INSIGHTS

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PART - TWO

[INSIGHTS SECURE Q&A COMPILATION GENERAL STUDIES PAPER-2]

Topics Covered: All International Events from October 2013 to August 2014 Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2

Q- ―South Asian unity is essential if we are to deliver an improved quality of life to hundreds of millions, through growth made possible by Table of Contents economic efficiencies and commerce.‖ India and its Neighbourhood Comment. (200 Words) ...... 25 (relations) ...... 19 INDIA-CHINA ...... 26 Q---Critically examine water related disputes Q--Comment on the areas of cooperation between India and its Eastern Neighbours between India and China. Do you agree with including China...... 19 the view that strong trade relations would Q--Critically comment on the relevance of eventually make border disputes irrelevant in Gujral Doctrine to India‘s foreign policy vis a the future? Comment...... 26 vis its neighbours...... 19 Q-Write a note on the cultural ties between Q-What is the difference between border and India and China...... 26 frontier? Highlight the importance of effective Q-Critically compare and contrast India‘s management of border security for India. (200 economic relationship between China and Words) ...... 20 Japan...... 27 Question - Write a note on the Bangladesh- Q-Critically comment on China‘s increasing China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) corridor plan. presence in the Indian Ocean and ‗string of (200 Words) ...... 21 pearl‘ theory that has been used to explain Q-Analyze the possible impact of the BCIM intent behind China‘s expansion...... 27 corridor project on the regional economic Q-Critically comment on the border dispute growth. (200 Words) ...... 22 between India and China...... 28 Q. Critically assess the nature of Indian Q-Critically comment on the nature of trade diplomacy with its neighboring countries in relations between India and China...... 29 South Asia since Independence...... 22 Q-Write a critical note on the visa controversy Q-- In your opinion what role should India between India and China...... 29 play to have a friendly relationship with its Q-What is the root cause of border dispute neighbours, especially with SAARC members? between India and China? Discuss the In the light of its policy towards its neighbours important measures taken by both countries so in recent years, critically comment...... 22 far to maintain peace at the border. (200 Words) Q---The Northeast can be rejuvenated by ...... 29 making the region a focal point for growth. Q-What are the seven practical principles of Analyse in what ways NE region can be made a engagement as envisioned by India and China focal point for growth and how...... 23 between them during the recent visit of India‘s Q-Critically evaluate the success of the South PM to China? (100 Words) ...... 30 Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Q-India-China ties cannot be hostage to the (SAARC) as political and economic entity vies a boundary dispute.‖ Should boundary dispute vis its objectives ...... 24 be sidelined and cooperation in other areas of Q-Write a critical note on India‘s energy ties mutual interests be promoted between India with the SAARC members...... 25 and China? Comment on the importance of http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 1

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2

border dispute resolution between the two Q--Critically discuss India‘s border problem countries ...... 30 with Pakistan...... 36 Q-Write a critical note on China‘s visa policy on Q-Critically comment on the issue of Sir Creek Arunachal Pradesh and India‘s response to it. between India and Pakistan...... 36 What measure you think India should adopt to Q- Should India and Pakistan talks be held deal with China‘s ambiguous visa policy with hostage to border skirmishes and terrorist respect to Arunachal Pradesh? (200 Words) ... 31 attacks? Comment. (250 Words) ...... 37 Question - ―In boldly re-engineering the Q-Do you agree to the proposal that a neutral subcontinent‘s physical environment, Beijing is monitoring by a third party such as UN at the behaving much like the British Raj.‖ Comment border in Kashmir is required to bring peace to in the context of growing presence of China the region? Substantiate. (250 Words) ...... 37 across the region and consequent Indian Q-Do you think there is a need to replace 1960 concerns. (200 Words) ...... 31 Indus Water Treaty to suit the present demands Q-Critically discuss the Tibet issue and its and to address emerging ecological problems? influence on the relationship between India and Analyze ...... 38 China...... 32 Q- ―The best hope for better relations between Q-Examine the roots of China – Tibet conflict India and Pakistan lies in the strengthening of and explain the importance of this issue for democracy in Pakistan.‖ Analyze ...... 39 India...... 32 Q-Critically comment on the underlying Q- What were the circumstances that led to the philosophy on which relationship between 1962 Indo-China war? Write a critical note on India and Pakistan is founded...... 40 India‘s preparedness in its borders to avoid Q-Comment on the present visa policy between 1962 like situation...... 33 India and Pakistan. (200 Words) ...... 41 Q-Do you think India and China could jointly Q-Why Kishenganga hydro-electric project was combat terrorism? Explain how? (150 Words) 33 in dispute recently? Do you think that there is a Q. Explain the contentious issues and claims of need to revise Indus Water Treaty? Comment. both India and China in their border disputes (200 Words) ...... 41 talks...... 33 Q-Critically analyze the importance of dialogue Q-Write a note on terrorist threats to China. and constant engagement between India and Compare and contrast China‘s anti-terrorism Pakistan to resolve bilateral issues. (200 Words) policy with that of India‘s. (200 Words) ...... 34 ...... 42 INDIA-PAKISTAN ...... 34 Q-Comment on the nature of trade relations Q---Critically comment on India‘s policy between India and Pakistan since Kargil War. towards Pakistan during last ten years...... 35 (200 Words) ...... 42 Q-Why did agreement on Iran-Pakistan-India Q-What is Most favoured Nation (MFN) status? gas pipeline fail? Examine. (150 Words) ...... 35 Examine the trade relations between India and Pakistan in the light of MFN controversy? (200 Q-What implications does US withdrawal from Words) ...... 42 Afghanistan have on India-Pakistan relations? Critically analyze. (200 Words) ...... 35 Q-Write a critical note on India – Pakistan trade relations. (200 Words) ...... 43 http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 2

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2

Answer) ...... 43 you place Bangladesh vis a vis India? Question - In your opinion how will the Substantiate...... 48 transition in Afghanistan would affect India – Q--Critically examine the Permanent Court of Pakistan relationship? Comment. (200 Words) Arbitration verdict on the India-Bangladesh ...... 43 maritime dispute and its implications for India in future...... 49 INDIA-AFGHANISTAN ...... 44 Q-Critically comment on the efforts made by Q--Critically examine the geopolitical interests India and Bangladesh to resolve contentious of China in Afghanistan. Do you think a major issues between them...... 49 role played by China in Afghanistan would be a concern to India? Comment...... 44 Q-Critically discuss why a stable Bangladesh with a strong democratic government and Q-What are the highlights of strategic institutions is important for India. (200 Words) partnership agreement between India and ...... 49 Afghanistan? Do you think it is prudent for India to have a deep military ties with Q-What are the objectives of the proposed Land Afghanistan? Comment. (200 Words) ...... 45 Boundary Agreement (LBA) Bill between Bangladesh and India? Explain its significance Q-Should India fill the vacuum created by the and also throw light on controversy withdrawal of troops by the USA in surrounding the bill. (200 Words) ...... 50 Afghanistan by actively participating in Afghan affairs? Critically comment...... 46 Q. Discuss important recent developments in bilateral relations between India and INDIA-BANGLADESH ...... 46 Bangladesh. Are they mutually beneficial? Q-― The Land Border Agreement and the Comment...... 50 Teesta agreement are now a litmus test of Q-Evaluate the performance of India – India‘s willingness to have good relations with Bangladesh security cooperation neighbours.‖ Critically comment...... 46 measures. (150 Words) ...... 51 Q-―India should press for a comprehensive INDIA-MYANMAR ...... 51 bilateral – or possibly trilateral, involving Bangladesh – treaty with China on water Q-What are the challenges before India in sharing that is open to international scrutiny fostering long term goodwill relationship with and adjudication.‖ Comment why...... 47 Myanmar and what should be its strategy to deal with these challenges? Examine...... 51 Q- Critically comment on the issue of illegal migration from Bangladesh into Assam and the Q-Evaluate India – Myanmar relations of last resultant problems in many reasons of Assam. two decades. (200 Words) ...... 52 Do you think grievances of native people of Q-What repercussions does ethnic problems in Assam who are against Bangladeshi migrants is Myanmar have on India? Explain. (150 Words) justified? Explain why...... 47 ...... 53 Q--Examine why Bangladesh is ahead of India INDIA-MALDIVES ...... 53 in many health indicators. What lessons can Q-Highlight the importance of stable India learn from Bangladesh? Discuss...... 48 democracy in Maldives to India. (150 Words) 53 Q--Differentiate between ‗natural ally‘ and ‗strategic partners‘. To which category would INDIA-NEPAL ...... 54 http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 3

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Q--Critically comment on the rise of opinion what should be India‘s policy towards communism in Nepal. What is its present this issue? Comment...... 61 ideology? What is India‘s position vis a vis Q-What is Sethusamudram project? Why is Nepal‘s communist parties? Explain...... 54 being opposed? (200 Words) ...... 61 Q-Comment on the nature of economic Q-Do you think escalating conflicts between relations between India and Nepal. (200 Words) fishermen between maritime neighbors across ...... 55 the world is an indication of deteriorating food Q-Why should Chinese presence in Nepal security situation? Comment. (200 ...... 62 concern India ? ...... 55 Q-―The problem with the Palk Bay fishing Q-Should Chinese economic presence and conflict is precisely its interstate character.‖ strategic influence in Nepal worry India? Comment. (200 Words) ...... 62 ...... 56 Comment. (200 Words) Q-Bring out the causes of frequent arrests of Q-Critically comment on the criticism over the fishermen between India and Sri Lanka. How 1950 ―India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and do you think both countries should resolve the Friendship‖ and examine why there is a call for issue? Comment (200 Words) ...... 63 ...... 57 its revision Question - Write a critical note on Kachatheevu Q- What mechanisms have been put in place by island controversy involving India, Sri Lanka India and Nepal to curb illegal trade and and Tamil Nadu. (200 Words) ...... 64 improve security in their borders. Have they Q. Which are the main areas of concern for been successful? Examine. (200 Words) ...... 57 India within Sri Lanka? How can India help Sri Q-What role did India play during Nepal‘s Lanka address these issues amicably? Explain. recent constitutional crisis? Explain. (150 ...... 64 Words) ...... 58 Q. Critically comment on Sri Lanka‘s policies INDIA-BHUTAN ...... 58 towards its Tamil population post – 2009 victory over LTTE...... 65 Q-Critically evaluate the evolution of relationship between India and Bhutan since Q-Comment on the growing relationship India‘s independence...... 58 between China and Sri Lanka. Should India be worried? Why? Substantiate...... 65 Q-Comment on India‘s policy towards Bhutan since 1947...... 59 Q-Examine why there is an escalation of tension between Indian and Sri Lankan Q-Analyze the recent developments in India – fishermen in the Palk Strait. (150 Words) ...... 66 Bhutan relationship. Do you think India is acting like a ‗big brother‘ towards its Bilateral, Regional, Global groupings & neighbors? Comment. (200 Words) ...... 60 Agreements (involving and/or INDIA-SRI LANKA ...... 61 affecting India) ...... 66 Q--Comment on the maritime boundary and GENERAL INDIAN DIPLOMACY ... 66 sovereignty over islands issue between India Q--Why is India projected as a soft power? Do and Sri Lanka...... 61 you think this image has helped India to Q-Critically comment on the contentious issue advance its foreign policy goals? Critically of fishing between India and Sri Lanka. In your analyse...... 66 http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 4

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2

Q--Critically comment on India‘s doctrine of Q--Do you think the doctrine of South – South ‗strategic autonomy‘ and its efforts towards its cooperation is still relevant? Comment...... 73 pursuit...... 68 Q-- ―India‘s silence on critical global issues fits Q--―The Ministry of External Affairs needs to poorly with its global aspirations.‖ Critically consider internal affairs and engage important comment...... 74 players within the country too.‖ In the light of INDIA-NORTH AMERICA ...... 74 giving consideration to federal compulsions in the foreign policy, critically comment on the Q-Write a note on India-Canada trade relations. statement...... 68 (200 Words) ...... 74 Q-Critically comment on India‘s relationship in Q--Critically analyse important areas where the light of ongoing geopolitical developments constructive relationship between India and in the Asia-Pacific region...... 69 USA would mutually benefit the two countries...... 75 Q. Do you think India‘s foreign policy and service needs its own reforms? Why? Critically Q- Critically examine trade related disputes comment ...... 69 between USA and India. How does India seek to address these? ...... 75 Q. Should India shift towards ‗first use‘ policy of nuclear weapons? Substantiate your answer Q. Comment on the changing contours of with examples...... 70 relationship between India and USA in last ten years...... 76 Q What is India‘s nuclear doctrine? Does it need a revision? Substantiate...... 71 INDIA-SOUTH AMERICA ...... 77 Q-In the light of India‘s ‗soft power‘ status, Q) Write a critical note on India‘s relationship evaluate the principles of ‗Multi Alignment‘ with the South American nations...... 77 and ‗Non Alignment.2.0′ put forward by some Q-Explain the areas of interest and cooperation intellectual in recent years...... 71 between India and Cuba. Is Cuba conducive for Q--Critically analyse efforts made by major Indian investments? Examine...... 77 economies of Asia to position themselves as regional powers with international ambitions. INDIA-EUROPE ...... 78 ...... 72 Q-In the light of recent reports on the plight of Q-―The single most important objective of Indians working in foreign countries, critically Indian foreign policy has to be to create a evaluate the effectiveness of the Emigration global environment conducive to the well- Act, 1983 in safeguarding the interests of these being of our great country.‖ How far has India Indian workers...... 78 been successful in its foreign policy as Q--Write a critical note on the relationship suggested in the above statement? Critically between India and the United Kingdom...... 78 evaluate. (250 Words) ...... 72 Q- Explain how Eurozone crisis affected the Q-What do you understand by Free Trade Indian economy? What are its aftershocks? (200 Agreement? Do you think bilateral and Words) ...... 78 regional trade agreements are diminishing the Q---Write a note on relationship between India role of multilateral fora? Discuss. (200 Words) and Germany in the filed of science and ...... 73 technology...... 78 http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 5

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Q---Critically evaluate India‘s strategic Q-Do you think India should be worried partnership with France...... 79 because of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Q-Write a note on the defence cooperation Levant‘s (ISIL) recent activities in Iraq? between India and France...... 79 Critically examine why? ...... 87 Q-Throw light on India – UK relations in Q-Critically analyse India‘s interests in the R&D. (150 Words) ...... 80 West Asian region...... 88 Q-Analyze trade relations between India and Q- Write a note on the economic cooperation UK. (200 Words) ...... 80 between India and Egypt. Do you think political instability in Egypt has affected ties Q-Write a note on cooperation between India between two countries? Substantiate. (200 and France in space technology. (200 Words) 81 Words) ...... 88 Q. In the light of recent decision by the Q-Write a critical note on India-UAE relations. government to not to sign aircraft deal with Is there a mechanism between two countries to France, critically comment on what should be dealt with the issue of migrants‘ abuse in UAE India‘s strategy when it comes to acquiring ? Explain. (200 Words) ...... 89 advanced defence capabilities, especially superior and affordable air power...... 81 Q-What are the important regional issues of concern between India and Iran? How do both INDIA-RUSSIA ...... 82 countries seeks to address these issues? Q-Discuss the relationship between India and Analyze. (200 Words) ...... 89 Russia in the energy sector. Write a note on Q-―The relationship between India and Iran has future prospects...... 82 become transactional, rather than strategic.‖ Q--Examine how and why India and Russia Comment. (200 Words) ...... 89 came together to form a strategic and friendly Q. Why is it important for India to have a partnership? ...... 82 strong and friendly relationship with Iran? Q-Do you think the relations between India Critically analyse...... 90 and Russia is ‗strategic‘ in its true sense? Q-Critically evaluate the strategic significance Critically examine. (200 Words) ...... 83 of the Indo – Israeli relationship...... 91 Q-Write a note on the energy relationship Q--Comment on the nature of relationship between India and Russia...... 84 between India and Israel. Do you think Israel Q-Write a note on India-Russia defence can be India‘s natural ally? Examine...... 92 cooperation. (150 Words) ...... 84 Q---In your opinion what are the common Q. Critically examine the nature of economic areas upon which India and Israel can take relationship between India and Russia...... 84 their relationship to the next level? Critically examine...... 93 INDIA-MIDDLE EAST AND INDIA-SOUTH EAST ASIA ...... 93 CENTRAL ASIA ...... 86 Q--Critically comment on recent political crisis Q-Does India need a ‗Look Middle-East in Thailand. Examine what role can India play Policy‘? Explain why ...... 86 to resolve this crisis in Thailand...... 93 Q-Critically examine the importance of stable Q-It is arguably better to be Hindu in Middle East to Indian economy. In your ...... 86 Indonesia, than Muslim in India.‖ Do you agree http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 6

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2

with the view? Critically comment. (200 Words) Q-―The healthy state of India-Japan relations is ...... 94 best seen in its own terms rather than as a Question - Explain the significance of having a result of a shared wariness of China.‖ Do you strong maritime cooperation with South ...... 95 agree with the statement? Justify. (200 Words) ...... 101 Q- Analyze the factors that make the Northeast India as the gateway to Southeast Asia. Asses Q- Do you think India and Japan are Asia‘s how far this region has been tapped as gateway natural-born allies? Critically analyze the to South East Asia by the government of evolving relationship between India and Japan India. (200 Words) ...... 95 in trade and strategic affairs. (250 Words) .... 101 Q-What are the important areas of cooperation Q-Is it in India‘s interest to forge deeper between India and Indonesia? Examine the relationship with Japan and Korea to counter recent developments in these areas of China? Critically comment. (200 Words) ...... 102 cooperation. (250 Words) ...... 96 Q-Critically analyse the nature of bilateral Q-Examine the nature of bilateral relationship relationship between India and Japan...... 103 between India and Singapore. Explain India‘s Q-Write a note on the defense cooperation contribution in Singapore‘s growth...... 97 between India and japan. Do you think it is in Q-Write a note on security ties between India India‘s interest to forge stronger strategic ties and Vietnam ...... 97 with Japan? Comment. (200 Words) ...... 103 Q-Analyze India‘s defence and security Q-Critically comment on the Japan‘s ‗the Arc of relationship with Vietnam. (150 Words) ...... 98 Freedom and Prosperity‘ strategy and its implications on India-Japan relations. (200 INDIA-EAST ASIA ...... 98 Words) ...... 104 Q-Compare and contrast India‘s relationship Q-Examine how India and Japan, as leading with North Korea and South Korea. (200 ―maritime democracies‖, can play a decisive words) ...... 98 role in promoting peace and prosperity in the Q-Examine the implications of deeper strategic ‗Indo- Pacific‘ Region?. (200 Words) ...... 104 ties between India and Korea in the Asia-Pacific Q- ―The India-Japan partnership is yet to move region. (200 Words) ...... 99 beyond the economic to the strategic.‖ Analyze. Q-Should India be more assertive in the South (200 Words)The Indian Express ...... 104 China Sea region? Substantiate. (200 Words) .. 99 Q-―Between India and Japan, the strategic Q-―India and Japan share the goal of total component of the relationship has increased elimination of nuclear weapons.‖ Looking at dramatically over the last four years.‖ Examine. the nuclear policies of both the governments, in (200 Words) ...... 105 your opinion, do you think both ...... 99 Q-Critically comment why Japan is keen to Q - ―China is the unwitting cupid that has have a deeper strategic relationship with India. brought about the India-Japan honeymoon.‖ ...... 106 Do you agree with the statement? Comment. Q-―To India‘s national security interests, (200 Words) ...... 100 Japan is irreplaceably valuable.‖ Comment. Q-What implications does China‘s Air Defence (200 Words) ...... 106 Identification Zone (ADIZ) have on India? INDIA-AFRICA ...... 107 Comment. (200 Words) ...... 100 http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 7

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Critically comment on India‘s diplomatic Q-Do you think the Commonwealth is an policies towards West Asian and North African anachronistic neo-colonial institution with no region...... 107 spine? Comment (200 Words) ...... 113 Q-What is round-tripping? Analyze the trade Q-Discuss the areas of concern in trade relations between India and Mauritius. (200 between India and the European Union. Words) ...... 107 Examine the impact of these concerns on the Q-Critically examine the overall policy of India growth of trade between these two...... 114 towards African nations. Do you think India‘s Effect of Policies & Politics of policy towards Africa needs review? Comment Developed and Developing countries why...... 108 on India (India's interests, diaspora)114 INDIA-AUSTRALIA ...... 109 United States of America ...... 114 Q-Nuclear cooperation between India and Australia – important issues (150 Words) ..... 109 Q-Examine how the US govt shutdown can have negative effect on US and world economy Q-Write a note on trade relationship between ? ...... 114 India and Australia. (150 Words) ...... 109 Q-Suggest measures to decouple the world GROUPINGS INVOVLING INDIA . 110 from American‘s internal economic and Q. Examine the contentious issues between political dynamics. (200 Words) ...... 114 India and ASEAN in finalising Free Trade Q-The American foreign policy transition to Agreement between them in services...... 110 diluted ‘Rebalance to Asia‘ from ‗Pivot to Asia‘ Q-Examine the status of Regional has helped China to reassert its influence in the Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Asia-Pacific region.‖ Comment...... 115 of India with ASEAN countries and the India- Q-―It is said that what is good for the U.S. will European Union (EU) trade agreements...... 110 be good for other economies as well.‖ Q-Explain the different types of Trade Elaborate. (200 Words) ...... 115 Agreements and differences between them. Q-With special reference to India, examine the Examine the status of India‘s trade agreement issues related to immigration reforms in USA. with the ASEAN group...... 111 (200 Words)The Hindu ...... 116 Q-If India‘s services and investment trade pact Q-Suggest measures to decouple the world with Association of Southeast Asian Nations from American‘s internal economic and (ASEAN) becomes reality, who benefits and political dynamics...... 117 why? Examine...... 112 United Kingdom ...... 117 Q-Discuss the importance of India – ASEM cooperation to India. Examine if the present Q-What were the consequences of UK‘s level of cooperation should be enhanced for proposed immigration policy of subjecting tangible outcome. (200 Words) ...... 112 visitors from six ―high-risk‖ Commonwealth countries to a certain bond plan? Examine. (100 Q-Why is India not a signatory to the NPT? Words) ...... 117 Has it affected India‘s nuclear ambitions? Evaluate. (200 Words) ...... 113 Q-Immigration issue, especially in the case of highly skilled professionals, is a thorny issue between India and the European Union. What http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 8

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steps has EU taken to address India‘s concerns an IMF approach that has not worked well in this regard? Examine...... 118 elsewhere in the world.‖ Explain the approach of IMF in fighting inflation...... 124 Asia ...... 118 Q-Examine how India without compromising Q-Write a critical note on China‘s Air Defence its independent foreign policy, can utilize Identification Zone (ADIZ) and its implication international fora and groupings to secure its on the regional security. (200 Words) ...... 118 cyber space from external threats. (250 Words) Q-―China will be increasingly judged by its ...... 126 partners and the international community by Q-What do you understand by Diplomatic its actions and not by its rhetoric.‖ Comment Immunity? Is it absolute? Comment...... 126 on the statement in the light of recent developments in the South China Sea and Q-Highlight the importance of Track-III elsewhere. (200 Words) ...... 119 Diplomacy in fostering good relations between countries. (150 Words) ...... 127 Middle East ...... 119 Q-―In severe international conflict scenarios, to Q-How does the interim nuclear deal agreed resolve an issue, often the solution can be between Iran and P5+1 countries affect India? found through diplomacy, not by intimidation Examine. (200 Words) ...... 119 or war.‖ Comment. (200 Words) ...... 127 Q- ―Syria is coming close to shifting from an Q-Supreme Social Happiness Department (50 India-friendly regime to a possibly hostile, Words) ...... 128 Islamist regime.‖ Comment and highlight what Q-Write a critical note on the scramble for should be India‘s approach. (200 Words) ...... 120 Arctic resources and the associated conflicts in Q-What is the rationale behind Saudi Nitaqat the international arena. (200 Words) ...... 128 policy? What is its implication on Indian labour force working in Saudi Arabia?(150 Words) . 122 UNITED NATIONS ...... 128 Q-Critically analyze the relations between Q-Critically evaluate the role and relevance of Saudi Arabia and India in the light of recent UN peacekeeping missions in Africa...... 129 major events in the Middle East region. (200 Q-Explain the structure and mandate of Words) ...... 122 UNICEF (United Nations Children‘s Fund) (150 ...... 129 Important International institutions, Words) agencies, fora (structure, mandate) .. 123 Q-Enumerate any ten important rights declared in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Q. Examine the structure, mandate and document. Do you think India has succeeded in importance of International Finance granting all of its citizens these rights fully? Corporation (IFC). What is the criteria being Examine. (250 Words) ...... 129 followed by IFC when it lends money? Q--Critically comment on the functioning of Critically examine...... 123 UN Security Council ...... 130 Q--Examine the objectives of G-20 for which it Q) From India‘s perspective, explain why is it was set-up. Do you think the group has met its important to reform both UNSC and IMF. .... 130 objectives? Comment...... 124 Q--Write a note on the U.N. Convention on the Q. . ―Fighting inflation first through Law of Sea (UNCLOS) and its relevance to stabilisation and worrying about growth later is India...... 131 http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 9

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Q---Critically evaluate the contribution of UN Q-Write a short note on 7th United Nations Peacekeeping missions to world peace...... 131 Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Q---Critically comment on India‘s Treatment of Offenders (100 Words) ...... 137 achievements in meeting the targets of Q- What is the mandate of UNHRC? Critically Millenium Development Goals...... 132 comment on its functioning citing any two Q--Write a note on the UN Convention on the recent examples...... 138 Law of the NonNavigational Uses of Q-What efforts have been made by UN and its International Watercourses...... 132 agencies to protect children and women in war Q) ‗Asia wants a new specialized bank to fill affected countries like Afghanistan? Examine the gaps left by the World Bank and the Asian (200 Words) ...... 138 Development Bank.‘ Comment...... 133 Q-The U.N. principle of Responsibility to Q--In your opinion, what India needs to do to Protect (R2P), a form of humanitarianism is get a permanent seat at UNSC? Comment. ... 133 only useful when it suits western interests.‖ In the light of ongoing conflict in the Middle East, Q-What is Law of the Sea? Explain provisions critically comment...... 139 of UNCLOS in relation to recent developments with respect to India. (200 Words) ...... 134 Q-In the light of some of the international developments in past fifteen years, critically Q-Comment and the Convention on the comment on the use of ―responsibility to Elimination of Discrimination against Women protect‖ – or R2Pprinciple by some of major 140 (CEDAW) role in eliminating violence against women...... 134 Q-Explain the strategy or road map expounded by the WHO in moving towards zero Q-What are the mandates of ICC and ICJ? childhood TB deaths. What should be India‘s Explain (100 Words) ...... 135 priority in fighting TB in children? ...... 141 Q-Integrated Global Action Plan for Prevention Q-The World Health Organisation (WHO) lists and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea .... 135 traffic-related accidents as one of the top health Q-What is the role and mandate of UNESCO? agendas of the world. In the light of this fact, Do you think its role should be expanded? critically examine why road accidents are Analyze. (200 Words) ...... 136 frequent in the country and India‘s approach Q-U.N. International Convention on the towards ensuring road safety...... 141 Elimination of All Forms of Racial Question - Why is qunioa being promoted by Discrimination and India (100 Words) ...... 137 the WHO across the world? Examine. (200 -- Prevention of discrimination ...... 137 Words) ...... 142 -- Condemnation of apartheid ...... 137 Question - Critically comment on the need for nuclear disarmament around the world. -- Prohibition of incitement ...... 137 Explain the role of UN towards and highlight -- Promotion of tolerance ...... 137 India‘s stance on the issue. (200 Words) ...... 142 -- Dispute resolution mechanism ...... 137 Question - Why is there a need for UNSC -- Individual complaints mechanism...... 137 reforms? Examine. (200 Words) ...... 143 Q-What were the major outcomes of the UN Q- International Security Assistance Force (50 climate negotiations in Warsaw? (150 Words) Words) ...... 143 ...... 137 http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 10

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Q-Why does India aspire to become permanent Q) ―The Indian government has made it clear member of UNSC? Do you think time is ripe that the Bali agreement will not be ratified for India‘s ascension into permanent member unless Indian demands are met. This is both a of UNSC? Comment. (200 Words) ...... 143 strategic and a tactical mistake.‖ Critically ... 149 Q-Explain the significance of United Nations Q- Critically comment on India‘s stance on all Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) WTO related issues...... 149 in recent times citing few important examples. Q-Write a critical note on the barriers to trade. (200 Words) ...... 145 How does WTO address to remove such Q. In recently released Social Progress Index, barriers? (200 Words) ...... 149 Bangladesh ranks ahead of India, and USA, Question - Throw light on the new trade most powerful nation ranks 16th. Critically facilitation deal signed by WTO members at explain why some countries with rich resources Bali in 2013. Examine the other areas of and stable governments are ranked low in the negotiations that are currently going on in index...... 145 WTO talks and explain their effect on India if a Q-The multi-stakeholder model of Internet final deal is struck on those issues. (200 Words) governance in the 21st century is exceptionally ...... 150 important.‖ What do you understand by this Q--―While harmonising the patent law in the statement? Explain in the context of India. (150 country with the provisions of the TRIPS Words) ...... 146 Agreement, India has attempted to balance its Q-Throw light on recent controversy regarding obligations under the international treaty and allegation of human rights violation by Sri its commitment to protect and promote the Lankan army during 2009 war against LTTE. public health considerations of people in the What is the response and role of International country and elsewhere.‖ Critically comment. community and organizations including ...... 151 India on the issue? ...... 146 Q-Examine what flexibilities are allowed under Q-Write a critical note on the geopolitical TRIPS agreements for developing countries to aspirations of EU in the Eastern Europe continue with their development agenda and region. (150 Words) ...... 147 domestic imperatives? Do you think TRIPS norms should be further diluted against the Q-How does the success of nuclear talks in wish of developed countries? Critically Geneva between Iran and p5+1 countries ties comment...... 151 between Saudi Arabia and Iran? ...... 147 Q--In the light of recent court judgements on Q-―Parties in Nepal must not be diverted again the issue of granting compulsory licences to by short term issues of power-sharing.‖ Indian companies to manufacture generic Comment on the statement in the light of drugs, critically discuss the associated IPR Nepal‘s recent failure to form it constitution on issues and significance of these judgements. 152 time. (150 Words) ...... 147 Q-―While the differences between India and the Q-Explain the significance of Geneva deal U.S. over intellectual property rights (IPR) have between Iran and p5+1 countries. (150 Words) ...... 148 threatened to derail economic relations, it should be possible to sort them out through Question - Can we have models such as GAVI discussions.‖ Comment on the controversy and Alliance in other social sectors too? ...... 148 http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 11

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the way forward in resolution of differences Critically comment why India‘s position is poor between two countries...... 152 in this Index...... 157 IMF ...... 153 Q-Write a note on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) initiative...... 157 Q-In the light of recent financial crises around the globe, critically comment on the role played Q-Explain the role played by OPCW in by IMF in resolving these crises...... 153 defusing the Syria crisis. (150 Words) ...... 158 Q-What is ‗Washington Consensus‘? What Q-The International Criminal Court (ICC) has were its effects? Do we have any alternative to transformed itself into a political instrument Washington Consensus? Examine...... 153 targeting Africa and Africans.‖ Critically comment ...... 158 Q-If anything, the New Development Bank (NDB) must be a template for change, not a Q-Why does India rank low in the ‗ease of mirror to the existing hegemony of money.‖ In doing business‘ list? What measures the light of existing models of multilateral government has taken to speed up the process? banking systems, critically analyse the (150 Words) ...... 158 statement...... 154 Q-Write a critical note on the role played by Q-Examine the World Bank‘s Purchasing OPCW and IAEA in international conflict Power Parity (PPP) index, its poverty resolutions with suitable examples. (150 estimation method and its impact on India... 154 Words) ...... 159 Q-Examine the causes of recent civil war in Q-Commission for the Conservation of South Sudan. What has been the international Antarctic Marine Living Resources response to the crisis? Explain with special (CCAMLR) (50 Words) ...... 159 reference to India‘s response. (200 Words) .... 155 Q-What are the challenges being faced Q-Write a critical note on the 13th Amendment by Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and its relevance to the settlement of Sri countries in Indian Ocean region? Elucidate. Lanka‘s internal crisis between Sri Lankan (200 Words) ...... 159 Tamils and ruling parties of Sri Lanka...... 156 Q-Explain the composition and mandate of Q-Evaluate how far has AU mission to Somalia IAEA. Do you think it has succeeded in its (AMISOM), established under UNSC missions? (200 Words) ...... 160 resolution and mandated to conduct Peace Q-What are the types of loans provided by Support Operations in Somalia, been successful World Bank, IMF and ADB respectively to poor in its mission ...... 156 and developing countries? Does India need aid Q-The Peace Clause in Agreement on from these institutions? ...... 160 Agriculture (AoA) (wto) ...... 157 Q-What are the benefits India would get if it‘s Q-Analyse the significance of ratification of the made the member of Asia-Pacific Economic Additional Protocol (AP) to the India-specific Cooperation (APEC)? Elucidate. (200 Words) nuclear safeguards agreement with the ...... 160 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) by Q--Why was the European Union established. India...... 157 Critically examine why it expanded towards Q-In the World Bank‘s ―Ease of Doing Business East and with what consequences...... 161 Index‖ report, India‘s rank is abysmal. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 12

