Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and Related Reagents

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and Related Reagents ホームページではパンフレットに収載されていない化合物,試薬のスケールアップのご用命を受け付けております。 www.tokyokasei.co.jp/jutaku/synthesis Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and Related Reagents Genetic information is stored in DNA as combinatorial codes Nucleosides and Their Analogs held in nucleosides and nucleotides, in which form it is passed Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a from parents to their offspring. Analogs of nucleosides and nucleobase to a ribose or 2’-deoxyribose, which can be nucleotides are used clinically as medicinal agents such as phosphorylated producing nucleotides. Nucleoside analogs reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Therefore, the preparation and are an established class of clinically useful medicinal agents development of these species as effective, selective and possessing a wide range of antiviral and anticancer activities. nontoxic antiviral and antitumor agents has been the subject Consequently, extensive modifications have been made to of intense research.1) both the heterocyclic base and the sugar moiety. Some In addition to this, the development of Polymerase Chain representative examples of these are 9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy) Reaction (PCR) methodology has brought a dramatic change methyl]guanine (acyclovir) developed by Elion in 1977, which and rapid development in studies of DNA. At the current time shows antiviral activity; 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) the draft version in decoding and mapping human genome discovered by Mitsuya et al. in 1985 and used for the treatment has been almost completed, and the functional analyses of of HIV infection; and cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside genome and analyses of “Single Nucleotide Polymorphism” (cytarabine) approved by the FDA in 1969 and which has been (SNP) are being vigorously pursued. Discovery of the RNAi shown to display a range anticancer activities. In addition, process has facilitated the fast progression of studies of RNA. modified nucleosides such as 2’-deoxy-5-methylcytidine are At the same time, chemically synthesized oligoDNA and ubiquitous in living systems, and their functions have received oligoRNA have been studied as potential antisense DNAs, due attention from the scientific community.2) siRNAs and DNA aptamers, as oligonucleotide therapeutic Protected nucleosides, in which reactive amino and hydroxyl agents, primers for PCR method, and elements of DNA groups have been masked, e.g. N6-benzoyl-5'-O-(4,4'- computers. dimethoxytrityl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (Bz-DMT-dA), have been used for chemical synthesis of DNA and RNA. Z0022 200mg 1g D3583 1g 5g N Nucleosides and Pyrimidine HO O N Their Analogs Nucleosides O OH OH Zebularine 2'-Deoxycytidine CAS RN: 3690-10-6 CAS RN: 951-77-9 D0048 5g 25g D0060 1g 5g 25g C0522 1g 5g 25g D3614 1g U0020 5g 25g 2'-Deoxycytidine Hydrochloride 2'-Deoxyuridine Cytidine 