranian wars and, 132–9 sappers (miners), in Ottoman army, 285–6 Islam and, 11 Sara Hatun (mother of Uzun Hasan), 83–4 Mamluks alliance with, 173–5 Satırcı Mehmed Paşa, 209–10 military superiority of Ottomans over, 276–7 ‘saz’ ornamental aesthetic, 495, 501–4 Murad III and, 132–9 Scholarios, Georgios (Gennadios II), 322–5 Ottoman conflict with, 11, 19–20, 21, 44, Schweigger, Solomon, 106–7, 139–40 339–40 science in Ottoman Empire religious ideology and Ottoman conflict astronomy, 415–20 with, 339–40 cosmography, 412–15 rise of, 97–104 maritime geography, 423–9 Selim I’s campaign against, 10, 30–2 natural history, 429–30 Shii religious practices of, 106–7 universal geography, 420–3 Süleyman and, 34–5, 113–25 security concerns, migration patterns linked treaty of Amasya and, 126–32 to, 393–5 Safiye Sultan (mother of Mehmed III),529 , 571, Sefer Reis, 181–2 571n69 Sehi Bey, 445–6, 548, 584–5, 586–9, 590–1 Şahbudak, 28–9, 87–8, 94 Şehinşahname, 533, 537 Şah Cihan, 97–8 şehname histories, 451–2, 533, 537 Şahi Hatun (daughter of Selim I), 210–11 Şehname-i Selim Han, 533, 534, 544 Sahih al-Bukhari (Taşköprüzade), 333–4 Şehrengiz-i Edirne (Mesihi), 574–6 Şah Kalender, 340 şehrengiz poetry genre, 574–6 Şahkulı, 488, 493, 494 Şehsuvar, 88–9, 110, 111–13 Şah Kulu, 29–30, 103–4, 115–17, 129–30, 132–3 Şehsuvaroğlu Ali, 30–2, 110, 112–13, 117 Şahname-i Melik Ummi (chronicle), 487–8 Selaniki, 41–2, 132–3, 157, 170–1 Şahsultan, 525 Selim (son of Bayezid II), 103–4 Şah u Geda, 573–4 Selim I (1512–20) Şah Veli bin Celal, 115–17 accession of, 10 Sai Çelebi, 544–6 artistic images of, 491–2 saints, legends of, Ottoman historiography and, calligraphy and illluminated manuscripts in 441–2 reign of, 490–1 Şakaik al-Numaniyye, 544, 559–60 conquest of Syria and Egypt by, 276–7, 322, Salahuddin Yazıcı, 417 325, 348–9, 552–5 Saldanha, António de, 178 cultural influences in reign of, 475 Şalih (Arabian prophet), 440 death in 1520 of, 154 salt mines, 142n9, 142–3 defeat of Isma’il by, 339–40 saltpetre pits, Ottoman armaments technology deposition of Bayezid II by, 207–8 and, 309–10 Eastern expansion and consolidation under, Saltukname, 552–5 104–25 Şamilü‘l-Luğa, 560–2 as Hadimül-Haremeyn-i Şerifeyn (servitor of Şamseddin III, 118–19 the two holy sanctuaries), 349–52 sancak (sub-province) Hayreddin and, 12 duties of sancak governors, 226–32 historical narrative concerning reign of, 70–3 in Egypt, 186–90 history of reign of, 30–2

