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Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (Vocs) in Ambient Air in Kuwait (1997-1998)

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Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (Vocs) in Ambient Air in Kuwait (1997-1998) Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 10 (1), 89-99 (2005) (Review Paper) MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCS) IN AMBIENT AIR IN KUWAIT (1997-1998) L. Al-Awadhi, M. Ahmed and A. R. Khan Coastal and Air pollution Department, Environment and Urban Development Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O Box. 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait, E-mail [email protected] (Received November 2004 and accepted April 2005) ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر و ﻗﻴﺎس ﻋﺪد 37 ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﺪة ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ذو آﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺮورﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ و ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ و ﻃﺒﻴﺔ و ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ. ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﻋﺎء ﺧﺎص ﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻟﻤﺪة ﻋﺎم واﺣﺪ وﺟﺮى اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎزي (GC/MS & Preconcentrator) .ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ دوﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺮت ﺑﻜﺎرﺛﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮاء ﺻﻨﻊ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ1991 (اﻟﻐﺰو اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻰ اﻟﻐﺎﺷﻢ -آﺎرﺛﺔ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﺁﺑﺎر اﻟﻨﻔﻂ) ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ إﺷﻌﺎل أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 800 ﺑﺌﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻪ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺤﻴﺮات ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ودﺧﺎن أﺳﻮد آﺜﻴﻒ ﻏﻄﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺄآﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺪة ﻋﺪة أﺷﻬﺮ . اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ آﺎن ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮي ﺗﺮاآﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة (VOCs) اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣﻦ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮات اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ- إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ و اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ-ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﻤﺮور وأﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ أﺧﺮي . اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎرة ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ - ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ و ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ دوﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ . ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻠﻮث ﺟﻮي ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﻮﻳﺦ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺛﻢ اﻟﺪﺳﻤﺔ و أﺧﻴﺮا اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮرﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ. اﻟﻜﻠﻮروﻓﻮرم آﺎن اآﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة وﻓﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺪﺳﻤﺔ، ﻳﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺴﺒﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻮر واﺳﺘﺨﺪام آﻠﻮر اﻟﺘﺒﻴﻴﺾ واﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﻟﺠﺎف آﻤﺎ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أآﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة وﻓﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻮﻳﺦ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪة و اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺟﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ . اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة (VOCs) ﺗﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ . ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺗﻮازن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ أآﺜﺮ. Thirty-seven volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were selected and quantified in areas impacted by traffic sources as well as industrial, commercial and residential areas in Kuwait City. In each sector of Kuwait city, especially the Capital, Al-Asema governorate monitoring was performed using Summa – passivated canisters during a 1-year period. Analysis of samples was performed by means of a pre-concentrator, followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Kuwait, being an oil producing country, has experienced the world largest manmade environmental disaster in 1991, whereby ignition of over 800 wellheads resulted into huge oil lakes and also covered the entire area by a thick black smoke for a period of some months. The focus of this study was to assess the range of concentrations of VOCs resulting from anthropogenic sources such as oil lakes, oil production and refining, road traffic and other industrial activities. The selected study area is based on industrial sectors, residential and commercial districts of capital governorate. Results of this study indicate that the Al-Shamiya sector has the highest ambient VOCs, followed by industrial Shuwaikh, Al-Dasma, and Al- Mansouria sectors, respectively. Chloroform, the most abundant VOC in Al-Madena and Al- Dasma sectors, was mainly related to chlorinated water, bleach, and dry cleaning and solvents. The next abundant VOC in industrial Shuwaikh was toluene that is attributed to the multifaceted industrial activities in this area. The probable sources of measured VOCs are discussed in detail in the following sections. In future work, chemical mass balance model (CMB) with more extensive data will be used