2'-Deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine Hydrate Uridine CAS RN: 3992-42-5 CAS RN: 951-78-0 CAS RN: 65-46-3 CAS RN: 10212-20-1 CAS RN: 58-96-8 P2396 50mg A0559 10mg M2290 1g 5g M2317 200mg 1g A2942 25mg 100mg O O O NH2 HN NH HN N HN HO O HO O N HO O N HO O N O O O O OH N OH OH OH OCH3 OH OCH3 3 Pseudouridine 6-Azauridine 2'-O-Methyluridine 2'-O-Methylcytidine 2'-Azido-2'-deoxyuridine CAS RN: 1445-07-4 CAS RN: 54-25-1 CAS RN: 2140-76-3 CAS RN: 2140-72-9 CAS RN: 26929-65-7 2 Please inquire for pricing and availability of listed products to our local sales representatives. Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and Related Reagents D3615 1g 5g T2549 5g 25g A2232 20mg 100mg A2033 100mg 1g D3610 100mg 500mg 5g NH2 N N HO O N O OH 2'-Deoxy-2'-fluorouridine 2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyluridine 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine 5-Azacytidine 2'-Deoxy-5-methylcytidine CAS RN: 784-71-4 CAS RN: 4105-38-8 CAS RN: 2353-33-5 CAS RN: 320-67-2 CAS RN: 838-07-3 D3642 1g 5g D4220 50mg 200mg I0882 1g D3580 1g 5g F0635 5g 25g NH2 NH2 CH2OH N I N HO O N HO O N O O OH 2'-Deoxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)- OH 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorocytidine cytidine 5-Iodo-2'-deoxycytidine Stavudine Tegafur CAS RN: 10356-76-0 CAS RN: 7226-77-9 CAS RN: 611-53-0 CAS RN: 3056-17-5 CAS RN: 17902-23-7 B1575 1g 5g T0233 1g 5g 25g T2511 100mg 1g A2052 1g 5g D2235 100mg 500mg 1g 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine Thymidine Trifluorothymidine Azidothymidine 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine CAS RN: 59-14-3 CAS RN: 50-89-5 CAS RN: 70-00-8 CAS RN: 30516-87-1 CAS RN: 50-91-9 I0258 1g 5g 25g E1057 50mg 200mg E1093 50mg 200mg B0666 100mg 1g M1405 1g 5g 25g O NH2 C CH C CH HN N HO O N HO O N O O OH OH Idoxuridine 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxycytidine 5-Bromouridine 5-Methyluridine CAS RN: 54-42-2 CAS RN: 61135-33-9 CAS RN: 69075-47-4 CAS RN: 957-75-5 CAS RN: 1463-10-1 M1931 1g F0534 1g 5g D4342 1g 5g F0636 1g 5g D3579 1g 5g NH2 F N H3C O N O OH OH 5-Methylcytidine 5-Fluorocytidine 5'-Deoxy-5-fluorocytidine 5-Fluorouridine 5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine CAS RN: 2140-61-6 CAS RN: 2341-22-2 CAS RN: 66335-38-4 CAS RN: 316-46-1 CAS RN: 3094-09-5 A2073 5g 25g A2356 1g 5g M3153 250mg 1g C2035 1g 5g D4200 10mg O O I HN HN O N HO HO O N H3C F O O 1-(3,5-Anhydro-2-deoxy-β-D- OH OH OH threo-pentofuranosyl)thymine 1-β-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil 2'-C-Methyluridine Cytarabine Fialuridine CAS RN: 7481-90-5 CAS RN: 3083-77-0 CAS RN: 31448-54-1 CAS RN: 147-94-4 CAS RN: 69123-98-4 G0367 100mg 1g D4823 200mg 1g C2208 5g 25g C2207 1g 5g A2431 1g O HN HO O N H3C O OH F (2'R)-2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro- 2,2'-O-Anhydro- Gemcitabine Hydrochloride 2'-methyluridine 2,2'-O-Cyclouridine 2,2'-O-Cyclocytidine Hydrochloride 5-methyluridine CAS RN: 122111- 03-9 CAS RN: 863329-66-2 CAS RN: 3736-77-4 CAS RN: 10212-25-6 CAS RN: 22423-26-3 R0077 100mg 500mg A2528 50mg M2399 50mg 250mg B3094 1g 5g B3102 100mg 1g O O NH C NH2 C 2 N N HO N NH2 HO N OH O O OH OH OH OH Ribavirin Acadesine Mizoribine N4-Benzoylcytidine N4-Benzoyl-2'-deoxycytidine CAS RN: 36791-04-5 CAS RN: 2627-69-2 CAS RN: 50924-49-7 CAS RN: 13089-48-0 CAS RN: 4836-13-9 Please inquire for pricing and availability of listed products to our local sales representatives. 