690

Index

illustrated history of, 504–5 serfdom, Ottoman Empire as escape from, 250 janissaries under, 216–17 Ser-güzeşt-i Esiri-i Malta, 571 Kurdish tribes’ allegiance to, 214–15 şeri’at (shari’a), 323 leadership style of, 221–2 Ottoman legal practices and, 325–6 library of, 409 Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80 literary patronage in reign of, 552–5 şeriflik, Ottoman influence over, 173 Mamluks and, 173–5 Şerifs of Mecca, surrender to Selim I Mediterranean expansion under, 153–4 of, 348–9 as military commander, 218–19 Serjeant, R. B., 195–6 periodization in regime of, 50–2 Setton, Kenneth, 162–3, 163n179 poetry in court of, 559–60, 587n113 “seven modes” (haft asl) design vocabulary, provincial governments created by, 225–6 475–6 religious persecutions under, 346–7 Seydi Ali Reis, 181–2, 421, 425, 426–7, 428 standing army under, 282–4 Seyfi Çelebi, 101, 425–6 state expansion under, 19–20 Şeyh Ahmed, 109–10 sürgün recruitments by, 391 Şeyh Bali Efendi, 123–5 territorial expansion under, 276 Şeyh Bedreddin, 321, 344, 345–6 trade interruptions of, 6–7 Şeyh Cafer, 97–8 ulema structure under, 326–32, 337–8 Şeyh Edebali, 321 war with Shah Isma’il and, 106–13 Şeyh Hamdullah, 478–9 Selim II (1566–74) Şeyh Haydar, 98–9, 100–1, 103–4 art and architecture in reign of, 8–9, 521–2 şeyhülislam artistic images of, 534–43 in Ottoman legal system, 234–5, 330 biography of, 444 political infighting and, 419 dynastic disputes under, 207–8 protocol concerning, 331–2 European expansion under, 53–4 religious persecutions by, 345–6 governing style of, 221 Seyyid Ali Sultan, 434 Iranian wars and, 132–9 Seyyid el-Şerif, 333–4 janissaries under, 216–17 Seyyid Gazi, 473 leadership style of, 219 Shaf’îs, 348–9 North African campaigns of, 322 Shahnama, 445, 448, 451–2, 488–90, 508–9 Ottoman expansion under, 50–2 Al-Shaqa’iq al-nu-maniyya fi ‘ulama’ al-dawlat pilgrimages to Islamic Holy Cities and, 352–4 al’Uthmaniyya’ (Taşköprüzade), 445–6 protection of Muslim sanctuaries by, 350–1 Shaw, Stanford, 186–90 reign of, 39–40 Shefer, Miri, 432–3 Russian threat to, 277 Shi’ism succession intrigues of, 38–9 Ottoman unease concerning, 277–80, 322 sürgün resettlements by, 391–2 pilgrimages to Mecca and, 352–4 treaty of Amasya and, 126–32 sacred history in, 440–1 Selimnames (illustrated histories of Selim’s Sunni clash with, 106–7 regime), 444–5, 504–5, 544 syncretism of ulema religious practices with, Seljuks, Babai revolt against, 321 320–1 Selman Reis, 174–5, 177–9 shipbuilding Şemailname, 539 Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and Şem’i, 583 importance of, 150 Şemseddin Karabaği, 544 Ottoman naval forces development and, 305 Şemsi dervishes, 343 Ottoman Red Sea expansion and importance Şemsiye (Melheme), 417 of, 177 Serbia, Ottoman incursion into, 23–4 strategic importance of Suez shipyard and, Şeref Han (IV), 118–19 187 Şerefname, 118–19 Venetian skills in, 157–8