to assess the contributions of traffic, oil production, and oil refining industries to the VOCs concentrations in the ambient air. 1. INTRODUCTION VOCs were compared to outdoor levels and the carcinogenic nature of different VOCs were discussed Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are constituents in detail. The monitoring of ambient levels of VOCs in often found to be present in the air that we breathe, the atmosphere has been the focus of recent work and affecting adversely health and welfare. Many VOCs was reported in a number of publications3,4,5,6. are toxic or carcinogenic for humans and animals 1 Identification and quantification of VOCs in the above certain dosage level . The most comprehensive atmosphere is becoming increasingly important due to work on of VOCs in the air have been reported by 2 concerns of their participation in oxidant formation Wallace , in which high indoor concentrations of (mainly ozone), VOCs potential toxicity, and their 89 L. Al-Awadhi, M. Ahmed and A. R. Khan Figure 1. Sampling locations in Capital Governorates. chemical changes based upon their reactivity in the production and distribution, chemical manufacturing, atmosphere7,8. Fujita et al9 have used chemical mass industrial and commercial organic solvent use and balance receptor model to nonmethane organic gases, food processing. In 1991, the detonation of more than NMOG, in California's San Joaquin Valley and San 800 oil well heads by the retreating army resulted in a Francisco Bay area. They concluded that 70-75% of catastrophic incident that had produced thick black NMOG were due to vehicle emission in urban areas clouds of particulate matter, soot, unburned during 8:00-10:00 and 12:00-14:00 compared to daily hydrocarbon and huge oil lakes near oil production emission inventory 44%. The rest NMOG emissions facilities. The contribution of this incident to the were due to oil production facilities. Qin et al10 environmental pollution has been the subject of this compared weekend emissions with weekdays for investigation and the measurements were restricted to ozone, NOx, CO, VOCs, PM10 and light scatting in the urban area. The study area in Kuwait city is known southern California. Weekdays, large activities and as Capital (Al-Asema Governorate). The measured mainly traffic resulted into high NOx, CO and VOCs values of VOCs in ambient air were mainly attributed concentrations resulting into low ozone concentration to the regular emissions from traffic, commercial, while weekend ozone was reported higher than industrial, residential and oil related activities. weekdays. The VOCs sensitivity to ozone formation The 37 VOCs were selected and their and low concentrations of NOx are main reason for concentrations in the ambient air were quantified the weekend effect. Lin et al11 have measured VOCs during the year 1997 from different selected locations. concentration in ambient air of Kaohsiung Petroleum Ambient air samples were taken for the period of 24 Refinery in Taiwan. Benzene and toluene were the hours using Summa passive-sampling canisters during highest and the concentrations were 18 to 20 fold than a one-year monitoring period. Analysis of samples in downtown due to the close proximity to the source was performed by pre-concentrator followed by gas and well dispersed in the city center. chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This study mainly assesses the range of concentrations of VOCs resulting from anthropogenic 2. SAMPLING sources of VOCs that are related directly or indirectly to oil production, refining, utilization and other human 2.1 Sampling Location activities in Kuwait City. VOC concentrations in the Among the six governorates in the state of Kuwait, the air are related to the fuel used, vehicle types and Capital (Al-Asema), which is located adjacent of engines, flow rates and traffic speed as well as road Kuwait, bay was selected for this study, shown in and environmental conditions in the city12. There is a Figure 1 and Table 1. The population in 1997/98 was wide variety of natural and anthropogenic sources of about 182,800 (baseline information from ministry of VOCs in ambient air7. Anthropogenic sources include transportation, petroleum refining, oil and gas 90 Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 10, No.1, 2005 Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ambient Air in Kuwait (1997-1998) Table 1. Selected Sampling Locations in the Al-Asema Governorate Capital Sampling Sites Governorate Name of residential Population First Site Second Site Third Site complex Kuwait Society for Studies and Al-Madina 27365 Ministry of education Capital Governorate Building Specialized Research. Al Mansouria Co-op School for Girls-Al- Al-Zubair Bin Al-Awam Mosque, Al-Mansouria Kinder Garden Street 13 Al-Mansouria 4278 Mansouria Street Street 26,Block 2 Block 1 Dental Bnied Al-Gar Center Al-Muhalla Bnied Al-Gar 12503 Mosque in the Bursyed street Park Street Al-Emam Ebin Taimia Mosque Abu Buker Al-Sadique Mosque, Al- Gulf Arab State Educational Research Al-Shamiya 6612 Al-Huda Street Huda Street Center Al-Shamiya Street Al-Abbas Bin Abdu Al-Mutalab, Abdullah Salem 9900 Al-Mutair Mosque Block 4 Quoraish Sakhar Kinder Garden, Block 1 Block 2 Durrah Bint Abi Salama Elementary Solaibikhat 15617 Al-Luluah Kinder Garden School for Girls Garnata 1345 Khalid Bin Sayed mosque General Park under the Al-Shaikh Bin Abdullah Al-Faris Mosque Al-Shaheed Hassan Hussain Al-Zaabe Al-Faiha 1073 responsibility of Municipality Al- Al-Faha Street,Block 2 Park, Al-Shuhaba Street,Block 6 Shuhaba street, Block 4 Al-Nozha Youth center, Quoraish Abdulla Bin Al-Zubair, Akka Street Ozama Bin Ezit Mosque Quoraish Street Al-Nozha 6641 Street,Block1 Block 3 Block 2 Residential Elementary School for Boys Al-Mansour Post Office-Society Service Al-Shuwaikh Junior High School for Boys- 2264 Showaikh Street,Block 1 Center.Street 23, Block 2 Shuwaikh Street, Block
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