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Q--Critically evaluate the role played by the Q-―Some of the strategies adopted by USA in European Union in bringing about the combating terrorism might foment further European integration within Europe and with instability in the affected regions and prove rest of the world...... 162 counterproductive.‖ Analyze (200 Words) ... 168 Q) Critically analyse the role of BRICS alliance Q-Critically examine what actions has USA in the changing global order...... 162 taken so far to mitigate climate change...... 168 Q--Examine the objectives of establishing Q- ―USA is following a policy of protectionism a New Development Bank by the BRICS through immigration rules.‖ Comment in the countries. Do you think there is a need for context of India – USA relations. (200 Words) another world financial institution? Comment...... 169 ...... 163 Q--Write a note on the United States Trade Q-- Why does India want to become member of Representative‘s (USTR) ‗Special 301′ report. APEC group? Analyse benefits of joining the Explain why was it controversial with reference group...... 163 to India...... 169 Q) Radical plans by the World Bank to relax the Q-Critics call ‗Special 301 Report‘ as a public conditions on which it lends up to $50 billion a law devoted to the service of private corporate year to developing countries have been interests...... 170 condemned as potentially disastrous for the Q--Critically comment on America‘s recent environment and likely to weaken protection of foreign policy initiatives. Do you think its indigenous peoples and the poor. Critically supremacy as sole superpower in the world is examine...... 164 waning? Comment...... 170 Q--Critically evaluate the idea of BRICS Bank Q--Discuss why immigration issue in USA is a and its significance to India...... 164 very sensitive issue...... 170 Q. Why was NATO set up? Critically comment Q- Critically analyze the nature of relationship on its role and activities after the end of cold between USA and Saudi Arabia since 2001 war...... 165 terrorist attacks on World Trade Centre in New Q-Write a short note on EU Blue Card...... 165 York. (200 Words) ...... 171 Q-What are the concerns of the Gulf Q- Critically comment on Cooperation Council on the issue of recent US‘ pivot to Asia strategy...... 171 Geneva agreement between Iran and P5+1 Q-What is the strategic importance of raising countries? (150 Words) ...... 166 energy boom in USA? Comment. (200 Words) Q- ―The G-20 group has been increasingly ...... 172 challenged to retain its relevance and Africa ...... 172 effectiveness in dealing with a host of global co- ordination problems that are more structural in Q-What strategic interest America has in nature.‖ Comment...... 167 Africa? Comment. (150 Words)...... 172 Other International Devlop[ments .. 167 Q-Write a critical note on the economic progress of Africa in recent years and its North America ...... 167 integration with the rest of the world through Q-What is European Reassurance Initiative by trade...... 172 the USA? Why is it controversial? Examine. . 167 http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 13

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Q-Africa is seen as a potential destination for catastrophic consequences.‖ Do you agree with future investments and business by both the this statement? Substantiate...... 179 developed and emerging economies. Give a Q-Critically comment on the historical reasons, reasoned account for this shift in opinion. (200 especially related to World War events, that led ...... 173 to strain in China – Japan relationship...... 180 Q-How Apartheid in South Africa was ended Question - ―Territorial sovereignty, contention and who were the protagonists in anti- on energy, significance of the geographic 173 Apartheid movement? Explain. (200 Words) location, threat to maritime security and Q-Write a short note on the recent crisis in the overlapping maritime claims are at the core of Central African Republic. How was the ...... 173 the South China Sea dispute. ‖ Elaborate. (200 Q-Explain the growth of Boko Haram in Words) ...... 180 Nigeria. Comment on its ideology and its effect Q-What is the bone of contention between on Nigerian society...... 174 China and surrounding countries in the South Q. Write a note on Takaful Insurance of Africa China Sea? Explain the response of concerned which was in news recently ...... 175 regional multilateral organizations on the dispute. (200 Words) ...... 181 Q. Critically examine the causes and consequences of Rwandan genocide of 1994. 175 Q--Comment on China‘s relationship with South East Asian countries...... 181 Q--Write a critical note on the reasons behind increasing ethnic and religious clashes in Q--Discuss the contours of China – Russia different parts of Africa...... 175 relations post – communist takeover of China in 1949. Do you think a close relationship East Asia ...... 176 between these two countries is beneficial to Q--Explain how and why Deng Xiaoping India? Comment...... 182 brought economic reforms in China. What were Q. It is said that the success of the proposed its consequences...... 177 Maritime Silk Route initiative by China will be Q--Critically comment on South China Sea consequential to regional stability and global dispute in the light of international laws related peace. Analyse the objectives of this initiative to seas...... 177 and critically evaluate the assessment made in the given statement...... 183 Q-Comment on China‘s ‗Panda Diplomacy‘. 178 Q-‗The History weighs heavy on Japan – Korea Q-Critically comment on the significance of the relations.‖ Comment (200 Words) ...... 184 Tiananmen Square incident of 1989 to China and the World...... 178 Answer) ...... 184 Question - ―To ensure China chooses the Middle East & Central Asia ...... 184 ―trading state‖ strategy as it rises Q-Beneath the chaos in Egypt‘s post Arab geopolitically, rather than one based on Awakening lies a complex power struggle aggression, it is imperative that the United between generals and Islamists.‖ Analyze. (200 States, as the sole superpower, follow a policy Words) ...... 184 of deterrence.‖ Examine. (200 Words)...... 179 Q-‖The current situation in Iraq is the making Q. ―China cannot copy the political system or of US invasion in 2003.‖ Critically comment. 185 development model of other countries because it would not fit us and it might even lead to http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 14

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Q-Critically comment on the causes and development to the Heart of Asia region. (200 consequences of America‘s invasion of Iraq in Words) ...... 189 2011...... 185 Q-Critically analyse India‘s stand towards Q-The present crisis in the West Asia is the various developments that are taking place in product of past wars, including the First World the Arab world...... 189 War. Critically examine...... 185 Q- Is Arab Spring a failure? Comment. (250 Q-Do you think the Carter Doctrine is still Words) ...... 190 relevant? In the light of recent developments in Q--Critically discuss how recent developments the West Asia, critically comment...... 185 post-Arab Spring in the West Asian countries Q-Critically examine the causes behind the have given rise to new terrorist outfits and the religious divide and tension between Sunni and dangers they pose to the security of the region Shia sects of Islam in many parts of the world. and beyond...... 191 ...... 186 Q-Critically analyze the latest developments Q-Explain how a regional war in Syria was that have taken place since Arab Spring averted in the last minute? Who were the key revolutions. (200 Words) ...... 191 players and what was their role? (250 Words) Q-Critically analyze the implications of ...... 186 thawing relations between Iran and USA on the Explain how a regional war in Syria was geopolitics of West Asia. (200 Words) ...... 193 averted in the last minute? Who were the key Q-Compare and contrast how Russian players and what was their role? (250 Words) economy grew since the inception of ...... 186 communism and its subsequent fall later...... 194 Q-The crisis in Syria is more the result of Q-What are the possible national interests at external factors than internal ones.‖ Critically play in Russia‘s pursuance of proactive comment...... 187 diplomacy in the middle East region? Q-For the establishment of full diplomatic Comment. (200 Words) ...... 195 relationship between USA and Iran, apart from Q-Write a critical note on the causes and their mutual mistrust, there are other external consequences of the Suez Crisis of 1956...... 196 forces within the region which are acting as roadblock.‖ Comment. (200 Words) ...... 187 Q. Critically comment on the recent political developments in Egypt. In your opinion, what Q-Do you agree with the view that if Iran these developments indicate about the nature develops nuclear bomb, it would bring peace of governance and institutions in Egypt? ...... 196 and avert future wars in the region? Critically comment. (200 Words) ...... 188 Q-Why Turkey is keen on joining EU? Explain ...... 197 Q- ―The Syrian situation has been called a proxy war involving many players.‖ Comment. Q. Critically comment on the recent (200 Words) ...... 188 developments in the polity and economy of Turkey...... 197 Q-Write a note on the Kurdish movement with special reference to its present status in the Q. What were the reasons behind 1973 Arab oil region...... 188 embargo? What were its consequences? Examine ...... 198 Q-Critically analyze the role of the Istanbul process in bringing about stability and http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 15

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Q-Critically comment on the outcome of Arab themselves to resolve their differences since Spring revolution...... 198 2000...... 204 Q-What are the geopolitical implications Q-Analyze the efforts being made so far to of normalization of ties between Iran and the broker a peace deal between Israel and ...... 199 Palestine. (200 Words) ...... 204 Q-East Turkestan Islamic Movement South Asia ...... 205 (ETIM) (50 Words) ...... 199 Q---Critically examine the changing role of Q-Critically comment on the nature and form military in Pakistan‘s domestic and foreign of Palestinian Movement with a note on latest affairs in recent years...... 205 developments...... 199 Q--Critically evaluate Pakistan military‘s Q. Explain India‘s position vis a vis Israel- ‗strategic depth‘ doctrine. Do you think it‘s Palestine conflict. In recent years India has relevant in the light of recent developments in grown closer to Israel because of commercial the region? Examine...... 206 interests. Do you think India is right in having Q-What are the main threats to democratic closer relations with Israel? Comment...... 199 processes in Maldives? Analyze in the light of Q--Do you agree with the analysis that Israel is last two year‘s developments in the island facing existential threat and it is using nation. (200 Words)...... 206 disproportionate force to thwart this threat? Q-On one hand Pakistan appears to be Critically comment...... 200 stabilizing because of stable transition of power Q---.Do you think Israel‘s violent actions in political and military circles, but on the other against Palestine and the subsequent reactions hand there is an increase in sectarian and of the West are justified? Critically comment. terrorist violence undermining the democratic ...... 201 processes.‖ Reflect on the causes for this Q--Do you agree with the view that Israel is growing contradiction in Pakistani society. .. 207 using extreme violence against Palestine in self- Question - ―It is in Pakistan‘s best interests to defence? Critically comment...... 201 help stabilize the situation in Afghanistan.‖ Q-Why does Israel and Iran have a strained Elaborate. (200 Words) ...... 207 relations between them? Examine. (150 Words) Q-Maldives is experiencing a series of political ...... 202 uncertainties in its quest for strong Q- Critically examine why peace talks have democracy.‖ Comment.(200 Words) ...... 208 failed between Israel and Palestine over the Q-For meaningful devolution of powers and years. What efforts were made by the more autonomy to Tamil regions in North and international community to establish peace East Sri Lanka, the solution lies in the between them? Explain...... 202 constitutional reform and political will from the Q) ―The recent hostilities between Israel and Sri Lankan government and not in the 13th Palestine are not rooted in only the immediate amendment alone.‖ Comment. (200 Words) 209 tensions between them; they are a product of Q-―13th Amendment is like a vessel with a hole recent changes that have taken place in the and seems good for nothing,‖ Comment. (150 region.‖ Examine...... 203 Words) ...... 209 Q. Critically evaluate the efforts taken by the international community and Israel – Palestine http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 16

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Q-Critically comment on Sri Lanka‘s policy the implications of such an agreement to the towards its minority communities...... 210 regional security.(200 Words) ...... 215 Q- ―The recent talks between Pakistan and the Question - ―At the end of 12 years of American Taliban is driven by Pakistan‘s desire for occupation, Afghanistan has not emerged as a influence in Afghanistan, plus the delusion that more secure place; nor has the U.S. had much it can somehow control the Taliban and other of a success in nation-building.‖ Comment. (200 militants on both sides of the Durand Line.‖ Words) (topic converges with India and its Comment. (200 Words) ...... 210 neighbours) ...... 215 Q- ―South Asian unity is essential if we are to Q- Critically comment on the plight of women deliver an improved quality of life to hundreds in Afghanistan and possible threats they might of millions, through growth made possible by face once US withdraws its troops from there. economic efficiencies and commerce.‖ (200 Words) (this question has also an ethical Comment. (200 Words) ...... 210 face) ...... 216 Q-How would the proposed economic corridor South East Asia ...... 216 between China and Pakistan impact the region? Q--Critically comment on Sri Lanka‘s efforts of Examine. (200 Words) ...... 211 reconstruction in its Northern and Eastern Q-Do you think Taliban has become existential regions post 2009 war on LTTE...... 216 threat to Pakistan? Comment on the evolution Q--Critically comment on Rohingya related of Taliban movement and its threat to world controversy in Myanmar ...... 217 peace. (200 Words) ...... 211 Q--Write a critical note on the recent political Q-Critically examine the challenges that crisis in Thailand...... 218 Afghanistan faces in its efforts towards achieving domestic stability...... 212 Q-The current crisis in Thailand is an extension of the same partisan deadlock that has Q-What possible role can China, India and characterised the country‘s politics for years.‖ Russia together play in Afghanistan once US Elaborate...... 218 withdraws most of its troops? Comment. (200 Words) ...... 212 Europe ...... 219 Q. What are the main challenges that Q-Do you think the European Parliament is Afghanistan would face in coming days in its truly a democratic institution? Critically quest to become democracy and a stable evaluate its success as a representative country? Analyze...... 213 institution of diverse European citizens...... 219 Q-―Afghanistan faces war on many fronts, and Q- What possible options are there between EU the deadliest might be on the narcotics front.‖ and Russia to resolve the crisis in Ukraine? In Comment. (200 Words) ...... 214 your opinion what should be a plausible Q-―Once USA pulls out of Afghanistan, the solution to end the crisis? Comment. (200 new great game in Afghanistan is going to be Words) ...... 219 between India and Pakistan.‖ Do you agree Q- Why is anti-immigration a hot political issue with this view? Explain why. (200 Words) .... 214 in many EU and non-EU countries in Europe? Q- Why is there an opposition to the proposed Explain. (200 Words) ...... 219 Bilateral Security Agreement (BSA) between Kabul and Washington? Examine highlighting http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 17

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Question - Why is there a demand for revision Russia in its sphere of influence. (200 Words) of certain treaties of the European Union? ...... 225 Examine. (200 Words) ...... 220 Q-What are the strengths and weaknesses of

Eurozone? What were the causes of recent Eurozone crisis? Analyze. (200 Words)...... 221 Q-Post- Eurozone crisis, analyze how the measures of austerity had an effect on the economies of Greece and other PIIGS countries? Do you think austerity measures yielded the desired results? Comment. (200 Words) ...... 221 Q- Orange Revolution ...... 222 Q-―The escalating political crisis in Ukraine has cast a deep shadow over Russia‘s relations with Europe.‖ Comment. (200 Words) ...... 222 Q-What‘s happening in Ukraine is also about Yanukovych‘s failures to fix the economy and his draconian restrictions against basic freedoms. but its more prominent identity crisis conflicts are creating a rift between Europe and Russia...... 222 Q-What are the reasons behind protests against the government in Ukraine? Comment on the external factors in causing the protests. (200 Words) ...... 223 Q-What is the significance of local elections held in Kosovo? Briefly explain the causes of tension between Serbia and Kosovo ...... 223 Q-Comment on important issues that decided the outcome of recently held elections to the European Parliament...... 224 Q-As two Communist states, what has been the relationship between China and Russia since the break-up of USSR. Examine. (200 Words) ...... 224 Russia ...... 225 Q-Critically comment on the recent assertive and independent foreign policy stance of

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to absence of fresh water supply because of India and its Neighbourhood (relations) farakka dam. ASSYMETRY OF SIZE AND RESOURCES : Q---Critically examine water related disputes Bangladesh, being lower riparian and a water‐ between India and its Eastern Neighbours abundant country faces seasonal shortages and India being the upper riparian with larger including China. population, this situation has the potential to

cause insecurity and friction between the two Water conflicts within and between nations are countries. endemic all over the globe where water demand CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION: All the is high because of population growth and information regarding flows and releases is kept development needs. India‘s partition after secret. The river disputes lack the reliable data in independence and the integration of its princely terms of river flow rates and water utilization. It states resulted in redrawing of our map, giving lacks coordination between the respective rise to new disputes over water rights. governments. In most of the water issues with our neighboring ABSENCE OF INSTITUTIONALIZED nations, it has been observed that they are STRUCTURE: The entity that is responsible for essentially the result of the political deficit overseeing any water issues between the two between the nations which hampers a resolution countries, the JRC (Joint Rivers Commission) , is of even minor water issues between the two. considered to be without much strength, as its For instance; powers are ultimately determined by the political INDIA-BANGLADESH Relationship revolves leaders of the two countries. more around the issue of illegal immigrants, DOMESTIC POLITICS: Another problem is the Chakma refugees, insurgency operations, border sharp polarization of domestic politics in various demarcation, trade balance; etc which are the countries. Unless, domestic politics are resolved actual hurdles for the resolution of water issue. and all parties realize the importance of Teesta river and Ganges river dispute ( farakka cooperation on water, within the country, barrage)- still exist despite various treaties signed bilateral cooperation on water will be difficult to for Ganges in the past. One of the reason for this achieve. being trust deficit among both the nations. Hence to conclude, a collaborative effort is INDO- CHINA Relationship : China has several required between India and its neighbors projects in west-central Tibet that may reduce the including China, Bangladesh and all other river water flow into India & Bangladesh. There neighbors to study the Himalayan glaciers as are reports that China is planning to divert huge they are the source from where the rivers amount of the Brahmaputra from south to north affecting all these countries, originate. Moreover, to feed the Yellow River. If this is true, India will great care and a broad consensus will be face a severe crisis once the Chinese projects are required, for water is life and none will give up completed. Many of the hydel projects in the water easily. Northeast India may have to be shelved.

There are a number of FACTORS RESPONSIBLE Q--Critically comment on the relevance of for continued water disputes between the nations: Gujral Doctrine to India‟s foreign policy vis a LACK OF POLITICAL CONSENSUS between the nations is a big hurdle for any resolution to be vis its neighbours. passed. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS : Another bone Gujral Doctrine was propounded by the former of contention b/w countries has been the nature Prime Minister I. K. Gujral when he was the of hydroelectric projects and devastation they external affairs minister in 1997. The Gujral inflict upon the environment. For instance, doctrine was a five-point roadmap which sought SUNDERBANS, the world‘s largest coastal forest, to build trust between India and neighbors, of a world heritage site shared by India and solution to bilateral issues through bilateral talks. Bangladesh and vital for fish, are drying out due http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 19

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The ‗Doctrine‘ emphasizes on the importance of 5. They should settle all their disputes through unilateral accommodation for friendly and warm peaceful bilateral negotiations. relations with India‘s neighbors. India has used Overall, Indian economy needs to be integrated Gujral Doctrine in many matters like sharing and SAARC FTA needs Gujral Doctrine to Ganga water with Bangladesh, settle border become a success. dispute with china, confidence building talks and people to people contact with Pakistan. For India and Neighbors, Gujral doctrine is still Q-What is the difference between border and relevant today. The rising of China‘s influence in frontier? Highlight the importance of effective the region can‘t be controlled without the mutual management of border security for India. (200 cooperation between south Asian countries. To Words) become global power in sync with its stature, A border is the clear line of demarcation between India needs a peaceful neighborhood. two territories. It‘s the definite edge. A frontier on Today, Afghanistan is resisting radical forces the other hand is the area around the edge or the functioning from across the Durand Line. And in border. Normally when boundaries are not the wake of US forces withdrawal in 2015, Taliban clearly demarcated between territories, the area forces are getting stronger day by day. near their perceived border is known as frontier Bangladesh is engaged in power struggle areas. The un-demarcated border between India between secular and radical illiberal forces. Both and China is a classic example of frontier region. these states need India standing alongside them in their struggle to construct a stable and plural Effective border management is crucial for the democracy. countries security and stable economic growth. Engaging a civilian Pakistani regime may become part of a wider approach to control extremism Examples- and militarism in the subcontinent. Beyond  Apart from Bhutan India is facing serious terrorism, India has a willingness to establish concerns at its borders with their neighbors. non-discriminatory trade relations with Pakistan. This doctrine aims at confidence-building,  It has a standing border dispute with China changing mindsets, placing procedures and even and has recently signed the BDCA which issues against a larger and longer perspective of institutionalizes mechanisms to diffuse border national interest. India‘s vast physical size, large tensions in the short term. However India needs to population and its economy and military power iron out a permanent solution and make sure that in relation to its smaller SAARC neighbors can be the border dispute does not derail the excellent intimidating. Hence, Gujral doctrine may help smaller partner to feel comfortable relationship trade relations with China. with India.  India‘s border with Pak is the most problematic and in the past year witnessed serious case fire violations. Resolving border issues which Extra (explanation): is only among the various interlinked issues with The five principles are: Pakistan is vital for overall stability and peace of 1. With neighbors like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka, India does not the South Asia region. ask for reciprocity, but gives and accommodates  India‘s border with Bangladesh is porous and what it can in good faith and trust. has led to passage of Bangladeshi immigrants to 2. No South Asian country should allow its NE causing lot of unrest. Also they have become territory to be used against the interest of another shelters for anti-India insurgent activities. country of the region.  Open border with Nepal has also encouraged 3. No country should interfere in the internal anti- national activities from across the border as affairs of another. 4. All South Asian countries must respect each witnessed by the arrest of Yasin Bhatkal and other‘s territorial integrity and sovereignty. Tunda. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 20

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Some concerns that opening up of the northeast Along with dialogue and diplomacy at the would flood the Indian markets with Chinese highest level efforts should be made to improve infrastructure like roads and out goods and another that the same prospect would posts at the borders to efficiently and make the northeastern border security vulnerable. effectively manage the borders One another issue which could emerge with serious implications that the line dividing

―internal affairs‖ and ―external interference‖ may Question - Write a note on the Bangladesh- China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) corridor plan. narrow and if not handled carefully, could even (200 Words) threaten relations among the countries involved. But by mutual trust and cooperation between Answer - The Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar china and India, these concerns can be resolved. (BCIM) economic corridor is a test case for Also despite having enough potential, South cooperation between India and China in regional Asian Association of Regional Cooperation development as well as addressing common (SAARC) failed to grow up as an effective challenges. regional institution. The BCIM economic corridor the Corridor is expected to ease the flow of goods has the potential of transforming a conflict zone between two of the world‘s largest economies in into a cooperation zone. This can happen only if India and China, while providing greater adequate measures are taken to check any economic resources to the burgeoning markets of possible negative impacts of the corridor by Bangladesh and Myanmar. The proposed involving all of the key stakeholders. corridor will cover 1.65 million square km, Criticism – Informative and structured in line encompassing an estimated 440 million people in with the requirement of the question. China‘s Yunnan Province, Bangladesh, Myanmar and West Bengal in India and 7.3 per cent of the Some other benefits of subject plan : Harnessing global gross domestic product (GDP) through the complementary capabilities of diverse countries combination of road ( 2,800-kilometre highway), in the group, Enabling India to forge ties with rail, water and air linkages in the region. ASEAN countries, Development in the region shall quell local support to left wing extremists, Direct investment by the two Asian giants China will go long way in curbing state sponsored and India is low in Bangladesh and Myanmar. insurgency, economic equality in the region will Improving trade facilitation and connectivity will reduce influx from Myanmar and Bangladesh, have the strongest effect on building regional percolation of development will eliminate production networks. India‘s north-east will superstitious practice and brings the community benefit from FDI. Bangladesh is poised to become to join mainstream, promote inclusive a hub. For that matter, multimodal connectivity development, development will shift should be established. employment base and improve environment by This project will also ease the way for various reduction in Jhum cultivation which is turning India Bangladesh settlements like Land Boundary unsustainable etc. agreement, Teesta water treaty and setup of

Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) Basin Regime. It will serve India‘s ‗Look East‘ Policy and China‘s ‗Going Out‘ Policy well. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 21

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Q-Analyze the possible impact of the BCIM Basically India is considered as the big brother in corridor project on the regional economic the south Asia region and from Independence growth. (200 Words) India has played important role at many levels. The BCIM corridor which envisages a multi From leadership point of view  During Nehru‘s time his policies of NAM modal connectivity between Bangladesh, China, helped carving out a space for South Asia. India and Myanmar has huge positive  During Indra Gandhi‘s time India externalities on economic growth of the responded to massacre of people in East subregion. Firstly, the corridor utilises the Pakistan and military intervention led to principle of economic complementarities which creation of Bangladesh. means each of the 4 nations will be contributing  Rajiv Gandhi send Indian peacekeeping in parts to the sum of the whole in their force in Sri Lanka during the terror reign of LTTE. respective competitive advantages. Secondaly,  Now even the states like Punjab, TN and the corridor aims to achieve increased people to West Bengal also play an important role in people contacts which will facilitate trade in foreign policy due to coilation politics. services besides leading to cultural exchange At regional level which will boost economic integration in the  India has taken active part in SAARC, subregion. Thirdly, the bilateral trade is at present BIMSTEC and IORA and has been distorted in the subregion with China prevailing forefront in mitigating the disputes between the neighbouring nations. a huge trade surplus with India, Bangladesh and

Myanmar at the receiving end. The corridor Also apart from these steps India has given attempts to balance the trade flow by way of preference to South Asian nations for FTA and encouraging investments and economic flow by other economic concessions and the present PM utilizing the dormant potential of economies of has taken a keen interest in making better Bangladesh and Myanmar in areas ranging from relations among the neighbors. textile to tourism and thus the coprridor can make the subregion a strong economic hub. Q-- In your opinion what role should India play to have a friendly relationship with its Although the corridor faces certain bottlenecks neighbours, especially with SAARC members? such as security issues in Myanmar which may In the light of its policy towards its neighbours come in way of project and the yet to be decided in recent years, critically comment. principle of project financing and resource allocation given the vastly different economic The word SAARC captures association only in sizes of the 4 nations. still the BCIM corridor shall letter not in spirit. Formed to cohese the region, it has far from doing it. Primary reason for it is be a meaningful step ahead towards the economic mutual antagonism arisen between mostly India development and integration of the South Asian and other countries from the time of sub-region. independence and also for natural resources. The geographical location of india is such that

each country borders only india and has to pass

india in order to reach other country. This places Q. Critically assess the nature of Indian india in central location. diplomacy with its neighboring countries in However successive governments have failed to South Asia since Independence. leverage its size and location to its advantage. Foreign policies have been guided by different Answer- bordering states, rather than centre. SAARC dialogues have been overwhelmed by india Pakistan issues, so the other constituents http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 22

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 feel let down. Dialogues have been continuous engage with the SAARC members. Hence as a with few breaks, but largely with no fruit. first step, india should step up its diplomatic The new government‘s move is been hailed by engagements with the member countries to revive many. It is just the kind of start the country was the institution of SAARC. india should not leave looking for. The dialogue process should be any opportunity to engage with member intense and should respect the sovereignty of countries at bilateral and regional level. each nation. Above all, panchsheel principles Second, with broad objectives of providing should be the mantra in every talk and treaty.+ energy security, investing in cross border gujral doctrine connectivity infrastructure, opening up Mutual benefit will appease as well as encourage communication channels , electricity transmission others to follow the same suite. networks should be on priority basis. Third, as world grapples with adversities of India‘s foreign policy till recently was mostly climate change, a SAARC coastal plan with focused on the relations with the west(Europe detailed mitigation and adaptation measures, and US) and ,Pakistan and, China , ignoring preparedness for climatic adversities etc. should other neighbors . Thus SAARC did not become a be prepared at the earliest. cohesive economic union like ASEAN and merely Finally, pursuing cooperative security through remained a talk shop.the following issues remain: platforms like maritime security council both in 1.India voted against Srilanka in UNHRC in arabian sea and bay of bengal to tackle the threats 2009,11,and 13. of piracy, marine terrorism should be expedited. 2.GMR Issue with maldives and asylum to the ex The SAARC platform can also provide an president Naseed. opportunity to resolve key outstanding issues 3.Inability to resolve the Teesta river water among member nations to pursue regional peace dispute and Land Boundary agreement with and security. Bangladesh. 4.Removal of the grant given to Bhutan which Q---The Northeast can be rejuvenated by was seen as an attempt to affect the election making the region a focal point for growth. outcome of the country. Analyse in what ways NE region can be made a 5.The above issues and permanent belligerent focal point for growth and how. attitude of Pakistan act as a hindrance in the formation of a cohesive SAARC. North East of India comprising the seven states With a strong government at the center and has been lagging behind in terms of economic without the burden of a coalition, India has an development, infrastructure, educational and excellent opportunity to resolve these issues . health facilities and job opportunities. Many India should go an extra mile to ensure the factors are to be blamed for this lacunae in development of its neighbor even if the development between the mainland India and the reciprocation is not equal . This approach , known North east India. The measures that can help in as Gujral Doctrine, will be a key instrument to making North East India a focal point of growth enable the SAARC to realize its potential. are:

1) Change in viewpoint in Policy Making

Pursuing regional peace and security while NE region has several complex factors for promoting measures for the economic example militancy and violence, illegal migration development of the region should guide the etc that drives the policy making of the region. foreign policy of India towards SAARC Proactive policy making is required rather for the members. region rather than a reactive one. Infrastructure South Asia houses 36 percent of the world most development, repealing of unnecessary absolute poverty stricken people. Lack of energy Restrictive laws, boost to local entrepreneurs and security, volatile security environment, risks financial help to start ups are a few of the related to climate change etc provide not only big measure required to be undertaken. challenges but also an opportunity for India to 2) Tapping the vast natural potential : http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 23

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2

NE India has a vast potential in power generation  To promote welfare and improve quality of and infrastructure sectors. If dealted with life: there is no SAARC program that substantially productively while keeping the ecological factors contributes to poverty alleviation. in mind, the North Eastern region can generate  To accelerate growth, social progress and enough power for local support as well as export. This will help in increasing the revenue of the cultural development: SAFTA is the only state while providing job and energy security. achievement. Cultural exchange programs do 3) Trade opportunities : happen, but with dubious real outcomes. The long borders of this part of the country can be  To promote collective self-reliance: 28 years of used to its advantage by facilitating cross border existence and SAARC still has a limping FTA. The trade. EU became a ‗Monetary Union‘ in nine years. 4) Educational Hub: If the educational sector is properly invested in  To enhance mutual understanding and trust: the region, it can provided an educational hub to Indo-Pak relations are still what they were. Sri not only the local population but also to the Lanka doesn‘t trust India any more with its neighboring countries like Mayanmar etc. insurgency. India votes against them in UNHRC. The North-Eastern states share 98% borders with So much for mutual co-operation! neighboring countries but only 2% with other  Collaboration in science: Marginally Indian states. To convert this location successful, thanks largely to ITEC program, a disadvantage into an opportunity, promoting Indian investment infrastructure in partner purely Indian initiative. SAARC countries are the countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar, in major beneficiaries though. Sittwe port, international highways to connect the  Co-operation with other developing nations, Northeast Region with ASEAN, BCIM corridor international organizations and co-operate among etc. will be a positive step. themselves in international fore: SAARC rarely, if

ever, deals in diplomacy as a bloc. Take the region out of its insurgency grip, plan a decentralized multi-level development strategy aimed at fostering the region‘s growth. So, it is clear that SAARC is a resounding failure. It‘s current utility is as a representative example of Thus we need to focus on the grassroot level pre-Gujral ―rhetoric diplomacy‖ practiced by development and not on superficial policies. The India, with the exception of Indira Gandhi. awareness that North Eastern India is as much a part of the country as any other state, with Another answer.. increased cultural awareness and acceptance can be a big step in the forward direction. objectives and evaluation of of SAARC

1.Increasing quality of life and economic growth Q-Critically evaluate the success of the South :Although SAARC have ratified the Convention on Asian Association for Regional Cooperation food security reserve the definitions are vague and (SAARC) as political and economic entity vies a the south Asian region has the biggest deaths vis its objectives caused due to hunger and starvation.

The following are the eight objectives of SAARC, 2.collective self-reliance: Though SAARC have extracted from the high rhetoric of Article I of SAARC Convention on suppression of terrorism Pakistan charter. as a nation is still struggling to get rid of the terrorist bases.