691

Index

Şiblizade Ahmed, 486–7 Ottoman knowledge of, 433–8 Silif ke, Ottoman capture of, 144 socio-religious complexes, architectural design silk trade of, 462–6 Iran as source of, 6–7 Sokollu Mehmed Paşa textile production and, 481 administrative legacy of, 239–40 silsilat al-mukarrabin wa manakib al-muttakin architectural patronage of, 514–21, 525 (Müniri Belgradî), 342–3 artistic images of, 534–43 Silsilenames (genealogies), 542–3 historiography projects of, 533 Sinan (architect), 511, 512, 513, 514, 521, 522, 523, marriage and family of, 210–11, 374 524, 525, 527, 530, 546, 547 Murad III and, 135 Sinan Bey (painter), 486, 511–14, 521–5, 527, 530, murder of, 225 546, 547 Ottoman expansion and, 37–8, 165–6, Sinan Paşa (the author; d. 1485), writings by, 562–5 167–8 Sinan Paşa (grand vizier under Selim I), pilgrimages to Islamic Holy Cities and, 352–4 30–2, 112 Selim II and, 39–40, 221 Sinan Paşa (grand vizier under Murad III), 40, Süleyman and, 36–7, 207–8 161–2, 184, 191 as vezir, 225 Sinan Paşa (admiral in 1551; brother of Rüstem soothsaying, 454 Paşa), 226 Soranzo, Giacomo, 135, 138–9 sipahis Sorrento, Ottoman attack on, 163–4 administrative reforms and, 100 South-east Asia, Ottoman alliances army structure and duties of, in, 12, 243–4 286–96 sovereign identity in Ottoman Empire, in Ottoman cavalry, 284–6 European identity and, 46–9 Porte rebellion of, 41 Spain suspicion of new military technology among, African expansion of, 12, 35–6, 177–9 317–18 European enemies of, 241 tax and population data on, 358–60 migrations to Ottoman Empire from, 396 timar awarded to, 229–30, 247–8 Ottoman conflict with, 14–15, 159–64 Sitti Hatun, 87–8 revenues and expenditures in, 247 Siyasatname, 434 spheres of operation Siyer-i Nebi, 539–40 in Ottoman trading relations, 45 Skanderbeg uprising, 9–10, 394–5 rhetoric of Ottoman expansion and, 70–3 slavery spice trade forced migration due to, 387–90, 402–3 Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 195–201 Islamic conversion of slaves, 372–3 taxes on, 194–5 Istanbul population growth due to, 377–9 spying in Ottoman military system, 312 Mediterranean expansion and, 142n9 statecraft in Ottoman Empire narrative of, 571 bureaucracy and, 20 in naval fighting forces, 307–8 Ottoman knowledge of, 433–8 of Ottoman subjects, 14–15, 390 trade, military and political consolidation physiognomy and, 433 and, 45 in post-conquest European expansion, Steensgaard, Niels, 199 64–5 Stefan III (ruler of Moldavia), 27–8 Tatar trafficking in, 399 stereotypes in Ottoman historical research, 1 See also kul (sultan’s servitors) Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 196–7 Smith, Adam, 268–9 Şücâ (Şeyh), 342 Soarez, Lopo, 175 Sudi (poet), 581–3 social conditions and society Suez, strategic importance to Ottomans of, evolution of Rum literature and, 552–5 189–90, 352–4