3 Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and Related Reagents Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and Related Reagents B3404 100mg B3631 1g 5g L0217 100mg 1g C0525 100mg 1g C2878 1g 5g O NH C O(CH2)4CH3 F N H3C O N O N4-Benzoyl-3',5'-O- (1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyl-1,3- OH OH Brivudine disiloxanediyl)cytidine Lamivudine Cytidine Sulfate Capecitabine CAS RN: 69304-47-8 CAS RN: 69304-43-4 CAS RN: 134678-17-4 CAS RN: 32747-18-5 CAS RN: 154361-50-9 D3566 5g 25g B3087 1g 5g F0842 500mg 5g H1290 5g 25g N N Purine O H2N N N CH2O C CH3 CH2CH2CH Nucleosides CH2O C CH3 5'-O-(4,4'-Dimethoxytrityl)- N4-Benzoyl-5'-O-(4,4'- O thymidine dimethoxytrityl)-2'-deoxycytidine Famciclovir 9-(2-Hydroxyethyl)adenine CAS RN: 40615-39-2 CAS RN: 67219-55-0 CAS RN: 104227-87-4 CAS RN: 707-99-3 H1291 1g 5g E0899 50mg 200mg A1915 1g 5g 25g P2164 200mg 1g G0315 5g 25g O NH2 O O HN N N N . H O HN N HN N . H N N N 2 xH2O N N 2 CH 2 H2N N N H2N N N CH3 CH2OH CH2OH CH CH CH 2 2 CH2OCH CH OH CH2OH 2 OH HO CH2OH (R)-9-(2-Hydroxypropyl)adenine Entecavir Monohydrate Acyclovir Penciclovir Ganciclovir Hydrate CAS RN: 14047-28-0 CAS RN: 209216-23-9 CAS RN: 59277-89-3 CAS RN: 39809-25-1 CAS RN: 82410-32-0 A3228 1g D4256 1g 5g A2414 100mg 1g V0111 100mg 1g D3065 100mg NH2 O N N O CH N 3 O HN O N N O N OCH2CH3 CH3 N N H CH2CH2OCH2 P O CH3 OCH CH O 2 3 O Diethyl [[2-(6-Amino-9H-purin- Valacyclovir Hydrochloride Triacetylganciclovir 9-yl)ethoxy]methyl]phosphonate Adefovir Dipivoxil Hydrate 2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine CAS RN: 86357-14-4 CAS RN: 116384-53-3 CAS RN: 142340-99-6 CAS RN: 124832-27-5 CAS RN: 4097-22-7 D3066 100mg 500mg D0046 5g 25g C2815 25mg 100mg D4137 5g D3584 1g 5g NH2 N N HO N N O . xH2O OH Didanosine 2'-Deoxyadenosine Monohydrate Cordycepin Hydrate 2'-Deoxyadenosine Anhydrous 2'-Deoxyinosine CAS RN: 69655-05-6 CAS RN: 16373-93-6 CAS RN: 73-03-0 CAS RN: 958-09-8 CAS RN: 890-38-0 D4292 100mg 1g C2499 50mg B4001 200mg 1g D0052 1g 5g 25g N1144 25mg 100mg Cl NH O OCH3 N 2 N N N N NH N HO N Cl HO N O HO N N Cl HO Br N N NH2 HO N NH2 O O O OH OH OH 5,6-Dichlorobenzimidazole OH OH 1-β-D-Ribofuranoside Cladribine 8-Bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine 2'-Deoxyguanosine Hydrate Nelarabine CAS RN: 53-85-0 CAS RN: 4291-63-8 CAS RN: 13389-03-2 CAS RN: 961-07-9 CAS RN: 121032-29-9 C2206 1g 5g A0152 5g 25g 100g M2291 1g I0037 25g 500g B3460 100mg 1g NH2 N N HO N N O 6 OH OCH3 N -Dibenzoyladenosine 6-Chloropurine Riboside Adenosine 2'-O-Methyladenosine Inosine 2',3'-Dibenzoate CAS RN: 5399-87-1 CAS RN: 58-61-7 CAS RN: 2140-79-6 CAS RN: 58-63-9 CAS RN: 58463-04-0 F0656 200mg 1g T2690 1g T2691 1g 5g T2692 1g 5g B4002 1g 5g O N NH HO Br N N NH2 O .
