DR. NITESH JOSHI, Plant Succession Basic
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Compiled and Circulated by Dr. Poulami Adhikary Mukherjee, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Narajole Raj College
COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY DR. POULAMI ADHIKARY MUKHERJEE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE SSoommee CCoommmmuunniittyy CChhaarraacctteerriissttiicc TTeerrmmiinnoollooggyy BBYY DDRR.. PPOOUULLAAMMII AADDHHIIKKAARRYY MMUUKKHHEERRJJEEEE AASSSSIISSTTAANNTT PPRROOFFEESSSSOORR DDEEPPAARRTTMMEENNTT OOFF ZZOOOOLLOOGGYY NNAARRAAJJOOLLEE RRAAJJ CCOOLLLLEEGGEE ZOOLOGY: SEM- I, PAPER- C2T: ECOLOGY, UNIT 3: COMMUNITY COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY DR. POULAMI ADHIKARY MUKHERJEE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Vertical Stratification: Stratification in the field of ecology refers to the vertical layering of a habitat; the arrangement of vegetation in layers. It classifies the layers (sing. stratum, pl. strata) of vegetation largely according to the different heights to which their plants grow. The individual layers are inhabited by different animal and plant communities (stratozones). The vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels in an ecosystem is called stratification. Trees occupy the topmost vertical layer of a forest, shrubs occupy ZOOLOGY: SEM- I, PAPER- C2T: ECOLOGY, UNIT 3: COMMUNITY COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY DR. POULAMI ADHIKARY MUKHERJEE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE the second layer, and herbs and grasses occupy the bottommost or base layers. Vertical structure in terrestrial plant habitats: The following layers are generally distinguished: forest floor (root and moss layers), herb, shrub, understory and canopy layers. These vegetation layers are primarily determined by the height of their individual plants, the different elements may however have a range of heights. The actual layer is characterised by the height ZOOLOGY: SEM- I, PAPER- C2T: ECOLOGY, UNIT 3: COMMUNITY COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY DR. POULAMI ADHIKARY MUKHERJEE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE range in which the vast majority of photosynthetic organs (predominantly leaves) are found. -
Plant Communities; Characteristics: a Plant Community Is a Recognizable and Complex Assemblage of Plant Species Which Interact W
CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) Plant communities; characteristics: A plant community is a recognizable and complex assemblage of plant species which interact with each other as well as with the elements of their environment and is distinct from adjacent assemblages. A plant community is not a static entity: rather it may vary in appearance and species composition from location to location and also over time. What makes each of these communities distinguishable to us is its general physiognomy or physical structure. This overall appearance is created by the particular species present, as well as their size, abundance, and distribution relative to one another. Dominant species, those whose presence most influences the community environment and composition, are often the largest or the most abundant and may be a single species or several codominant species. Dominance may also be sociologic, expressed in the form of allelopathogens, chemical compounds manufactured by some plants that inhibit the growth and development of other species and/or seedlings of the same species within a certain distance. Plant communities may occur as relatively obvious ribbons across a landscape, such as the lush green path of a river through the desert. More often, however, adjacent communities interdigitate, their boundaries less distinguishable. Ecotones are areas where adjacent plant communities overlap with, transition, and grade into one another and have a unique set of characteristics which are defined spatially, temporally, and by diverse interactions among the adjacent communities. Ecotones vary in size and species composition, containing elements of each of the bordering communities. -
ZOOLOGY Principles of Ecology Community
Paper No. : 12 Principles of Ecology Module : 20 Community: Community characteristics, types of biodiversity, diversity index, abundance, species richness, vertical and horizontal stratification: Part IV Development Team Principal Investigator: Prof. Neeta Sehgal Head, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Co-Principal Investigator: Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Paper Coordinator: Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Content Writer: Dr. Haren Ram Chiary and Dr. Kapinder Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi Content Reviewer: Prof. K.S. Rao Department of Botany, University of Delhi 1 Principles of Ecology ZOOLOGY Community: Community characteristics, types of biodiversity, diversity index, abundance, species richness, vertical and horizontal stratification: Part IV Description of Module Subject Name ZOOLOGY Paper Name Zool 12, Principles of Ecology Module Name/Title Community Module Id M20, Community characteristics, types of biodiversity, diversity index, abundance, species richness, vertical and horizontal stratification : Part-IV Keywords Succession, Primary succession, secondary succession, Sera, Climax community, Hydrosere, Lithosere, theories of climax community Contents 1. Learning Objective 2. Introduction 3. History of study of succession 4. Ecological succession and types: Primary and secondary succession 5. Stages of Primary and secondary succession 6. Process of succession in Hydrosere 7. Process of succession in Lithosere 8. Theories of climax community 9. Summary -