692

Index

Sufism territorial expansion under, 276 cosmography and, 414 treaty of Amasya and, 126–32 dream analysis in, 453–4 ulema structure under, 337–8 hagiographies in, 443 western Mediterranean expansion and, 155–70 permitted orders of, 341–3 Süleymaniye complex Şükri-i Bidlisi, 448, 486–91, 544 architectural design of, 477–69, 511–13 Şükrullah, 449 construction and organization of, 325, 327–8, Sulaiman al-Mahri, 425, 426–7 388, 393 Süleyman Bey (Dulgadiroğlu ruler), 87–8 Süleymanname, 444–5, 488–90, 494, 508–9, 534 Süleyman Çelebi (son of Bayezid I), 91 ‘Süleyman’s offer’, Ottoman Hungarian Süleyman I (1520–66) expansion and, 279–80 absolutist regime of, 248 sultans artistic images of, 491–528, 534–43 absolutist rule of, 248–52 Baghdad occupied by, 348–9, 352–4 architecture as monuments to, 462–6 Baki’s elegy to, 218–19 astronomers hired by, 417–20 biography of, 444 governance processes and role of, 218–22 colleges founded by, 327–8 histories of, 444, 445–9 dreams and prognostications of, 454–5 legal authority of, 207–18, 221, 437–8 dynastic disputes under, 207–8 poetry by, 560n39 eastern Mediterranean expansion under, 154–5 sürgün resettlements and, 390–3 eastern expansion under, 113–25 Sunni Islam European expansion under, 67–8 architectural influence of,46 6–70 execution of son by, 209–11, 570–2 in Mamluk Empire, 10 foundation complex of, 8–9 Ottoman expansion of, 11, 13–15 governing style of, 220, 221 Ottoman warfare as defense of, 277–80 as Hadimü’l-Haremeynü’-l Şerifeyn (servitor of pilgrimages to Mecca and, 352–4 the two holy sanctuaries), 352–4 ‘right belief’ in, 338–47 Halvetiye religious order and, 342 Shii clash with, 106–7 Hayreddin and, 12 sultans as champions of, 322 heresy trials under, 340–1 ulemas and syncretism with other beliefs and historical overview of, 32–40, 44 practices, 320–1 illustrated history of, 505–7 sürgün (deportation) Irakeyn campaign, 339–40 migration patterns due to, 390–3, 401–2 janissary corps under, 283–4 nomads in, 398–401 judiciary system under, 330 Surname-i Hümayun, 536, 538, 539, 540–2 legal system under, 325–6 sürre, 173–5 literary patronage in reign of, 552–5 sürre-i hümayun (alms), 349–50 as military commander, 218–19 sürsat supply arrangement, 245–6 military successes and failures of, 20–1, 276–7 Süruri (translator and scholar), 413–15, 581–3 naval forces under, 304 Su’udi, 539 North African campaigns of, 322 ‘sympathetic qualities’, Ottoman concept of, 430 nostalgia for reign of, 1, 238–9 Syria Ottoman historical sources on, 3, 4 Jacobites and Nestorians in, 369–70 periodization in regime of, 50–2 Ottoman conquest of, 32, 173, 211–12, 276–7, poetry by, 578–86, 587–8 322, 348–9 population growth under, 375–9 See also Aleppo provincial governments created by, 225–6 Szápolyai, John (János), 32–4, 122, 225–6, 278–9 religious institutions in reign of, 339–40, 345–7 Szápolyai, John Sigismund (János Zigmond), Spanish expansion in Africa and, 35–6 33–4, 37–9 state expansion under, 19–20 Szigetvár, conquest of, 53–4, 342