Recommended publications
  • Chapter 23 Nucleic Acids
    7-9/99 Neuman Chapter 23 Chapter 23 Nucleic Acids from Organic Chemistry by Robert C. Neuman, Jr. Professor of Chemistry, emeritus University of California, Riverside [email protected] <http://web.chem.ucsb.edu/~neuman/orgchembyneuman/> Chapter Outline of the Book ************************************************************************************** I. Foundations 1. Organic Molecules and Chemical Bonding 2. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 3. Haloalkanes, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines 4. Stereochemistry 5. Organic Spectrometry II. Reactions, Mechanisms, Multiple Bonds 6. Organic Reactions *(Not yet Posted) 7. Reactions of Haloalkanes, Alcohols, and Amines. Nucleophilic Substitution 8. Alkenes and Alkynes 9. Formation of Alkenes and Alkynes. Elimination Reactions 10. Alkenes and Alkynes. Addition Reactions 11. Free Radical Addition and Substitution Reactions III. Conjugation, Electronic Effects, Carbonyl Groups 12. Conjugated and Aromatic Molecules 13. Carbonyl Compounds. Ketones, Aldehydes, and Carboxylic Acids 14. Substituent Effects 15. Carbonyl Compounds. Esters, Amides, and Related Molecules IV. Carbonyl and Pericyclic Reactions and Mechanisms 16. Carbonyl Compounds. Addition and Substitution Reactions 17. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions 18. Reactions of Enolate Ions and Enols 19. Cyclization and Pericyclic Reactions *(Not yet Posted) V. Bioorganic Compounds 20. Carbohydrates 21. Lipids 22. Peptides, Proteins, and α−Amino Acids 23. Nucleic Acids **************************************************************************************
    [Show full text]
  • Excited State Dynamics of Isocytosine; a Hybrid Case of Canonical Nucleobase Photodynamics
    The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters This document is confidential and is proprietary to the American Chemical Society and its authors. Do not copy or disclose without written permission. If you have received this item in error, notify the sender and delete all copies. Excited State Dynamics of Isocytosine; a Hybrid Case of Canonical Nucleobase Photodynamics Journal: The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters Manuscript ID jz-2017-020322.R1 Manuscript Type: Letter Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Berenbeim, Jacob; UC Santa Barbara, Chemistry and Biochemistry Boldissar, Samuel; UCSB, Department of Chemistry Siouri, Faady; UCSB, Department of Chemistry Gate, Gregory; UCSB, Department of Chemistry Haggmark, Michael; UC Santa Barbara, Chemistry and Biochemistry Aboulache, Briana; University of California Santa Barbara Cohen, Trevor; UC Santa Barbara, Chemistry and Biochemistry De Vries, Mattanjah; UCSB, Department of Chemistry ACS Paragon Plus Environment Page 1 of 12 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 1 2 3 4 Excited State Dynamics of Isocytosine; A Hybrid Case of Canonical 5 Nucleobase Photodynamics 6 7 Jacob A. Berenbeim, Samuel Boldissar, Faady M. Siouri, Gregory Gate, Michael R. 8 Haggmark, Briana Aboulache, Trevor Cohen, and Mattanjah S. de Vries* 9 10 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa 11 12 Barabara, CA 93106-9510 13 *E-mail: [email protected] 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters Page 2 of 12 1 2 3 Abstract 4 5 We present resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) spectra of isocytosine (isoC) and pump-probe 6 results on two of its tautomers.
