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Xerox University Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. 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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 75- 11,363 HUFF, Clarence Ronald, 1945- UNIONIZAYION BEHIND THE WALLS: AN ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE OHIO PRISONERS' LABOR UNION MOVEMENT. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 Sociology, criminology Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1975 CLARENCE RONALD HUFF ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. UNIONIZATION BEHIND THE WALLS: AN ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE OHIO PRISONERS' LABOR UNION MOVEMENT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio S?:at;e University By Clarence Ronald Huff., B.A. , M.S.W. * -k A A A The Ohio State University 1974 Reading Committee: Approved by Simon Dinitz Alfred C. Clarke Joseph E. Scott Department of Sociology TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................... iv VITA ................................................... vi LIST OF T A B L E S ......................................... viii INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 Chapter I. FROM DEMONS TO THE LABELING AND CONFLICT PERSPECTIVES ................................. 5 The Pre-Classical Period The Classical School The Neo-Classical Period Positivism Positivist Philosophies of Social Control Labeling and Conflict Theories II. FROM EXORCISM TO PRISONERS' UNIONS: THE DEVELOP­ MENT OF CORRECTIONS......................... 39 The Connection Between Theory and Practice . Varieties of Penal Sanctions The Pre-Prison Detention Center The Origins and Development of the Modern Prison The Treatment Model and Beyond III. THE DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF PRISONERS' MOVEMENTS................................... 71 Prisoners' Movements: Some Introductory Observations Prisoners' Movements in Europe American Prisoners' Movements An Initial Conceptualization ii Chapter Page IV. THE OHIO PRISONERS' LABOR UNION: FROM ASHES TO ASHES ........................................... 102 History of the O.P.L.U. Anatomy of a Prisoners' Union V. PRISONERS' UNIONS: ISSUES, REACTIONS, AND PROBLEMS....................................... 155 Legal Issues Official Reactions to Prisoners' Union Movement s Reactions of the Media and the Citizens VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS........................... 179 Recapitulation Principal Findings The Impact of Prisoners' Unions The Future of Prisoners' Unions APPENDIX A ............................................... 202 B .......................................................... 207 C .......................................................... 211 D .......................................................... 218 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................. 220 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Like most authors, I am indebted to many more people than can be mentioned here. This research could not have been successfully undertaken without the openness and understanding of both the Ohio Prisoners' Labor Union and the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction. Especially helpful in terms of their time and assistance were R. Raymond Twohig, Jr., legal counsel for the Ohio Prisoners' Labor Union; James B. Swingle, specialist in the Data Center of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction; and Raymond E. Capots, Assistant Superintendent of Administration and Research for the Ohio Adult Parole Authority. The continued guidance and sagacious counsel of Professor Simon Dinitz throughout this project has been invaluable and is hereby grate­ fully acknowledged. His support, both professional and personal, was instrumental in countless ways during the past two years. Professor Joseph E. Scott's assistance in collecting data on European prisoner organizations and on Ohio citizens' and prisoners' perceptions helped in providing a broader perspective on the phenomenon of prisoner unions. Much of the information dealing with the California Prisoners' Union and national organizing efforts was obtained through the cooperation of Willie Holder, President of the Prisoners' Union (headquartered in San Francisco). Four undergraduate students invested iv untold hours in the collection and coding of data: Bill Braden, Dave Jensen, Debbie Reed, and Dave Fisher. I would also like to thank three faculty members who were not direct contributors to this project but nevertheless were especially encouraging and supportive of my work and have been able to help create and maintain a graduate program most conducive of academic scholarship and warm human relationships. They are Chairman Edward C. McDonagh and Professors Alfred C. Clarke and Russell R. Dynes. Finally, the encouragement and assistance of my wife, Pat, helped me persevere during the difficult times, sometimes in spite of the loud (and largely unintelligible) protests of our baby daughter, Tamara. v VITA November 10, 1945 ............. Born - Covington, Kentucky 1965-1967 (Summers) .......... Psychology Assistant, Lima State Hospital, Lima, Ohio 1968 .......................... B.A., Capital University, Columbus, Ohio 1968 .......................... Social Worker, Franklin County Child­ ren's Services, Grove City, Ohio 1969 .......................... Graduate Social Work Intern, Pontiac State Hospital, Pontiac, Michigan 1969-1970 .................... Graduate Social Work Intern, Family Service of Metropolitan Detroit, Detroit, Michigan 1970 ...........................M.S.W., The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1970-1971 .................... Director of Psychiatric Social Work, Lima State Hospital, Lima, Ohio 1971-1972 .................... Psychiatric Social Worker, Northwest Community Mental Health Center, Lima, Ohio 1973-1974 .................... Teaching Associate, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Inmate Stratification: Some Policy Implications for Correctional Admin­ istrators and Staff." Corrective and Social Psychiatry, Volume 20, Number 2, pp. 9-14, April 1974. vi "Unionization Behind the Walls." Forthcoming in Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal (August 1974). Also revised and forth­ coming in Simon Dinitz, Alfred C. Clarke, and Russell R. Dynes, Deviance: Definition, Management and Treatment (New York: Oxford University Press, Autumn 1974). "A Re-Examination of the Public's Perceptions of Sexual 'Deviance'" (co-author with Joseph E. Scott). Forthcoming in Western Sociological Review (August 1974). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Sociology Studies in Criminology and Deviance. Professor Simon Dinitz Studies in Sociology of the Family. Professor Alfred C. Clarke Studies in Social Organization and Social Stratification. Pro­ fessor Russell R. Dynes vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. A Conceptualization of Types of Prisoners' Movements . 95 2. Age Distribution of Ohio Prison Population (O.P.P.) and Members of Ohio Prisoners' Labor Union (O.P.L.U.). 138 3. Racial Distribution of Ohio Prison Population (O.P.P.) and Members of Ohio Prisoners' Labor Union (O.P.L.U.). 140 4. Urban County Distribution of Ohio Prison Population (O.P.P.) and Members of Ohio Prisoners' Labor Union (O.P.L.U. ) ............................................. 141 5. Sex Distribution of Ohio Prison Population (O.P.P.) and Members of Ohio Prisoners' Labor Union (O.P.L.U.). 142 6. Distribution of Grade Level Achievement for Ohio Prison Population (O.P.P.) and Members of Ohio Prisoners' Labor Union (O.P.L.U.) ................................. 144 7. I.Q. Range Distribution of Ohio Prison Population (O.P.P.) and Members of Ohio Prisoners' Labor Union (O.P.L.U.)............................................. 145 8. Distribution
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