693

Index

tabakat biographical compilations, 589–91 comparative analysis of, 247–8 Tacizade Cafer Çelebi, 562–5, 572–6, 584–5 costs of war and conquest and, 13–15 Taclu Hanım, 109–10 in Ethiopian beylerbeylik, 193–5 Tacü‘t-Tevarih (Hoca Sadeddin), 448–9 food supply estimates and, 382–7 Taczade Mehmed, 546–7 governing structure for collection of, 230–1 tafakkur and tadhakkur (contemplation and as historical source, 2–3, 5 retelling), 412–13 judicial corruption concerning, 335–6 Tahmasp (Safavid Shah) (1524–76), 34–5, 36–7, maritime trading and, 142–3 38–9, 41–2, 117, 118–22 for naval redevelopment, 306–7 Alkas Mirza’s revolt against, 123–5 Ottoman law concerning, 235–8 Süleyman I’s defeat of, 339–40 Ottoman Red Sea operations and, 182–3 treaty of Amasya and, 126–32 peasants and nomads as taxpayers, 5–6 tahrir (tapu tahrir) population estimates based on, 375–9 food supply estimates and, 382–7 private profit limits and, 268–9 limitations of data from, 360–3 progressive conquest and use of, 147 population data from, 358–60 tahrir registers and, 358–60 sheep registrations and, 401 in Yemen beylerbeylik, 191–3 urbanization and population growth in Arab Yemen occupation by Ottomans and, 183–4 provinces and, 379–82 tax farming (iltizam) taht kadılıkları (judgeships of the throne), 328, administrative difficulties in costs and 332–4 collection of, 254–6 Takiyüddin, 418–19 capital formation and, 266, 269–72, 275 Talikizade, 537 judicial corruption concerning, 336 portrait of, 544 life-time tax-farm (malikâne), 255 al-Tanbih ‘ala Galat al-Cahil wa’l-Nabih, 560–2 Ottoman elites’ dislike of, 256–8 Tansel, Selahattin, 145–6, 152–3 in Ottoman Empire, 185–6 Tanzimat reforms, 323 Ottoman revenues and expenditures and, Taqw‘īm al-buldan (Abu ‘l-Fida al-Hamawi), 247–8 422, 423 sale of shares in (esham), 255 Târgovişte, battle of, 296 Tazarruname, 562–5 tarifat (Persian poetic genre), 574–6 Tekelu tribe, 118–19 Tarih-i Ebu’l-Feth (Tursun Bey), 448 telhis (summaries, reports), 330 Tarih-i Hind-i Garbi, 425–6, 427 Tercüme-i Miftah-i Cifrü‘l-Cami, 454–5, 539–42 tarikats (religious orders), 341–3 Tevarih-i Al-i Osman narratives, 446–7, 448–9, Tarikh al-Shihri, 177–9, 181 451, 562–5 Al-Tariqa al-Muhammadīya (Birgivi Mehmed), textiles, decorative aesthetic of, 481, 494–5, 501 432–3 Tezkire (Dawlat-Shah), 586–9 Tartaglia, Nicolò Fontana, 318 Tezkiretü‘l-Bünyan, 546–7 Taşköprüzade, 320–1, 333–4, 409–11, 544 Tezkiretü‘l-Ebniye, 546–7 on astronomy and astrology, 416–17 Tezkiretü‘ş-Şu’ara (Reminiscences of Poets), autobiographical prose of, 576–8 586–92 on cosmography, 412–13 Tezkiretü‘ş-Şu’ara ve Tabsuratu’n-Nuzama dynastic history by, 445–6, 455–6 (Reminiscences of Poets and language competency of, 559–60 Demonstrations of Versifiers), 588–9 Taşlıcalı Yahya, 570–2, 573–4 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 423–9 Tatars, nomadic migrations by, 399–400 Thessaloniki, 152 taxes and taxation Thomas Palaiologos, 22–3, 24, 212 administrative difficulties in costs and Thomaz, Luis Felipe, 199 collection of, 254–6 Tietze, Andreas, 563n48 Arab provinces population data and, 379–82 tiles. See ceramics