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3. collaboration in economic, technical and Pakistan, India had withdrawn from this due to scientific fields: pressure from US on nuclear issue and security India is pioneering in collaborating its space concerns, but have started the talks again. research program but lack of growth models in 2. TAPI: The project will transport the natural gas respective countries is proving as the anchor . from Caspian sea in Turkmenistan to Pakiatan and India via Afghanistan 4.increasing people to people contact and sharing 3. India will set up pipeline to supply diesel and of information among the SAARC members: Lack kerosene from Bhatinda refinery to Pakistan of consistent follow up on confidence building India would need around 21000 MW additional measures is hinging to the people to people energy by 2021, hence these energy tie ups with contacts SAARC nation is very important in not only meeting the demand but also bringing harmony, peace and 5.other than these objectives :SAARC have ratified building economic ties. Convention on suppression of terrorism. 1991 was SAARC Year of Shelter and 1992 as ‗SAARC Year of the Disabled. Last decade of the twentieth century as ‗SAARC Decade of the Girl Child‘ But Q- “South Asian unity is essential if we are to in the respective areas not enough has been done deliver an improved quality of life to hundreds except the blame game. of millions, through growth made possible by economic efficiencies and commerce.” SAARC as a concept has not failed us. But we as Comment. (200 Words) the citizens of this sub-continent have failed on Answer - In this inter-connected world, where the objectives countries in different parts of the globe form Q-Write a critical note on India‟s energy ties regional fora for mutual cooperation and with the SAARC members. development, the South Asian region risks being India is currently dealing with Pakistan, Bhutan, left behind, unable to realize its potentials Nepal for energy related matters among the SAARC without much cooperation. countries With Bhutan Not only history, culture and geography, but also 1. India is already purchasing 1400 MW electricity poor quality of life binds us all together. Along from projects like Tala and Kurichu with Africa, the South Asian region is one of the 2. Expected to buy another 2900 MW by 2018 from the most backward regions of the world, with under construction projects and discussing to start rampant poverty, illiteracy and poor health 2100 MW new projects in 2014. conditions making life miserable for millions. With Nepal That should be reason enough to start regional 1. The country is having a huge 40000 MW untapped cooperation with a renewed emphasis. However, hydal Energy capacity but still they are required to low level of mutual trust, spillover effects of the buy from India for their basic needs. India has shown ethnic and religious conflicts and the magnitude its interest in starting projects on this and buy the of bilateral disputes in South Asia makes it electricity generated unrealistic to believe that any substantial growth 2. India has also extended a support of Rs. 100 crore to of regional cooperation is possible without easing build the petroleum pipeline from Raxual to political tensions. Kathmandu in 2 phases Given that political disputes take time to be With Pakistan resolved, it is mutual economic interdependence 1. IPI: The Pipeline is under construction from Iran to http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 25

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 laid on the bedrock of historical and cultural Global geopolitics of climate change , continuity that can build trust. The India-Sri human rights violation in Syria and Lanka Free Trade Agreement and open borders heightened terrorist risk from Afghanistan has united the two nations and such with Nepal can be a lesson towards the need for cooperation is essential in the fight against more cooperation. At the same time, more discriminatory policies of the developed cooperation is necessary among regions having nations. more commonality such as subunits of India and On the domestic front the Border adjacent countries, such as between the two Agreement signifies willingness to sort Punjabs and between Bangladesh and West disputes by conciliation and talks instead of Bengal/North East, which can be in the field of aggressive nationalism. Strong and equitable trade relations with greater culture, cinema, sports, etc. in addition to deepening of ties shall definitely help in economic interdependence. defusing the border disputes as in todays world economic considerations sit at the Commercial meshing in the whole region heart of political deliberations. bringing together stakeholders from different countries is the need of the hour who will act as  China excels in the manufacturing industry , buffer in times of geopolitical turbulence, giving infrastructure development and India needs backbone to the politicians who need to fight both . Thus Chinese FDI can play a vital role populism and make the tough decisions . Similarly India‘s private corporate sector

can boast about having world class INDIA-CHINA management practices while China still has to work in this direction . Thus both Q--Comment on the areas of cooperation countries can compliment each other in their between India and China. Do you agree with development. the view that strong trade relations would In most of the international organizations eventually make border disputes irrelevant in like WTO , UNFCCC , G20 etc both the the future? Comment. countries have similar concerns and often take a similar stand(Syria , Iran , Crimea 2014 has been designated Year of India etc.). China Friendship in the spirit of deepening the cooperation between the nations on all Q-Write a note on the cultural ties between fields to ensure inclusive sustainable India and China. development and peaceful rise respectively. The Cultural ties between India and China can be On the economic front India provides a traced to the early phases of civilization and its huge market for China‘s export based continuation till the recent times. Even before the economy which is now ready to provide spread of Buddhism, there are few evidences of greater access to India to offset the trade imbalance. India can also benefit from the conceptual and linguistic exchanges during the massive infrastructure and manufacturing ancient Vedic period. capabilities of China which are imperative for the Indian growth. The advent of Buddhism in India and its Development of the North East is acutely subsequent spread to China is one of the most linked to ASEAN and success of projects important cultural and religious instances in the like the BCIM corridor where China plays a relationship between the countries. Many significant role .Both the nations need to Buddhist travelers from China visited India and cooperate to benefit from the strategic valuable exchange of information and sacred text location of the Indian Ocean today and this was made and their account of India visit helped is being achieved through the Maritime Silk Route. the country constructing its history. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 26

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The passing of ‗Silk Route‘ from China to Central Recent steps to invite Chinese industry to set up Asia via India became the medium of further industrial parks in India can reduce this deficit. exchange of cultural ties along with economic and Also Chinese companies like Huawei, ZTE etc. trade relations. It provided the scholars of both are investing in India. Indian IT companies and the countries to visit each other. some other service and manufacturing companies The visit of Huen Tsang in 07th Century to bring have also set up offices in China. Also, Chinese the Buddhist Scriptures to china is marked as an help in setting up high-speed railway should be important event. Afterwards, many scholars such taken. as Xuan Zang, Kumarjiva etc visited each other‘s Leveraging each other‘s strengths in countries and left valuable historical accounts. manufacturing and services (China and India The modern day cultural exchanges include respectively) can build stronger relation. cultural delegations, teaching of Chinese and Economic Relation with Japan: Hindi, Cultural wing of Indian mission in China etc. The cultural relations are expected to plug the In contrast, with Japan India has a more gap between the political relations. cooperative relationship. JICA(Japan International Cooperation Agency) is investing • Mauryan King Ashoka played a great role in billions in DMIC and other infrastructural taking Buddhism to China and so was promoted projects. Recently, Japanese retailer met Indian during the time Kanishka. PM for sourcing Indian textiles and setting up • There are evidences of strong educational ties stores in India. as many ancient Chinese scholars are found to Japnese automakers and electronic device makers have read in universities like Nalanda. have factories in India. This must be encouraged • They share scientific knowledge as well eg. further. Translating of the astronomical signs of India should allow held-up Japanese SEZs to be Aryabhatta in Chinese in book set up. Other pending matters should be settled as Japan has been a patient business partner of India, having put up with project delays. Q-Critically compare and contrast India‟s economic relationship between China and Therefore, while with China India looks forward Japan. to a more engaging economic relationship, with India has thriving economic relationship with Japan India needs to smoothen some rough edges both China and Japan. India needs to ‗turn east‘ to make the relation bloom. further to leverage the positive benefits that active economic engagements with both countries Q-Critically comment on China‟s increasing presence in the Indian Ocean and „string of can bring us. pearl‟ theory that has been used to explain Economic Relation with China: intent behind China‟s expansion. The post cold-war world is seeing a gradual India-China trade is about $70 Bn. However, huge transformation into a multi-polar world order. In trade deficit of India is hidden in this figure. This this new order China has emerged as the biggest needs to be corrected. stake holder. To consolidate its position as one of the fastest growing economy , sooner-to-become http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 27

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 the largest one, it has embarked upon a drive to Q-Critically comment on the border dispute secure and expand its interests in Indian Ocean between India and China. region. This region holds strategic importance as India and China shares physiographic boundary the majority of the world trade takes place in which crest of mountain summits is recognized through the maritime routes of Indian Ocean. as the ‗hypothetical boundary line‘. This absence Moreover, with the arrival of India on the world‘s of permanent boundary line coupled with china‘s stage as a significant stake-holder in the economic unwarranted claims gives rise to the border and geo-political world order China sees India as dispute between the two nations. Siachen potential threat as well as strong competitor. To sector,Tawang tract and whole of Arunachal eliminate the possible threat to its rising Pradesh claimed by china as ‗southern part of supremacy by India or any other world power Tibet‘ are especially contentious. China is developing its military presence by With India's recognition of Tibet as a part of china trying to establish ‗naval‘ bases in various the 'buffer' between India and china disappeared strategic locations on the periphery of Indian and china's china's aspirations increased. Capture Ocean in the garb of helping the host nations of siachen sector after aggression in 1962,issuing build their maritime infrastructure. These include of stapled visa to 'Indian citizens' from Arunachal Gwadar in Pakistan, Hanbantota in Sri Lanka, pradesh thereby disputing their citizenship and Sittwe in Myanmar. Since, these locations are statehood of Arunachal,Obstructing the progress surrounding the Indian main land , this strategy of any infrastructure development project in has derived its name as the ‗string of pearls‘ Arunachal Pradesh are some of its 'modus- theory. operandis' to keep border issue boiling. But it is quite natural for a nation of more than Although we have instituted a joint Border 1.35 billion people to make all attempts to ensure Dispute Redressal Mechanism'and even after 6 the interests of its people. Traditionally and rounds of talks no conclusive progress have been historically all the world powers of posterity have made so far. China is not ready to give up its followed a similar strategy. Britain established its position. Contrarily it has started strengthening base in Aden and Singapore to ensure safety of it its military infrastructure in border areas and Pok interests in India. Today USA is maintaining its (Pakistan occupied Kashmir). base at Diego Garcia islands in Indian Ocean to dissuade any threats to its strategic and economic By waging psychological warfare china wants interests. The idea lies in the strategy of counter- this issue boil in perpetuity. Its a political tactic in balancing such theories. For example to balance which china wants India to engage and prevent the string of pearls theory India also is building its resurgence in Asia,as it will hamper china's its assets in South China Sea and improving own interests. Otherwise,on many world strategic relations with countries like Japan and platforms be it IBSA,BRICS,WTO or climate Vietnam which have traditionally been wary of change negotiations china has grouping with rise of Chinese expansionism. India for mutual benefitts. With change of regime in both nations and nationalist ones the issue has

very remote chances of getting resolved in coming days.

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Q-Critically comment on the nature of trade relations between India and China. There exists a yawning gap between India and Q-Write a critical note on the visa controversy China when it comes to trade. Over the last three between India and China. years, India‘s trade deficit with China has China and India due to their long standing averaged around $35 billion. China is not only conflict has led to the controversy in issuing the India‘s largest importer, India imports around 25 Visas. per cent of all its products from China. Whenever a citizen travels to other other country The nature of trade is more worrying. While, it is expected to issue a sealed visa that means the India largely exports raw materials such as iron traveler passport will have the permitting seal of core, cotton, etc, it buys from China the country to which he travels.China also follows manufactured goods. The implications of this the same process for Indian citizen except JK and trade deficit needs to be understood from the AR Pradesh. For these two states it issues Stapled impact it has on the overall Indian economy. Visa. This has seriously annoyed India.because It First, since India is largely exporting raw clearly shows that China treats differently to the material, the opportunities for employment JK and AR Pradesh people.It is a passive way of generation are limited as compared to those China to assert its claims on part of JK and whole which would have been there had India been a arunachal pradesh. leader in manufacturing products. Then, the issue On the same lines China also has some concerns of dumping has caused much concern not just in on the Indian X-entry Visa policy. This policy India but worldover. Though India has on few prevents Indian citizens who marry to Chinese occasions imposed anti-dumping duty, the sposes from raising their families in India.This indigenous industry has felt the impact. Lastly, a visa is valid for 5 years and it has to be renewed huge trade deficit has a big strain on the foreign every year.but while renewing the Visa they face exchange reserves. inordinate delay and bureaucratic hurdles.Some However, trade deficit with China has its times they suffer from Visa vacuum. Since these x advantages too. Primarily it shows that Indian entry citizens are not allowed to work they face businesses are searching for the cheapest lot of economic hardships. products from around the world. By doing so, Thus the need of the hour for both the countries is they are making our exports more competitive. to sort out these controversies through dialogues Second, the Indian industry will be forced to find for the mutual benefit and long term interest. innovative solutions to meet the challenge which China poses.

How can India bridge the trade deficit? FIrst, Q-What is the root cause of border dispute Indian pharma and IT companies should expand between India and China? Discuss the their presence in China. It should take advantage important measures taken by both countries so of the rising income of its workforce, by far to maintain peace at the border. (200 Words) migrating more manufacturing jobs to India. The root cause of border dispute between India Lastly, India should sell itself as a young nation and China is the absence of clear boundaries with a huge human resource potential, and rule present between India and China since the British of law which is less arbitrary and more open than time. The Johnson line in the west and Mc-Mohan China‘s. line in the east were asserted by India to be the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 29

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 boundaries. But both of them were rejected by 4. Maintaining transparency in strategic China after India attained independence. As a consultation on our region and periphery in order result, tensions mounted and finally the 1962 war to eliminate misunderstandings. between the two took place. 5. Convergence on broad range of global issues 38000 sq -km area of Aksai Chin was captured by and enhanced policy coordination at multilateral China and ceasefire was declared along Line of forums. Actual Control (LAC). In the east, China 6. Reaping benefits with full cooperation in advocates its claim over the state of Arunachal Economy, and Pradesh, erstwhile North East frontier Agency. But India denies such claims. 7. Increasing people to people contact

Since then, incursions from both the sides are Q-India-China ties cannot be hostage to the claimed by both countries. Chinese, started giving boundary dispute.” Should boundary dispute stapled visas(symbol of own citizens) to the be sidelined and cooperation in other areas of people from Jammu & Kashmir and Arunachal mutual interests be promoted between India Pradesh. Similarly, recent incursions and heavy and China? Comment on the importance of infrastructure development along borders in both border dispute resolution between the two fronts have been done by China. countries ―History can change but geography cannot‖. Both countries signed a Peace and Tranquillity India and China have shared strong cultural ties Agreement in 1991. Recently, a Border Dispute but also bitterness of war of 1962 exists. Both Cooperation Agreement was signed between the countries today have moved on. two on 23rd Oct 2013. Number of Confidence Building Measures were accepted in this India and China today are considered as two agreement. Both countries re-iterated the diffused Asian giants which have the capacity to lead the tensions on the border dispute. ―RE-emerging Asia‖. Considering two big potential neighbours living side by side both Q-What are the seven practical principles of countries do have issues of confrontation, co- engagement as envisioned by India and China operation and competition to co-exist . between them during the recent visit of India‟s PM to China? (100 Words) 1> economic relations : China is India‘s largest These seven principles of engagement has been trading partner. Increasing trade deficit is a described as contemporary development of worring factor to India. Internationally, both Panchseel agreement between the two countries countries co-operate at to call for IMF, WB in 1950s. They are- reforms. But at the same time compete for resources in Africa and else where. 1. ‗Peace and tranquility at border‘ a topmost priority for a smooth bilateral relation. 2> international trade: eventhough both countries co-operate in fighting piracy on high seas in west 2. Mutual confidence building measures and africa. Both have conflicting issues on disputes expansion of relations. related to spartly island w.r.t. UNCLOS . India 3. Cooperation on issues like trans-border Rivers had been given permission by the vietnam govt to and trade balancing. explore.

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3> meantime, chinese policy of ―string of pearl‖ policy of china in regard to aruncahl Pradesh is around India and India‘s inclination towards US very ambiguous. India‘s plocy so far has been policy of ―Pivot to Asia‖ is a cause of concern. disallow travel on stapled visa.Allowing travel on stapled visa will be paramount to conceding thus, the relations with china is much more Arunachal Pradesh a disputed territory. complex than any other country. We share spheres of co-operation and confrontation in each Various propositions has been made by intellects sector we interact. But, it only wrt to Border of india to deal with ambiguous policy of china. issues we face a severe direct threat of One of them is to start issuing stapled visa to confrontation. The recent incidents of Chinese people originating from Tibet Autonomous incursions along Depsang is a cause of concern. Region(TAR) of china. But keeping in mind that india now recognizes Tibet to be part of China, it However, sidelining border talks is not at India‘s wont be right step. India should Continue with national interest as it is a question on sovereignty the current policy of denial to travel on stapled of the nation. The Defence minister made a visa and at the same time should engage Chinese statement in monsoon session that India has 2 leadership on this issue diplomatically. In the pronged strategy to deal with CHina. Approach past india has been successful in changing One, talking to each other to know . thus we have Chinese policy of issuing stapled visa to J&K special representative and working mechanisms Residents when china had started issuing stapled on question border affairs. The recent BDCA visa to them in 2009. encourages not to use force at any instances of face off. Approach TWo, strengthen border security- Mountain Strike Corps approved by cabinet committee on security, India landed C- 130J super hercules. Question - “In boldly re-engineering the Panchasheel between iNdia and CHina needs to subcontinent‟s physical environment, Beijing is be Hounoured by both the countries. Peaceful behaving much like the British Raj.” Comment negotiations bilaterally and co-operation among in the context of growing presence of China the two large developing countries is not just across the region and consequent Indian necessary but an essential aspect. concerns. (200 Words)

China is playing an major role in influencing the physical environment conditions prevailing in the

subcontinent. This role is being compared to the Q-Write a critical note on China‟s visa policy on role played by the British raj while they ruled in Arunachal Pradesh and India‟s response to it. the subcontinent.The British rule was What measure you think India should adopt to instrumental in increasing the connectivity within deal with China‟s ambiguous visa policy with the region as well as increasing the trade relations respect to Arunachal Pradesh? (200 Words) of the subcontinent with the world. Since late China has policy of issuing stapled visa to nineties , China had made the proposal for the resident of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. BCIM corridor which connects the eastern part of As per Chinese authorities it is its policy to issue India with Bangladesh, Myanmar and the south western China. This corridor would facilitate the stapled visa to people from disputed territory trade and investment relations among the .Although in past China has issued regular Visas countries. The modernization of the trans also to arunachal Pradesh residents. So current karakoram highway and proposal for the Kashgar http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 31

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 corridor made by China recently to ensure the connectivity with the western part of the subcontinent. The maritime silk route , recently proposed by China , will play a dominant factor in the dynamics of the Indian subcontinent. China-Tibet conflict dates back to 1950 when the Thus, China has been playing a dominant role in Chinese civil war winner CPC intruded free Tibet determining the connectivity within the region as and occupied it. The root causes of China -Tibet well as that with the world. This could be conflict are: compared to the role of the British Raj in the (a) Historic claims: The occupation of Tibet was subcontinent. India should neither remain based on historic claims of Great China empire of reluctant nor consider economic cooperation as 9th century. Tibet, on the other hand, exert the the complete solution.India should consider the claims of independence of Tibet since the fall of future endeavors in the view of the geo-political Mongolian empire. imagination and lay down pragmatic (b) Geography of Tibet: Tibet has historically implementation plans to ensure its objectives. being seen as buffer state whether between India Q-Critically discuss the Tibet issue and its and Mongol empire or used by British empire as influence on the relationship between India and buffer against Japan. China too tries to establish the same buffer. China. (c) Sovereignty issues: Grant of Tibet autonomous

region status is just a tokenism devoid of any Q-Examine the roots of China – Tibet conflict powers. and explain the importance of this issue for (d) Ethnic issue: Tibet is inhabited by ethnic India. tibeteans against majority Hans of China mainland. China‘s record with ethnic minorities is poor. China had invaded and annexed Tibet in 1950s. (e) Religion: Religion is often seen as a challenge Dalami Lama that time had asked India‘s help to to communism. Buddhist following and unity in protect defenseless China. However, Tibet Tibet is seen as potential threat to communism. couldn‘t be protected against Chinese (f) Dalai lama: Dalailama‘s proximity with splitist expansionary ambitions. Dalai Lama and his section attracts warth of China. followers fled to India. India as a part of their (g) Governance: China‘s policy in Tibet have philosophy of anti-imperialism and non-violence promoted Hans immigration in Tibet, accruing had given the exile and protect them. This event economic benefits to them and disenfranchising had made the relationship between two nation ethnic Tibetans. sour. China Tibet ambition to grow its influence in Tibet had also caused boundary dispute IMPORTANCE TO INDIA between India and China, China wanted Askai Chin area to build roads for easy access to Tibet. Tibet is critical to India‘s bilateral relation with However, this area was lying in India, this China. India being a birth place of Buddhism became one of the prime reason for the Indo owes a historic responsibility for peace and China war. stability in Tibet. Dalailama‘s stay in India and The issue and the sour relationship has not been Tibet government in exile being run from solved till date and there is always the boundary Dharamshala and Hindu‘s holy place Mansarovar issue emerging between two nations. However, lying in Tibet creates a perpetual dilemma in the growing economic interest and Chinese train India-China relation. Hence, Tibet is a perfect network to Tibet gives the hope for resolution ground for the test of Indian soft power and soon. diplomatic ability. Tibet also host a fragile, sterile, Beyond this, the issue regarding Tibet and Dalai yet a vital ecosystem to the integrity of Lamba demands should also be resolved on Himalayas. India agricultural and climatic amicable terms. This would further sweeten the requirement makes it onerous for India to prevent relation between two nations. Tibet from turning into a battle field that will have disastrous consequences for the ecology. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 32

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Q-Do you think India and China could jointly Q- What were the circumstances that led to the combat terrorism? Explain how? (150 Words) 1962 Indo-China war? Write a critical note on India and china are both affected by terrorism India‟s preparedness in its borders to avoid 1962 and the terrorist creating havoc in both the like situation. countries are, mostly from the same area i.e. from Pakistan or around.

The circumstances that led to Sino-Indian War of Both could combat terrorism jointly by not 1962 were: allowing each other‘s territory to be used by 1. Chinese attack and occupation of Tibet in 1950. terror organization, further by exchange of This move wasn‘t welcomed by India but wasn‘t information and jointly taking actions where ever criticized publicly either. possible will help in control of terrorism. 2. Revolt in Tibet for liberation in 1959 peaked, If we take the terrorism emitting from the Dalai Lama fled Tibet and took Political asylum northern Pakistan, if here China takes this matter in India. However, Dalai Lama also setup a sincerely with its all-weather friend Pakistan and Tibetian government in exile in India. This helps India in monitoring the POK area which created suspicion in China about motives of China has got access by the Karakorum highway. India. Same thing can be said about the terrorist of 3. Border skimmers between forces of two sides. North east area along the Arunachal Pradesh 4. Alleged ‗forward policy‘ of India as per China, border. in which Indian military build outpost on eastern side of Line of Actual Control (LOAC). In international forum especially in the post Attack of Chinese troops on India was sudden America withdrawal from Afghanistan India & and highlight of the war was that it was fought China can jointly help in establishment of a non- on mountainous terrain of Aksai Chin and North fundamentalist government and tightening the East Frontier Area (NEFA). Indian troops suffered international pressure on Pakistan which houses a disastrous defeat and severe setback to our many terror outfit. national pride.

India‘s preparedness in Sino-Indian border is Q. Explain the contentious issues and claims of based on deterrence and ―no first attack‖ both India and China in their border disputes principle, following steps are taken: 1. Military personnel on Sino-Indian border have talks. been increased. 2. Para-military forces and Central armed forces like Indo-Tibetan Police Force and Sashastra Answer- Seema Bal have been incorporated to be vigilant • There are two main contentious issue on border areas and support Military. 3. India has recently developed ―Mountain Strike between India and China. Corps‖ which is expected to take fight into • 1) Issue of Aksai Chin: Western most Tibetan mountainous areas in wake of Chinese attack. Aksai Chin is considered as the part of J&K and 4. Roadways and railways development along claimed by India in its map but admistered by the borders and updation of Border Roads China practically. Organisation(BRO). However, India‘s military preparedness face • 2) Issue of NEFA(Arunanchal Pradesh): crucial limitations due to financial constrains and The southern part of Mc Mohan Line is North incomplete infrastructure as timelines are not East Frontier Agency( which also called met. Arunanchal Pradesh) which is also a bone of contention between India and China. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 33

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• The Mc Mohan line is the result of Shimla China‘s approach to counter-terrorism is the Accord 1914 among the India, Tibet and China Three Evils doctrine, the Three Evils are defined but China rejected the legitimacy of Mc Mohan by the Chinese government as ―terrorism, separatism and religious extremism. Line and incursions can be seen from China side on border. Though China‘s anti-terrorism has won support from the International community, some • As the main objectives of Sino-Indian war countries have opposed China‘s ―crack down on 1962 was border dispute and new governmental ethnical dissidents‖ because of ―human rights settlement in China. Several bilateral agreements concerns. were made between both the countries but final China has carried out a number of important settlement is still pending. This could only be steps in support of counterterrorism by settled only the equal high level initiative by both partnering with neighbouring countries and regional security organizations, especially in sides. Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. • In 1996, one agreement to resolve border dispute which were led by confidence building Particularly the bordering Indian states with measures and several bilateral talks but no different cultural and ethnic composition from the heartland have suffered from a real or concrete result achieved. perceived sense of neglect and misgovernance. • China claims that the state of Arunachal As Inimical powers exploited this aspect and Pradesh specifically the tawang region is an sowed seeds of sedition and secession amongst inherent part of china and as a result has been some sections of society of these states- giving staple visas to its residents. particularly the states of the North-East, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir-by providing them with • Brahmaputra River water sharing arms training and financial support and transparency instigated them to take up arms against the state machinery. • The repercussions of disputed border can India‘s experience in combating be seen in the form of incursions initiated by insurgency/terrorism in these states has mostly China in Daulat Beg Oldi region of Laddakh in been of finding a military solution to a political which Chinese troops entered many Kms inside problem. the our region and finally our government agreed Central and state governments have responded to break bunkers made in the region which is with various actions, mostly military, within own threat perceived by the China. borders but lacked a coherent counter terrorism policy.

Q-Write a note on terrorist threats to China. In India and China this problem has now grown Compare and contrast China‟s anti-terrorism beyond internal conflict with involvement of policy with that of India‟s. (200 Words) foreign terrorists who organize terrorism from Answer) outside the country, giving it a transnational character. There is a requirement to address the The separatist East Turkistan Islamic Movement problem through international cooperation. (ETIM) in China has been seeking ―independence of Xinjiang‖ and its links with Al Qaeda and other Islamic fundamentalism movements in Asia have escalated this problem to a transnational INDIA-PAKISTAN threat in Central Asia. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 34

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Q---Critically comment on India‟s policy Secondly, the pipeline was poise to pass through towards Pakistan during last ten years. unstable region of Baluchistan. Pakistan government has been reluctant to bring ground India- Pakistan issue is not a conventional foreign situation under control. That would have created policy problem; it has historical roots, a security implication on India‘s energy security. psychological barriers and elicits passionate domestic public responses. Thridly economic sanctions by US and Civil India‘s response to Pakistan has been both nuclear deal rendered the project unviable. cautious and conciliatory. Last decade or so saw Payment in dollars was stopped by US and some positive developments in the relationship: Ceasefire agreement, trade, confidence building accounts of Iran were seized. measures at borders and civil talks between the It can be advocated that delays, pricing issues as two governments. But despite of all these measures the headway created towards a well as security glitches made the project permanent settlement has been very little. unwarranted. India‘s policy towards Pakistan has been more or less consistent and a realist one. But fragmenting domestic polity in Pakistan, non- state actors and asymmetrical civil-military relationship in Q-What implications does US withdrawal from Pakistan have derailed the peace talks and civil Afghanistan have on India-Pakistan relations? engagements at the highest level. Critically analyze. (200 Words) Pakistan is a multi-layered power structure; the US is slated to withdraw from Afghanistan in power is distributed disproportionately among 2014 end. That opens a new political dimension to army, civilian government, non-state actors, security concerns as well as influence over clergies etc. This complicates things for India as to Afghanistan due to its strategic position. who to engage with. And because civilian government does not command as much India and Pakistan concerns are driven by their authority as it should, there is a little credibility in own perception. While Pakistan considers any engagement with it. Recent diplomatic engagement between the two Afghanistan as its influential sphere, India is countries during Indian Prime minister swearing mainly concerned about the security issues in in ceremony leaves one hopeful of a new fillip to Afghanistan. India is apprehensive that peace talks. Afghanistan will loom back to old days of terrorism and will come as a stronghold of Taliban and other militant groups with support Q-Why did agreement on Iran-Pakistan-India from Pakistan. Further India is keen on gas pipeline fail? Examine. (150 Words) developing relations with Afghanistan in order to IPI pipeline was considered as one of the geo balance china- Pakistan influence in the region. strategic project in dynamic political environment of the region. However India withdraw from the While Pakistan things that India is providing project for various reactions. defense training and enhancing cooperation with Afghanistan which will later be used for Firstly, coat of natural gas supplied was at par encircling Pakistan. Further, it thinks India will with that of international crude oil prices. That create more instability in the Baluchistan region. would have rendered the end users at the That will make the relations worse between the receiving end of high prices without any two countries with explicit rivalry. competitive advantage. The two countries must work together to rebuilt a democratic stable Afghanistan that will be in the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 35

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 interest of both countries. Both shall not make it a Q-Critically comment on the issue of Sir Creek fighting arena for petty political interest rather between India and Pakistan. they should take into consideration the wider Sir Creek is a 100 km long estuary situated implication of strong Afghanistan. between marshy Rann of Kutch (India) and Sind (Pakistan). The issue is complex and composite consisting of territorial waters, economic Q--Critically discuss India‟s border problem resources and livelihood of fishermen around the with Pakistan. Creek.

Indo-Pak relation has been hold hostage to Pakistan claims that the Creek is part of its various border disputes since independence, territorial waters in accordance to 1914 treaty some of the major issues are: between Governments of Sind, Bombay and 1. Kashmir Conflict: It is a major bone of contention causing harm to relation of both the Kutch. India does not recognises the map in the countries. It is a border as well as ideological treaty and claims the boundary settlement as per issue. Pakistan considers Kashmir as its own Internationally recognised ―Thalweg doctrine‖ being majority Muslim state and India its own and claims boundary to be set at the middle of the because of Kashmir‘s accession to India. A LOC creek. The said region is also rich in petroleum has been demarcated dividing Kashmir, various resources and making a compromise difficult for solution has been proposed for resolution of issue. However, the best outcome can be both sides. In absence of mutually agreed marking LOC as international border. boundary, both sides are suffering as none can 2. Siachein issue: It is an area overseeing the claim its 200 nautical miles Exclusive economic Karkoram range and is under Indian possession zone unless the issue is settled. Another issue of since 1980s. The dispute arises because of concern is related to fishermen from both sides. improper demarcation of LOC in Shimla Fishermen unable to apprehend the invisible agreement. maritime border and the officials unable to

Sir- Creek issue: It is a marshy area in the Rann certain their jurisdictions lead to imprisonment of of Kutch, more than the strategic important the poor fishermen of both the regions. Pakistan has area is important because the resource rich two concerns which give India an upper hand. Exclusive economic one which comes with it. First the creek is changing its course and moving westwards towards Pakistan and Second,

Pakistan has limited capability for exploration The disputes have adversely affected the development of the region. The threat of and production of petroleum resources as terrorism and militancy in the region have compared to India. reduced the growth potential. The presence of the armed forces under the AFSPA in the region has India can utilise its upper position and conclude a worsened the condition of the people in the treaty with Pakistan which could help India not region. only with Energy Security and Fishermen release There have been efforts undertaken to increase but also could give a positive push to India- the cooperation by trade normalization and Pakistan bilateral ties. starting bus services across border. The people of Kashmir have been denied their right to develop due to acts of terrorism in the region. It would be essential for the two sides to Resolution of sir creek dispute may benefit both agree on a peaceful resolution for the stability in nations as the region.

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Firstly, EEZ can be demarcated further promoting However, the talks and dialogues should not be investment and exploitation. Issue of held hostage to these violations as this would unintentional crossing of territorial waters by amount to dwarfing of the six decade long fishermen from both countries can be checked. engagement, commitment and developments of bilateral relations. Secondly, smuggling, trafficking, drug trade can be effectively checked if borders are declared as It is further necessary to strengthen the existing international borders. mechanisms of problem solving including regular meeting of DGMOs, trade and commerce

ministers and high level exchanges. Both countries has to resolve their differences through bilateral channels without engaging any third Q- Should India and Pakistan talks be held party as this can introduce an additional hostage to border skirmishes and terrorist dimension of favourtism and influence and attacks? Comment. (250 Words) thereby can add fuel to the fire. or

Q-Do you agree to the proposal that a neutral monitoring by a third party such as UN at the OR border in Kashmir is required to bring peace to the region? Substantiate. (250 Words) India and Pakistan has been at loggerheads since Kashmir border surveillance by a third party 1947. The long land boundary with some part of it may bring peace if no other bilateral solution is unsettled between the countries has created possible but paradox is that un mediation in tensions now and then between the two armies recent times has been in question due to excessive leading to frequent skirmishes and few wars. impression of usa and eu in it due to their However, the political leadership, right from Pt. funding dominance. Though un is doing good Nehru to Dr. Manmohan singh has sought to work in many areas of conflict resolution and deescalate the tensions through meaningful hunger reduction but the case of kashmir dialogues and discussions. They stressed that deserves special significance. It is not only a better relationship with neighbours not only historic but also a cultural issue where people provides a secured environment but also aids faced eviction, displacement and mass killings economic and social development of the country. along with post independence wars between india and pakistan. So this is a complicated issue Both countries have been engaging among though solvable by mutual understanding and themselves in finding solution to various continued talks and political will. UN problems like border disputes (Kashmir issue, Sir surveillance on border can help in keeping both creek issue, etc), trade problems (MFN status, countries it their toe to keep the ceasefire active trade imbalance, trade across border, illegal without violation on a temporary basis but long trade), terrorist infiltration, security, etc. term solution requires proper bilateral The recent border skirmishes and terrorist attacks negotiations. If sovereignty sentiments are not have once again portrayed the persisting allowed like in Geneva talks on syria which led to volatility between the two nations. Such resolution of the matter then some third party violations are often orchestrated by the terror mediation can be seen as a prospective solution to groups to deter the peace making process. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 37

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 bring certainty of solution of kashmir issue on There is definitely the need of Indus Water Treaty table. II taking into account to the problems associated with the present treaty. The treaty must be Q-Do you think there is a need to replace 1960 formulated with the help of Social scientist, Indus Water Treaty to suit the present demands Environmentalist, Economist, etc. However the and to address emerging ecological problems? present situation of unfriendly environment Analyze between India and Pakistan is not suitable for the

purpose. Indus water treaty came into force in 1960 after the nine decades of negotiations between India and Pakistan. The treaty did not paved the way == about the impact of IWT on the issues of the for the Kashmir solution, but proved to be the downstream community and the larger role it best water sharing treaty. Indus water treaty was would have played in strengthening our best however at the time of its formulation, but relations. not suitable for the recent time period and needs revision. It needs a multi disciplinary approach formulation. === IWT signed in 1960 between India & The clause of partition of tributary rivers between Pakistan discretely shared water of rivers (Sutlej, India and Pakistan has divided the basin and Ravi & Beas for India and Chenab, Jhelum & hence ended its wholeness. It is required to treat Indus for Pakistan) and created PIC (Permanent as a whole as the natural entities like basin cannot Indus Commission) to sanctify the treaty.Five work separately. A single drop of rain water decades hence, many imperative factors like falling in a watershed changes the configuration environmental, climate change and ecological of whole water shed. It is required to understand balances have gained ground making it necessary its ecology as a whole which require a proper to revisit certain clauses of IWT. Environment Impact Assessment. J&K presently imports nearly 75% of its energy Climate Change is a new concept which can have requirement & stands as disadvantaged as far as its own impact on the basin. Further there is the IWT is considered owing to its inability to store issue of change of course of rivers. These water & generate hydroelectricity as per its problems should be taken into consideration and potential. For a federal nation like India, state‘s should be reflected in the Indus water treaty in say should be considered in an International the form of solution. treaty.