    [Show full text]
  • Aminophylline Catalog Number A1755 Storage
    Aminophylline Catalog Number A1755 Storage Temperature –20 °C Replacement for Catalog Number 216895 CAS RN 317-34-0 Storage/Stability Synonyms: theophylline hemiethylenediamine complex; Aminophylline should be kept tightly closed to prevent 3,7-dihydro-1,3-demethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione CO2 absorption from the atmosphere, which leads to compound with 1,2-ethanediamine (2:1); formation of theophylline and decreased solubility in 1,2 3 (theophylline)2 • ethylenediamine aqueous solutions. Stock solutions should be protected from light and prevented from contact with Product Description metals.2 Molecular Formula: C7H8N4O2 ·1/2 (C2H8N2) Molecular Weight: 210.3 References 1. The Merck Index, 12th ed., Entry# 485. Aminophylline is a xanthine derivative which is a 2. Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed., combination of theophylline and ethylenediamine that is Reynolds, J. E. F., ed., Royal Pharmaceutical more water soluble than theophylline alone. Society (London, England: 1996), pp. 1651-1652. Aminophylline has been widely used as an inhibitor of 3. Data for Biochemical Research, 3rd ed., Dawson, cAMP phosphodiesterase.3 R. M. C., et al., Oxford University Press (New York, NY: 1986), pp. 316-317. Aminophylline has been shown to limit 4. Pelech, S. L., et al., cAMP analogues inhibit phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in cultured rat phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes.4 It has been used in studies of acute hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 256(16), 8283-8286 hypoxemia in newborn and older guinea pigs.5 The (1981). effect of various xanthine derivatives, including 5. Crisanti, K. C., and Fewell, J. E., Aminophylline aminophylline, on activation of the cystic fibrosis alters the core temperature response to acute transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride hypoxemia in newborn and older guinea pigs.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Biochemistries for Alien Life: Basic Concepts and Requirements for the Design of a Robust Biocontainment System in Genetic Isolation
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review Alternative Biochemistries for Alien Life: Basic Concepts and Requirements for the Design of a Robust Biocontainment System in Genetic Isolation Christian Diwo 1 and Nediljko Budisa 1,2,* 1 Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin Müller-Breslau-Straße 10, 10623 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd, 360 Parker Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +49-30-314-28821 or +1-204-474-9178 Received: 27 November 2018; Accepted: 21 December 2018; Published: 28 December 2018 Abstract: The universal genetic code, which is the foundation of cellular organization for almost all organisms, has fostered the exchange of genetic information from very different paths of evolution. The result of this communication network of potentially beneficial traits can be observed as modern biodiversity. Today, the genetic modification techniques of synthetic biology allow for the design of specialized organisms and their employment as tools, creating an artificial biodiversity based on the same universal genetic code. As there is no natural barrier towards the proliferation of genetic information which confers an advantage for a certain species, the naturally evolved genetic pool could be irreversibly altered if modified genetic information is exchanged. We argue that an alien genetic code which is incompatible with nature is likely to assure the inhibition of all mechanisms of genetic information transfer in an open environment. The two conceivable routes to synthetic life are either de novo cellular design or the successive alienation of a complex biological organism through laboratory evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Expanding the Genetic Code Lei Wang and Peter G
    Reviews P. G. Schultz and L. Wang Protein Science Expanding the Genetic Code Lei Wang and Peter G. Schultz* Keywords: amino acids · genetic code · protein chemistry Angewandte Chemie 34 2005 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460627 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44,34–66 Angewandte Protein Science Chemie Although chemists can synthesize virtually any small organic molecule, our From the Contents ability to rationally manipulate the structures of proteins is quite limited, despite their involvement in virtually every life process. For most proteins, 1. Introduction 35 modifications are largely restricted to substitutions among the common 20 2. Chemical Approaches 35 amino acids. Herein we describe recent advances that make it possible to add new building blocks to the genetic codes of both prokaryotic and 3. In Vitro Biosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Over 30 novel amino acids have been genetically Approaches to Protein encoded in response to unique triplet and quadruplet codons including Mutagenesis 39 fluorescent, photoreactive, and redox-active amino acids, glycosylated 4. In Vivo Protein amino acids, and amino acids with keto, azido, acetylenic, and heavy-atom- Mutagenesis 43 containing side chains. By removing the limitations imposed by the existing 20 amino acid code, it should be possible to generate proteins and perhaps 5. An Expanded Code 46 entire organisms with new or enhanced properties. 6. Outlook 61 1. Introduction The genetic codes of all known organisms specify the same functional roles to amino acid residues in proteins. Selectivity 20 amino acid building blocks. These building blocks contain a depends on the number and reactivity (dependent on both limited number of functional groups including carboxylic steric and electronic factors) of a particular amino acid side acids and amides, a thiol and thiol ether, alcohols, basic chain.