694

Index

timar revenue system, 55, 99–100, 116, 185–90 trans-imperial zone absence of treasury data on, 247–8 intermediaries in, 61–2 administrative reforms and, 100 Ottoman frontiers and, 59–60 Balkan Christian nobility and, 251 post-conquest Ottoman administration in, Christian participation in, 286 63–4 food shortage data and, 383–4 role of fortresses in, 60–1 governing structures for, 226–32 Transylvania population data from, 358–60 Counterreformation effort in, 249–50 sipahis as part of, 286–96 Ottoman expansion into, 53–4 time and timekeeping Trapezuntios, Georgios, 241–2 dynastic history and, 445–9 Triplex Confinium (Triple Border) region, importance of, 416 59–60 Ottoman concept of history and, 439–45 Tripoli, Ottoman attack on, 161–2 Ottoman geographic system and, 420–1 Tuhfe-i Şahidi, 560–2 prognostications and end of time and, 453–5 Tumanbay, 30–2, 112–13 Timur, 395, 415–16 Turahan, 22–3 attacks in Anatolia by, 365–6 Turahanoğlu family, 212–14, 226–32 Timurid culture Turcomans decorative aesthetic and, 474–86 Beyazid II’s conflicts with, 28–9 historical narratives in, 448 decorative aesthetic of, 474–86 influence on art and architecture of, 458–9, Mehmed II and, 82, 89 470, 473–4 migrations by, 122 omen books and, 454–5 ornament aesthetic and, 493–504 ornament aesthetic and, 493–504 Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 174–5 Ottoman poetry and, 3 pictorial representation in culture of, 486–91 pictorial representation in, 486–91 religious beliefs of, 106–7 rare book collections and, 476–80 revolts in Anatolia by, 29–30, 34, 99–100, 116 Tokmak Han, 132–3 Selim I and, 109–10 Tomašević, Stefan, 22–4 Shah Isma’il and, 98–9, 100–1, 109–10 Topçular Katibi, 315 in Syria, 92–3 topçus in Ottoman army, 285–6 Uzun Hasan and, 78, 115–17 Topkapı Palace Turgud Reis, 157, 161, 164n192, 164–5 design and construction of, 459–60 Turkish language renovation and rebuilding in, 532 ascendancy in Rum of, 552–5, 556–8, 557n28, Süleyman’s changes to, 510–28 559–60 Trabzon creation of, 20–1 Mehmed II’s siege of, 75n5, 75–7 discourses on poetry in, 583–6 timar revenue system in, 286 histories of poets of, 586–9 trading relationships learning tools for, 560–2 artisan production and, 6–7 manuals and commentaries on poetry in, between Mamluks and Ottomans, 174–5 581–3 European expansion and, 55–7 in Ottoman historical sources, 4 Mediterranean expansion and, 141–8 parallel poetry in, 580n96, 580–1 Ottoman economic policy and, 258–62, 275 prose in, 562–5 Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and, 141–8 Rum literature and, 551 Red Sea expansion and, 175–85, 195–201 Türki-i Basit (Turkish poems) and, 569n66 spheres of dominance in, 45 Tursun Bey, 91 traditionalism, in Ottoman economic policy, chronicles of, 81, 444–5, 448, 452 258–62, 269–72, 274–5 on Mehmed II, 145, 451–2 Tragurio, Georgio de, 146–7 on Ottoman architecture, 465–6

695

Index

Tursun Bey (cont.) rebellion in Karaman and, 212–14 on sultanate leadership and authority, 219–20, 221, 437–8 vakıf (pious foundation) Tuscany absence of treasury data on, 247 domestic borrowing system in, 252–3 capital accumulation and, 265–6 Ottoman trade relations with, 261–2 data on women connected with, 366–9 libraries of, 409 Üç Şerefeli Cami mosque, 465–6 revenues from, 187–8, 205, 246–7 Uğurlu Mehmed, 85–6 tax and population data and, 358–60, 366–9 Ulama Han, 118–19 Varka and Gülşah, 572–6 ulema (scholar-officials), 248 Vasco da Gama, 196 career path for, 332–4 Vatin, Nicolas, 149–50 fiscal inefficiencies in policies of,25 6–8 Veinstein, Gilles, 20 in imperial capital, 322–5 Veledi dervishes, 343 importation from outside the Empire, 320–1 venality in Ottoman judiciary, 334–7 literary patronage by, 552–5 Venice Ottoman capital formation and, 263 Albanian migration to, 395 Ottoman legal system and, 348–9 Bayezid II’s war with, 149–53 political involvement of, 337–8, 354 Cyprus as possession of, 166–70, 330–1 religious institutions and, 320–38 Mehmed II’s war with, 143–5 şeri’at and kanun principles and, 327 Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 177–9, 196 venality and unemployment issues for, 334–7 Ottoman threat to, 9, 12–13, 25, 29–30, 39–40, See also elites 49–50 Ulloa, Alfonso, 67–8 public debt in, 252–3 Uluğ Bey, 415–16 revenues and expenditures in, 247 Umur Paşa, 434 trade with Ottoman merchants in, 261–2 unemployment Uzun Hasan’s relations with, 84 migrations due to, 393–5 vezirs (ministers) in Ottoman judiciary, 334–7 administrative reforms and, 100 universalist iconography, imperial artistic individuals from conquered elites appointed images and, 491–528 as, 212–13, 215 urban ateliers, 474–86, 493–504 constraints on sultans’ appointment urbanization of, 211–12 in Arab provinces, 379–82 executions of, 209–10 architectural projects and, 525 governing activities of, 221–2, 239–40 decorative aesthetic and expansion of, 474–86 Imperial Council and, 222–32 population demographics and, 375–9 marriages to sultans’ daughters of, 210–11 Uruç (brother of Hayreddin), 155–6 military advice from, 153–5, 164–5, 167, 219–20 Uşak, carpet production in, 484–5 sultans’ relations with, 221 Uskoks, 14–15, 57–9, 166–70, 171–2, 397–8 Vikayetü‘r-Rivaye fi Mesaili’l-Hidaye, 558–9 Üsküdar, growth and development of, 8–9 Vilayetname, 441–2, 443 Ustajalu Muhammad Han, 108 ‘Virtuous Polis’, Kınalızâde Ali’s concept of, usury 435–7 domestic borrowing as alternative to, 252–3 visual arts, 457–60 Islamic prohibition against, 256–8 calligraphy and book arts, 476–80 Uzun Hasan, 26, 34 decorative aesthetic in, 474–86 Cüneyd and, 97–8 imperial image articulated in, 491–528 marriage to Katherine (Despina Hatun), 76 literary discourse on, 544–7 Mehmed II’s expansion in Anatolia and, 75–6, multicultural influences on, 458–9 78–86 pictorial representation in, 486–91