Over and above Indus water treaty has not taken The building of irrigation structures on upstream into account the issue of rising population and its side has made the insecure downstream affect on sharing of water resources. The population all the more vulnerable owing to population growth of the affected area belonging floods during rain, shortage of water during to both Pakistan and India is required to summer and other hazards. appropriate water between both the countries. The confluence of fresh water at Indus delta has The water has a great social need and required been a source of rich bio diverse marine life since from domestic to agricultural needs. 1960s. However owing to diversion of water from upstream for productive purposes like http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 38

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 agriculture, industrial and allied sectors had led ravaged the country. Its about supporting to less fresh water at downstream side. democracy, decreasing the influence of army over foreign policy issue, latter can‘t be done from The more saline water has had its effects in form external forces. of fertile deltas turning saline, depletion of fishes and mangrove destruction. Sharif has recently concluded the SEZ agreement with China with a view to boost economy. Both The treaty thus has influence on livelihood of countries needs to follow up the New York citizens, rich biodiversity and negative summit with improvement in trade relations and externalities on environment. The recent people-to-people contact. However, all this this Uttarakhand flash floods had partial bearing of depends on how Pakistan deals with terrorists, construction of irrigation structures. mainly post-2014 withdrawal of NATO from Thus IWT needs to be revisited keeping in view Afghanistan. federalism, interests of nationals, relationship of

India and Pakistan and more importantly ecological effects in mind. ===As our former PM remarked, ‗You can change your friends but not your neighbours‘, Q- “The best hope for better relations between proves that cordial Indo-Pak relations are the India and Pakistan lies in the strengthening of desideratum for peaceful coexistence of both the democracy in Pakistan.” Analyze countries. Despite of many setbacks, a formal

dialogue seems to be the only way out, but for India and Pakistan became democracies on the that to happen strengthening democracy in same day, but the journey of Pakistan as a nation Pakistan and making army take a back seat are of went into ill path. Pakistan saw many military utmost importance. rulers. In current context, the two countries are Currently Pakistan is dealing with floundering trying to improve relations, but the terrorists economy, crunching forex, very high trying to create hurdles in negotiation process. unemployment, increasing population of working Pakistan developed terrorism and extreme age. All these problems can be tackled only when communalism as a security strategy towards socio-economic development takes place within India. This is mainly designed and developed by the country, and for that it needs sound policy Army. Today, the army stands ahead of civilian structure. But the economic policy initiatives of government. the civilian government are intricately linked with foreign policy where army calls the shots. The recent elections results in Nawaz Sharif Better relations with India have been set as a high government. Many are of the view that, there is a priority by Pakistani PM, but past efforts to need to strengthen civilian government in negotiate peace with India have always been Pakistan for improvement in relation. It shouldn‘t actively sabotaged by the army. The need to be forgotten that the Kargil dispute took place, rescue Pakistan‘s flagging economy has made the when the democratically elected government was army more amenable to the idea, but Pakistani in place. PM will need to tread with caution to secure their backing. Large numbers of Indian goods are Having said that, the current scenario calls for a being sold in Pakistan via Dubai, which shows different view. The cleansing of religious they prefer Indian products, but they can‘t avail it minorities, sectarian minorities, Pakistan Taliban due to the governmental turf wars. This year first http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 39

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Pakistan has emerged on the other side of its first of perpetual hostility as a sine qua non of its attempt to transfer power from one civilian existence. Pakistan claim on Kashmir, its government to another through the ballot box inordinate intrest in Indian muslims and fostering of terrorist groups by successive government, all (relatively) successfully. This shows the sprout from this theory. aspirations of the people for a democratically elected government. INDIA‘s PHILOSOPHY

A well functioning democracy in Pakistan though India engagement with Pakistan saw a paradigm sounds like a distant dream can help in social, shift post liberalisation and end of cold war. It is economical and political empowerment of the based on cherished principle of Gujaral doctrine masses and there by help it to tackle the home ie ―NON RECEPROCITY‖. This philosophy grown terror networks targeting not only Indians emerges from three key perceptions of India but also Pakistanis. which are: (a) India‘s image globally is judged by its engagement with Pakistan. (b) India‘s security rest squarely on Pakistan‘s =====Focus should be stability factor that comes stability. with robust democracy. Then on military and (c) India shares a cultural responsibility being the parent nation to Pakistan. political relationship. True democracies have military control under political leaderships. This Sharm-el-Sheikh statement, offering of MFN is an important factor considering how status, CBM, continous engagement and dialouge destabilizing factor military has been in India Pak (despite Pakistan army‘s aggression) to weaken relations.Consider recent example of military army‘s control over civilian government are all incursion into Kashmir while its PM was talking extension of Non receprocity. peace with India at UN. Thus, India‘s foreign policy philosophy is based One more factor is people to people exchanges. on pragmatic neoliberal rationalism while Stable and inclusive democracy in Pakistan will Pakistan still beats the drums of bygone era. help in more such exchanges and help build The underlying philosophy of Indo-Pak mutual trust among people. relationship is ‗Neoliberalism‘ and ‗Democratic Peace Theory‘. India engages Pakistan on a non- reciprocal basis. The unilateral MFN status is a Q-Critically comment on the underlying case in point. Why because, Neo-liberalist philosophy on which relationship between thought dictates that nations would work for India and Pakistan is founded. ‗absolute gains‘ and not ‗relative gains‘.

The philosophical ground for engagement This is with a view to strengthening democracy between India and Pakistan defers depending on each country‘s political perception. there. Why because, Democratic Peace theory states that ‗two democratic nations are less PAKISTAN‘s PHILOSOPHY probable to war with each other. Another basic assumption in Indo-Pak affairs is that, this Two nation theory responsible for Pakistan‘s birth relationship has a bearing on India‘s relationship still determines the contours of Pakistan‘s with the rest of the world, especially west. engagement with India. Pakistan percieves secular India as a threat to its raison detre based on two nation theory. It therefore adopts a policy http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 40

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While these principles were relevant in the past, basis of misplaced notions of security and the realities of the new world make them mistrust. indefensible. Empirical evidence proves that India has a huge potential of tourism income Pakistan is not interested in ‗absolute gains‘, but from Pakistan. Pilgrimage sites, Taj Mahal and is interested predominantly in ‗gains relative to many other engineering feats will not only bring India‘. If not, it would have simply reciprocated tourist income but also increase people to people the MFN status. interaction. India has a huge infrastructure to provide cheap and quality education and medical It would be a fallacy to think that Pakistani facilities. This could be leveraged for increased democracy can be strengthened by India being educational and medical tourism. supportive of a democratic civilian government A stable Pakistan is in India‘s interest too. With a there. The policy has had no impact yet and no huge export lead, India can unilaterally declare comparable phenomenon has taken place relaxing visa norms, increasing liberals faith in anywhere in the world. Pakistan who want friendship with India. After all a nation well equipped with latest missile Also, to think that the relationship between the technology must not succumb to medieval tactics global north and India – 3rd largest economy, 3rd and notions of security. largest military and master of the Malacca Strait – is contingent on how it deals with a neighbor who Q-Why Kishenganga hydro-electric project was exports terrorism to the same global north, is in dispute recently? Do you think that there is a ludicrous. need to revise Indus Water Treaty? Comment. (200 Words) Q-Comment on the present visa policy between Kishenganga also called nelam is tributary of India and Pakistan. (200 Words) Indus. India has started construction of a hydropower station at the Bonar Nallah. For the water it diverted water from Kishenganga by The visa policy between India and Pakistan has building a dam at a place called ―Gurez‖. always been made keeping in mind its Diverted water feeds to the turbines at the head implication on national security, reflecting the trust deficit between the two nations. The current of bonar Nallah. Ultimately this bonar Nallah visa policy though a huge step forward from joins Kishenganga downstream. Pakistan objected regressive stands of earlier times, the mistrust is to this diversion on the basis that this diversion self evident. will reduces the flow so resulting in less water for irrigation and lower power production. Pakistan Recently certain norms for issuing business or took this matter to the International Court of tourism visa have been relaxed. Multiple entries Justice which decided in favor of India as India has been encouraged, and time frames for issuing visa have been laid. Thus increasing transparency has not violated any provision of the Indus Water in visa issuing is indeed a welcome step. Treaty. Thus giving India go ahead signal to completed the dam but India has to release a However, these steps still fall short when we minimum of nine cubic metres per second consider the difference between the actual and downstream of the project at all times to maintain potential of Indo-Pak bi-lateral trade. Visa environmental flows. restrictions can act as non-tariff barrier. With limited permit to banks and expansion of Pakistan has repetitively used the business both the nations are suppressing the misinterpretation of treaty to stall our hydro entrepreneurship of their countrymen on the projects. May it be Kishenganga, Dulhasti, http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 41

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Baglihar. At the same time China has started goodwill. The agreement for a liberalised visa building dams like the Zada Gorge project in regime is also a positive development. upper Sutlej and Senge Ali project in the upper Neither trade, economic co-operation nor socio- Indus, without consultation with India or cultural harmonies can yield any dividends in the Pakistan. So to remove problems like the repeated absence of peace and stability. India and Pakistan, delaying tactics of Pakistan, the unilateral dam therefore, need to remove the causes of the construction by china, the near defunct tensions underpinning their relations by constant Permanent Indus Commission, India need to engagement and dialogue process. compel Pakistan to revise the Indus treaty according to the present level of geopolitics and hydropolitics. Q-Comment on the nature of trade relations Q-Critically analyze the importance of dialogue between India and Pakistan since Kargil War. and constant engagement between India and (200 Words) Pakistan to resolve bilateral issues. (200 Words) Ans. The relations between India and Pakistan In the last 65 years, India and Pakistan have been have been full of ups and downs since Kargil unable to resolve their differences and develop a War. India accorded MFN status to Pakistan in normal good neighborly relationship, which 1996 without any reciprocating commitment from could have benefited people on both sides of the Pakistan. However, after the Kargil War of 1999, border. There have been several attempts to the trade relations between the two countries initiate a sustainable peace process, but most worsened. All sorts of economic ties were cut off were either stillborn or abandoned in their and whatever the trade took place, it was through infancy. In this scenario dialogue process b/w informal channels only. two countries seemed urgent importance. The relations resumed after some time, but were After the 1971 war, Pakistan and India made slow cut off again by the Mumbai attacks. In 2011, progress towards the normalization of relations. there were talks of Pakistan giving MFN status to In July 1972, Indian Prime Minister and Pakistani India but that was never materialized. Off late, President met in the Indian hill station of simla. the relations between the two countries are resuming again which can be emphasized by the The 1999 Lahore MOU was the first Indo- recent proposal to open Attari-Wagah trade Pakistani effort to come to grips with their mutual route. The trade between two countries has problems and to explore measures to reduce increased from $250-300 million in 2003 to more tensions in a nuclearised South Asia. Though the than $2 billion today. The opening of trade route process was interrupted by the Kargil episode, will provide further impetus to the trade and the proposed confidence-building measures investment relations between the two nations. (CBMs) were taken up when the composite dialogue resumed in 2004, resulting in some significant bilateral agreements. Q-What is Most favoured Nation (MFN) status? The efforts at building confidence and trust and Examine the trade relations between India and seeking resolution of disputes can only bear fruit. Pakistan in the light of MFN controversy? (200 Words) Regular exchanges between the people of the two 1. MFN status is according countries can create better understanding and nondiscriminating trading status with respect to http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 42

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 its trading partners and between its own and like SAARC, SAPTA, SAFTA under which India foreign products.Granting MFN means has provided various special trade concessions to Pak along with other member countries. India & a) lowering of Tariff and non Tariff trade Pak are also member of WTO were India already barriers, gave MFN status to Pak but Pak doesn‘t. Moreover, there are illegal trade prevails between b) increasing import quotas thereby enabling both the countries. a competitive,fair & mutually beneficial trade. India recently expressed its willingness to export LNG gas to Pak and both working on it as well. 2. India Pakistan trade had not been reached Both sides also desired to open doors to set up to its fullest potential till date due to its troubled banks, telecommunication links, and road relationship.Off late its been on a positive connectivity for effective trade. plane.Last year Pak moved from positive list to a negative list regime increasing tradable To achieve this economic goal both the countries items,which led to increase in trade. should follow the Chinese suggested Sino-India model i.e. to keep aside the disputes from trade 3. Though India had granted Pak MFN and economic relations. India is already the status way back in 1996,it did not reciprocate the ‗Asian Tiger‘ and Pakistan also has immense move yet, thanks to Pak‘s reservations that this potential to emerge as a strong economic force. move may lead India sweeping its textile and Therefore, they should try to build strong other markets.But now due to ADB‘s economic relations while gradually work on conditionality this may materialize.India agreed sorting out of disputes. to give preferential access to pakistani products by bringing down its sensitive list under SAFTA,if done so. Question - In your opinion how will the 4. Pak has to realize that it would be transition in Afghanistan would affect India – mutually beneficial as it get access to 1.2 billion Pakistan relationship? Comment. (200 Words) market,access to technical knowhow etc.,So in the Answer - Afghanistan is geared up for a era of Globalisation regional trade and economic transition with three major developments on the integration is the only way for prosperity.In cards. One, the impending US led NATO troop whole it would be a positive sum game for both. withdrawal, Two the upcoming presidential elections and three, the rising political legitimacy

of Taliban with both US and Pakistan engaging Q-Write a critical note on India – Pakistan trade them. relations. (200 Words) India-Pakistan relationship is going to be affected Answer) by all the above three developments in a Indo-Pak relation is one of the most challenging aspects of Indian Foreign Policy. Irony lies in the significant way. First, the US led NATO troop fact that both the countries shares similar history, withdrawal which is certain in 2014 will create a geography, demography, culture, language, security vacuum and India and Pakistan both vie religion and economy still their relationship is to fill the space. India, with its massive characterized more by various disputes and development aid is attempting a headstart while conflicts. Pakistan yearns for more influence in

Afghanistan and less of India‘s diplomatic Both the countries tried to build confidence establishments and embassies in the region. This through various economic and trade initiatives http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 43

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 conflicting stand is further tilted with the coming Q--Critically examine the geopolitical interests of China into play which is avowedly trying to of China in Afghanistan. Do you think a major build connectivity with Afghanistan and seeks role played by China in Afghanistan would be a Pakistan as ally in securing thus. concern to India? Comment.

Second the upcoming presidential elections, Afghanistan is in a transition phase. This while India‘s concerns relate to ensuring that the transition phase is marked with great uncertainty elections are free and fair, Pakistan concerns regarding what it holds in future.Afghanistan relate to the presidential frontrunner Karzai who issue concerns the entire region; there are is considered more pro-India. The Pakistan aim to multiple state and non-state actors working to achieve their goals. play a patronizing role in Afghan polity depends on the results of Afghan elections springing up an China, due to its proximity to Af, has legitimate Islamic hardliner. While India can integrate with concerns in the region. The Chinese interests are Afghanistan if a liberal ideology gradually sinks two-fold- security and investment. China is in Afghan polity. facing internal security threats from the Uighar militancy on its western parts.A destabilized Af The third point of contention in India-Pak acts as a breeding ground for militant groups. So relationship within the ongoing transition in China has great stakes in a state controlled Af Afghanistan is the inceasing engagement of which can ensure that non-state actors do not flourish on its land. The second interest is in Taliban by both US and Afghanistan. While US terms of investment. China‘s economic model is sees no issues with Taliban as long as it does not based on investment in neighbouring countries, associate with Al-Qaeda, Pakistan harbours which require foreign assistant for their further strategic motives such as greater control developmental process. Af has some of the over Taliban as peripheral player pressurizing world‘s biggest Iron ore mines. natural resources Afghanistan and hence using it as buffer state. like gold, iron ore, copper etc The country is also India‘s concerns rel;ate to connectivity with west starved of power. India has to take a well-nuanced and measured Asia, energy needs and security and stability in position on Af issue for the following reason.The region which means lesser role for Taliban in issue is very critical for the entire region; China Afghanistan. like India has legitimate interests in the country. India has a great goodwill in Af due to its sincere Conclusively, a constructive relationship between contribution in the development of the country India and Pakistan over Afghanistan needs and training to its human resources.India can dialogue and mutual convergence of interests on build up on that goodwill and can act as a force Afghanistan such as ensuring democratic for multilateral action. That will ensure that no elections. protection of human rights and country can take advantage of the vulnerable position of Af. Pakistan and China share a cessation of violence. deep,multi-faceted bond. And both this countries have historical friction with India in terms of border disputes.India, while working for the INDIA-AFGHANISTAN peaceful transition of Af, has to make sure that China and Pakistan do not use this vulnerable and uncertain situation in the region for encircling India.

China has several interests in Afghanistan.it has invested considerably in Afghanistan‘s natural resources like copper. The Chinese mining http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 44

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 companies would help Afghanistan‘s economy. Q-What are the highlights of strategic Other than economics, china also has to keep a partnership agreement between India and stable Afghanistan and prevent Taliban from Afghanistan? Do you think it is prudent for coming back to power. Such scenario will lead to India to have a deep military ties with exporting of terrorism to china‘s vulnerable Afghanistan? Comment. (200 Words) Xinxiang region. Uyghurs are coming under the Ans : influence of terrorism threatened by han domination. A peaceful Afghanistan would To strengthen the regional stability, India has ensure that terrorism and Muslim radicalisation does not destabilise china‘s south west region entered into strategic partnership agreement with given the fact US will withdraw in late 2014. Afghanistan in 2011. According to which, India has been assisting Afghan in variety of matters. India also would want a peaceful Afghanistan as its security would be undermined in Jammu and Highlights are as follows: Kashmir with the influx of foreign fighters. The Indian government should actively promote and a) Infrastructure development : Construction cooperate with china to help the afghan of Road project to connect their Iran boarder for government by joint financial aids, promote their trade, Construction of transmission lines for regional security etc. while it may be a concern of uninterrupted power supply to Kabul, parliament Afghanistan coming under Chinese influence. etc. India would lose much more without a stable Afghanistan. The afghan government will be b) Humanitarian assistance: Distributing careful of china as Chinese relations are severely calore biscuits to children on daily basis under strained with its neighbours. India enjoys more or school children feeding program. Assisting in less cordial relations with its neighbours which give India better credentials as a long term medical field, distribution of grains at free of cost. alliance partner and to check Pakistani influence c) Small and community based development in Afghanistan as Chinese shares good relations with Pakistan.although concerns do exist india board:So far around 100 such boards have formed can keep a watchful eye by joint cooperation and in various field like agriculture,rural by promoting itself as a better partner then development,art etc. chinese. d) Education and capacity building:Scholarship programs annually, training - Afghanistan is also a potential trade transit hub to the students , providing learning in various to Central and West Asia. fields by CII etc. - any Chinese help in augmenting the Afghan forces‘ capacity, human and machine, will e) India promised to assist training, directly help our interests there (energy, equipping and capacity building programmes for economic and security). Afghan National Security Forces. In the - to insure against its policy backfiring, it will upcoming visit to India Afghan‘s president will seek India‘s involvement too. This can help us enter fora like SCO (Shanghai Cooperation renew his request for Indian supply of lethal Organisation) and have a say in their anti-terror military equipment such as helicopters, aircraft mechanisms. for the future of Afghan‘s security. so far India - It will lead to greater cooperation between India has agreed to provide cheetah light helicopters. and China which can help us settle our other issues peacefully. However, due to the contingency involved in the siging of Bilateral security arrangement between Afgan and US, it is important to strengthen the security forces of Afgan on their own from http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 45

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 international fund. Hence, it is prudent to have India‘s provision of training to ANSF , aid , military ties with Afghan. building Parliament of Afghanistan etc. India also has certain economic interest in rich minerals of Q-Should India fill the vacuum created by the Afghanistan . It has already started iron mining in withdrawal of troops by the USA in Hajijak and an attempt for the TAPI pipeline is in Afghanistan by actively participating in Afghan progress. But more than economic India‘s affairs? Critically comment. concerns are security related. The security concerns of India can be only

addressed by a stable Afghanistan but India can‘t With the withdrawal of the international security afford a US like investment , either economic or forces from Afghanistan a vacuum gets created in military , in the region . Thus India can and Afghanistan. With a young government and should act with the cooperation of other players weak Afghan security establishment and the in the region. Since the interest of Pakistan is in stage would be perfect for the resurgence of the an unstable Afghanistan , hence much can‘t be radical Talibans. At this crucial juncture the expected from it . China , though a strong partner Afghan govt. is looking at the international of Pakistan , is also suffering from the terrorist community and India in particular to play an activities in its Xinjiang province . Hence it may active role in stabilizing the situation. also be interested in a stable neighborhood . Thus India has historical and cultural links and is China and India via some organization like SCO probably the closest stable nation. In addition to (though India is yet not a member) should play a the benevolent aspects of security and future of major role in Afghanistan. Afghan locals India has economic and strategic Thus it would be naive to think that India alone interests involved. Afghanistan is the gateway to Central Asia which holds answers to our energy can fill the vacuum created by the USA in security problems. Afghanistan is also a resource Afghanistan . But India should leave no stone rich land with the value of its mineral deposits unturned to make Afghanistan a secure and estimated at $1 trillion. These resources can be stable region with the help of the other regional tapped and Afghanistan function as a transit to players. Central Asia only if it transforms into a stable democracy. Also, an unstable Afghanistan can INDIA-BANGLADESH become a sanctuary for Pak terrorists and this can revive insurgency in Kashmir, pose serious Q-“ The Land Border Agreement and the Teesta security threats for India and disturb regional agreement are now a litmus test of India‟s stability. willingness to have good relations with

neighbours.” Critically comment.

The withdrawal of the NATO forces from After the coming in power of Awami League in Afghanistan creates serious concerns for the Bangladesh, India witnessed a period of relative region in general and India in particular . Though stability in its north-eastern region. Govt. of Afghanistan has moved towards democracy but Bangladesh acted quickly against the insurgents its state is still fragile . Further the ability of who were getting safe haven in Bangladesh. It Afghan national security forces to inhibit revival also moved forward to curb illegal immigration of the Taliban is still uncertain . If Afghanistan and smuggling across the border. However for goes back to the days of a Taliban rule managed last couple of years issues of Land Border by Pakistan , then it may have serious Agreement and Testa water agreement have repercussions for the security of India. Hence plagued the bilateral relations. There is a feeling India has no option but to support and work for a in Bangladesh that despite Bangladesh‘s good stable and strong government in Afghanistan. action India is not returning the favour. India shares a warm cultural relation and good The issue however is not just limited to Indo- will of the people of Afghanistan. It is evident by Bangladesh relations but also reflects upon India‘s willingness to give allowances to its http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 46

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 smaller neighbors, as stated in the Gurjal Q- Critically comment on the issue of illegal Doctrine. Despite its best efforts central govt. migration from Bangladesh into Assam and the failed to conclude these agreements because of resultant problems in many reasons of Assam. political and regional compulsions. Failure in Do you think grievances of native people of concluding these deals after getting a strong Assam who are against Bangladeshi migrants is majority will only reflect the weakness of central justified? Explain why. government in the matters of immediate national interest. The migration in Assam from Bangladesh has Q-“India should press for a comprehensive been going on since hundreds of years (earlier bilateral – or possibly trilateral, involving part of India) especially after the British started tea plantation which required large scale cheap Bangladesh – treaty with China on water labour. The illegal migration from Bangladesh is sharing that is open to international scrutiny largely the culmination of partition in which and adjudication.” Comment why. people from east-Pakistan flowed down in fear of getting killed. China is planning a south-to-north water Large influx of bangladeshi migrants in to india diversion project. This involves diverting waters as a result of indo pakistan war in 1973 has led to of Brahmaputra. a considerable instability in Assam Brahmaputra is the life-line of Arunachal The locals of Bodoland who are demanding for a Pradesh, Assam and Bangladesh. A severe great state in the northern part of Assam are restriction of flow, it is argued, may render these numerically outnumbered by these settlers and areas arid or semi-arid. Besides the obvious socio- hence consider the migrant community a threat to economic repercussions, the geological, their aspirations. hydrological and ecological impact it will have on the insecurities of the native people are taken lower riparian states, is huge and negative. advantage of by the political parties and the Currently the UN convention on trans-border animosity between the groups is being flared up water is not yet in force. Though India can take for narrow political gains that have led to riots in up this matter under customary international law, the recent times no enforceable dicta can be obtained with out the Though there are a few legitimate grievances of concurrence of China. China‘s stand that only 1% the tives against Bangladeshi migrants, but with of water is being diverted cannot be blindly the involvement of political elements for serving trusted. their own narrow needs the bangladeshi migrants And the opportunity cost is humongous. This are increasingly threatened and hence insecure. Chinese Dam will generate more hydro-power As there is no more influx of migrants into the than the total installed capacity in India. This dam country, the government of the day should take will pre-empt a possible large project by India. necessary steps to ensure safety of the migrants as Indus also originates in China. A similar Chinese well as address the concerns of the local people, design on its waters is possible. which is its are minimum duty A tri-lateral treaty will make it more equitable and globally significant. International scrutiny Illegal migration puts pressure on the existing can ensure better transparency and adherence. resources,employment opportunities also leading It has been predicted that the wars of 21st century to forceful land acquisition in few will be ―water-wars‖. Nobody wants a war. instances.Further it leads to development burden Therefore, India should press for a by the government along with sharing of benefits comprehensive treaty. in government schemes by the migrants.All this along with communal issues leads to conflicts and other law and order problems as seen in the Assam recently. On the other hand illegal migration also brings problems for the migrants.These include human http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 47

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 rights violation,health issues along with they queue and waiting time makes experience of being exploited as cheap labor,non-contractual visiting govt. hospital unwelcomed. risky jobs. b. Poor hygiene – Due to lack of focus on Therefore illegal migration brings problems for cleanliness govt. hospitals are unhygienic. People both the native population(Assam) as well as avoid this because at times they might contract migrants.There is a need for quick administrative diseases from such environment. actions in case of conflicts in the region.This can c. Lack of discipline – be substantiated with more patrolling on the borders. d. Poor infrastructure – Govt. hospitals in comparison to Private hospitals have failed to update in terms of technology and services. This As much as grievances of natives in Assam are results in poor medical service and patient care. justified, the fact remains that migration is an Not easily approachable- irreversible fact of geography, of history and of the contemporary world. The region of North • Lengthy procedure- documentation work, East shares 96% of its borders with countries visiting 3-4 tables to reach doctor adds to the other than India and as such attempts to shun it nervousness of poor. off from migrants will always prove inadequate. For some of those affected, crossing over to the Q--Differentiate between „natural ally‟ and other side is a matter of very survival. „strategic partners‟. To which category would For long solutions attempting to block of you place Bangladesh vis a vis India? immigration like barbed wires, policing etc have Substantiate. proved futile and indeed counterproductive with case of corruption and human rights violation Natural allies are normally ‗birds of the same coming to fore. Therefore more innovative and feather‘, while strategic partners are often practical ways of managing them in the short and ‗strange bedfellows‘. medium terms must be developed.

Instead of a deliberate neglect of migrants, The term ‗natural allies‘ can be referred to the plausible ways such as work permits backed by countries sharing a common culture , smart I-cards like the Aadhar, can be allotted geographical proximity and similar form of the confirming their temporary status of migrants government . On the other hand the term without allotting rights of citizens ‗strategic partners‘ would be more apt for the A long term solution to migration needs countries cooperating for some leverage on management with sensitivity, competence, economic or security front . realism and understanding In case of India‘s alliance with the Bangladesh , it

can be said as both natural and strategic . India Q--Examine why Bangladesh is ahead of India and Bangladesh have a common history in many health indicators. What lessons can ,geographical proximity and people having India learn from Bangladesh? Discuss. similar culture . Both the countries share a secular Government of India has increased expenditure framework and have a democratic form of the in healthcare to more than 2% of the GDP. With government . These factors make India and programs such as National Rural Health Mission Bangladesh natural allies. it is providing free medical facilities as well as In addition to the above factors , Bangladesh medicines to the rural masses. Despite this there shares the border with several north eastern is a preference for private hospital among people, states of India . After giving a step motherly even for those belonging to poor and lower treatment to its north eastern states for decades , middle class. Reasons for this are : India now wants to fulfill its responsibility of a. Inadequate staffing – Due to lack of doctors development in theses states . For this purpose most often patients are not attended well. Long India needs an easy access to its north eastern states, which are an important component of the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 48

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 look east policy, via Bangladesh . Further to Two most important ones are inhibit the growth of the insurgency in the north eastern states , it is important that Bangladesh Resolving issue of enclaves, wherein parts of does not provide a safe haven to the insurgents. Bangladesh were completely surrounded by And India would also not want an aggressive and Indian territory. However this is still to be strong China use Bangladesh as its alibi to rectified by the parliament. There is some 3 encircle India via so called ‗String of Pearl‘ . All beeeghas of land that GOI has to provide these factors make Bangladesh a strategically important neighbor to India. Bangladesh with 24 hour access so that the 51000 bangladeshi population may benefit.

Q--Critically examine the Permanent Court of Providing electricity supply to power starved Arbitration verdict on the India-Bangladesh bangladesh. maritime dispute and its implications for India Unfortunately, due to lack of political consensus, in future. the majour issues could not see see the light of

Permanent Court of Arbitration‘s judgement day. These are resolved a long standing dispute between India Ganga water sharing, wherein bangladesh has and Bangladesh on maritime EEZ. The verdict awarded 4/5th of the dispute area to Bangladesh some reservations which are not adequately leaving 1/5th for India with a grey zone in addressed. Bangladesh over which India holds suzerainity. Providing northeast corridoor to India. The verdict has both immediate and long term consequences. Though India lost a potential oil & The problem of illegal migration and BSF border gas reserve, and a large fishing zone, it removed shoot to kill policy. ambiguity around exploration and fishing activities. Now it is upto the new govt to take the otherwise The verdict may bring India and Bangladesh good relationship to a whole new level. closer paving way for ―transit corridor‖ to India to access North east. India learnt a lesson to resolve important border dispute on bilateral term rather than opting for uncertain PCA verdict. Q-Critically discuss why a stable Bangladesh In future India should opt for ―purposeful with a strong democratic government and litigation‖ to solve petty but festering issues. institutions is important for India. (200 Words) Bilateral negotiation and non- receprocity with long term gains for India should guide border Ans. dispute resolutions. 1. A stable neighborhood is always desirable for a country. India always had a close and historic relations with Bangladesh right from its inception. Apart from sharing our largest border Q-Critically comment on the efforts made by with Bangladesh, we also have have extensive India and Bangladesh to resolve contentious trade relations with it. issues between them. The current bangladeshi government is videly 2. Our bilateral trade with Bangladesh stood believed to be an India friendly one. The outgoing at around USD 5 billion out of which USD 4 Indian government has also in its capacity taken billion were of Indian exports. A strong and various confidence building measures. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 49

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 democratic government in Bangladesh will lead Bangladesh permission. This ultimately results in to increase in this trade with Bangladesh. 150,000 people getting their rights. With continuous territory and better demarcated 3. Bangladesh also finds an important place boundary we can better administer the area and in India‘s Look-East policy. patrol the boundary line. Bilaterally this is an 4. India is connected to its North-Eastern overdued matter lingering from 1971 and part through a narrow stretch called Siliguri completions of it will only strength the mutual Corridor which is bordered by Bangladesh on one confidence. As the boundary demarcation getting side and Nepal on other side. Stability in clearer and peace prevails the border trade will countries on both sides this stretch is vital for the flourish. security of this vital corridor. The controversy around the bill arises as there are 5. North-East is going to play a vital role in 3 states which are going to exchange their land coming time, with India‘s emphasis on increasing territory West Bengal, Assam, Tripura. These trade with its Eastern Partners and creation of a states feel that they will loss land but this is a trilateral highway from India to Thailand through misconception, enclaves in these states were Myanmar which will be completed by 2016. never under their jurisdiction. So the controversy over the 10,000 hectare loss is an illusion. And 6. There are also apprehensions about there cannot be a rise in secessionist tendencies as revival of anti India/Inslamic Jehadist feelings in said by some because instead those Indians living Bangladesh in case of unstability. Current Sheikh in Indian enclaves will now be included in Hasina Govt. had act decisively against radical democratic process, will benefit from different groups. welfare scheme and have full access to India‘s resources. 7. In case of Unstability China can gain influence in the area by supplying Waepons, Note - Indian parliament can secede any of its investing in Infrastructure etc. territory Only by a constitutional amed.(Berubari Case) Q-What are the objectives of the proposed Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Bill between But a notable judgment by SC in 1969 ruled that Bangladesh and India? Explain its significance ,settlement of a BOUNDARY DISPUTE b/w india and also throw light on controversy surrounding and any other country does not require a const. the bill. (200 Words) amnd. It can be done by executive action as it does not involve cession of indian territory to foreign country. The Constitution (119th) Amendment Bill also called Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Bill between Bangladesh and India. Both countries have agreed to exchange their respective land Q. Discuss important recent developments in enclaves and better demarcate the land boundary bilateral relations between India and between them. The significance of the bill is Bangladesh. Are they mutually beneficial? multifaceted it caters to humanitarian, Comment. administrative, bilateral and economic needs. Recent developments- Let‘s first see the humanitarian needs; take the  The arrest and extradition of ULFA leader example of Indian enclave in Bangladesh, Indian and other insurgent groups has signaled a authority cannot enter this territory without http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 50

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positive sign of credibility in the new Security issues etc. and noted that these regular relationship arrangement. exchanges helped to enhance understanding and  Indian BSF and the Border Guards of resolve issues to mutual satisfaction. Bangladesh have even begun a series of The level of cooperation in the seizure and coordinated patrols which would reduce prevention of trafficking of drugs has been insurgents and ease the tension between appreciable. both countries.  India also promised to fund the There are many issues, whose resolution is construction of a 14 km Akhaura-Agartala bedevilled by differing perceptions as well as railway between Bangladesh and India outright denials. One such issue is assaults on with a future goal of extending it to BSF personnel by cattle smugglers. This issue has northeast India near the Chittagong port. been raised by the BSF with their Bangladeshi A mutual transit system could give India counterparts during various interactions with the and Bangladesh a much shorter route to request to rein-in the cattle smugglers. China, while linking northeast Indian The response of the BGB, however, has not been states with Myanmar, Thailand, and encouraging primarily because unlike the BSF Bangladesh. who see them as criminals, the BGB treats them as  Reduction in trade barriers has increased legitimate cattle traders since cattle trade is legal bilateral trade and encouraged private in Bangladesh. investments in both countries.  However, on the other side the Teesta Another issue is of illegal migration, which has treaty and settlement of enclaves would been plaguing India since independence with give connectivity to India‘s northeastern disastrous political and security implications, states and provide a strong backing to its does not seem to lend itself to resolution any time Look East Policy, which attempts to soon, because of Bangladesh‘s unwillingness to develop India‘s trade and security acknowledge that it is a source of illegal migrants relationships with Southeast Asian states. . Bangladesh has persistently denied that its citizens have been surreptitiously entering India Q-Evaluate the performance of India – for various reasons. It argues that since Bangladesh security cooperation measures. (150 Bangladesh‘s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is Words) growing at a higher rate than India‘s, there is no Answer) reason for Bangladeshis to sneak into India to Implementation of 3 agreements (Mutual Legal seek a better life. But Bangladesh does admit that Assistance in criminal matters, Agreement on economic migration is taking place from its Transfer of sentenced persons and combating terrorism, organized crime and illicit drug territory but asserts that such migration takes trafficking) signed during the visit of prime place to European and Gulf countries rather than minister Sheikh Hasina in India in 2010 have been to India‘s ‗impoverished‘ Northeast. satisfactory as bilateral cooperation in the field of security and border management has INDIA-MYANMAR strengthened. Q-What are the challenges before India in Coordinated Border Management Plan (CBMP) fostering long term goodwill relationship with which was signed in 2011 has resulted in reduced Myanmar and what should be its strategy to number of border incidents. deal with these challenges? Examine.