    [Show full text]
  • 5-Fluorocytosine/Isocytosine Monohydrate. the First Example of Isomorphic and Isostructural Co-Crystal of Pyrimidine Nucleobases
    crystals Article 5-Fluorocytosine/Isocytosine Monohydrate. The First Example of Isomorphic and Isostructural Co-Crystal of Pyrimidine Nucleobases Gustavo Portalone Department of Chemistry, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected]; Tel.: +396-4991-3715 Received: 1 October 2020; Accepted: 2 November 2020; Published: 3 November 2020 Abstract: To date, despite the crucial role played by cytosine, uracil, and thymine in the DNA/RNA replication process, no examples showing isomorphic and isostructural behavior among binary co-crystals of natural or modified pyrimidine nucleobases have been so far reported in the literature. In view of the relevance of biochemical and pharmaceutical compounds such as pyrimidine nucleobases and their 5-fluoroderivatives, co-crystals of the molecular complex formed by 5-fluorocytosine and isocytosine monohydrate, C H FN O C H N O H O, have been synthesized 4 4 3 · 4 5 3 · 2 by a reaction between 5-fluorocytosine and isocytosine. They represent the first example of isomorphic and isostructural binary co-crystals of pyrimidine nucleobases, as X-ray diffraction analysis shows structural similarities in the solid-state organization of molecules with that of the (1:1) 5-fluorocytosine/5-fluoroisocytosine monohydrate molecular complex, which differs solely in the H/F substitution at the C5 position of isocytosine. Molecules of 5-fluorocytosine and isocytosine are present in the crystal as 1H and 3H-ketoamino tautomers, respectively. They form almost coplanar WC base pairs through nucleobase-to-nucleobase DAA/ADD hydrogen bonding interactions, demonstrating that complementary binding enables the crystallization of specific tautomers. Additional peripheral hydrogen bonds involving all available H atom donor and acceptor sites of the water molecule give a three-dimensional polymeric structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Product Insert (PDF)
    PRODUCT INFORMATION Proxyphylline Item No. 20937 CAS Registry No.: 603-00-9 Formal Name: 3,7-dihydro-7-(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,3- N dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione O N Synonym: NSC 163343 C H N O MF: 10 14 4 3 N FW: 238.2 N Purity: ≥98% O UV/Vis.: λmax: 273, 324 nm Supplied as: A crystalline solid OH Storage: -20°C Stability: As supplied, 2 years from the QC date provided on the Certificate of Analysis, when stored properly Laboratory Procedures Proxyphylline is supplied as a crystalline solid. A stock solution may be made by dissolving the proxyphylline in the solvent of choice. Proxyphylline is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl formamide (DMF), which should be purged with an inert gas. The solubility of proxyphylline in ethanol is approximately 1 mg/ml and approximately 10 mg/ml in DMSO and DMF. Further dilutions of the stock solution into aqueous buffers or isotonic saline should be made prior to performing biological experiments. Ensure that the residual amount of organic solvent is insignificant, since organic solvents may have physiological effects at low concentrations. Organic solvent-free aqueous solutions of proxyphylline can be prepared by directly dissolving the crystalline solid in aqueous buffers. The solubility of proxyphylline in PBS, pH 7.2, is approximately 1 mg/ml. We do not recommend storing the aqueous solution for more than one day. Description Proxyphylline is a methylxanthine derivative that has bronchodilatory actions.1 It has also been reported 2 to have vasodilatory and cardiac stimulatory effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham Research Online
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 04 January 2019 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Pohl, Radek and Socha, Ond§rejand Slav¡§cek,Petr and S¡ala,Michal§ and Hodgkinson, Paul and Dra§c¡nsk¡y, Martin (2018) 'Proton transfer in guaninecytosine base pair analogues studied by NMR spectroscopy and PIMD simulations.', Faraday discussions., 212 . pp. 331-344. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FD00070K Publisher's copyright statement: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Faraday Discussions Cite this: Faraday Discuss.,2018,212,331 View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Proton transfer in guanine–cytosine base pair analogues studied by NMR spectroscopy and PIMD simulations† a a b a Radek Pohl, Ondˇrej Socha, Petr Slav´ıcek,ˇ Michal Sˇala,´ c a Paul Hodgkinson and Martin Dracˇ´ınsky´ * Received 28th March 2018, Accepted 1st May 2018 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00070k It has been hypothesised that proton tunnelling between paired nucleobases significantly enhances the formation of rare tautomeric forms and hence leads to errors in DNA Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.
