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Department of Political Science Punjab University, Lahore II Geo-Politics of Pakistan – China Strategic Partnership Submitted By: Mukhtar Ahmad Roll No: 01 Supervisor Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid A thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Department of Political Science Punjab University, Lahore II DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree Ph.D. in Geo-Politics of Pakistan – China Strategic Partnership Supervisor Submitted by PROF. DR.UMBREEN JAVAID Mukhtar Ahmad Chairperson Roll No. 1 Department of Political Science Ph.D. University of the Punjab, Lahore. Session:- 2014-2019 Department of Political Science University of the Punjab Lahore III Research Completion Certificate Certified that Research Work contained in this thesis titled "Geo-Politics of Pakistan – China Strategic Partnership (1962-2018)” has been carried out and completed by Mr. Mukhtar Ahmad, PhD, under my super vision during this PhD in Department of Political Science, Punjab University, Lahore. Dated _____ June, 2018. Supervisor Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid Chairperson Department of Political Science Punjab University, Lahore. IV DECLARATION I, Mukhtar Ahmad Ph. D. Scholar at Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore hereby declare that the present thesis titled “Geo-Politics of Pakistan – China Strategic Partnership” has been written by me and is my original and personal work. ________ __________________ Dated Signature of Deponent V DEDICATION I dedicate this research work to my beloved parents, my wife and my children. VI Contents Description Page List of Abbreviations IX List of Tables and Figures X Acknowledgment XI Abstract XII Chapter No. 1 Introduction: Geo-Politics of Pakistan-China Strategic Partnership 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2. Geo-politics: An Introduction 3 1.3. Definitions of Geo-politics 4 1.4. Researcher's Definition 7 1.5. Theoretical debate b/w Academic Geography and Classical 7 Geopolitics 1.6. Types of Geopolitics 11 (1) Critical Geopolitics 11 (2) Popular Geopolitics 12 (3) Practical Geopolitics 13 1.7. Theoretical Debate of Geopolitics 14 1.8. German Geopolitical Theories and its Links with Nazism 17 1.9. Mackinder's Heartland Theory 19 1.10. Kissinger, Brzezinski and Grand Chess Board 22 1.11. French Geopolitical Theoretical Doctrine 26 1.12. Russian Theoretical Doctrine of Geopolitics 29 1.13. Post-War American Containment Theory 29 1.14. Conclusion 32 Chapter No. 2 Literature Review & Research Design and Procedure 2.1. Abstract 41 2.2. Introduction 41 2.3. Literature Review 44 2.4. Significance of Study 56 2.5. Research Objectives 56 2.6. Research Questions 57 2.7. Research Design 57 2.8. Research Method 59 2.9. Data Collection Technique 60 2.10. Selection of the Sample-The Purposive Sampling 61 2.11. Data Analysis 61 2.12. Availability of Resources 61 2.13. Work Plan 62 VII 2.14. Outline of Chapters 63 Chapter No. 3 Pakistan China Relations: Historical Perspective (1962-2018) 3.1. Introduction 69 3.2. How Pakistan sees China 71 3.3 How China sees Pakistan 74 3.4. Diplomatic Relations 78 3.5. Diplomatic Relations in 21st Century 83 3.6. Economic Ties between Pakistan-China 89 3.7. Defense Ties of Pakistan and China 96 3.8. Conclusion 101 Chapter No. 4 Pakistan-China Strategic Regional Partnership as an emerging pattern to Indo-US Strategic Partnership 4.1. Pakistan-China Ties: Regional Strategic Partnership 111 4.2. China's String of Pearl Policy and Pakistan 113 4.3. Space Pearls 114 4.4. Pak-China Every-Energizing Ties 116 4.5. Challenging US Interests in the Region 118 4.6. Strategic Dominance Politics in Indian Ocean Region (IOR) 120 4.7. Strategic Significance of IOR 120 4.8. US-India Alliance in IOR 122 4.9. Pak-China Alliance: Challenging India in IOR 126 4.10. Sino-Pakistan Collaboration to Counter India-US Nexus 128 4.11. Chinese Naval Objectives 129 4.12. Pak-China Collaboration on Strategically Important Gwadar Port 130 4.13. Pakistan-China-India-US Strategic Quadrilateral Relationship 133 4.14. Conclusion 138 Chapter No. 5 India in Afghanistan: Implications for Pakistan and China 5.1. Afghanistan-India Ties: A Historical Perspective 149 5.2. Soviet Invasion Until Taliban Government 150 5.3. Ties in Post 9/11 World 151 5.4. Reasons Why Afghanistan is Significant for India 157 5.5 Indian Objectives in Afghanistan 158 (a) Indian Economic Policy in Afghanistan 158 (b) Countering Pakistan in Afghanistan 159 (c) Countering Chinese Influence in South Asian Region 161 (d) Enhance Access to Central Asian Region 161 (e) Increasing Regional Influence 163 (f) Project Power and Demonstrate Global Interests 164 (g) Seek Political Influence in Afghanistan 165 (h) Regional Solutions for Afghan Stability and Security Issues 168 (i) Indian Soft Power in Afghanistan 169 5.6. Implications for Pakistan 170 VIII (a) Security Dilemma 170 (b) Diplomatic Encircling 171 (c) Economic Debilitation 172 (d) Indian Sponsored Terrorism in Pakistan 173 5.7. Implications for China 175 (a) Impact on CPEC 175 (b) Economic Restrictions 175 (c) Regional Dominance Rivalry 176 (d) Indian Ocean Dominance 176 5.8. Conclusion 177 Chapter 6 Iran's Chahbahar Vs CPEC: Cooperation or Rivalry? 