Both the governments are satisfied with the regular interaction of different bilateral Challenges and according strategies for Myanmar mechanisms including BGB-BSF DG level are imp not only strategically but also meetings, Narcotics DG Level meetings, JWG on http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 51

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 geopolitically. Myanmar being an eastern responsible stakeholder so that India can gain neighbour after Bangladesh is a contact way to proper legitimacy in the ASEAN group as ASEAN group of nations. It also is a great link observer when many other countries are eying on towards south china sea and the oil reserves the the region‘s resources which are unexploited and sea has. Another is Myanmarese resemblence to India can get leverage to enhance its relations Indian Culture which brings closeness to India. with other rising ASEAN nations like Indonesia Challenges in relations lie in handling Chinese and Vietnam to diffuse Chinese dominating influence, chinese aggression and diplomatic influence which most countries do not like. India manoeuvrings, infrastructure issues, connectivity, can cash on its own image by helping the ASEAN people-to-people contact, terrorism and anti-india get their proper dues by mediating if required for activities intelligence, border surveillance, South China Sea issue to develop a joint difficult terrain, issues of Myanmarese mechanism to resolve the issue of oil and gas dictatorship, Muslim Rohingya issues and issues resources creating a cheaper resource base for of refugees and infiltration of rebels and border itself. Fostering relations with Myanmar is an demarcation issue. Another challenge is trade advantage also to get greater control over Indian liberalisation and tariff barriers along with the Ocean on which USA has made its policy of ―shift entrepreneurship and skill development in in pivot to asia‖. India has to understand the Myanmarese people and their education so that issues of democracy in Myanmar and has to bring the trade balance could be maintained. its expertise on board in election machinery and management and other institutional issues so that The strategies could be figured out in ways of Myanmar can benefit from the smooth change mutual cooperation and benefit sharing and and India has a great chance to become its biggest diplomatic tactics of support to democracy and regional partner which resembles Indian position stability and focus on poverty alleviation and with Afganistan on account of proximity opening infrastructure development for exchange of new vistas of engagement with improving resources and market opening. Myanmar can be relations with long term view. engaged militarily and internationally on global issues. India recently helped Myanmar on education, skill development, Moreh-Naypitaw road connectivity, Dam development on Irrawady river, support on border surveillance, line of credit to the govt, cultural contacts and Q-Evaluate India – Myanmar relations of last parliamentary delegations along with civil society two decades. (200 Words) and industry collaborations, push for FTA with ASEAN in pursuit of a trade corridor, etc. But still more negotiations are needed on border Myanmar‘s is India owing to its shared historical, ethnic, cultural and religious ties. demarcation and fencing, cross border trade and Also, both countries share a 1643 kilometer- proper inspection and surveillance mechanism on long land border and strategic waters of Bay the open border areas and tresspassing. Another of Bengal with Myanmar. is issue of refugees into NE states and proper identification and their expatriation. Also The 1962 coup in Burma, which heralded imprisoned people can be exchanged to build military rule, brought complete disruption in faith and trust in each other‘s govt and focus relationships. Throughout 60s and 70s ethnic Indians were expelled out of Myanmar. must be mutual benefit and development of the Indian leadership has had deteriorating region as a whole making Myanmar a strong and http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 52

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relationship with Military Junta rule of --political ramifications for the neighbouring Myanmar and has constantly opposed the countries like Bangladesh, Thailand and & India human rights violation. --The EU, United States and Canada imposed

economic sanctions on Myanmar, and among But since 1990s, India started constructive major economies only China, India and South engagement with the de facto military rulers Korea have invested in the country. of Myanmar. India decided not to interfere in Myanmar‘s internal matter anymore. Since --The Kokrajhar riots in July-August ,2013 then both have worked together to eliminate resulted in people from Northeast India being cross border insurgency and arms smuggling. targeted by Muslim groups in Mumbai, India has trained their anti-narcotics officials Bangalore and other places and being forced to and Myanmar has worked to dismantle the flee back home. Muslim ire was driven not just by network of NE secessionist groups in their the violence in Kokrajhar which led to thousands soil. of people fleeing their homes but also to the conflict in Rakhine. The first decade of the 21st century witnessed growing strategic and economic engagement Apparently, the plight of the Rohingya Muslim with cooperation in roads, power, hydro- can ignite passions in some parts of India and carbon, oil refinery, transmission lines, lead to violence being orchestrated against the telecommunications and information state. This would need to be guarded against and technology. March 2006, President Abdul instigators of violence dealt with firmly at the Kalam visited Myanmar to sign an agreement very first instance. on cooperation in remote-sensing technology, petroleum, and in Buddhist studies. A more serious concern is however the issue of refugees. Policies of the Myanmar Government There have been increased understanding on could lead to a mass exodus of Muslims to border management issues and to express its Bangladesh. With limited opportunities in that trust, India has recently decided to deploy country, a northward push by the Bangladesh BSF on its border with Myanmar, calling back government could find the Rohingya landing up the Assam Rifles which is seen as an extension in Assam. of Army. India‘s national interest is best served by a Vote bank politics may well result in their being strong and stable Myanmar that observes absorbed in the country which would further fuel strict neutrality between India and China. animosity in the region and lead to an escalation of conflict in the Northeast. This is a challenge which would require sensitive and delicate Q-What repercussions does ethnic problems in handling and would need constant monitoring. Myanmar have on India? Explain. (150 Words) Answer) INDIA-MALDIVES Violence between Buddhists and the Muslim Q-Highlight the importance of stable democracy Rohingya, inhabit Rakhine state (formerly in Maldives to India. (150 Words) Arakan province) which stretches along most of

Myanmar‘s coast up to the Bay of Bengal and The deficiency of democratic rule in the borders the Chittagong province of Bangladesh, neighbouring regions of India has proved erupted in 2013. acrimonious to India. Be it Pakistan or Afghanistan on one side and China or Bangladesh -Trans-country migrations as a result of on other. continuing political turmoil and economic Several risks and hindrances to India‘s progress hardship, have emerged from them. Besides wars, http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 53

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 terrorism, extremism, migration, insurgency continue to haunt India‘s security new issues The unified communist party of Nepal (maoists) such as Marine security and piracy have added was formed in 1994 after a prolonged civil war in fuel to the fire. nepal .It was launched to uproot the monarchy and feudalism from the country.It started as a In this regard, a stable democracy in Maldives is guerrilla warfare and is now a political party in highly desirable for India‘s interests. Democratic nepal. regimes fare much better in terms of negotiations The ideology of the communist party was and understanding. The aspirations of people do influenced by the china‘s communist revolution not go unchecked and government in power under mao zedong.The Maoists announced a abstains from radical decisions. ‗People‘s War‘ , under the slogan: ―Let us march Culturally and economically India has the second ahead on the path of struggle towards largest expatriate community with 28000 Indians establishing the people‘s rule‖ constituting doctors, nurse, engineer and tailors there safety depends upon the type of There has been a radical shift from its policy of government in Maldives. Trade and investment the past where it has embraced the democratic in Maldives by India in Maldives consists of long values and norms.It is now actively partcipating term credits, bank loans to hotels and resorts, in the formation of new constitution and the trade agreements so a stable environment is a policy process of nepal .however the recent trend must. indicates a turnaround where the party president has called for a‖social revolution‖. Also, in regards to India‘s good relations with Maldives in past, it is important that such Today, the communist forces in Nepal are relations continue. And democratic institutions divided over the way forward. While their leader, provide much needed continuity. Business and Prachanda, wants the country to developing Government level contacts, People to People economically using capitalist approach while contact through tourism will further help in ensuring social development, others such as strengthening SAARC and the peace of south Bhattarai insist that completing the social Asian countries. revolution must be the first priority.

Observers thought that India would never accept The Indian Ocean has important Sea lines of Maoists in Nepal as Indian government was communication. With regular eruption of deeply worried about the Maoists strong anti disputes with Sri-Lanka, it is imperative for India India dialects. And moreover, the linkage to have good relations with Maldives to secure between the Nepal ‘s Maoists and Indian Maoists the Indian Ocean region. was also causing a headache for India . But contrary to all the popular beliefs, india changed INDIA-NEPAL its outlook and supported the Maoists party Q--Critically comment on the rise of alliance. communism in Nepal. What is its present Indian administration sensed that Nepal was ideology? What is India‟s position vis a vis slowly inching towards a failed state status. They Nepal‟s communist parties? Explain. feared that a failed Nepal poses a serious threat for India , which is affected by Maoist movements Communism in Nepal originated against the then of her own, than a stable Nepal with Maoists in feudal society under monarchy. It grew up as an the mainstream of Nepalese politics. armed rebellion which was ultimately successful. Then it opted to reconcile with the constitutional democracy model of government. But the party ideology and internal dynamics are yet to change in line with this new situation. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 54

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Q-Comment on the nature of economic relations of Tibetans taking refuge in Nepal. By between India and Nepal. (200 Words) aligning Nepal with it, Chinese have succeeded in a change in Nepalese policy India and Nepal has unique relation from ancient towards Tibetans fleeing from Tibet and times. The geographical , historical and economic convinced Nepal to take strong action factors have shaped their relation from time to against anti-Chinese activities in Nepal. time. After independence , the Treaty of Peace 2) Possibilities are that China might be and Friendship have enhanced their relationship undertaking such massive investments in to great extent which provided Nepal , the the Nepalese side bordering India to preferential treatment from Indian side. monitor the movements of the Indo- Tibetan refugees, intelligence collection as Nepal‘s economic development has been the border is open or aiding the Maoists in inextricably linked with India . India is largest their war against the Indian partner in Nepal‘s foreign trade and Nepal‘s establishment. independence upon India for essential 3) Ending Nepal‘s overdependence on India commodities has been immense. Nepal provides by providing economic ,military lots of opportunity for India to invest in ,technological and education cooperation Infrastructure . Climate change and tourism , to Nepal would weaken India‘s hold on Hydro power projects , education , culture etc. Nepal. This would erode India‘s long term influence and balance India‘s growing A number of policy initiatives have been taken by power in south Asia. India such as trade liberation , utilization of river 4) China has also pushed forward its strategic water ,transit facilities which indicates positive interests through infrastructural projects attitude towards Nepal . However , the relation and FDI in Nepal. An enhanced Chinese between them strained when Nepal demanded presence in Nepal will mean increased separate trade and transit treaties from India and vulnerability of our northern states from following which lead to economic trouble in Himachal to West Bengal. Nepal and finally caused renewed relation with 5) The point to be considered here is that all India by renewing Treaty of peace and friendship these activities are being done very close treaty. to the Indian border with Nepal, precisely near the states of UP and Bihar. Due to porous border between india and china , The internal security (Maoism) and border illegal trade and terrorism have impacted the security will be at risk. Illegal drugs and economy of both countries for which both arms smuggling might be eased via countries have deployed forces to counter the China‘s presence. activities which has minimized them to great extent but still prevails. Moral of the Story :-

Both countries should help each other in stopping This influence till now is at infant stage but once illegal trade and terrorism across border which there is victory of Communist party of Nepal will increase their trade and hence will forge [Maoists] in the future elections this influence will good for their economic relations, mature. This rise of Nepal will be harsh for India, for example our long term investments in hydro power may be cancelled and given to China as has been seen in Maldives. Q-Why should Chinese presence in Nepal concern India ? All these factors and the recent acts of Chinese territorial aggression in J&K and Arunachal 1 ) Securing China‘s interest in Tibet-after Pradesh should definitely be a cause of concern China occupied there were a large number for India. It should effectively start taking steps to curb these activities before its too late. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 55

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will be a security threat to india.now india has to To achieve modernization, China needs to secure take a proactive step in helping nepal to form its a peaceful international environment to develop constitution and technically help nepal in itself, and safeguard and promote world peace governing itself. with its development.‖ Comment. (200 Words) Encompassing a large part of the Himalayas In today‘s era of globalization, modernization is ,Nepal, possesses a very strategic buffer location possible only via cooperation and not by creating sandwiched between two South Asian powers , islands of hostility especially around ones India and China‘s Tibetan Autonomous Region. neighborhood. Modernization is the intellectual, cultural, Although India shared a very harmonious economical and militaristic growth of a nation . relation with Nepal, the countries have an open These vital ingredients of modernization require border by the Treaty of Peace and Friendship a healthy environment for exchange of ideas that signed in 1950. Till 1995, 99% of Nepal‘s trade strengthens research and development. Good was with India. And India was the largest source economics is a function of good peace. of investments for the landlocked kingdom of Nepal. The open border between the two countries facilitated exchange economic, But a peaceful China is not just important for educational , cultural , occupational opportunities China but for the whole world. China today is not . a country world can ignore and in today‘s nuclear age no one want to go out for a war (whether Over the past decades China has tried to show stronger or not). What China and the world today proactive concern for Nepal . Reasons can be needs is cooperation, mutual respect, non- classified into 3 parts:- interference and respect for territorial sovereignty 1 ) securing China‘s interest in Tibet-after China of each other. occupied there were a large number of Tibetans taking refuge in Nepal. By aligning Nepal with it, There in enough in this one for everybody's need Chinese have succeeded in a change in Nepalese but not for everybody's greed. policy towards Tibetans fleeing from Tibet and convinced Nepal to take strong action against anti-Chinese activities in Nepal.

Q-Should Chinese economic presence and 2) Ending Nepal‘s overdependence on India by strategic influence in Nepal worry India? providing economic ,military ,technological and Comment. (200 Words) education cooperation to Nepal would weaken India‘s hold on Nepal. This would erode India‘s China with its aggressive foreign economic policy long term influence and balance India‘s growing is gaining recognition in india‘s neighbourhood. power in south Asia.

Pakistan is the largest importer of arms from 3) China has also pushed forward its strategic china and a naval base in gwadar port ,a natural interests through infrastructural projects and FDI gas pipeline from Myanmar to china and naval in Nepal. An enhanced Chinese presence in base in sittwe port and china is the largest fdi Nepal will mean increased vulnerability of our investor in Nepal surpassing India. northern states from Himachal to West Bengal. increasing economic presence of china in nepal In the light of above points, we can conclude that can have a strong hold on nascent democratic China‘s growing presence in Nepal is a concern politics in nepal and this could affect india nepal for India and should not be left unaddressed. relationship. as the border between india and nepal is open All these factors and the recent acts of Chinese and porous ,we can expect smuggling of arms territorial aggression in J&K and Arunachal ,drugs ,counterfeit currency into india and this Pradesh should definitely be a cause of concern http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 56

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 for India. It should effectively start taking steps to to revise the treaty is both rational and curb these activities before its too late. undelayable considering the emerging political situation in Nepal and our own security concerns.

Q-Critically comment on the criticism over the The Nepalese elite consider the 1950 treaty as an 1950 “India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and expression of Indian hegemony. It specifically Friendship” and examine why there is a call for points to the clause on defence cooperation, its revision which requires Nepal to consult India on its national defence. India–Nepal relations are regulated by the bilateral Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950, This and other clauses that gave whatsoever whereby the two countries agreed to grant each advantage to India, has long fell into disuse. The other‘s citizens national treatment in all matters, mutual national treatment of citizens and an open including taking up jobs, doing business and border has seen the growth of Nepali workers, owning property. This was ensured through an civil servants, soldiers and business-men in India open border and the free circulation of Indian and money flowing to Nepal. Reciprocal benefit currency in Nepal. The benefits were obviously to India is minuscule. So Nepalese have no real more for Nepal, whose citizens could take excuse to ask for annulment. advantage of India‘s big market and higher level of development. However, India needs a revised treaty right now. The open border is a ‗terrorist highway‘ put to The treaty evolved in the back drop of rise in good use by ISI. Fake currency flows into India communist regime in China and Nepal‘s need to through this open border. China and Nepal are secure help from India. Change in the political not mutually hostile any more. This new strategic realities has called for a review of its major reality has to be factored into Indo-Nepal provisions which are: relationship.

(a) Open borders: besides providing jobs to India should regulate the border, even at the nepalese and promoting trade, the open borders expense of a little discomfiture on Nepali side. has led to infiltration of fake currency, arms, Then India will be able to engage Pakistan in, spies, terrorists and fundamentalist creating a their own game of counterfeiting. Nepal will security threat for India. probably witness ―proxy politics‖ between India and China. Therefore, It is important to mollify (b) Defence decisions: Nepal acceding its defence Nepali opinion. decisions and purchase of arms to India is often seen as intrusion in its sovereignty by Nepalese.

Maoist have utilised the issue to espouse anti Indian feelings in Nepal. Q- What mechanisms have been put in place by

India and Nepal to curb illegal trade and (c) Trade: National treatment in trade has benefitted Nepal more though some marwaris improve security in their borders. Have they have been able to carve a space for them in Nepal. been successful? Examine. (200 Words) India enjoys a close relationship with Nepal that (d) Political basis of treaty was to guard that has been fraught with problems inherent to monarchy. Its replacement by a republic state has all big power-small power relations with Nepal made it meaningless. striving for more financial and economic

independence from its neighbor and India vary of Since the begining of decade the treaty if more violated in spirit and words. While gains for India its growing relationship with China. India has are minimal losses are major. Thus, the demand always linked economic relations with security http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 57

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 and has put forth many a measures to prevent and government structure. Now Nepal is going illicit trade,trafficking of drugs and narcotics,fake for election for setting another constitution Indian currencies, arms and ammunition etc assembly after five years. Recent times India is handling its relation with Nepal carefully as one across the borders. of its political party motivated by china is India has signed a Treaty of trade and Agreement opposing India Nepal peace and friendship treaty saying it is curbing Nepalis sovereignty and of Co-operation to control unauthorized trade in questioning India interference. In such case India 2009 basis which Sahastra Seema Bal ( SSB ), one watching situation without expecting anything of the armed police forces that mans the border and influencing the outcome. areas are authorized to conduct raids and crackdown on illegal trade and trafficking. INDIA-BHUTAN Routine inspections are conducted and borders are tightened with goods allowed to pass only through a few authorized routes. Q-Critically evaluate the evolution of relationship between India and Bhutan since However even with all the measures, it is difficult India‟s independence. to contain the illegal trade due to difficult India and Bhutan though share an ancient geographical terrain and difficuty to man all the relation in the form of economic, social and unauthorized points of exits and alternate routes. religion, it has been further strengthen after the In order for the measures to be fully effective, Independence of India. India, so far, has been strength of the deputed forces needs to be playing an important role in the political as well increased with a clear strategy on tackling the as economic matter of Bhutan with huge grants numerous un authorized passes and routes for this Himalayan nation. through with trafficking could take place. Infrastructure and machinery used by our forces The formal diplomatic relations with Bhutan was to track the illegal trade and immigrants needs to initiated in 1971 when Bhutan was admitted to be improved. This is really important as India- the UN with India‘s help. However, a treaty of Nepal border provides opportunities for terrorist friendship calling for peace and tranquility infiltration and support for non-state actors in between the countries was signed in 1949. The India aggressive stand of China towards another Buddhist country Tibet brought the nations more closer.

Q-What role did India play during Nepal‟s But then Bhutan has also cooperated with India recent constitutional crisis? Explain. (150 Words) by not allowing ULFA insurgents to use its Answer) territory for anti-India activities. Both the

countries have renegotiated the Friendship Nepal and India are holding good relations with Agreement in 2007 after which Bhutan no longer mutual cooperation. In 2010 Nepal faced political instability. Decided to frame and adapt new requires to consult India in the matters of foreign constitution. In order to resolve its difference of affairs and also while importing arms. In 2013, opinion and help to restore the political stability Indian government had held back the supply of India sent its expertise to combat the crisis. In aid and fuel supposedly as a fall out of its 2011 both countries signed MoU to mutually reaching out to China without taking India into cooperate in election management. confidence. The 2008 first constitutional committee failed to agree two basic issues federal nature of Nepal http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 58

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Bhutan acts as a buffer state between India and India offers unilateral concessions for trade with China hence it is strategically important to India. Bhutan as well as free port facility. India Moreover, Bhutan currently supplies 1500 MW of represents Bhutan at Global financial institutions hydroelectric power to India and there is like World bank and Asian Development potential of more supplies. It also serves as Bank.Bhutan too acknowledges India's legitimate another communication route to India‘s north interest at global platform. east. Besides this Bhutan being a traditional Bhutan being a Buddhist state, Indian culture supporter can help India rise up as a leader of have left imprint on lifestyle of Bhutanese South Asian region and assert her prowess at Nationals. It is this sharing of similar values that international level. Keeping above points into brings our interests in synergy and helps mutual consideration it is imperative for India to prosperity. Our foreign policy for bhutan will be maintain healthy relations with Bhutan. guided by this mutual faith and concern for years to come.

Q-Comment on India‟s policy towards Bhutan since 1947. India and Bhutan shared a very cordial Bhutan is trusted Indian Neighbor in relatively relationship based on the treaty of friendship hostile Northern borders. India‘s policy towards 1949 . The location of Bhutan as a buffer state Bhutan has always been that of ―Elder Brother‖ between India and China makes it very important safeguarding interest of Bhutan for mutual for the security of India . Thus according to the benefits. friendship treaty , India guided Bhutan in its foreign and defense policies . And simultaneously Bhutan is a buffer state between India and hostile India provided a huge aid to Bhutan(1/3 of China. This has conferred 'Geo strategic India‘s foreign aid go to Bhutan). significance' to this Himalayan kingdom. The transition of Bhutan to a democracy , nearly a India enforces its soft skills while dealing with decade ago , had some change in the existing Bhutan. A peaceful,prosperous and non-aligned relationship as was governed by the treaty of 1949 Bhutan is in India's larger interests. These are the . Though India welcomed a democratic transition cornerstone that guides our foreign policy for of Bhutan and simultaneously amended the bhutan. treaty of 1949 ( 2007). As per current friendship treaty , Bhutan has complete sovereignty over the Ageneration,dams,sharing of river data,we are matters of foreign and defense policy . But the striving to achieve win-win situation. Since economic relations between the two nations have Bhutan is a power surplus and we are power remained , more or less, same . And Bhutan deficit state,Chukka project,a joint venture assured India that it would not take any decision between the two epitomises this. undermining defense concerns of India. India offers training to human resources of The meeting between the ex Bhutanese prime Bhutan civil services and Royal Bhutanese army. minister ,Jigme, and his Chinese counter part Further,scholarships and accommodation for without any information given to New Delhi bhutanese students in Higher Educational created some concerns in India. In the after math Courses bringing healthy ties between two of the above event , India withholded the aid to nations. Bhutan . This resulted in a huge inflation in http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 59

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Bhutan and subsequently led to the defeat of the India has resulted in violation of treaty signed incumbent government . India clarified that the between them. Hence , India should resolve decision to withhold the subsidy had nothing to issues with Bhutan to prevent it from looking for alternative source for imports . do with the elections in Bhutan . But its timing certainly put a question mark on the India‘s India has been seen as ‖ Big Brother ‖ by some intention. nations due to growing economic strength as compared to its neighbors. India has trade In the current situation when Bhutan has become relation with all its neighboring countries but a democratic country , India‘s position of has failed to implement its foreign policy in preeminence may not remain . With increasing case of srilanka over CHOGM issue , interest of China in the region and Bhutan‘s bangladesh over Teesta river , nepal over its strategic location for the security of north east elections issues and even in bhutan over region of India(Chiken neck) , it is important that removing subsidy at time of elections,

India maintains a cordial relation with Bhutan Hence if India has to boom in its neighboring irrespective of the party in power . India‘s region it has to overcome of its domestic relationship with Bhutan,till now , has been influences over foreign policies otherwise its described as an ideal. Now , it will take more neighbors will find the hand of its regional efforts on the part of India to maintain it that way rival which will harm its interest. . The recent decision of the India‘s PM to visit Add on Bhutan as his first foreign destination seems a right step . India and Bhutan have had a long standing relationship with each other, while both

countries have signed several ―treaties of Q-Analyze the recent developments in India – peace‖ since India‘s Independence; the recent Bhutan relationship. Do you think India is agreement has allowed Bhutan to widen its acting like a „big brother‟ towards its neighbors? scope in foreign policy and relations with Comment. (200 Words) other nations.

India and Bhutan shares cultural , political India is the major trading partner of Bhutan relation since several decades. The new treaty and one third overall foreign aid of India of friendship signed between them revived reaches Bhutan. India has also signed an the old one which had established peace , agreement with regard to development of trade and non – interference in each other hydel power projects, and by providing matters and it was first Bhutan who several grants and loans for development of recognized the India as independent after power plants. It will also import 10,000 1947.India has remained influential over megawatts of power by 2020 from Bhutan. All Bhutan‘s foreign policy , defense and these investment from India has eased up the commerce . It has given military support to economic crisis prevalent in Bhutan whose Bhutan against china. India has built several CAD had reached 20% of GDP. hydro power projects and has always supported the democracy in Bhutan. India‘s recent move to cut of oil subsidies during Bhutan general election, ended up However the relation between them soured being disastrous for the ruling party which when India unilaterally decided to stop lost the election. This move by India was seen subsidy on petroleum to Bhutan when by many as a lesson to Bhutan for opening up elections was going on there which resulted in diplomatic ties with China. some economic crises in region. This stance of http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 60

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During Nehru era when there was threat of forcefully and International law needs to be China annexing Bhutan, India promised respected. So, India should take steps with care military support and action considering any and diplomatically. aggression against Bhutan would be an aggression on India. our relation has evolved since those days. India having a colonial Q-Critically comment on the contentious issue history knows the value and respects of fishing between India and Sri Lanka. In your freedom. Critics calling India a ―big brother‖ opinion what should be India‟s policy towards or ―protectorate‖ of Bhutan are uncalled for, this issue? Comment. even though we have lent a helping hand to The issue of fishing in the International waters the land locked country, we have always between India and Sri Lanka has always been a respected the sovereignty and independence of Bhutan. matter of concern due to frequent arrests of Indian fishermen.

INDIA-SRI LANKA Fishing is an important source of livelihood for people living in coastal areas of both India and Sri Q--Comment on the maritime boundary and Lanka. Due to unsustainable fishing practices, sovereignty over islands issue between India most of the important fish species on Indian side and Sri Lanka. of International maritime boundary line(IMBL) have declined. Thus, Indian fisherman, with their Sri Lanka is India‘s southern maritime neighbor, trawlers venture into high seas on the other side and both have a thin strip of water between them, of IMBL. This, in turn majorly affects livelihood known as Palk strait and Gulf of Mannar. of Northern and Eastern people of Sri Lanka, The maritime boundary between both countries has been derived according to International Laws. mostly Tamils. Often, the issue takes an ethnic But, serious disputes have arisen due to following angle, helped in part by politics. factors – (1) Coastal fisherman issue – Traditionally people Thus, the issue needs a strategic solution which living on coastal Tamil Nadu and Costal Sri- takes into account the livelihood concerns of both Lanka have been navigating the whole maritime sides of people, while at the same time respecting area and fishing freely. Creation of two nations IMBL and respective rights of sovereign and separate boundaries have resulted in governments. A long term policy addressing livelihood issues for these fisherman with sustainable development of fishing off Tamil constant arrests being made from both sides of those fishermen who cross maritime boundaries. Nadu coast, provision of rehabilitation for (2) Island issue – There is dispute over affected fishermen and cooperation with Sri Kacchatheevu Islands which come under Sri Lanka is the need of the hour Lanka‘s maritime boundary and its sovereignty was accepted by government of India during 1970′s. Island is barren but according to International rule, ownership of such Islands Q-What is Sethusamudram project? Why is results in considerable Maritime boundary being opposed? (200 Words) advantage. So, this resulted in new demand by Tamil Nadu to take back the Islands due to Sethusamudram Project is a proposed project fisherman problems. that would link Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar Both these problems can be solved by talks and between India and Sri Lanka by creating a dialogue, which should include the fishermen shipping channel through the shallow sea called who are severely affected from any agreement Sethusamudram and through a chain of islands from both sides. Also, Islands can‘t be taken collectively called Adam‘s Bridge, Ramar Palam, Ram Sethu and similar names. This would http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 61

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 provide a continuously navigable sea route in and animal protein supply; in many parts of the Asia- around the Indian Peninsula. Pacific region, the importance of fish to food supplies is even greater. It is bring opposed on different grounds like economic, environment impact ,and religion. Specially after climate changing Economic effects……………..

Experts suggest that the project is unlikely to be The impact of global overfishing is typically financially viable or serve ships in any significant measured in environmental and economic terms, way. More over the canal is designed for ships of but often overlooked is the threat depleted fish 30,000 metric tonnes and lighter. Most new ships stocks pose to the millions of people around the weighing more than 60,000 tonnes and tankers world who depend on fish for food. weighing above 150,000 tonnes cannot use this canal. According to the World Resources Institute, about 1 billion people largely in developing Environmental impact countries rely on fish as their primary animal protein source. Fish is highly nutritious, and it The project would disturb the ecological balance serves as a valuable supplement in diets lacking and destroy corals. Opposition to the canal‘s essential vitamins and minerals. planned route has come from local fishermen who are demanding alternative channels, which During much of the last half-century, the growth are available. Deposits of thorium would be in demand for animal protein was satisfied in affected, which are too important for our nuclear part by the rising output of oceanic fisheries. fuel requirements. On the other hand, deepening Between 1950 and 1990, the oceanic fish catch the Sethu Canal might provide a more direct increased roughly fivefold, from 19 million to 85 route for the tsunami and this could impact south million tonnes. During this period, seafood Kerala. consumption per person nearly doubled, climbing from 8 to 15 kilograms. Religion Unfortunately, the human appetite for seafood is Opposition to the project also came from Hindus, outgrowing the sustainable yield of oceanic who see the Rama Sethu or Adam‘s Bridge as the fisheries. Today, more than 70 per cent of the remains of a bridge created by Rama. world‘s fisheries are either fully exploited or depleted. Production levels in many fishing nations have fallen to historically low levels, confirming that some fish stocks are in a fragile Q-Do you think escalating conflicts between state. fishermen between maritime neighbors across the world is an indication of deteriorating food Therefore, the rise in population and more security situation? Comment. (200 Words) importantly the rise in the awareness among the

people about the benefits of sea food is what is Sustainable agricultural development, including driving its demand to the extreme, leading to the essential contribution of the fisheries sector, food scarcity which in turn leads to skirmishes has become of utmost importance, both to ensure between countries in the sea. adequate supplies of food at affordable prices, and as the main source of economic and social Q-“The problem with the Palk Bay fishing progress for the rural poor. Food security is now dependent upon a set of circumstances that has conflict is precisely its interstate character.” political, social and economic dimensions at the Comment. (200 Words) national, regional and global levels, on average, fish currently provide almost one-fifth of the total http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 62

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The Palk Bay region, which separates the coastal Violation of maritime border by Indian trawlers regions of Tamil Nadu from northern parts of Sri has affected the livelihood of aggrieved Sri Lanka, has been in the headlines during recent Lankan fishermen who are recovering from the years. The rich fishing waters, especially lucrative restrictions imposed on them during the Eelam on the Sri Lanka side of the maritime boundary, wars which had led to negotiations in 2004 and became a bone of contention between Tamil 2010 to end trawling by Indian fishermen in Sri Nadu fishermen and the Sri Lanka Navy during Lankan waters but the implementation is in vain. the years of the ethnic conflict. The situation was further aggravated when the Indian fishermen were arrested and held in Sri Because of India‘s deep trawlers Sri- Lankan Lankan jails, prior to which they were detained fishermen are feeling insecure. Sri-Lankan army by the Sri Lankan navy and subsequently handed arrested many Indian fishermen and so did over to Indian Coast Guards, which has been Indian army. criticized as a vindictive action by Sri Lanka for India‘s stand on devolution of power due to 13th Because of these conflicts the only means of Amendment, subsequent demilitarization and livelihood of fishermen from both side is getting human rights issue in UN further straining the affected badly and to get rid of from these relations. conflicts both states felt the need of exact solution. In this context, there have been two significant Though confidence building measures like release rounds of talks between Tamil Nadu and of arrested fishermen by both sides and the recent Northern fishers in 2004 and then again in 2010. negotiations on trawling are welcome steps but The agreement reached in 2010 called for a the needs of hour are multi level deliberations complete end to trawling in Sri Lankan waters and negotiations considering the livelihood of the within a year, giving Indian trawl fishers time to fishing communities of both the nations, shift to other forms of fishing. The agreement has adherence to international laws of sea and not been implemented by either country across protection of the ecological balance for rebuilding the Palk Straits, and three and a half years later, the fractured relations between the two nations. the situation has reached crisis proportions. The irony of the tragedy facing the Northern fishers is that the Tamil Nadu polity, which claims to champion the rights of the Sri Lankan Tamils, has Q-Bring out the causes of frequent arrests of been complicit in the dispossession of the Sri fishermen between India and Sri Lanka. How Lankan Tamil fishers. This hypocrisy also extends do you think both countries should resolve the to the Sri Lankan Tamil middle class, the Sri issue? Comment (200 Words) Lankan Tamil media and the Tamil National Alliance. Sri lanka is one of the most strategic neighbor for India,peace full srilanka and cordial relation with In the light of above talk it becomes clear that the her is crucial for Indian security and peaceful conflict of fishing is interstate character where regional politics (tamil nadu) but a long term both states are trying to impose their policies on irritant is ―fishermen issue‖ which is linked to each other without paving a path for peaceful livelihood of poors on both sides of maritime solution which is affecting livelihood of only border. fishermen and common peoples of both side. Traditionally fishermen on tamil coast and The Palk Bay fishing conflict has taken the guise srilanka were same community with common of ecological and livelihood problem where as the fishing zone but post Independence maritime crux of the conflict lies in the interstate issues due border has divided this zone which is not to the arrests of fishermen, interlinking equations accepted by many. due to involvement of fishermen of northern Tamil territories, etc. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 63

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2

Due to a high population dependent upon fishing was deployed to prevent smuggling of weapons in a close 12 nautical mile wide ―palk stait‖ is root by the rebel group LTTE. cause for regular violation of maritime rules under UNCLOS causing arrest of poor fishermen The island is culturally important to fishermen of , Tamil Nadu and has led to agitations by Tamil

politicians demanding that India should claim Since these are poor people with primitive fishing boats without GPS or RADAR so mostly the sovereignty. unknowingly cross the border and get arrested. But of recently, the frequent arrest of of fishermen After 2009 LTTE war huge migration from north in Sri Lankan waters have have raised the issue. eastern province to Tamilnadu was causing Law order problem to tackle issue stringent patrolling Now the Tamil Nadu government has raised this has resulted in increased number of arrest,with a serious issue and wants control over mumbai 26/11 adding further tightened coastal Kachatheevu back. Also, said that the parting security. with Kachatheevu to Sri Lanka by the then Prime India Sri-Lanka has already made a joint work Minister Indira Gandhi in 1976 by a treaty which group to address this issue but need of the hour is more active Central Govt engagement with Sri- was not ratified by Parliament becomes Lankan counterpart ,regular bilateral discussion unconstitutional. on the issue with stake holder.At the same time India should push for modernization of fishing vessel through finance services this not only increases fish capture but also better navigation Q. Which are the main areas of concern for India and border rule compliance within Sri Lanka? How can India help Sri Lanka

address these issues amicably? Explain.