    [Show full text]
  • 207650 / Prebiotic Synthesis of Diaminopyrimidine And
    J Mol Evol (1996) 43:543-550 )o. =MOLECUI.AR 207650 NASAJCR.--- ---- 0 Swinga-Veriq New Yo_ Inc, 1996 / /. // / f ..4 " 2 / .o :/ Prebiotic Synthesis of Diaminopyrimidine and Thiocytosine Michael P. Robertson,* Matthew Levy, Stanley L. Miller Deparunent of Chemistry and Biochemistry. University of California. San Diego. La Jolla, CA 92093-0317. USA Received: 12 December 1995 / Accepted: 29 June 1996 Abstract. The reaction of guanidine hydrochloride Key words: Pyrimidine synthesis -- Cyanoacetalde- with cyanoacetaldehyde gives high yields (40-85%) of hyde -- Guanidine -- Thiourea--Drying lagoons 2,4-diaminopyrimidine under the concentrated condi- tions of a drying lagoon model of prebiotic synthesis, in contrast to the low yields previously obtained under more dilute conditions. The prebiotic source of cyano- Introduction acetaldehyde, cyanoacetylene, is produced from electric discharges under reducing conditions. The effect of pH and concentration of guanidine hydrochloride on the rate Until recently, the prebiotic synthesis of pyrimidines has of synthesis and yield of diaminopyrimidine were inves- been considered poor. The first experiments used cyano- tigated, as well as the hydrolysis of diaminopyrimidine to acetylene and cyanate to produce cytosine, but the con- cytosine, isocytosine, and uracil.Thiourea also reacts centrations of cyanate needed were rather high (0.1 M) with cyanoacetaldehyde to give 2-thiocytosine, but the (Ferris et al. 1968). An overlooked experiment in this pyrimidine yields are much lower than with guanidine paper used 1 M cyanoacetylene and 1 M urea to produce hydrochloride or urea. Thiocytosine hydrolyzes to thio- cytosine in 4.8% yield. uracil and cytosine and then to uracil. This synthesis Cyanoacetylene is produced in substantial yield from would have been a significant prebiotic source of electric discharges acting on CH 4 + N 2 mixtures 2-thiopyrimidines and 5-substituted derivatives of thio- (Sanchez et at.