Forests and Their Management Dr. Ankur Awadhiya Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Forests and Their Management Dr. Ankur Awadhiya Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Module - 02 Basic of Silviculture Lecture - 03 Ecological Succession [FL]. In this lecture, we will have a look at “Ecological Succession” or how forest form in natural conditions? (Refer Slide Time: 00:23) So, consider a situation in which a new island has formed, out of volcanic eruption. So, you have these lava flows that have constructed this rocky area. Now, in nature - how does this rocky area get converted into a forest? - is the question that we are going to study in ecological succession. Now evidently, these rocks because they are so hard, they are not able to support anything. Even though, these rocks have the minerals that can support plant life, but because these minerals are embedded inside these rocks, they are not made available to the trees. So, if you think of growing a tree in this forest, if you say make a hole in this rock and put a seed inside, this seed will not turn into a tree and this will not form a forest. But then, there are certain stages or certain phenomena that happen on to these rocks that convert this land which is a completely barren land into a forest. So, what will happen? (Refer Slide Time: 01:36) After a while, you will start seeing lichens. Now, lichens are small plants, and these are Crustose lichens. So, crustose is something that looks like a crust. So, these lichens, they look like crusts, and these form on these rocks. -
MU Ecological Succession
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Prepared by Dr. Rukhshana Parveen Assistant Professor, Department of Botany Gautum Buddha Mahila College, Gaya Magadh University, Bodhgaya Ecological Succession is also called as Plant Succession or Biotic succession. Hult (1885) used the term” succession”. The authentic studies on succession were started in America by Cowles (1899) and Clements (1907). The occurrence of relatively definite sequence of communities over a long period of time in the same area resulting in establishment of stable community is called ecological succession. It allows new areas to be colonized and damaged ecosystems to be recolonized, so organisms can adapt to the changes in the environment and continue to survive. Major types of ecological succession. 1. Primary Succession- When the succession starts from barren area such as bare rock or open water. It is called primary succession. Figure1:- Primary succession. 2. Secondary Succession- Secondary succession occurs when the primary ecosystem gets destroyed by fire or any other agent. It gets recolonized after the destruction. This is known as secondary ecological succession. Figure2:- Secondary succession. 3. Autogenic succession:- After succession has begun, Its vegetation itself cause its own replacement by new communities is called Autogenic succession 4. Cyclic Succession: - This refers to repeated occurrence of certain stages of succession. 5. Allogenic succession:- When the replacement of existing community is caused by any other external condition and not by existing vegetation itself. This is called allogenic succession. 6. Autotropoic succession:- It is characterised by early and continued dominance of autotrophic organism called green plants. 7. Heterotropic succession:- It is characterised by early dominance of heterotrophs such as bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and animal. -
ZOOLOGY Principles of Ecology Ecosystem Processes-II
Paper No. : 12 Principles of Ecology Module : 33 Ecosystem Processes-II; Part-I Development Team Principal Investigator: Prof. Neeta Sehgal Head, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Co-Principal Investigator: Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Paper Coordinator: Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Content Writer: Dr. Kapinder and Dr. Haren Ram Chiary Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi Content Reviewer: Prof. K.S. Rao Department of Botany, University of Delhi 1 Principles of Ecology ZOOLOGY Ecosystem Processes-II; Part-I Description of Module Subject Name ZOOLOGY Paper Name Zool 12 Principles of Ecology Module Name/Title Ecosystem Module Id M33 Ecosystem Processes-II; Part-I Keywords Ecological succession, mechanism of succession, theories of succession, climax characteristics Contents: 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction 3. Causes of succession 4. Trends in succession 5. Types of Succession 5.1 Autotrophic succession 5.2 Heterotrophic succession 5.3 Primary succession 5.4 Secondary succession 5.5 Autogenic succession 5.6 Allogenic succession 5.7 Progressive succession 5.8 Retrogressive succession 6. Causes of Succession 7. Mechanism of Succession 8. Climax characteristics 9. Theories of Climax 9.1 Monoclimax theory 9.2 Polyclimax theory 9.3 Climax Pattern hypothesis 9.4 Information Theory 10. Summary 2 Principles of Ecology ZOOLOGY Ecosystem Processes-II; Part-I 1. Learning Outcomes After studying this module, you shall be able to: Understand the term Ecosystem. Learn the concept Ecological succession. Know different types of succession. Understand the causes and mechanism of succession. Learn the concept and theories of climax. 2. -
Changes During Succession PDF
Course- B.Sc. (Honours), Part -3 Subject- Botany, Paper-VII Group-A, Environmental Biology Topic- Changes During Succession PDF Binod Kumar Pandey Assistant Professor & HOD, Botany Department, Ram Ratan Singh College, Mokama, Patna. E.mail- [email protected] Changes During Succession Ecological Succession: Changes in the Composition or Structure of an Ecological Community! Ecological succession, a fundamental concept in ecology, refers to more or less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community. Succession may be initiated either by formation of new, unoccupied habitat (e.g., a lava flow or a severe landslide) or by some form of disturbance (e.g. fire, severe wind throw, logging) of an existing community. If the development begins on an area that has not been previously occupied by a community, such as a newly exposed rock or sand surface, a lava flow, glacial tills, or a newly formed lake, the process is known as primary succession. If the community development is proceeding in an area from which a community was removed it is called secondary succession. Secondary succession arises on sites where the vegetation cover has been disturbed by humans or animals (an abandoned crop field or cut-over forest, or natural forces such as water, wind storms, and floods.) Secondary succession is usually more rapid as the colonizing area is rich in leftover soil, organic matter and seeds of the previous vegetation. In case of primary succession everything has to develop a new community. 1. Causes of Plant Succession: Autogenic succession can be brought by changes in the soil caused by the organisms there.