Answer- Question - Write a critical note on Kachatheevu  India and Srilanka are at loggerheads island controversy involving India, Sri Lanka mainly since the start of LTTE war, things and Tamil Nadu. (200 Words) have worsened there on. The main area of India‘s concern is the welfare of Tamil Answer - Katchatheevu is a controversial people in Northern and Eastern Provinces uninhabited island administered by Sri Lanka. of Sri Lanka. But, historical evidence abounds that  The main contentious issues between Katchatheevu was the zamindari of the Raja of India and sri Lanka are as follows: Ramnad, and subsequently became a part of the - Issue of 13th amendment to the Sri Lankan Constitution that provides for State of Tamil Nadu. devolution of more powers to the This island was given to Sri lanka by India on provinces. conditional basis that the indian fishermen have a - The centre of Sri Lanka taking away powers of provinces over land and police right to rich fishing ground in territorial waters of making provinces vulnerable. Sri Lanka around Kachatheevu island. - Post Eelam war settlement of people affected in these provinces (Mainly But Indian fishermen do not have rights to fishing Tamils). around the island as it is within the territorial - Issue of thousands of people missing till waters of Sri Lanka. And, as part of the Sri date and detention since the Lankan civil war, this arrangement has led to commencement of war. many difficulties with the Sri Lankan Navy that - War crimes- Gross violation of human rights in these provinces by security http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 64

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agencies. Emergency were transported to - Implementation of recommendations of PTA(Prevention of Terrorist Act). The post the LLRC (Lessons Learnt and war reconstruction efforts particularly Reconciliation Committee). resettlement of IDPs(Internally Displaced - Close relations with China. E.g: Persons) also seem to take place at snail Launching of Sri Lankan satellite with pace. China‘s assistance.  Srilanka setup LLRC(leasons Learnt and  India has been extending support to Sri Reconciliatory Commission) for Lanka to deal with these issues. investigating war crimes and provide India can use the goodwill obtained by its rehabiitation measures. But the abstention at the Geneva UNHRC implementation measures has not been voting,and persuade Sri Lanka to satisfactory. International criticism led to implement 13th amendment. UNHRC resolution against Srilanka. India is helping Sri Lanka by building  It seemed that Colombo could not garner houses to the people in the war affected much trust from tamils. Immediate need areas. ( Target-43,000 houses). of thr hour is transparent and accountable India can provide technological assistance implementation of recomendations of to Sri Lanka in areas of LLRC. Only such transparent mechanism space,education,medicine etc. to fulfill its can reduce trust deficit with in Srilanka ambitions. and also from international community. More economic and political relations so that there can be no gap other countries like China to enter in between, which is in Q-Comment on the growing relationship consistency with India‘s policy of between China and Sri Lanka. Should India be ―peaceful Indian ocean‖, in which Sri worried? Why? Substantiate. Lanka is a key player owing to its geographical location. China and Sri Lanka has been very old allies and this relationship is continuing on an upward trajectory even today, probably because of Q. Critically comment on Sri Lanka‟s policies geopolitical location of Sri Lanka in the Indian towards its Tamil population post – 2009 victory Ocean. over LTTE. The relations have been strengthened after the support of China in final war against the LTTE. Answer- The economic and political cooperation has  First and foremost towards integration of ensured amicable relations between them. tamils into mainstream Srilankan nationhood, as part of implementation of recently both countries signed a FTA for closer 13th amendment, elections to north economic cooperation. china is also increasing its provincial councils have been succesfully influence in S.L by space conducted. There has been delegation of diplomacy,infrastructure developmetn especially legislative powers to provincial councils of ports(hambantota,). It plans to establish and executive powers to Board of railway network in sri lanka.China has always ministers and chief ministers. supported S.L. on interational fora like UNSC and  However, it was alleged that there has UNHRC by opposing the resolution of been more tendency towards international enquiry against S.L. centralisation of authority by Colombo, expansion of millitary and hence Though its a matter of concern for India but India devolution did not happen in real term. should not be paranoid as Hambantota port was  Though Emergency Regulations(ER) post offered to india but only after delay by indian war were removed, the powers under authorities it was passed to china. Also as more http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 65

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 than 60% of china‘s trade ad oil imports comes Both governments should seriously consider via indian ocean china has legitimate interest in training fishermen in deep-sea fishing techniques. safeguarding SLOCs via S.L. Recently by The governments of the two countries must took propounding Maritime silk route China want to this issue very seriously and have to train their allay india‘s fear regarding string of pearls theory fisher men to adopt to techniques like deep-sea and want active cooperation of india in the fishing, which may reduce the tensions in the project. Palk-Strait area. So,India should be cautious but not fearful of any project or investment by china in S.L. as diplomacy is not a zero sum game. Bilateral, Regional, Global groupings & Q-Examine why there is an escalation of tension Agreements (involving and/or affecting India) between Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen in the Palk Strait. (150 Words) GENERAL INDIAN DIPLOMACY Answer) Q--Why is India projected as a soft power? Do For past three decades Tamil Nadu fishermen have been ―traditionally‖ fishing in Sri Lankan you think this image has helped India to waters when the northern fishermen of Sri Lanka advance its foreign policy goals? Critically kept away from the sea due to the ongoing war analyse. that ended in May 2009. India is projected as a ‗soft power‘ based on two Despite several arrests, trawler seizures and different yet somewhat complementary attacks by the Sri Lankan Navy, Tamil Nadu interpretations- (a) India‘s rich cultural heritage fishermen prefer to go far till Analativu, a tiny of over four thousand years, gives India position island off Sri Lanka‘s northernmost tip Sri Lankan of a unique civilisation. India‘s liberal democracy, waters which is a better fishing zones with more varieties in shrimps and prawns. food, music, dance, multi-plural society, non- violent freedom struggle heritage commands Fishing is a crucial means of livelihood in respect in the comity of nations. Cricket, Analativu, with its 2,175-strong population ‗Bollywood‘, ‗the land of Gandhi‟ all add to depending almost entirely on fishing and India‟s soft power. (b) Indian Constitution has agriculture for survival. imbibed settlement of international disputes by The Indian trawlers(high speed motorized boats) peaceful means, support of democracy and non- come here leaving Sri Lankan fishermen out of violence. India has traditionally not gone for business thrice a week which is an outcome of an territorial conquest and as far as possible, agreement among fishermen in Tamil Nadu for avoided war opting for dialogue. three days in a week which are banned in Sri- Lanka, Indian fisherman are repeatedly entering Such an image has immensely helped India into the Lankan waters which is resulting in advance her foreign policy goals. Stressing on Trawler seizures, attacks of Indian fishermen, track-2 diplomacy, people-to-people contacts imposition of fines etc. through education, economic ties, cultural exchanges etc. has helped deeper engagement Several rounds of talk between the fishermen with countries.ex Afghanistan from two regions gave negligible results as both these communities are striving for their Still India must increasingly also project ‗hard livelihood. The clashes between the two groups power‘ so that she cannot be perceived as ‗weak‘ increases between November-April, which is best in any way. Boosting of indigenous defence, time for fishing. developing nuclear weapons as deterrence yet However many rounds of talks between being ready with a-grade conventional weapons fishermen of both countries proved futile. for war situation, venturing of Indian Navy as ‗blue water Navy (fighting pirates, conducting http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 66

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 drills in all oceans etc.), taking tough stance Thus, India needs to adopt both soft as well as regarding neighbours (esp. Pakistan‘s not hard power as per the required circumstances as bringing 26/11 perpetrators to book) etc. are a rational and smart state. essential. India has followed a harmonious foreign policy Therefore, India must combinedly project her soft over the years. It has upheld the idea of and hard power in a judicious mix alongwith sovereignty by not interfering in the internal increasing her economic weight in the world. This affairs of other countries and by remaining will ultimately boost India‘s overall position neutral most of the time during voting for regarding foreign policy dealings with the world. imposing sanctions on countries. Initially after independence India‘s support for the cause of decolonization and Non alignment policy helped Since independence, there has been various India‘s image as a responsible power. Moreover, instances when different actors have called India culture, Indian film industry and sporting as a soft power. community is well received in other countries – The foundation of NAM was criticised as helping India forge closer ties with many India‘s lack of courage, escapism, isolationism, countries. These along with the democratic form which was not at all correct. of polity followed has helped project India as a – some foreign policy analysts argue that even soft power. after becoming a nuclear power and having major footprint in space technology, etc, India is still a This image has helped in the post soviet world soft power. At various international platforms, order India has taken its relations with Middle India has abstained from voting on serious issues East countries forward with some of them now like Syrian issue, Iran nuclear issue, etc. planning to invest in India‘s growth story. The However, the tag of soft power in its foreign democratic experience of India has attracted policies needs deeper analysis: neighbouring countries that are now transitioning – the foreign policy of India has not been into a democratic setup. One of the best examples aggressive as well as tough against any particular of India‘s soft power helping in foreign policy country. The importance given to dialogues to objectives has been in Afghanistan and India‘s handle disputes, track-II diplomacy, increasing continuing works in the field of education and economic ties, diverse people to people contacts, health have aided this relationship. India‘s a democratic state since independence has major peacekeeping mission helping India to foster friendly relations with the rest of the world. However, this soft handling of foreign affairs has – India‘s soft power like yoga, rich culture and drawn criticism from many quarters how argue heritage, Bollywood, diverse natural landscape that India‘s quest for superpower status requires and natural beauty has been a major part to it to be tough. India‘s reluctance to pursue promote its foreign policy. military options against Pakistan has emboldened –Also, the decisions taken at various platforms non state actors. And neglect of neighbours has are largely to serve long term national interests. resulted in china‘s entry into these countries. But Recent example, India‘s abstainment from voting these arguments don‘t justify calls for tougher in UN HRC resolution against Sri lanka was stand rather demands that India needs to be welcomed so as to encourage long engagement assertive and firm in its foreign policy measures with our close neighbour. and look for legal alternatives, retaining the soft – India‘s foreign policy has largely helped itself to power tag which has helped it immensely. swim difficult waters of diplomacy. India as an emerging power in Asia and on global Clearly, importance of hard power cannot be arena may not be said as a hard power State as neglected. But, it should be noted that India has she has not shown capabilities that can affect the gained recognition as a responsible and rational behavior of other States and is not an aggressor nuclear power with voluntarily complying with country both territorially or economically. But to the international nuclear regions like NPT, CTBT. see India as a soft power may not be totally http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 67

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 correct because of following reasons: order, strategic autonomy could well be the a) India is a nuclear country and has not signed modification non alignment needs to stay NPT or CTBT. relevant. Strategic autonomy if pursued b) India stands strongly against world powers on vigorously as done by Russia and China could important international fora such as WTO, have immense potential for India‘s global Rio+20, G20 and even the UN, where-ever India‘s leadership prospects. interests are jeopardised. c) India refused to vote at the UN during the Q--“The Ministry of External Affairs needs to Ukraine-Russia-EU standoff. consider internal affairs and engage important players within the country too.” In the light of India certainly is not a hard power State but she is giving consideration to federal compulsions in nothing close to a soft power State either. As the the foreign policy, critically comment on the global environment evolve, India is also evolving statement. and in coming decades, India may take a harder stance on crucial issues. In the recent past India has faced stiff opposition Also, its relations with many neighbors (Nepal, to its foreign policy, not so much from outside Bhutan, ASEAN, Sri Lanka etc) is based on age- but more so from within. The federal old cultural links. Bollywood has probably more compulsions and conflicting demands of the role to play in reducing inter-border tension than centre and the state have created a foreign policy any high level committee formed every now and crisis of sorts. then India is a union of states and there is a need to ensure that regional aspirations are given as Q--Critically comment on India‟s doctrine of much considerations as national interests while „strategic autonomy‟ and its efforts towards its formulating any policy, whether related to internal matters or external. But at times the pursuit. compulsions of strategic interests are so high that they weigh heavily over the regional sentiments. Strategic autonomy means a set of strategies Federal units at such times are expected to aimed at balancing independence of foreign cooperate with the state to further the interests of policy as well as to inculcate close relations with the nation. Only problem is that our recent necessary partners. Strategic autonomy is a realist history does not reflect that. version of non alignment. Unlike non alignment it There have been several cases in recent years is not a concrete foreign policy doctrine. where foreign policy has suffered due to India‘s usage of strategic autonomy has been constricted populist approach of the states. varied and inconsistent. India has frequently not Whether it be the stand of West Bengal regarding cooperated with USA citing strategic autonomy Teesta river water sharing and border agreement but when it comes to increasing naval exercises in or the Tamil Nadu‘s stand on Srilanka leading to the Indian Ocean it has shied away. foreign policy failure during CHOGM, the image of India as a cooperative neighbour has been For India, strategic autonomy implies increasing dented. its naval presence in Indian Ocean to prevent any This has given way to other nations to fill in the Chinese buildup, secure its sea lanes of void. Chinese String of Pearl policy and now its communication, improve relations with Chinese Silk route policy will ensure that Chinese neighbourhood which are wary of Chinese hegemony in the region will grow, until an active dominance, increase its hard power capability etc. coordination between centre and states develops but what has been pursued in reality is nowhere that can insulate the national policy from state near mainly due to fear of provoking china. bias and populism. Strategic autonomy has not given India‘s foreign policy any clear direction nor prioritises one goal over another.But, in the present multi polar world http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 68

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Q-Critically comment on India‟s relationship in (a) Security: Rise of assertive China has major the light of ongoing geopolitical developments implications for India. To counter China‘s strings in the Asia-Pacific region. of pearls India should support USA in its ―Rebalancing in Asia Pacific‖ together with recognition of constitutional ammendment of Several developments have taken place in Asia- Japan that swindles its defence philosophy. pacific in recent times. America‘s Asia-pivot Defence cooperation with Japan, USA, S.korea strategy occupies Centre stage. Japan‘s growing and Australia along with frequent joint exercises aggression amid China‘s assertiveness. Final with not only provide seamless integration but stages of the trans pacific partnership (TPP). In also provide strategic autonomy to India. A&N is. these circumstances India should that stand at the gateway to South China‘S SLC should be utilised to full advantage. These 1) Engage economically with countries not measure are essential to protect mining and included in the TPP especially China and Russia. exploration in Indian ocean and South China sea. This can be done through the BRICS platform. Another area to concentrate on would be to (b) Economic: Economy is the life blood of any revive BIMSTEC and look east policy because modern nation. China‘s dominance in Asian with the TPP these ASEAN countries are set to economy and India‘s growing trade deficit with gain economically. Should look to transfer those her should be plugged by innovative investments gains to India indirectly. like Chinese investment zones in India. 2) With America wanting to play a pro-active role Calibration of our ―Look East policy‖ to realise economically and militarily, India should look to not only goods and services FTA with ASEAN gain from these without impacting its relations but also participating in emerging trade bolcks with china. But this can have an impact on India. like TPP, RECP etc is the need of hour. Vietnam, Brunei and other ASEAN countries looked towards India as a potential balancer to (c) Political: Asian region have a similarity in china, but with America‘s entrance, India could their concerns like climate change where India be sidelined. can join China in global diplomacy. Continued 3) With japan- china relations at its lowest, India neglect in global politics like in UNSC, WB, IMF should actively engage with japan. This will have open gate for India to provide leadership where it twin benefits. First, it will send a tremor to the can join Japan to enhance pressure for reforms. Chinese leadership. Second, the circumstances The demographic dividend that is knocking our will prompt japan to help India economically and gates not only gives us an enormous clout but militarily. Could work on the civil nuclear also makes the global integration imperative. agreement and the amphibious military India should proactively participate to get the equipment. biggest pie in Asia Pacific scramble.

Asia pacific has gained importance geo-politically and India should not miss the opportunity to assert its stature, protect its national interest and to benefit economically and militarily. Q. Do you think India‟s foreign policy and service needs its own reforms? Why? Critically ==== comment . Dawn of 21st century has brought with it change in geopolitical realities with Asia-Pacific Answer- emerging as the new cauldron of global politics.  After independence, the foreign policy was Rise of China and gradual waning of American given appropriate attention. However, after and Japanese impact has opened a pandora box of Nehru, foreign policy and servie is all but opportunities and challenges for India. detieroting. As of now India‘s foreign policy CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES is ―reactive rather than being proactive‖. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 69

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The foreign policy and service, thus needs has helped Indian Diplomacy in great way. various reforms: It has ended nuclear apartheid for India , 1. Foreign policy influence on common make India a serious contender for being a electorate: Foreign policy has a long term member for various control regime groups perspective, thus the politicians are not like Australia Group etc and a permanent interested in it, because it may not deliver member of UNSC. short term electoral gains. Our foreign  The ethical and moral standing we have policy, other way around get influenced by inculcated for ourself at the global stage domestic politics. have helped us gain access to specialized 2. Lack if manpower: With the rising Indian privileges like exemptions from NSG which Profile as a global player, we require more unprincipled nations like Pakistan have number of Foreign Service professionals to failed to achieve. man our diplomatic missions. However, the  To go away with ‖ No First Use ‖ doctrine recruitment in IFS has become an would equate India & Pakistan in the view anachronistic process. of world community thus degrading India‘s 3. Lack of capability: In the world of stature.Moreover, China also has ‖ No First globalisation, we require plethora of Use ‖ Policy too.India has also developed diplomatic initiatives, ranging from second strike capabilities and is capable of strategic to trade and energy. To deftly take retaliation from land,air ,water and under cognisance of the issue, we require experts water. in foreign services. However, lateral  This doctrine also prevents skirmishes recruitment in IFS is quite difficult due to between India & pakistan turning into full current recruitment process. waged war and pressuring Pakistan as it Thus, India foreign policy and foreign happened during Kargil Conflict. services are in a dire need of reforms to  Thus, any shift in India ‗s stand does not match up with our global profile. seem appropriate at this juncture.  Q. Should India shift towards „first use‟  Any revision or update to India‘s nuclear policy of nuclear weapons? Substantiate doctrine of credible minimal deterrence your answer with examples. along with ‗No first use‘ policy, that was adopted after its second nuclear weapons  India adopted ―No First Use ‖ doctrine to test in 1998, need to take into consideration portray itself as a responsible nuclear power of its long term strategic implications and . Such a doctrine was also in consonance any possible jolt to its ground on with the high moral ground taken by India international arena. on Universal Nuclear Disarmanent in  What makes India to look for revision of its international form. policy reveals some genuine concerns-  However , its neighour Pakistan is not rapidly increasing nuclear stockpile of bound by any such doctrine and there Pakistan with its claims to have developed always lies fear of its nuclear arsenal falling miniaturised tactical nuclear weapon into non-state actors.Such fears may provoke capabilities that can blunt opposition in India to revisit ―No First Use‖ conventional war has certainly put India on Doctrine.However , ‖ No First Use ‖ disadvantage. The deteriorating state of doctrine is a time tested doctrine now and affairs of Pakistan & raising fears of its http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 70

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nuclear weapons falling in the hands of weapon states. This will suffice to meet Islamic extremists being other reasons. today‘s situations.  But by discarding ―no first use‖ policy India  Scrapping NFU completely may give India an aggressive look. This might may lose its unique and moral standing of escalate tensions between India and being a responsible nuclear power which Pakistan, whose nuclear weapons are only facilitated it many benefits like Indo-US civil targeted towards India.. In such a tensed nuclear deal, and bringing an end to scenario it could be a situation of ―Use isolation among global community after its them or Lose them‖ for Pakistan, so pak nuclear tests. This policy helped in de- may consider of nuclear attack on India at escalating possibilities of nuclear exchange any moment. Not that we can‘t retaliate but the human and environmental losses between India & pakistan and in winning are irreversible. global powers support during Kargil war.  Further scrapping NFU completely rises  In fact revision will equate India with tensions in South Asian countries which Pakistan which has no such ―No first use‖ look at India as ―Big Brother‖ may force policy and having bad track record of them to build nuclear arsenal, which is nuclear proliferation to rogue states. It will actually going against India‘s intention of contradict India‘s own call for ―No first use ―peaceful South Asia‖.  India, though a nuclear state enjoys high policy‖ among all nuclear powers. Revision credibility among nations and Nuclear may push china to make some modifications Suppliers Group (NSG) as a responsible to its policy of ―No first use‖ & Pakistan to nuclear state by virtue of its NFU policy. go for more stock pile, both are clearly not in India, a non-signatory to Non- India‘s interests. proliferation Treaty(NPT), should be  Confidence building measures & voluntary careful as moving away from NFU may be restraint can ensure peace & stability in the detrimental to the nation and may be against the universal goal of ―Nuclear reason and raise Disarmament‖.  India‘s stature among global community rather than revision of doctrine  "no first use" doctrine applies to non- Q-In the light of India‟s „soft power‟ status, nuclear weapon states (and thus, not to evaluate the principles of „Multi Alignment‟ and Pakistan). „Non Alignment.2.0′ put forward by some intellectual in recent years.

Modi doctrine moves beyond the former Q What is India‟s nuclear doctrine? Does it need delineation between ―non-alignment,‖ ―non- a revision? Substantiate. alignment 2.0,‖ and ―alignment‖ to suggest that India could follow a policy of what Mr. Shashi  India‘s nuclear doctrine is laid on the twin Tharoor may describe as ―multi-alignment‖ with principles of – ―No first use‖(NFU) policy all the great powers. This was emphasised in the and Massive retaliation in case of attack. President‘s address that explicitly stated that the  Though the global scenario has changed government will work with China to develop a over years since India propogated its strategic and cooperative partnership, work with nuclear doctrine in 1998, there is no need Japan to build modern infrastructure, build on for India to change its nuclear doctrine. the firm foundations of the relations with Russia,  Initially propounded as NFU against all pursue the relationship with the United States countries, in 2004 it was declared that with renewed vigour and make concerted efforts NFU was only against non-nuclear http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 71

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 to achieve progress in key areas with the European Union. 5Ts: trade, tourism, talent, technology and Q-“The single most important objective of tradition. Indian foreign policy has to be to create a global environment conducive to the well-being of our great country.” How far has India been Q--Critically analyse efforts made by major successful in its foreign policy as suggested in economies of Asia to position themselves as the above statement? Critically evaluate. (250 regional powers with international ambitions. Words)

Answer) Asian countries like Russia, China, India and Japan are the major economies with clearly well India aims for better integration with foreign defined geography, dominating in the military countries in the field of business, trade, defence, and economic fronts, and also exerts considerable resource sharing, and technology. This needs a influence along its region to make it secure and peaceful environment, for example with rising sustainable. tension between the west and Iran, India was Russia, after disintegrating from USSR, under continuous international pressure to cut positioned its energy to focus on developing its import of Iranian crude oils, but it is the hallmark economy through investing in military of Indian foreign policy to take decisions which architecture ,space technologies , developing are sovereign to us. better agricultural practices, facilitating neighbors It is not only peace, but an equitable share of the across areas of energy, cultural exchanges and world opportunities like trade facilitation also acts as a unit to maintain regional as well as through WTO and world responsibilities like international peace and security. Recent episode environmental stresses. on Syria, Iran demonstrates its motive. India and China dominance across region can be India‘s past foreign policy like not intruding into understood by their indiviual approach towards the constitutional building of Nepal, none similar areas like space, maritime influence, military but instead humanitarian helps to infrastructure support provided to neighbors, Afghanistan, leading border negotiation with investment policy on Africa and other regions. Pakistan, having good relations with communist When compared to India, China‘s manufacturing countries like Cuba without any reservation. field is well structured and leading,whereas India India record of maintain the practice of nuclear has better demographic dividend and facilitates non-proliferation. The conducive environment trade with comparably less restrictive policies. will not only help India in trade facilitation, but Common platforms like BRICs, SHC facilitated by also secure the future of Indian living in foreign both countries pursue for regional security, countries and whose remittances are helping integrity and also economic developments India economy, not only material gains but with abiding international frameworks and standards. India will rise its own stature as the facilitator of Japan with its vibrant economy, derives it‘s world peace. strength from exporting finished products, in the field of electronics, automotive, nuclear energy, Since the last two decades, due to rise of regional ship building and related technologies. Efficient parties and coalition politics, India‘s foreign investment machinery aiding the developing policy has been facing the brunt of more regional countries in infrastructure, economic corridors, aspirations which are underestimating the swap facility agreements has increased national interest at large. dependence on Japan, though recent incidents of For example--disagreement over nuclear deal air defence identification zone, sovereignty issue with US, Russia, West Bengal Gov. refusal disputes over east China sea with China has to sign Teesta agreement with Bangladesh, surfaced, Japan and China exerts considerable withdrawal of support on FDI issue, violent influence over their respective regions. processions by Tamil Nadu people against PM‘s http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 72

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 participation in CHOGM meeting in Srilanka. countries these may adversely affect their They are threatening the national interest in economy as they are not economically strong broader sense. enough to bargain with the developed nation. On the other hand in a multilateral fora they can India‘s foreign policy is also based on the collectively put up there concern. Presently the principles of greater integration with the world FTA may have overshadowed the WTO but once economy, stable relationship with world political the negotiations in WTO move faster then wto powers, greater regional cooperation, will replace the FTA because those countries maintaining security of the country, propagation who were earlier outside the FTA will protest of the country‘s democratic, secular values all because they are being discriminated in trade. around the world. Till then FTA will dominate the international India has to take into consideration the national trade scenario interests, its sovereignty, integrity while dealing with world. India has global recognition in Q--Do you think the doctrine of South – South maintaining its warm and peaceful relations with cooperation is still relevant? Comment. the world. Foreign policy of the country has been adjusted many a time in wake of changing Most of the southern nations got independence in aspirations of the people,economic conditions, the mid 20th century . Most of them were colonies global situations etc, but it has made many of the European nations. As a result remained peaceful adjustments. underdeveloped throughout the colonial period. What is needed is to take decisions which are in To prevent any such neo-colonialism and protect good for the whole nation. There must be the common interests of development, south – adequate flexibility in wake of changing south doctrine was developed. aspirations of the people, economic conditions, In the initial years, the Non aligned movement global situations. was torchbearer of the south south doctrine. It made sure southern nations would not become a tool to be used by the two Cold War blocs to Q-What do you understand by Free Trade further their interests. It had considerable success, Agreement? Do you think bilateral and regional but later lost momentum. trade agreements are diminishing the role of In the 1980-90s most of the southern nations multilateral fora? Discuss. (200 Words) started opening their markets. To protect their markets from the much developed and mature Free trade agreement is a trade facilitation treaty companies of the northern countries, the south- between two countries or between one country south doctrine was revived to project a unified with a group of countries under a regional trade and thus more strong stand in international agreement for example India and ASEAN FTA. forums. Free Trade Agreement removes trade barriers In the 21st century, the increased debate about between the two signatory parties on areas climate change has once again strengthened the ss mutually decided by them. Presently 90% of the doctrine. And projected the united stand of members of WTO are under some FTA or the ‗common but differentiated responsibilities‘ . other. Rise of FTA in the form of Bilateral and Southern nations share a similar history and this Regional trade agreement has been possible due has bonded them. Also similar economies, to the failure of multilateral forum WTO. concerns about international trade, climate Multilateral fora are now being entangled in change , fear of exploitation of developed nations negotiations which are unending and the Incase of split among the nations has Kept the alternate are the bilateral and regional trade doctrine relevant. negotiations which are quicker and easy to negotiate. In this process slowly with the TTEP angle………. growing stagnancy in WTO there is rise in the From India‘s point of view activity at the regional & bilateral level. These 1) The doctrine has to be kept relevant because alternates may be quick but for the developing India is seen as a leader in this respect. India by http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 73

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 projecting as pursuing combined interests of countries.The following are the instances where southern nations can make its interests more india could prove its credentials by firming on its vocal. opinion but could not do: 2) India by invoking the doctrine can get easy 1.Sri lanka-UNGA resolution access to Southern growing and huge potential 2. Israel-palestine issue markets. 3.Bangladesh‘s political turmoil 3) Leadership among these nations is crucial for 4.Thailand Crisis India to project itself as a global power, seat in the 5.Syrian turmoil UNSC 6.Iraq invasion of U.S 7.Iran + P5+1 dialogue 8.somalian crisis(al shabab ) Q-- “India‟s silence on critical global issues fits 9.Climate change Agreement poorly with its global aspirations.” Critically India‘s Aspirations: comment. 1. UNSC Reforms,Expansion,seat at UNSC 2.Member of Nuclear suppliers group India aspires to be a global power. Not today, not 3.Voting rights at International monetary tomorrow; but in a deliberate step-by-step fund,world bank manner. Starting from controlling the SAARC, 4.Governance Reforms at Int‘l Financial through controlling South Asia, to being a world Institutions power , the position cemented by a permanent 5.Becomming the leader of developing nations seat in UNSC. 6.Equal say at WTO . In international issues a nation should not punch While there are many instances where india can above it‘s own weight. The P5 meddles in be seen to be lagging while following up on its everything and everywhere because they have aspirations but the constraints( such as economic the means to back up their words. Till such power fudamentals,bilateral-internal politics,technology is India‘s, it would augur well to be silent on backlog) has to be overcome issues that has no bearing for it.. The over-arching principle of international INDIA-NORTH AMERICA diplomacy is national interest, not morality. Q-Write a note on India-Canada trade relations. Moralizing should be resorted to only when it (200 Words) serves national interest. Claiming moral high- Answer - Canada and India share longstanding ground wins no friends, but only ridicule, as was clearly seen in 1962. bilateral relationship which is built upon the India is not silent on every ―critical global issue‖. shared tradition of democracy, pluralism and It leads the developing nations in the WTO, strong interpersonal relations among the Indian fighting for food security and poor agriculturists, Diaspora of more than 1 million in Canada. in India and elsewhere. It has a definite stand on terrorism, on nuclear proliferation, on climate- Both the countries share a healthy trade relations change mitigation. The last two not globally and total volume of the trade is expected to rise to popular but bold stands rooted in reality. more than $15 billion by 2015. Currently Canada India is voices its opinion and backs it up with Import to India amounts to roughly $2.6 billion action where it should and it can. She is being as assertive as her current status lets her. There is no and on the other hand Indian export to Canada is point in acting like a super-power when she is not about $2.5 billion annually. Canada also ensures one. India‘s food security as the steady suppliers of pulses.

The country which was a leader in the The main items imported from Canada are development of knoweldge in ancient period has vegetables (mostly peas and lentils), fertilizers, begun to be just a follower of values of other paper and paperboards, machinery, wood pulp, http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 74

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 precious stones, iron and steel etc. Similarly the  High-tech exports Up till now USA has Indian exports to Canada chiefly comprise banned to India, but the restriction can be organic chemicals, precious stones and metals, reduced then it will be beneficial for Indian research and US industry. knit apparel, woven apparel, machinery etc.