    [Show full text]
  • Biosynthesis of Ribosylthymine in the Transfer RNA of Streptococcus
    Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 528-530, February 1975 Biosynthesis of Ribosylthymine in the Transfer RNA of Streptococcus faecalis: A Folate-Dependent Methylation Not Involving S-Adenosylmethionine (thymine/tRNA modification/formate/[methyl-'4Clmethionine/GlT'C-loop) ANN S. DELK AND JESSE C. RABINOWITZ Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720 Communicated by Bruce Ames, November 18, 1974 ABSTRACT Ribosylthymine is not present in tRNA of to produce thymidine 5'-monophosphate, which is sub- Streptococcus faecalis grown in the absence of folic acid, sequently used in DNA synthesis. Because of the folate although this methylated residue does occur in the tRNA of this organism when it is grown in the presence of folate. requirement for T formation in S. faecalis, it appeared possible We have found that, unlike other methylated residues in that methylation of RNA in this organism, particularly in RNA of S. faecalis and other organisms, the methyl moiety the biosynthesis of T, involves a folate derivative and not of ribosylthymine of the tRNA of folate-sufficient S. S-adenosylmethionine. faecalis is not derived from S-adenosylmethionine. Pre- liminary evidence suggests that a folate derivative serves MATERIALS AND METHODS as the methyl donor in this methylation. Unless stated otherwise, S. faecalis (ATCC 8043) and Esche- When grown in the presence of folic acid, Streptococcus richia coli (MRE 600) were grown for several generations in faecalis, like other prokaryotes, initiates protein synthesis
    [Show full text]
  • An Expanded Genetic Code in Mammalian Cells with a Functional Quadruplet Codon Wei Niu University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UNL | Libraries University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications -- Chemistry Department Published Research - Department of Chemistry 2013 An Expanded Genetic Code In Mammalian Cells With A Functional Quadruplet Codon Wei Niu University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Peter G. Schultz The Scripps Research Institute Jiantao Guo University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemfacpub Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons, Medicinal-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Commons, and the Other Chemistry Commons Niu, Wei; Schultz, Peter G.; and Guo, Jiantao, "An Expanded Genetic Code In Mammalian Cells With A Functional Quadruplet Codon" (2013). Faculty Publications -- Chemistry Department. 101. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemfacpub/101 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Published Research - Department of Chemistry at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications -- Chemistry Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptACS Chem Author Manuscript Biol. Author Author Manuscript manuscript; available in PMC 2015 July 14. Published in final edited form as: ACS Chem Biol. 2013 July 19; 8(7): 1640–1645. doi:10.1021/cb4001662. An Expanded
    [Show full text]
  • Nanoconjugates Able to Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier Alexander H Stegh, Janina Paula Luciano, Samuel A
    (12) STANDARD PATENT (11) Application No. AU 2017216461 B2 (19) AUSTRALIAN PATENT OFFICE (54) Title Nanoconjugates Able To Cross The Blood-Brain Barrier (51) International Patent Classification(s) A61K 31/7088 (2006.01) A61K 48/00 (2006.0 1) A61K 9/00 (2006.01) A61P 35/00 (2006.01) (21) Application No: 2017216461 (22) Date of Filing: 2017.08.15 (43) Publication Date: 2017.08.31 (43) Publication Journal Date: 2017.08.31 (44) Accepted Journal Date: 2019.10.17 (62) Divisional of: 2012308302 (71) Applicant(s) NorthwesternUniversity (72) Inventor(s) Mirkin, Chad A.;Ko, Caroline H.;Stegh, Alexander;Giljohann, David A.;Luciano, Janina;Jensen, Sam (74) Agent / Attorney WRAYS PTY LTD, L7 863 Hay St, Perth, WA, 6000, AU (56) Related Art US 2010/0233084 Al LJUBIMOVA et al. "Nanoconjugate based on polymalic acid for tumor targeting", Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2008, Vol. 171, Pages 195-203. WO 2011/028847 Al BONOU et al. "Nanotechnology approach for drug addiction therapy: Gene silencing using delivery of gold nanorod-siRNA nanoplex in dopaminergic neurons", PNAS, 2009, Vol. 106, No. 14, Pages 5546-5550. PATIL et al. "Temozolomide Delivery to Tumor Cells by a Multifunctional Nano Vehicle Based on Poly(#-L-malic acid)", Pharmaceutical Research, 2010, Vol. 27, Pages 2317-2329. ABSTRACT Polyvalent nanoconjugates address the critical challenges in therapeutic use. The single-entity, targeted therapeutic is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and is thus effective in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Further, despite the tremendously high 5 cellular uptake of nanoconjugates, they exhibit no toxicity in the cell types tested thus far.
    [Show full text]