6.1. China Pakistan Economic Corridor Strategic Significance 185 6.2. CPEC: Revisiting the Historic Silk Road 186 South West Route 189 Route Frtom to sea 189 6.3. CPEC: Development and Projects 189 . Development in CPEC 190 Investemnt in major projects uner CPEC 192 6.4. Chahbahar Port: An Introduction 193 6.5. Strategic Location of Chahbahar Port 195 6.6. Chahbahar and Iran‟s Global Strategy 196 6.7. Iran-Indai-Afghanistan Strategic Coalition 197 6.8. Transit Trialeteral Agreement 199 6.9. Chahbahar-Zehedan-Bam-Hajigak Raiwlay 200 6.10. Mashhad-Heart-Mazar-e-Sharif Railway 201 6.11. Investment by Prive Sector 201 6.12. Srrategic Significance of Chahbahar Port 202 6.13 Security Issues to Chahabar 204 6.14 Comparative Analysis of Chahbahar and CPEC‟s Gwadar Port 205 6.15 Economic, Strategic Vitals of CPEC‟s Gwadar 206 6.16 Economic, Strategic Aspects of Chahbahar 209 6.16 Conculusion 211 Chapter 7 Pakistan's Strategic Options: Conclusion 7.1. Summary 222 7.2. Findings 239 7.3. Pakistan's Strategic Options 240 (a) Enhancement of Strategic Ties with China and Russia 241 (b) Promotion of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) 241 (c) Participation in Chahbahar Port's Development 241 (d) Reduction of Lack of Trust with Afghanistan 241 (e) Sharing Indian Sponsor Terrorism Information with Rest of the 242 World .4. Conclusion 242 IX Table for Abbreviations Abbreviations Descriptions UN United Nations CPEC China Pakistan Economic Corridor OBOR One Belt One Road IOR Indian Ocean Region NSG Nuclear Supplier Group SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation UNSC United Nations Security Council NPT Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty X List of Tables and Figures 2.13. Work Plan 62 3.1. Pakistan Map 71 3.1. China Exports to Pakistan 90 3.2. Pakistan China Trade Balance 93 5.1. India's Aid to Afghanistan 156 6.1. CPEC Map 188 6.2. Investment in major projects of CPEC 194 6.3. Chinese investment in CPEC 195 6.4. Chahbahar Port Map 200 XI Acknowledgments I would like to thank Almighty Allah for his countless blessings as without his blessings and grace for me I would never be able to complete this research work. He gave my strength and courage to put my full effort in this work. I would like to thank our Head of Department and my supervisor Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javed who provided us full educational atmosphere in the Department along with many other opportunities to learn. She also provided us complete resources in the Department and its library to carry out the research work comprehensively. I am really grateful to my friends for their support and encouragement during this whole time, they made my moments memorable and stood with me when I needed them most. I am also grateful to my family who helped me in my hard times during these years. Finally I would like to state that I have conducted this research work with my full effort and tried to remain unbiased but if still there is any mistake or error in this work, I will be sole responsible for this error. Mukhtar Ahmad XII Abstract Geo-Politics of Pakistan-China strategic partnership are highly vital and critical for both regional and global politics. Both countries have enjoyed “all weather friendship” in last seven decades. The major reasons for strong ties of these two states are ever increasing Indo-US ties and emerging of China as economic power. With passage of time both neighbouring states have further strengthen their relationship through numerous ventures like CPEC, JF-17 Thunder and various military and economic agreements. Sino-Pakistan ties are also important for strategic balance in South Asia to counter Indo-US influence in the region. Although Pakistan has enjoyed close ties with United States but its increasing tilt towards India has forced Pakistan to look for other options and China is natural and best option for Pakistan in every aspect. Another aspect of Sino-Pakistan ties is Gwadar port which has emerged as strategically significant especially against Iranian Chahbahar port which is being developed through Indian investment. Hence, to maintain the economic, military, and strategic balance in South Asian Region, the Pakistan-China ties are not only vital but also essential. The Pakistan-India ties are also essential for the regional stability especially in context of the US-India nexus in the South Asia. Both India and USA are trying hard to tilt the geo strategic balance in their favor tackling Pakistan-China policies and strategic steps in the region i.e.
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