The bilateral trade relations are at steady incline with an average growth of 10-15% annually. The Q- Critically examine trade related disputes total two way direct investment between India between USA and India. How does India seek and Canada is about $5 billion. to address these? Trade related dispute between India and USA can In order to facilitate trade and to further improve be divided into bilateral relations many agreements and MoUs have been signed in areas such as science and 1. Indo-US Nuclear trade dispute Technology, Defence research, Nuclear cooperation and Environment and energy. It is a very contentious issue of bilateral dispute. Now how to incorporate it into trade dispute? Q--Critically analyse important areas where constructive relationship between India and USA gave leverage to India when India needed it USA would mutually benefit the two countries. the most. Obviously USA expected some favorable treatment but unluckily India came up After cold war Indo-US relationship was with Nuclear Liability Law, and all hopes of USA considered as important step forward. The shattered. It has affected, rather initiated trade relationship improved with Indo-US nuclear deal related dispute. and convergence on many matters. However, relationship hit a trough in past five years Now in critical examination, we should never because of 2008 recession and slowdown of take one sided stand. Here we should mention India‘s growth. There are many important areas where both the the role of USA in granting NSG waiver to carry nation can rejuvenate the relationship and be out Nuclear trade and in response India didn‘t mutually beneficial to each other: comply with USA‘s interest. Then again why  Post-Afghan pullout: Both nation needs to India did so, will suffice India‘s stand. Overall work together to prevent a Taliban takeover both are right at their place. of Afghanistan. India has lot of economic and strategic interest in Afghanistan and 2. Drug related dispute partnering with US in training of its army can benefit both the nation. It is indirectly related to many aspects. Not only  Defence arms: India needs to diversify its compulsory licensing :) arms portfolio of defence purchase and US needs market for its arms export. Thus, if India has grown to stature of largest exporting proper term can be established, like transfer nation of manufactured drugs to major countries of technology and joint production can be of the world. Not to mention even to USA. Now concluded then a new era can be unleashed FDA(USA) started delicensing Indian in the defence industry.  Increase in trade: US is the biggest market manufacturers to save their interest despite for Indian service industry and also both are India‘s compliance in TRIPS for making Generic huge consumer market and if proper terms drugs. Also, US fears its own economic interests of trade can be established than a new era and acting as savior for its own manufacturers. intrade and commerce can be written. 3. Patents (IPR and TRIPS) http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 75

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Indian patent regime has never barred USA from Answer- granting patents since India formulated its Patent • The relationship between the world‘s Law in 2005. Then why the hell USA is targeting oldest democracy and the world‘s largest India? Interestingly US companies has most democracy is based on shared values of number of granted patents in India. :) democracy, rule of law, pluralism and secularism. Here the issue is of threat emanating from other The relationship has changed from the cold war developing nation which are planning to comply notion of ‗estranged democracies‘ to the post cold in line with Indian Patent Regime. This will affect war dynamics of ‗engaged democracies‘. USA badly. US has no direct conflict with Indian • Since from last decade, many factors Patent Law. Again the personal interest. involved in India-US relationship. US lauded Irrespective of USA‘s threat to drag India under India‘s restraint of not crossing LOC and Pakistan WTO, it bears no solidarity for doing so. was rebuffed by US and its attempts to Therefore no worry. Also, Indian and USA internationalize the Kashmir issue were defeated. consuls are having wine and dinner for resolving The military coup in Pakistan in 1999 brought US issue of Priority nation. closer to India. 4. Solar Cell Dispute • The visit of US president Clinton in 2000 Again, Indian interest of saving its domestic defined the ‗Vision statement‘, included multi- suppliers. USA want its interest because they pronged approach to work for strategic stability thought Indian firm could not supply such high in Asia. Institutionalization of dialogue process quality material for solar cells. Nevertheless, through bilateral summits, setting up of US-India Indian companies are becoming self reliant and Financial and Economic Forum and US-India that is a matter of grave concern for exporting working Group on Trade were took place. nations like USA. Here also, India is abiding by • The template of relationship again Preferential Market Access (PMA) under WTO. changed after 9/11 attacks, which brought So no issue of worry for India. advantage to India. US accepted Indian view 5. Immigration Bill of USA point on cross border terrorism and offered intelligence sharing, joint military exercises to This is related to trade in services :) We can add curb the menace. Sanctions were lifted. All these this as well. developments reflected in 2004 joint declaration- 6. FDI in retail issue: US is lobbying hard for Next Step in Strategic Partnership (NSSP). this but in vain. Signing of 123 nuclear agreement, Science and technology framework in 2005 were major Govt. passed National Food Security Act which breakthroughs. may increase the subsidies for the Indian farmers. US alleged India to violate Agreement of • During the recent visit of Obama to India Agriculture (AoA). in 2010, Joint Declaration on Defense cooperation and India-US Counter-Terrorism Cooperation Initiative were signed. Since then both countries cooperating in the field of higher education, Q. Comment on the changing contours of agriculture, public health and bilateral trade relationship between India and USA in last ten between them crossed $65 billion in 2013. years. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 76

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• However, on a range of issues, 6) Brazil can be a source for ethanol. Which can particularly intellectual property rights, climate help reduce our dependence on petroleum. change and global warming India and the US Way forward 1) India has to sign FTAs with Venezuela, have divergent interests. The recent diplomacy Colombia, Mexico, Brazil and Peru , the largest issue of Devyani, Syria, Ukraine and Sri Lanka trading countries. issues also troubled for some time. But both 3) use BRICS platform to connect with these countries have not raised their voices on these countries issues. Relationship between both countries has 4) increase diplomatic exchange. Increase flight future. And this not only requires for them but connectivity. for the sake of development of strong democratic Q-Explain the areas of interest and cooperation values all over the world. between India and Cuba. Is Cuba conducive for Indian investments? Examine. Answer) INDIA-SOUTH AMERICA Cuba and India are part of the Non-Aligned

Movement. Cuba support UNSC seat for India. -- In 2013 they signed a memorandum of Q) Write a critical note on India‟s relationship understanding (MoU) for cooperation between with the South American nations. Prasar Bharati (PB) and Cuban Radio and Television Institute (ICRT) as part of Over the years South American nations were not strengthening the friendly relations. in the priority foreign policy list of India. But that They will explore co-production opportunities in is changing. Increasing democratisation of the broadcasting on issues of mutual interest. continent, budding entrepreneurs, significant youth population, immense natural resources They will exchange programs in culture, have increased their significance to India. education, science, entertainment, sports and India current relation with South America is very news of mutual interest, subject only to minimal. India imports petroleum oil from contractual and copyright limitations. Venezuela, Colombia and Mexico. Except for India seeks to boost economic ties with oil rich Brazil , other countries receive very little Cuba which is conducive for Indian investments attention. Very low people to people exchange. to some extent. Very little direct flight and sea connectivity. Possible Areas of cooperation Basic problems in enhancing trade relate to 1) South America has 5 times the landmass of uncertainty of payments; difficulties in obtaining India. Huge fertile lands. India can look for permission for remittances from the Cuban agricultural cooperation and can even take lease government and lack of export surplus on the some land. India can conduct joint agricultural Cuban side of nickel, sugar and other Cuban research and development with Brazil and products. Argentina. On the Indian side, attempts to interest Indian 2) increase petroleum imports to relieve over companies have not had much success, since all dependence on volatile gulf areas. negotiations are with the government of Cuba, in 3) invest in oil exploration and extraction in these the absence of a private sector. >> Cuba is areas. socialist government; Investors are not willing ( 4) Huge mineral resources can be tapped. due to nationalisation threat ); need to made a 5) India can provide assistance to their space BIPA to encourage; programmes and also provide launching and Attempts are being made to identify select satellite facilities. foreign companies in Cuba, who can serve as agents for Indian companies. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 77

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--Cooperation in biotechnology; Sugar mill study abroad and for those who are already technology = where Cuba is well placed working there it is pushing them out. b. Investment – British investment flew into India in financial sector post liberalization. Leading British banks and insurance companies such as INDIA-EUROPE RBS and Aviva have entered Indian markets. A Q-In the light of recent reports on the plight of reverse trend is seen when India companies Indians working in foreign countries, critically invest in Britain, such as TATA sons buying JLR. evaluate the effectiveness of the Emigration There are concerns as Tata group is facing Act, 1983 in safeguarding the interests of these problem of maintaining a fixed British work force Indian workers. in Britain. c. Defence – British companies are taking part in

modernization of Indian Air Force. However With the Indians getting strapped in the Iraq the India‘s preference for Rafale over Eurofighter has Emigration act of 1983 is on the table for not gone down well with Britain. discussion. Interestingly India is known as the

―country of laws‖ but with emigration becoming global menace India has only single Act to deal with Emigration issues. The act of 1983 is the product of its time when Q- Explain how Eurozone crisis affected the there was not heavy scale of migration which is Indian economy? What are its aftershocks? (200 seen today. Act only defines about the Words) ‗Recruitment‘ and ‗Recruiting agents‘ giving free hand to the bloom of AGENTS benefiting with illegal migration. The act is only about sending the manpower Q---Write a note on relationship between India doesn‘t talk about welfare of them leaving and Germany in the filed of science and labours in inhuman condition. Since migrants comes from the disturbed geographical, social technology. strata of the society they are least aware and least bothered about the ills of illegal migration which The relation between India and Germany has deliberately used by agents for their personal been strong traditionally. Germany is India‘s benefit at the cost of labours. largest trading partner in Europe. Both countries Modern day issues of Human smuggling, have significant agreements in the field of science Trafficking etc are not addressed in the Act and technology. Germany has extensively supported scientific research and education calling for urgent passing of bill at the central development in India. level as one has been passed by Punjab which has Germany helped establish the IIT Madras in 1956 comprehensively addressed all issues and increased its co-operation and supply of technology and resources over the decades to Q--Write a critical note on the relationship help expand the institution. German Government between India and the United Kingdom. has expressed interest in supporting the newly established IIT at Mandi, Himachal Pradesh. IIT Major issues in Ind0-British relationship : Chennai has signed a MoU with the German a. Visa policy – Due to increase in immigration Academic Exchange Program (DAAD) and a Britain is putting curb on number of visa it issues group of nine German Technical Universities for to foreigners. It is also cracking down on all those setting up a new Centre for Sustainability who are over staying in its Britain. India which Research at IIT Chennai. has one of the largest student community in In 2008, both nations established the Indo- Britain is facing problem because this is on one German Science and Technology Centre in New hand limiting the avenues for Indian students to Delhi to promote joint research and development http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 78

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 in energy, environment, coal and water relation considering her interest in ever growing technologies. India is getting concessional loans Indian market. India too actively deal with France from Government of Germany for many scientific on various platform in Government to and commercial projects namely Himalaya Hydro Government, People to People, defense, space, power Program (HPPCL), Green Energy cultural etc dealing. Which should be improved Corridors, Promotional Program for Energy in coming days. Efficient New Residential Housing (NHB), Energy Efficiency in Thermal Power Plants. The cooperation in the field of space was enhanced by the launch of two German research India and France are having two major items of satellites by ISRO. Some of the projects in the cooperation, a) Rafale Fighter deal and b) Nuclear pipeline include, the Euro 1.5 billion state-of-the- power plants. art multinational Facility for Anti-proton & Ion India had finalized to buy 126 Rafale jets in order Research (FAIR). India and Germany also enjoy to equip IAF with modern Multi Mode Fighter strong commerce and co-operation in Planes. However the deal is still stuck in fine telecommunications, engineering, environmental details. India is not looking for just a buyer-seller technology, food processing, chemicals and relations. In case or Mirage2000 it suffered lot of pharmaceuticals. cost escalation due to costly upgrades and parts. India is looking towards a partnership where technology transfer will take place and Q---Critically evaluate India‟s strategic production of Rafale can be shifted to India under partnership with France. aegis of HAL after first batch. France, which initially had reservations in this regard is now India share age old relation with France form ready to cooperate. colonial time. Tipu sultan was member of In case of nuclear plants French companies are Jacobean club. Over the century two countries setting up 2 nuclear plants in India. These are come together to support in their journey to live currently stuck up due to provisions of civil in democracy, science and technology, space Nuclear Liability bill which put extra technology, support in world institution etc. responsibility on suppliers. If established these France did not condemned India after nuclear reactors will go a long way in increasing power test, which signify belief system of France on our supply in India and also would open further democracy. Going ahead France always technology transfer and cooperation in setting up supported India‘s permanent seat in UNSC. of more nuclear power plants. Bilateral trade is increasing in this decade which Recently French foreign minister visited India to needs to be given importance considering India‘s push these deals forward. The contentious issues interest. Indo-Franco relation can be judged from must be resolved to put strategic partnership on below commercial dealing: right footing 1. Various France satellite has been launched by India such as SARAL, recent one SPOT-7 Q-Write a note on the defence cooperation 2. France‘s help in securing energy requirement of between India and France. India, in multi Nuclear power plant such as one in Jaitapur in Maharashtra India and France had shared a friendly relation 3. France‘s help in providing nuclear fuel to not only in strategic term but also in history. support Nuclear program 4. Localization support to procure from domestic France in the modern world holds bilateral trade manufacturing equipment required for power with India and apart from it Defence cooperation plant between two countries has always been a reason 5. Military equipment deals with France in Navy to maintain long relations. India‘s first defense and air force deal with France started in 1962 when a need was Besides this from strategic point of view, France felt for modernization of army. With three Alize always support India and want to keep good http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 79

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 aircraft, 50 AS-30 Air to Surface missiles, 2000 five years. contemporary scientific achievements ENTAC and 4000 SS-11 Anti-tank missiles. are hugely impressive and mostly successful Including 270 light helicopters and 500 Hothicks, launch of Mangalyaan. Using of UK relationship in research programmes, India will be scientific 120 mm AM 50 mortars the deal of $15 million super power in 21 st century. was signed in the coming decade. After 2000. France showed interest in Research Q-Analyze trade relations between India and and development programs and transfer of UK. (200 Words) technology (TOT) for missile development with Answer) various institutes took place. Agreement s between the two countries for defense India is the fifth largest investor in UK and cooperation was exchanged regularly and a high reciprocally UK is the third investor in India‘s FDI inflow. India exports ready-made garments level committee for defense cooperation was held and textiles, gems and jewellery, engineering in New Delhi in 2012. In recent times various goods, petroleum and petrochemical products, naval exercises, air force exercise gauard IV (at transport equipment and parts, spices, Istres air base in France), gaurad V at jaipur and manufactures of metals, machinery where as Shakti an Indo-French army joint exercise took India imports from UK are ores and metal scraps, place. Though French equipment is expensive engineering goods. and India had collaborated with Russia & Japan, India‘s deep seated trade relationship can Indo- France relations are strongly bonded as assessed by the fact that TATA group is one of the India had opted for Rafale from Dassault largest private sector employer in UK. Aviation, as major deal for Indian air force Trade in goods is complemented by the service sector trade in which UK is the largest market in Q-Throw light on India – UK relations in EU for India, not only trade flows though the R&D. (150 Words) goods and service sector , even higher education Answer) plays a major role in promoting the trade. UK and India are bound by strong ties of history. Coming to the strategic relation which was From 2004 onwards UK and India relationships formalized from 2004 onwards the is cooperation upgraded to strategic partnership between two in civil nuclear energy, space, defence purchases. countries. Since 2008, both governments have UK has been instrumental in supporting India in committed close to 150 million pounds for joint its transition to a low-carbon economy by research programmes. developing its energy efficiency, renewable energy capabilities and helping India deal with Recently UK‘s technology strategy board(TSB) adaptation needs arising due to climate change. and DoT signed a programme of cooperation of industrial R&D support.this will help to Both countries have set up joint economic Trade companies to carryout joint R&D areas like health committe(JETCO) in 2005.Its purpose is to care and energy systems. In 2006, UK India promote business links.And to tackle trade and education and research initiative(UKIERI) started investment barriers. with enhancing education links between both countries. Research council UK India (RCUK) Recent irritants such as Vodafone Tax issue India launched in 2008 to play crucial role in science and research for funding innovation works. UK unfriendly immigration policy(Due to this number of overseas Indian students has come India lacking in cleaning energy and nuclear energy, using this relationship fill this gap. India down) Visa Bond issues(though scrapped budget on R&D is below 1 percent GDP but it recently,It was a discriminatory) Such moves will increases 25% every year.it will be double in next discourage Indians touring UK http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 80

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Q-Write a note on cooperation between India Q. In the light of recent decision by the and France in space technology. (200 Words) government to not to sign aircraft deal with France, critically comment on what should be The first Indo-French Agreement on Promotion of India‟s strategy when it comes to acquiring Technology was signed in 1966 . advanced defence capabilities, especially Both countries cooperate in joint radiation superior and affordable air power. experiment, space components development and Answer- space education. The Indian Space Research India being surrounded by two hostile Organization (ISRO) and its French counterpart neighbours need to have credible defence strategy CNES have a long history of cooperation spanning which demands that India maintain superiority four decades. or is at par with these neighbours in terms of all In 2008 an agreement on training in the space the 3 areas: land, sea and Air. sector was signed between the Indian Institute of Space Technology (IIST) and Ecole Polytechnique. But India‘s security seems to be in trouble with India and France jointly launched in 2011, Megha- many of its equipments being obsolete and Tropiques, a satellite mission to study water cycle requiring replacement particularly Aircraft. Thus in the atmosphere in the context of climate change. the need of the hour is to acquire or develop new SPOT-6 another satellite jointly developed by Aircraft and to replace the old ones. In this India and France was launched in 2012. It is a endeavour India needs to plan for immediate , high-resolution, optical imaging Earth observation medium and long Term. satellite system operating from space. In 2013, the Indo-French satellite SARAL was 1)Immediate Term: India does not possess the launched. It is useful to study the ocean surface, required technology to build fighter planes and monitor the environment, seasonal forecasting and also since the time required to develop them is for many other purposes. long , it needs to forge deals with countries The French company Arianespace has been a possessing the technology .But at the same time it major provider of launch services for Indian needs to effectively bargain for technology Geostationary satellites. So far 14 Indian satellites transfers for the aircraft. have been launched by India from Arianespace‘s 2) Medium term: India needs to leverage its good facility. terms with countries like Russia to look for joint Bothe ISRO and CNES very recently signed a joint development of fighter planes. Joint development statement for Long Term Cooperation in Space by of fifth generation fighter with Russia is jointly identifying areas of further cooperation. commendable. India needs to use its diplomacy Till now ISRO has been a valuable customer for effectively to get countries into joint development Arianspace and recent launch of INSAT-3D and in return for some economic concessions like GSAT-7 using Ariane 5 are proof to this bonding. (facilitating approval for Posco in case of South But with launch of GSAT-14 using GSLV D-5 the Korea, fast Tracking Bangalore Mumbai trends are going to change that would make our Industrial Corridor in which UK is interested) partnership more equitable. These two successful economies from Asia and Europe could use 3)Long Term: In the long run India needs to attain various facets of space technologies to build self reliance as relations between countries are strategic, scientific and commercial relationships only temporary .Also in order to support its Superpower claim India needs to have indigenous capability. Recent policy of govt to http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 81

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 allow FDI in defence is a step in the right done to re-vitalize the coal sector of India wit the direction. Indian companies would acquire the collaboration of Russia. knowledge by working with them. The future prospectus of all these projects are very ambitious as the recent global report clearly With respect to Rafale case, the govt decision is revealed that the till 2022 India will be the most welcome as cost of the entire deal has been raised populated country of the world, thus it‘s energy requirement reach to new dimensions , Which can from initial quoted figure and also maintenance be only meet by searching new alternatives. cost is too high. Also since Rafale purchase is in Similarly today India is almost depend upon replacement of ageing Mig , it can instead be middle east Asian countries to meet it demand of replaced by Our very own Tejas which is better in crude oil but the deteriorating political conditions comparison to the Mig sought to be replaced and of the region is another serious issue for India. is also cheaper. Also deal to buy tejas would give Furthermore the stagnating TAPI project made the required to boost to the domestic the Russian tie inevitable for India. manufacturer HAL and to researchers to continue the good work. Q--Examine how and why India and Russia came together to form a strategic and friendly

partnership? INDIA-RUSSIA Indian and Russian partnership extends long back to the freedom days. The freedom fighters Q-Discuss the relationship between India and were highly influenced by the socialistic ideas of Russia in the energy sector. Write a note on USSR and Marx. The same socialistic values were future prospects. adopted in the constitution and espoused by Nehru in the initial post independence years.

With the emergence of cold war both the blocks India shared a deep rooted traditional and desperately tried to woo india in its favour, only methodological relationship with Russia since for little help as india remained neutral to both from the very beginning of the independence. and followed non alignment policy. But with Although Russia is contributing almost in every USSR‘s support to third world countries, sector in India. But recently the energy ties Kashmir problem, india‟s wars with between New Delhi and Moscow witnessed a neighbours, Pakistan falling to west camp new momentum. forced india to tilt towards soviets in the need Here it should to be noted that the geographical for security. position of Russia provides it‘s abundant amount Ever since then, Russia has been an active partner for energy sources, thus to trap these sources strategically, economically, politically and India engaged in high energy bilateral agreement culturally. Its relations has stood the test of time with Russia. Recently Government Of India came and are unaffected by regime changes in either of out with an idea of an overland pipeline bringing the countries. It is the only country that has hydrocarbons from Russia to India. Similar to helped india in technology transfers and help meet the demand of it‘s crude oil requirement , build india unconditionally, even when the India already has $5bn invested in the Russian conditions were adverse. petroleum sector. India also imports crude oil Its scientific and defense cooperation tops worth nearly $200 million every year. India is also everything else. The Russians have a large role in planning to export gas from Russia with pipeline. the current status of india in defense, space and Furthermore Russia is also contributing to science. develop nuclear power projects for India to All these efforts culminated in the signing of mitigate the grievances of it‘s energy sector. india Russia strategic partnership which gave a Apart of kundankuulam Moscow is evolve in formal status to the age old strategic partners. several other power projects also. Efforts are also Russia itself has found a trusted friend in india. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 82

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With growing antagonization with the west, india Q-Do you think the relations between India and restricted support means a lot to it. It has Russia is „strategic‟ in its true sense? Critically confidence in india as india has also assured examine. (200 Words) Russia of not taking any step that would be anti to it. A strategic partnership is based on certain pillars, The friendship is old, but gets rejuvenated every now and then. Economically it is not as sound as on which the two partners seek cooperation and it should be. Both countries vie for higher synergy. India and Russia share close relations economic pie. The partnership is to strengthen traditionally. Both the countries have common further in the future, that is for sure. agenda‘s in regional and global arenas. Be it Afghanistan or China or Middle East, India and Russia share common interests. Both feature in

global organisations, often re-enforcing each

other‘s perspective. Bodies such as BRICS, RIC, 1. Historical factor.. At the time of independence SCO provide a common ground to both countries many Indian leaders like bhagat singh shared for developing closer ties. same ideology as that of Lenin because of same The partnership which is being debated as atrocities faced by weaker sections of society in strategic, holds firm, in the areas of Defence, both the countries. Space and Technology. Russia remains the largest Pandit Nehru was influenced by russian 5 year supplier of Defence equipments to India. growth model and adopted that. Technology transfer has also featured in recent 2. Cultural ties..Indian cinema is very famous in times. Both have co-developed missiles such as russia this helped a lot in developing friendly Brah-Mos and other submarines. relations. Many professionals and student go to In the field of Energy, India‘s OVL owns largest russia to study and work there. share of blocks in Russia. The Civil Nuclear 3.India needed security,finance for development Cooperation pact, signed in 2009, provided a new and in early decades after independence russia dimension for the nuclear energy transfer to helped a lot in these matter. India. 4.Us sanctions after pokhran but russia stood by Such cooperation points towards a strategic India‘s side and never let those sanctions affected relationship between the countries. But other our relation. dimensions which form a truly strategic 5.Military imports from russia makes us almost relationship , still remain weak between India and dependent on russia for our defence Russia. Most specifically, the economic trade, procurement. which stands at 11billion USD presently does not 6. Joint space program of both nations. Russia correspond to the expected engagement. The even provided cryogenic technology to India. people to people contacts and cultural exchanges 7. Economic Tie up.. Russia is India‘s one of the also remain low. largest trading partner. Hence, India and Russia need to work more 8. Russia‘s stand on Kashmir issue is pro India. closely in these areas, to become strategic So we can see all these factor combined together partners in true terms. Many steps in these over a long period of time has helped in develop directions are being tried by both countries, deep and effective relation between both the therefore implying a bright future for both nations countries

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Q-Write a note on the energy relationship between India and Russia. Q-Write a note on India-Russia defence

Indo-Russian relations have matured over a cooperation. (150 Words) period of time and now spans across diverse Answer) sectors , of which cooperation in energy is very vital from India‘s point of view. Russia‘s Russia is an evergreen friend of India in Defence cooperation in energy sector includes primarily cooperation. India-Russia defense cooperation is the nuclear and hydrocarbon sector. In the former spread to naval, airforce and army. comes the supply of nuclear reactors, ancillary systems and fuel. The recently completed 1st phase of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (1000 Both countries initiated their defence cooperation MWe) has been developed with Russia‘s from a simple buyer-seller. And gradually cooperation. Russia has supplied the VVER reached the stage of joint research and reactors of the plant and has agreed to supply the development, joint production and marketing of fuel for the plant for its entire operational life. defence technologies and systems. Negotiations are on between the two government Naval cooperation: to construct 6 more VVER nuclear reactors in 1.Russia has leased Akhula-II nuclear submarine different parts of the country. Nuclear power is and INS vikramaditya aircraft carrier . key for India to achieve inclusive growth by 2.Both hold biannual naval exercise-Indra. ensuring its energy security in turn leading to a high economic growth. Airforce related cooperation The other important sector where Russia hold 1.Both have several major joint programmes.such tremendous importance is the one of hydro- as carbons. ONGC Videsh Ltd. has recently acquired a)BrahMos cruise missile programme. stakes in two hydrocarbon fields in Russia b) 5th generation fighter jet programme. (Shakhlin-1 and Tomsk) by investing 5 billion c) Sukhoi Su-30MKI programme USDs. Secondly, there is a proposal of building a- d)Ilyushin/HAL tactical transport aircraft 30 billion USD- gas pipeline from Russia to India e) development of Smerch rocket system. via Xingiang province of China. Though the 2.Both countries jointly operate Farkhor air base project is ambitious in terms of its cost and size in Tajikistan. but if completed it would off-load a large 3.MiG are being upgraded. dependency of India on middle-east nations who 4. Tu-22M3 bombers are ordered from Russia and currently supply more than 65% of India‘s crude Mil Mi-17 helicopter are ordered from Russia. oil requirements. Besides these, several Russian companies are Army related cooperation involved in various power and hydrocarbon 1.India has taken T-90s Bhishma tanks from projects in India. For example, Gazprom is partnering with GAIL for producing natural gas Russia . in Bay of Bengal basin. In addition to above Russia is the only country Russia also considers this energy cooperation with which India has Inter-governmental vital as it gives it a primacy in Indian energy Commission on Military Technical market which is demonstrating a tremendous Cooperation.This is personally headed by growth potential. Also, it gets a chance to hedge Defence minister its risks it is facing in other markets, especially in eastern Europe which is presently undergoing a Q. Critically examine the nature of economic relationship between India and Russia. political turmoil.

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• Historically India had shared a strong Units 3 and 4 of the Kudankulam nuclear power relationship with Russia and later being of great plant project, India‘s weapons diversification support to India on various international forums policy needs to be addressed at earliest to bring during times of crisis. During recent years the the economic co-operation on a progressive track. ―Economic‖ component of Indo-Russian strategic partnership has grown in importance with a target set towards $20 billion by 2015 for bilateral India Russia have a special and privileged trade. strategic partnership which permeates the entire spectrum of economic activities. The Indo Russia • When compared with the trade volume strategic partnership was signed in 2000 to boost that we have with US or China the sheer volume the bilateral cooperation in different sectors. of trade with Russia remains very small and stood at $11 billion. The major Indian exports to Enhancing Trade and economic cooperation is the Russia are pharmaceuticals; tea, coffee and spices; key priority for India and Russia. Indo-Russian apparel and clothing; edible preparations; and Inter-Governmental Commission on Trade, engineering goods. Main Indian imports from Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Russia are iron and steel; fertilisers; non-ferrous Cooperation (IRIGC) has been setup to realize the metals; paper products; coal, coke & briquettes; full potential of the mutual cooperation. cereals; and rubber. Currently India-Russia trade has crossed US $ 10 • India is the second largest market for the bn mainly focused on Pharmaceuticals, iron Russian defence industry. ONGC-Videsh stakes &steel industry, fertilizers, Tea-coffee and coal in the Sakhalin-I oil and gas project in Russia, etc. But bilateral trade between India-US has Russia‘s offer of a stake in the Madagan 2 oil-field crossed US $ 100 bn. Russia being our old friend along with GAIL‘s LNG deal with Gazprom can and strategic partner, doesn‘t take it as good sign. just be the beginning of a more robust India- To improve the situation bilateral trade target Russia energy cooperation.. India needs to between India- Russia for 2015 has been set US $ diversify its energy imports due to turmoil in 20 bn. west-Asia and Russia‘s far eastern, Siberian, Arctic regions offers promise for its hydro-carbon India has huge investment in energy sector in needs. Indo-Russia Joint Investment Fund worth Russia. ONGC-Videsh acquired 20% stake in the US$ 2 billion facilitates FDA & promises more Sakhalin-I upstream oil and gas project in the cooperation. Russian Federation in 2001. Russia also collaborated in Kudankulam nuclear power • Construction of a pipeline from Russia to project in India. This will help to produce more India, and plans to look into the scope of the energy and will contribute to meet the demand of CECA (Comprehensive Economic Cooperation industries. Agreement) & FTA, India‘s expertise in Pharmaceuticals, IT and Russian investments in The Indo Russia Inter-governmental commission infrastructure, Telecommunications, energy, is the steering committee for the bilateral defence are some promising areas of further cooperation including the growth of the economic improvement in economic co-operation & ties.The commission has six working groups to investments. foster the economic cooperation. The Indo Russia Forum on trade and investment was started to • Irritants like Sistema, Russia‘s titanium promote the bilateral trade and investment Joint Venture in Orissa, Nuclear Liability Law on http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 85

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 opportunities. Joint study group was setup to 3-Maritime Security: India have around 7500 km identify ways to increase the trade and the of coastal areas and its EEZ extends in Arabian feasibility of the comprehensive economic sea. The sea route from Suez canal to strait of cooperation agreement. The north south transport malacca holds 45 % of oil trade. So maritime corridor agreement was ratified to reduce the cost security is necessary to secure proper oil supplies of the movement of the goods. to other Asian countries and to secure India‘s maritime resources and also to mitigate any India`s major exports to Russia comprise threat from. pharmaceuticals, tea,coffee, engineering goods. Its imports from Russia include 4- Terrorism: Terrorism is found new ground in Iron,steel,fertilizers and oil. The two countries destabilised middle east. It has become new hub have set a target for increasing the trade to 20 to all the terrorist organisations. And funding to billion dollar by 2015. India is building oil and these organisations is mostly from this region gas pipelines. only. Hence , it is necessary to have cordial relations with Govt. of this region for better India has expressed the need for including more intelligence which is necessary for India‘s policy valued added products in the trade baskets. of Zero tolerance towards terrorism. There is a need to tap the potential for cooperation in the telecom sectors and 5- Remittances: Remittances from middle east infrastructure. Russia would seek to foster its constitute major portion of remittances India Asian ties in the face of threat of trade sanctions receives. This is necessary for India‘s Forex from the west. India values Russian partnership reserve. in the world affairs and would seek to strengthen 6-Indian Diaspora: A healthy relations with it. middle east countries can help in mitigating the problems of Indian diaspora living in middle east. As middle east is hub for half of Indian diaspora. INDIA-MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA 7- Regional Affect: Recent Arab spring has regional influences, which affect the adjacent Q-Does India need a „Look Middle-East Policy‟? regions. Refugees are finding new homes. India Explain why being traditional granter of asylum can be Following are the reasons why India needs look affected by the influx of refugees from this region. middle east policy Also India‘s north-south corridor to have trade 1- Energy Issue: India is energy deficient country with Central Asia is likely to get affected as it and for its development oil and petroleum passes through Iran. primary requirement. India imports most of its oil from this region. Oil imports constitute 35% of Q-Critically examine the importance of stable India‘s import bill, so cordial relations with Middle East to Indian economy. In your middle east countries can help us in easing opinion, what India should do to insulate its India‘s fiscal deficit. economy from shocks emanating from the region? Comment. 2- Petro-dollar: India is also shifting from petro dollar to regional currencies, which will help in Middle east region is economically important for easing import from internationally sanctioned India for the following reasons: countries. This‘ll also help in rupee appreciation. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 86

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1.It is one of the largest Export destination for influence the world events by actively engaging India‘s jewels and jewellary, with the stakeholders. ,Handicraft items,Carpets etc.(14% of the total export goes to UAE). Q-Do you think India should be worried 2.Significant source of import of bulk of crude because of the Islamic State in Iraq and the petroleum(over 55% from this region) Levant‟s (ISIL) recent activities in Iraq? 3.Largest abode for Indian diaspora,especially Critically examine why? unskilled labour force.

Major source of Remittance and foreign exchange Terrorism has taken more sinister form after US- therefore. led ‗war against terror‘ which was mainly to fight 5.Bulk of our cargo passes throgh ‗Gulf of Al-Qaeda. Now ambitious splinter groups like Aden‘which is velnerable to piracy in case of ISIL have come up, which aim to set up Islamic unstability. state encompassing both Syria and Iraq. If they Its religious significance and religious tourism. succeed, they may even spread their tentacles in These factors will get affected in case of other parts of the world to establish Islamic states. instability. Further,it will lead to: Democratic countries like India, thus need to be

concerned about developments in Iraq, not just Civil war like situation affecting security of our from ‗global terror‘ perspective but also as own population residing there. Kashmir‘s ‗liberation‘ remains on Islamic Affect Trade and commodity flow,interruption in fundamentalists‘ radar. supply of crude oil and hurt our energy security.

Steps needed to insulate our Economy includes: As India and Iraq shared a deeply rooted Exploration of new regions for oil and pertoleum economical relationship, right from the very both domestic and foreign.e.g.Central asia (TAPI beginning of ancient time of Mesopotamia. In the project),myanmaar,vietnaam etc. modern time Iraq was on the biggest importer of Developing Renewable sources of energy India‘s crude oil. The crisis of Iraq can effect the reducing dependance on import from gulf availability of oil for India which ultimately led countries. towards the rise in oil prices. similarly India is For trade exploration of new market areas like also involve with Iraq in oil-for-food programme. Latin america. Which may be affected with the activities of Further India should strive for peace in the region militant group. through appropriate global platform like United More on the ISIL did not want to confine itself Nations to secure its interest. only to the Iraq. It want to establish caliph in

middle- east and rule the region on the divine

laws. This is the main concern for India. If the India would have to adopt both short term and organization succeeded in it a serious set back for long term measures to insulate its economy from India. As recently India started focusing in the any crisis in the middle east. In the former comes region in comprehensive manner. As middle -east striking a right balance in the import basket of is not only the biggest importer for India to meet various sources and increasing the share of it‘s crude oil requirements. The region is also one African countries like Nigeria and Cameroon in of the largest Export destination for India‘s jewels the net imports. In the later comes increasing and jewellary, productivities of domestic producer companies ,Handicraft items,Carpets etc. The region is also like ONGC, procuring oil blocks abroad (ONGC Largest abode for Indian diaspora,especially Videsh in Vietnam), discouraging wasteful usages unskilled labour force and ,major source of by gradually eliminating the subsidies, Remittance and foreign exchange for India. developing and popularizing non-conventional source of energy like solar power, wind, biomass India therefore needs to make a strong external based etc. Moreover, on a diplomatic level, since ring of security, beyond its immediate borders. India claims a permanent seat in UNSC, it should She should keep close watch on activities taking http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 87

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 place around such ring area so that timely Q- Write a note on the economic cooperation preparedness can thwart chances of groups like between India and Egypt. Do you think political ISIL advancing and attacking India. Though instability in Egypt has affected ties between international community may unite before such two countries? Substantiate. (200 Words) possibility, like now USA and Iran are willing to take military action to thwart the extremist Sunni Ans. India and Egypt are two of the world‘s group ISIL, still India as a leader in her region oldest civilizations. India share a long history of must be well-prepared to maintain national and trade contacts with Egypt, the later being India‘s regional security in South Asia. She must ensure most important trade partner in the African that no group of extremists can disturb peace of continent. South Asia, which instead needs to develop and lift millions out of poverty. 1. The India -Egypt Bilateral Trade Agreement has been in force since 1978 Q-Critically analyse India‟s interests in the West and is based on the MFN clause. Asian region. 2. Major exports to Egypt include West Asian region is very important for India and automobiles, cotton/synthetic yarn, its economic development. India‘s interests in the carbon electrodes and diesel fuel. region are as follows: 1) India‘s energy needs are highly dependent on 3. Import from Egypt include crude oil, the region as it imports 70 per cent of its oil LNG, raw cotton, rock phosphate, coke requirement. and semi-coke of coal. 2) Bulk of India‘s trade is carried out via the Suez Canal route . Maintaining stability in the region is 4. At present the trade between two of utmost importance to secure sea lines of countries stands at about $5.5 billion. communication. Despite the political instability in the 3) India‘s diaspora has a remarkable presence in the areas. Indians are serving in capacities of Egypt, both countries continues to doctors, engineers and other workers. Ensuring maintain harmonious relations with each their security is India‘s job. other. 4) These people send remittances to India and maintain its Current Account balance. 5. Former Egyptian President Mohamed Off late it has been found that India‘s engagement Morsi visited India in March,2013 and with the countries of West Asia has been signed several agreement including in the declining. Its diplomatic stance has been fading field of plastic, engineering, vocational and it has chosen to give up its own say to big powers piggy backing Russia‘s or China‘s stand training and financial services. at the UN. India‘s disinterest has been enhanced 6. After the change in Government in Egypt, by the growing conflicts in the region from Libya the relations continues to be normal. This to Syria to Iraq. There is a need to initiate dialogue with the Gulf can be gauged from the fact that the newly Cooperation Council. India should work towards appointed Foreign Minister of Egypt has ensuring social security for millions of its citizens chosen India as first destination for his working there with some under pathetic Asian visit. Talks are on between two conditions countries to take forward the discussion held during the visit of the Previous

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1. How to have a continuous & stable oil trade in the future irrespective of the changes in the Q-Write a critical note on India-UAE relations. Is there a mechanism between two countries to geopolitics. dealt with the issue of migrants‟ abuse in UAE ? 2. How to secure the trade lanes off the pirate Explain. (200 Words) attacks. Answer) 3. How to help Afghanistan in establishing a stable government so that a good trade UAE oil rich country of gulf attracts many environment is established. migrants of both skilled and labor due to its 4. How to see that Chabahar-Zaranj-Delaram economic attractiveness, stable polity and Highway is utilized by all i.e Afghanistan, India, infrastructure development. India and UAE Iran for regional trade and peace. has strongest relation as many Indian Diaspora are residing their and helping in their 5. How to pursue Pakistan to be part of the economic growth, local community, and trade regional peace and help in physical connectivity fields. of the region and Revival of Iran Pakistan India The kafala sponshership system enabled pipeline. companies to employ migrant workers. But Iran‘s Nuclear ambitions and its conflict with this kafala system was criticized has it is curbing human rights of migrant workers. west calls for India to take a carefully balanced Government tried to change laws including; stand considering its commitments to nuclear protection from company‘s blackmails and disarmament and Its own Nuclear programme assured wages to the workers. For the oil trade Iran and India are planning a But still India remained as supplier of cheap undersea oil pipe which will boost the trade. With labor. Even after changing laws many were regard to the IPI pipe line presently Iran has bused. This is because of poor enforcement, as withdrawn its loan to Pakistan, here India can it is expensive to provide security. problematic to policy makers to provide economic play as a negotiator. Secretary level meeting take opportunities to their own youth as kafala is place as in 2011 about combating global leading to unemployment among their youth. terrorism, energy security, North South Transport

Corridor. India and Iran have jointly developed Therefore India needs to protect Indian Diaspora infrastructural project for Afghanistan so that she in UAE through negotiations and signing has access to sea through chahabar port. agreements to avoid Indians becoming exploited and bonded labors. For this India should improve its description regarding Diaspora. Q-“The relationship between India and Iran has become transactional, rather than strategic.”