696

Index

Timurid-Turcoman decorative aesthetic, Yani (shipbuilder), 150 474–86 Yazıcıoğlu Ahmed Bican, 432–3, 454 Vlad III Drakul, 22–3 Yemen Vladislas II (King of Bohemia and Hungary), beylerbeyilik established in, 179–80, 181, 183–4, 29–30 191–3 volleys, firing of, military development of, 284 fortress garrisons in, 301–2 Ottoman presence in, 173 Wake, C. H., 196–7 Ottoman Red Sea operations and, 175–85 Wallachia, Ottoman expansion into, 22–3, 52, Selim II and, 39–40 53–4 Yunus (commander under Mehmed II), 142–3 warfare, Ottoman military structure from 1453 yürük (nomads), 398–401 to 1603 and, 276–319 Yusuf and Züleyha stories, 572n73, 572–6 warrior-sultan, Ottoman concept of, 218–22 Yusuf b. Abi Bakr al-Sakkâki, 327 wealth accumulation data on women and, 366–9 Zabid, 179–80 Ottoman capital formation patterns and, Ottoman control of, 177–9 262–7 Zafername, 533 weapons technology, Ottoman military Zaganos Paşa, 22–4 structure and, 309–10 Zakariyā al-Qazwini, 412–15, 427, 540–2 Wild, Hans, 372, 387 zarar-ı kassabiye (tax), 264–5 Winter, Michael, 186–90 Zaydis (Yemen), revolt by, 39–40, 183–4, 352–4 women Zayla, Portuguese protection of, 177–9 architectural patronage of, 516–19, 525, 529 zeamets (land held in return for military data from vakıf (pious foundations) service), 230 on, 366–9 gedikli zeamets, 292 in military garrisons, 313–15 tax and population data on, 358–60 in Ottoman dynasties, authority of sultans timariot compared with, 291–2 and ineligibility of, 207–18 Zen, Pietro, 166–7 as palace slaves and concubines, 388–9 Zenbilli Ali, 221–2 as patrons of illuminated manuscripts, 539 Zeynel Mirza, 474 religious and charitable efforts of dynastic Zeyniyye order, 342 women, 8–9 Zeyrek Ağa, 538 scarcity of population data on, 366–9 zones of operation, Ottoman expansion and, world histories, Ottoman production of, 449–53, 57–9 533–4 Zrínyi, Miklós, romanticized image of, 1 Zsitvatorok, treaty of, 21, 42–3, 53–4 Yakub (son of Uzun Hasan), 86, 98 Zübdetü‘t-Tevarih, 449–50, 533–4, 536, 538, 539, 542–3 Yakub Şah bin Sultan Şah, 466 Zülfi kar, 118

697