Comment. (200 Words) Q-What are the important regional issues of concern between India and Iran? How do both India-Iran relations span centuries marked by countries seeks to address these issues? meaningful interactions. The two countries Analyze. (200 Words) shared a border till 1947 and share several India and Iran have close physical proximity; they common features in their language, culture, have the crude sea lanes going off their coast. traditions and people-to-people links. they are trade & cultural partners from 1970‘s Independent India and Iran established onward. The important issue are as follows:– diplomatic links since from 1950. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 89

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Iranian port of Chabahar, located on the most Q. Why is it important for India to have a strong important international corridors – East-West, and friendly relationship with Iran? Critically analyse. North- South corridor, close to the mainline Answer- shipping routes connecting Asia and Europe. It can be considered one of the most strategic transit • India and Iran have historical and locations, is often referred to as the ‗Golden Gate‘ civilizational links. This helped the relation form to the landlocked Central Asian countries and becoming ―cold‖ at most of the time. India carries Afghanistan. Chabahar has immense potential to a lot of interests in the normalization of Iran‘s connect the business centres in South Asia relation whit western countries. This interest (Mumbai, Jamnagar, etc), the Middle East arises from the fact that Iran is politically, (Dubai), Central Asia (Turkmenistan) and economically important to India. Afghanistan (Milak). It is From India‘s point of • Politically Iran is a counter force to view, the port gives access to the oil and gas Pakistan‘s hegemonious activity. Iran will resources in Iran and to Central Asian Republics. provide India the land transit to Afghanistan & On regional connectivity, both sides agreed to central Asia. For this India has been work on a trilateral transit agreement involving ―Developing‖ the road link from Chabahar port Afghanistan to develop the Chabahar route to Kabul this will create a Pakistan-independent through Melak, Zaranj and Delaram. connectivity with Afghanistan. Inspite of the But nowadays India‘s ties with Iran has become importance the project has been delayed. transactional, rather than strategic — reduced to • Secondly India‘s energy needs can be the volume of oil India imports from Iran, or the fulfilled by the Iranian oil and gas. Presently permissibility of New Delhi‘s assistance in India imports a meager 4% of all oil from Iran. It building Iranian infrastructure. In spite of The is important for India to tap the Iranian oil. Geneva agreement signed between the P5+1 bloc Further, the gas pipelines of the future are very and Iran, U.N. sanctions will continue to remain important because the changing rural India‘s in effect. The agreement does not also permit an reference for a cleaner fuel. increase in crude oil sales: in fact, the interim deal offers hardly any room for constructive energy • This friendly relation has not been that diplomacy between both. assuring, India has decreased its oil purchase For India, Iran continues to remain important for from Iran due to the economic sanctions This has various reasons: energy security, for countering upset Iran and this vacuum has been taken over Pakistani Taliban in Afghanistan, for access to by China. Further India‘s warming relation with trade and transport connectivity with Central Iran has also upset Saudi Arabia and Israel. So we can conclude that it will be a tight rope walk for Asia. The Russia-India-China trilateral summit India to negotiate a balance relation with all recognised Iran‘s right to peaceful uses of nuclear countries of the middle east. energy under strict IAEA safeguards, also clearly indicates the position of Russia and China. So • The world community fearing that Iran U.S. should recognise this right to civilian nuclear was developing Nuclear weapons has imposed energy. India also adapt a stand by using this sanction in UN apart from unilateral sanctions opportunity, without sacrificing the strategic imposed by US and EU. Sanctions particularly interests with Iran due to Indo-US nuclear deal. imposed by US have been severe as it has barred

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Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 countries and institutions dealing with Iran from • 1. Cooperation in ensuring security from access to US financial System. piracy in the Persian Gulf for oil and other important Indian imports. • Under these circumstances India has continued to maintain Relation with Iran. For the • 2. Huge Indian diaspora has made Iran following reasons: their home. Many NRI populated regions in Iran who actively contribute to its economy. • a) Energy Security: Iran is a major exporter of oil to India and much of the refining • c) Both the nations have mutual fear of facilities in India are developed to process the rise of Sunni militancy (with concerns of spread grade of oil coming from Iran. Also the proposed of Wahabbist/ Deobandi movements fueled from IRAN PAKISTAN INDIA pipeline if Pakistan and disturbing Afghanistan‘s political implemented can satisfy India‘s need for natural stability along with increasing communal gas to some extent. tensions in India and Iran.)

• b) Link to central Asia: Iran can provide • India also seeks Iran support of Kashmir India Access to land locked central Asian issue. Iran on the other hand needs India‘s LNG countries which have plentiful minerals, oil and production capabilities to avoid crisis situation in natural gas and also to have influence in this advent of isolation from the US. region, as stability of this region is vital for India‘s • Cooperation on regional security issues- growth. There are huge political uncertainties particularly • c) Chabahar port: India has developed in Afghanistan, Syria and some of the West Asian chabahar port in Iran which would by rail be countries. Without Iran‘s inclusion durable connected to countries in Russia lead customs regional security architecture will not be union. Also India is developing a road from sustainable. chabahar port which connects to road network of • Enhancing cultural and people-to-people Afghanistan thus allowing India access to contact- A growing number of Iranian students Afghanistan to counter Pakistan‘s plans of in India will be beneficial from good relation destabilising India through Taliban. between two countries.

• Chabahar port is also close to the Gwadar Q-Critically evaluate the strategic significance port developed by china in pak thus allowing of the Indo – Israeli relationship. India to counter China‘s string of pearls strategy to encircle India. Even after a delayed establishment of diplomatic relationship between Israel and India (in 1992) • d)Pakistan perspective: Iran being a both countries have showed tremendous interest neighbour of Pakistan would serve well for India in making the relationship strong. There are three if it has friendly relations with India. dimensions to Indo-Israel relationship-economic, defense and people-to-people contact. • Apart from these India needs to continue its relations with Iran as India has always India is Israel‘s 10th largest trading partner and maintained in its foreign policy that it would only the scale of trade has reached to a value of $5 respect UN sanctions and not multilateral billion annually. With a Free Trade Agreement in pipeline this value is expected to double in sanctions. Therefore, with India already adhering coming years. India can seek Israel‘s cooperation to UN sanctions it can ignore unilateral sanction in areas like agriculture, nano-technology, which requires countries to sever ties with Iran. infrastructure development, space technology http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 91

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 and rural development. Israel can also be a Joint industrial research is augmented through potential source of FDI and Indian market and various Memorandums of Understandings & consumers can benefit from Israeli entrepreneurs funds like In agriculture, more than 10 centers of willing to establish businesses here. excellence are established for mutual cooperation. Defense has seen some high level technological In the defense sector, India already procures a exchanges between India & Israel. significant proportion of its total defuse Both countries have more or less similar purchases from Israel. Israel has also provided challenges & similar resources to address them. with various state-of-the art defense equipment Thus India sees Israel as its natural ally. R&D in like advanced early warning systems, pilotless Industrial technologies, Human Resource aircrafts, sub-surface delivery of nuclear weapons Development, Agricultural & dairy sector may etc. But India is yet to seek required support from get a boost through Israel‘s assistance. Israel in the field of co-production of defense India‘s IT professionals, caretakers & unskilled equipment. Moreover, since Israel is also having labours can stimulate economic growth of Israel, interests in Indian Ocean Region it is while sending remittances at home. Israel‘s recommended by defense experts that both the expertise in defence technologies may earn it countries should do joint naval exercises in this money while strengthening India‘s defence region in order to bolster their military ties. capabilities. Some bottlenecks like Free trade Agreement, Both India and Israel have been a destination for trade imbalance & low foreign investment may be tourism for the people of either country. sorted out by discussions. Then these close allies But there are certain thorns in the relations as may be elevated to evergreen & strategic partners well. First is India‘s stand on the issue of Palestine for mutual benefits. and the claim of Israel on the city of Jerusalem. Again, Israel‘s traditional adversary Iran is Both are nuclear capable states, surrounded by India‘s one of the largest crude oil supplier. India hostile neighbours & suffering from the pangs of should tread in a balanced way to ensure that its terrorism. cordial relations with either of these countries is Being adversarial initially, India-Israel not jeopardized at the expense of the other. relationship took a u-turn after the Soviet- Israel has arid type of climate and faces scarcity of collapse. Today, their bilateral relation transcends water. It has significantly developed water political, strategic, economic, scientific and conservation techniques and reprocessing of technological dimensions. Bilateral merchandise trade has crossed USD 5- saline water and achieved hallmark in dryland billion mark, investments have swelled, & both farming. Further, it is helping India in fruits and are in the process of signing a FTA. Co-operation vegetable production and processing techniques, in education has paved way for faculty exchange considering its own progress & joint academic research. More importantly, India enjoys technology- Q--Comment on the nature of relationship transfer in critical sectors (like defence, space & between India and Israel. Do you think Israel nuclear) from Israel. In fact, the deal for joint can be India‟s natural ally? Examine. development of Barak-II missile by the two nations is an epitome of defence cooperation. Foreign relations of India with Israel are peaceful Also, India has benefitted from Israel‘s technical & thriving. Exchange of Embassies in 1992 expertise in irrigation, agriculture management & provided firm base to our diplomatic endeavors. mechanization. Israeli technical assistance & its Bilateral trade between both countries was own IT-supremacy provides India a golden approximately $4.5 billion in 2012. But foreign opportunity to rejuvenate its manufacturing investment from Israel to India was low. sector. Negotiations on Free Trade Agreements are going Israel, in-turn views India as a potential ally in on. South Asia, and a huge untapped market, http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 92

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 particularly for sophisticated weapons & military expanded enormously; economically, politically equipment. and militarily. India has emerged as the largest Thus, widening of such a mutually beneficial market for Israel‘s military exports. relationship in the wake of similar geo-political India and Israel can cooperate deeply in many situation & complementary capabilities can make areas such as combating terrorism, economic Israel a natural ally to India. Together they can development and military strength. Military and counter terrorism to maintain regional harmony, strategic ties between the two nations extend to & also strive for a secured cyber-space. joint military training and space technology. India is the largest customer of Israeli military Q---In your opinion what are the common areas equipment and Israel is the second-largest upon which India and Israel can take their military partner of India after Russia. Israel has relationship to the next level? Critically promised to not supply Arms to Pakistan in any examine. condition because arms trafficking may lead to strengthen the non-state actors in Pakistan, who

are threats to India‘s security. Indo-Israel relationship has been growing leaps The two nations are negotiating an extensive and bounds mainly because of trade in arms since bilateral free trade pact (FTA), focusing on five 1991. However, we need to diversify trade and priority areas for enhanced collaboration: other engagement, so that we can move our nanotechnology, biotechnology, water relationship to next level. Some areas of management, alternative energy, and space and engagement can be: aeronautics. Jews have strong agricultural 1. Space: It is difficult for Israel to launch satellite technology, which may benefit India to a large from its own soil due to its geography and other extent in another Green Revolution. geopolitical reason. India can pitch in to launch India and Israel also have taken opposition to Israel‘s satellite at an affordable cost. It can be an Iranian nuclear activities together. Along with area, where both the countries can help out each economic and military cooperation, there is need other. to build strong people to people contacts which 2. Agriculture: Though, we are already using can be promoted by cultural tourism. expertise of Israel like drip irrigation, but we While strong ties with Israel will be a major part need to move forward and collaborate in the field of India‘s ‗Look West policy‘, they both need to of biotechnology. It will increase the yield of work together for the support to Palestine cause Indian agriculture. also. India will have to balance its Israel policy 3. Cyber space: India do have the expertise in the along with its domestic policy. field of IT, it should collaborate with Israel to increase the expertise in Cyber security. Thus, various areas are needed to be explored for INDIA-SOUTH EAST ASIA moving Indo-Israel relationship to a next level. Q--Critically comment on recent political crisis

in Thailand. Examine what role can India play Before 1992, the Indian pro- Arab position to resolve this crisis in Thailand. hindered understanding, appreciating and supporting Jewish longing for a homeland. With The Thailand Crisis has multiple causes, however India‘s inclusion into United Nations Special it is most strongly an internal political crisis, due Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) where India to weak democratic values. presented the federal plan while the majority advocated partition as the solution, India‘s The Background : position towards Israel became official. Although India voted against the partition plan The Red Shirts party of Shingluck, has been asked along with the Arab countries, once Israel became to step down by the Constitutional Court of a reality, India had to come to terms with it. With Thailand due to abuse of power. In reality, it is a the changed circumstances, India-Israel relations move activated by the Yellow Shirts ( who represent the industrialists and the elite ) who see http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 93

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 their interests being severely constrained in the into the ASEAN region. With India‘s ‗Look East rule of the pro – poor Red Shirts.Truth is that Policy‘ being complimented by Thailand‘s ‗Look even the Red Shirts are at fault, as they have tried West Policy‘. India can help the Thai people to to give amnesty to people accused of crimes and reestablish democracy peacefully by forming an corruption. opinion involving the ASEAN members.

The Monarch , who is the symbolic head has so far not taken any sides. Q-It is arguably better to be Hindu in Indonesia, than Muslim in India.” Do you agree with the The military continues to play a strong role in a view? Critically comment. (200 Words) weak democracy, No side wanted to The view that ‗‘ It is arguably better to be Hindu compromise, and this meant a civil war threat. in Indonesia, than Muslim in India‘‘ is not

misplaced view, which is promoted irrationally. India‟s interests : There are certain objective factors which certify Thailand is pivot to India‘s look east policy. It has this view. The uniformly tolerant character of helped India‟s entry into the ASEAN, and we Island country, its clean history in regards to have had a good relationship irrespective of the communal strife‘s, the commendable status and party in power. conditions of Hindus and peaceful co-existence of

Hindus along with Muslims are certain imprints India also has significant investment in Thailand and recently an Early Harvest Agreement was depicting the better Hindu in Indonesia than a signed to increase trade and commerce. Muslim in India.

There is no immediate threat to our economic Hindus in Indonesia are a minority, but there interests, as was observed in the previous coup extreme good condition in respect to economic, before 2006. However, India would like to have a social , educational and political circles are the strong democratic government, which will be testament of Indonesia‘s more conducive helpful in meaningful engagement between the environment towards religious tolerance. The Bali two governments. It would also be needed to island, comprising 90% Hindus, has only 2 % have a stable and secure Asian environment. We people illiterate and much less below the poverty should wait and watch as the situation unfolds. line. Even many people, convert to Hinduism owing to the freedom of conscience. This practice It has experienced a socio-economic change over is rarely seen for Muslims in India. past 4-5 decades. Many of the Thailand‘s original peasantry who were largely disenfranchised, But there are certain historical facts, giving dislocated from the national mainstream have Indonesia the edge, such as , The arrival of started to become more involved and integrated Muslims in Indonesia were neither bloody when into national life. corruption and double they entered it nor Indonesia experienced a tragic standards of the government. partition, which India had to face. India‘s Hindu passing the Amnesty bill, populist policies, violation of fundamental rights majority had to exist in a Muslim rule , which was There are deep and adverse Economic not the case with Indonesia. Hence, it is not implications on Thailand and between its misplaced that conditions of Hindus in Indonesia neighbors. India‘s relations with Thailand are is better than that of Indian Muslims, but there very good and this unrest is not going to affect are certain reasons for this, else our constitution India-Thai relations, but will delay the various or our forefathers also envisaged the same to be economic projects like the trilateral highway project between India, Myanmar and Thailand. present in India also. Thailand can prove to be India‘s natural gateway http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 94

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2

same is challenged by ongoing territorial disputes among some of the ASEAN nations and China in Question - Explain the significance of having a strong maritime cooperation with South East the South China Sea. Asian countries by India. (200 Words) China‘s growing asseriveness with it claiming Answer - Maritime cooperation with south East Asian nation is integral part of India‘s look east entire SCS, important trade route and a major Sea policy.With Economic and Geo political center Lane of Communication (SLOC), in a U shaped shifting from west to east,the need to engage can‘t line as its territory. has also necessiated India to be overstated. intervene. Beijing‘s claims go well into the Significance of such engagement can be analysed Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the other under broad headings: Economical :Safe sea route are must for trade disputing nations. within the region as Indian ocean with mallaca New Delhi‘s presence in the area is not a strategy strait provides SLOC which in a way is gate way to thriving economies of ASEAN. to counter China but rather a necessity to Energy security : most of oil trade from Persian safeguard its own interests from an increasingly gulf is through Indian ocean ,thus making it more assertive Beijing. China even protests India‘s oil important to future energy security. exploration with Vietnam in Block 128 despite the Peace: linked to trade is piracy problem ,armed block falling within Vietnam‘s EEZ. Therefore, to robbery,poaching,illegal drug problem etc as all these anti social activities are threat to national ensure economic interest in exploring and regional stability which can be tackled only hydrocarbon resources in the area with ONGC by collaborative manner Videsh Ltd. (OVL) operating in two oil blocks in Strategic : Assertive china and growing maritime Vietnam, the naval cooperations has gained much disputes with almost all ASEAN nation in south significance, china sea demands India‘s greater role not as opportunist but more as mediator for peace Freedom of navigation, keeping open sea lines of under UNCLOS. communication (SLOCs) and cooperation in areas Ecological angle:Tropical oceans around India such as anti-piracy, disaster relief and rescue, and south east asia are home to rich maritime biodiversity(coral reefs ) and unfortunately combating International terrorism, organised highly vulnerable which is serious threat to crimes and Illicit Drug Trafficking are other livelihood for most of the littoral states. regional issues which highlights the importance Alfred Mahan concept of Powerful navy and of strong maritime cooperation with South East control of sea to acquire super power is not Asian countries by India. completely rejected but should be modified to cooperation,mutual benefit and inclusive in current multipolar world.India govt action like ―Milan‖ IONS are welcome step is this direction. Q- Analyze the factors that make the Northeast India as the gateway to Southeast Asia. Asses Or this is also good, how far this region has been tapped as gateway India‘s maritime cooperation with the ASEAN to South East Asia by the government of nations date back to the early 1990′s.and is is an India. (200 Words) important dimension of the ―Look East Policy‖. Answer)

While there are several importance of - Geostrategic location=proximity between the two regions. maintaining deeper naval ties with the south-east - Shared cultural and historical roots Asian countries, the first and foremost is to Steps Taken :- establish regional peace and tranquillity as the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 95

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--India has been actively engaging with -First, the primary focus should be on the region‘s ASEAN through the India-ASEAN Free Trade economic development. Prioritising a few projects Agreement signed in 2009 and bilateral free in the northeast is not enough — the central trade agreements. government should also boost the local economy of these states by encouraging industrial growth --Connectivity through the Northeastern and creating a strong service sector by promoting states became a priority for India‘s foreign tourism in the region. policy in 2003, providing a new dimension to the Look East Policy (LEP). -Second, the government should focus on developing its soft power regionally. For --High priority is given to infrastructure example, there should be greater investment in development in the Five Year Plans, in form sports and sports infrastructure, and the Indian of nearly 50 per cent of its plan outlaying on government should consider establishing sports this sector. tournaments between the north-eastern states and --The connectivity within the NE is extremely Myanmar, and at some stage even other countries poor. The presence of national highway is in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam and quite negligible in most of the NE. The Centre Thailand. This would enhance people-to-people has envisaged connecting the NE state contact and has the potential to increase the capitals to the EW highway through the Seven influence and spread of India‘s soft power. Sister‘s Corridor project. This will link the -Third, the central government should consider capitals of the seven states and the border the views of state governments in the region in points of Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. both economic and foreign policy issues. Many Thai companies have shown interest in This is particularly important in the context of investing in this project. From the EW trade with Myanmar and Bangladesh, as well as Corridor, the road will extend to the Golden infrastructure projects where any of the states of Jubliee Rail link border point which will the northeast is involved. further connect Assam (Kokrajhar) with Bhutan. This road will extend through A successful Look East policy will only be Akhaura in Tripura to Ashuganj Port border possible if New Delhi invests not just point with Bangladesh. It will also link up economically but also politically in India‘s north- with the existing Moreh-Myanmar-Friendship road and two other border points: first, eastern region Zowkhathar in Mizoram and second,

Avakhung in Nagaland which again will Q-What are the important areas of cooperation extend to Myanmar. between India and Indonesia? Examine the --Connecting NE with Trans-Asian railways recent developments in these areas of (TAR), the government this year ratified an cooperation. (250 Words) intergovernmental agreement on constructing

and upgrading a rail network connecting India with China in the east and Europe in the India and Indonesia, apart from maritime west. As part of this, there are plans to neighbours, are similar in many aspects and there construct a 350 km rail track from Jiribam in is much scope of mutual assistance in wide areas. Assam to Moreh in Manipur and further on to The list starts from Maritime Security and Myanmar. Defence to Economy, Tourism and Counter- --Other projects such as the Kaladan Multi- Terrorism. Though joint exercises and monitoring Modal Transit Transport Project, which seeks has started from 2010, there is much scope and to connect Kolkata with Sittwe port in reason to expand the relation. Myanmar by sea Both the countries are among world‘s largest Suggestion: democracy , largest Muslim populations and similar in terms of diversity, culture and http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 96

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 problems like maintaining balance between social attempted hegemony justice and economic growth , communal 4. The fact that Singapore imports all essential harmony, counter-terrorism, political items and India is the only reckonable naval decentralisation etc. Indonesia has fared much power in Indian Ocean. better in dealing with these problems and India needs to take some insights from its neighbour. The nature of relation-ship: On the Economic front, bilateral trade has grown, 1. Strategic: Singapore is by default on Indian owing to large imports of Palm Oil and Coal by side(point 4 above). India will find Singapore‘s India. Large Indian Diaspora in Indonesian cooperation helpful, if it needs to block Malacca economy has been added by some recent strait in future. investments from Indian businesses like Tata, 2. Economic: The BoP is positive in favour of India, steel tycoons etc. Both countries should move thanks to our exports and expatriate remittance. towards more intensive links through agreements 3. Cultural: Indian is second largest ethnicity there. like CECA. Many ethnic-Indians in political leadership. Defence ties have grown strong recently. Long 4. Political: Being a democracy, it has more affinity awaited and much needed cooperation in the to India. field of Naval exercises, Maritime security, 5. Irritants: counter-terrorism( Indonesian Institutes are (i) Though not a tax-haven, Singapore doesn‘t look among top regional training institutes) etc. at the source of FDI money flowing in, and is very Similarly , in energy security, owing to large coal secretive about ownership details of companies. imports and as a tactical partner in countering This has made it a hub in money-laundering. China in South China sea, Indonesia can harness (ii) Singapore sometimes plays the ―China Card‖. joint approach with India. Apart from all these bilateral concerns, Indonesia Indian Contributions: has been a supporter of India‘s engagement with 1. India is the major source of import for daily other South East Asian countries through forums essentials. like ASEAN. Both are members of G-20 and EAS, 2. Indian expats are a major source of skilled hence, such common entities and areas , labour. substantiate the areas of cooperation between 3. Indian friendliness is instills a sense of security, India and Indonesia and the recent developments for the political leadership, business houses and have added lubrication to the swift turnover in the people in general. ties

Q-Write a note on security ties between India Q-Examine the nature of bilateral relationship and Vietnam between India and Singapore. Explain India‟s contribution in Singapore‟s growth. India- Vietnam security ties are very important in India-Singapore relations have always been the new millennium due to changing dynamics of friendly. Because: Geopolitics in Asia-Pacific region. India should 1. A large proportion of ethnic Indians and Indian closely co-operate with Vietnam and South East expatriates Asian countries for maintaining peace in the 2. Business ties especially Food articles from India. region as in time uncertain dynamic US-China 3. India‘s ―arms length‖ policy of not trying to relationship and aggressiveness of china with its overwhelm Singapore, in sharp contrast to China‘s neighbors. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 97

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India-Vietnam started actively developing their defence ties when china objected to Vietnam

inviting India to explore oil in Phu kanh basin in south china sea. India agreed to partner in areas of INDIA-EAST ASIA submarine and fighter aircraft training and transfer of medium-sized warships . India – Q-Compare and contrast India‟s relationship Vietnam should also consider co-maintenance ,co- with North Korea and South Korea. (200 words) development, co-production of defence equipment. India is also willing to offer credit line Both North and South Korea form an Important to Vietnam for purchasing defence equipment part of India‘s ―Look East Policy‖. The relationship between India and South Korea from India. On its part Vietnam signed G-4 graft is rapidly progressing in recent years. South resolution on reforms of UNSC and supported Korean companies like LG, Samsung and India‘s candidature in expanded UNSC Hyundai are dominating India‘s consumer market. In turn, they bring much needed Q-Analyze India‟s defence and security technology transfer and employment. relationship with Vietnam. (150 Words) Answer) POSCO steel plant in Orissa has been dubbed as largest Foreign Direct Investment project in India. Also, recently there are talks of South Korean Vietnam is important regional partner in South power company setting up a Nuclear power park East Asia. India and Vietnam celebrated 2012 in India. as the year of the friendship between two nations,Because 2012 marked as a 40th The bilateral trade between both the countries is anniversary of the establishments of full increasing with signing of a Comprehensive diplomatic relations between India and Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA). Also, Vietnam,20th anniversary between India and both countries are jointly working towards ASEAN countries. India granting strategic maritime security, increasing defense ties, partnership with this country in 2007. technological advancement and human resource The formal structure of India and Vietnam development. defense relationship is based on the protocolon defense cooperation signed by India i In sharp contrast, India‘s relation with North 2000.India offered $100 millions credit to this Korea are focused only humanitarian aid & country to purchase four patrol boats.Both human resource development assistance given by enjoyed long strategic ties that include India. Also, there are some. Cultural, Sports and cooperation in civil nuclear reactors and Educational exchanges between two countries. military slots for Vietnamese officers and frequent exchanges of visits. India- North Korea relations have been strained due to its Nuclear missile development program. Both countries established joint naval and However, India by and large views this issue only coast guard exercises and training of pilots by bilaterally and not as a threat to regional or global Indian Air Force.India has been providing security. critical spares and ancillaries to vietnamese ships, submarines and aircraft.Servicing and Also, North Korea‘s proximity to China and its maintenance of military equipment. dictatorial rule are other reasons for limitations For India‘s east looking policy Vietnam is very between two countries. important country. It is also plays crucial role in ASEAN summit and ASEM and East Asia Hence, India-South Korea ties are expanding into summit.Vietnam gave a support for multidimensional, comprehensive and long term permanent member in UNSC. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 98

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 partnership. While India- North Korea relations Q-Should India be more assertive in the South are stagnant from past few years. China Sea region? Substantiate. (200 Words) Our history has a clear lesson,assertion and Q-Examine the implications of deeper strategic antagonizing neighbour can never be ties between India and Korea in the Asia-Pacific constructive.Rising status of Asian giants (India- region. (200 Words) china) will obviously lead to direct/indirect If we see the geographical position of India and confrontation this calls for pragmatic approach. South Korea, then one thing is nearly similar that India has a big role to play in the sea lane of South China sea has gained importance because commerce going from Atlantic to pacific through for growing trade(ASEAN) potential energy the Malacca strait and reverse flow. Same can be said about the trade lanes of East China Sea resources,strategic importance and assertive where South Korea has very close proximity. At foreign policy of China,all this has led to this point China which is emerging a major maritime clashes with among littoral states of this financial and military power has been sea.India which is seen as benign power unlike aggressively been trying to control these trade China can play a major role in restoring peace. routes through establishing territorial rights over disputed islands in china sea and encircling the But few factors like lesser Military India through the strings of pearls. So both capability,already border dispute in countries are on the same plane regarding the Arunachal,Aksaichin,huge trade dependence are emerging dominance of china in the Asia-Pacific enough to reshape our policy in south china sea.It region. should not be assertive in nature but at the same Besides china being a nuclear armed state with a time,this should not be mistaken as weak nation history of nuclear proliferating history with so New Delhi has to send clear,strong massage to regards to North Korea and Pakistan. India and Beijing in compliance with UNCLOS. India as a South Korea are equally endangered by this. potential UNSC permanent member should In the field of trade India has a mammoth trade project and protect sovereign rights on small deficit with china but when this is compared to nations in the region. South Korea it is a very small amount. Besides china‘s investment in Indian infrastructure has Platforms like ASEAN,SCO,EAS G20,BRICS are been small, so this resulting in India losing in better place for India to present its view and totality. But in the case of South Korea they are should act as a mediator on maritime disputes highly interested in invested as they have done in this will help to obtain long term solution,as in the past for e.g. POSCO, Hyundai, and Samsung. So this relation is important. the words of India prime minister ―world is big enough for both (india/china) to grow together‖ There are also plans of setting up a Korean any wrong move can jeopardize International Industrial Park in India. With POSCO already Peace. given nod to go ahead with their proposed plant in Odisha, the trade ties between both countries Q-“India and Japan share the goal of total looks to grow stronger. India also took a elimination of nuclear weapons.” Looking at the progressive step by proposing ―visa on arrival ‖ nuclear policies of both the governments, in for Koreans to India. your opinion, do you think both countries have come closer to this goal? Comment. (200 Words)

1. After Pokhran-II nuclear tests in May 1998, Japan condemned India and participated in the international sanctions http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 99

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regime against it along with the United Historically Japan has never allied with India‘s States and several other countries adversaries, neither did it conspire against it. The 2. Japan do not possess nuclear weapons, trade between both countries were stalled due to and use nuclear energy for peaceful India‘s reluctance in opening market. Japan can‘t purposes. It has a well developed atomic be blamed to pursue self interest. Mutual benefit power sector that cater to the domestic and equal share in cooperation has fueled Indo- uses of Japan. The Japanese technology is Japan relations, though it can not be denied that used by nuclear reactors worldwide. china was not playing in their minds. 3. Japan never tried to use nuclear energy for

destructive purposes and opposed the same. Although India possess nuclear weapons, they are mainly due to geo-strategic Q-What implications does China‟s Air Defence complications. They are for defensive Identification Zone (ADIZ) have on India? purposes and India always had a no-first Comment. (200 Words) use policy regarding the use of nuclear 1. China‘s air defence identification zone weapons (ADIZ) in the East China Sea has raised protests from several neighbouring Q - “China is the unwitting cupid that has countries such as Japan, South Korea and brought about the India-Japan honeymoon.” Do Taiwan. China‘s move has significant you agree with the statement? Comment. (200 foreign policy implications for India. Words) Answer - The recent geo-political phenomena in 2. China‘s unilateral action in establishing an east of the globe draws very interesting and ADIZ in a territory where sovereignty is intriguing political and diplomatic equations. disputed – as Japan also claims Simplistic in the outlook, but quite coincidental in sovereignty over Senkaku/Diayou islands the change of events. India, China and Japan are – indicates that China is following an amidst a triangular war of cooperations and aggressive and confrontationist policy negotiations, all on the grounds of development with respect to territorial disputes. and growth. 3. This is evident from the fact that in an China, as an international player, has always been ADIZ, the country establishing such ADIZ an hostile and aggressive negotiator and only has the right to observe commercial neighbour. It claims territory from west of India or militant aircraft flying towards its to east of Vietnam and most of the China sea. The mainland and requires such aircraft to file confrontation over Senakaku-Diyaoyu islands is its flight plans before hand. However, quite similar to China‘s stand on Arunachal China has threatened that it would be Pradesh. forced to take immediate defensive measures in respect of the aircraft that fail In such scenario, the theory of common enemy making two countries natural allies does not seem to file their flight plans with Chinese misplaced. Recent bilateral diplomatic visits from authorities. both sides gives a testimony to the fact. But India has land disputes and boundary disputes crediting China for increased intimacy between with China not only in the Ladakh region but also India and Japap holds some merit, not all. in the Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim region. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 100

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Recently, China refused to grant visas to two in developing a strong manufacturing sector archers from Arunachal Pradesh who wanted to in India too. fly to Beijing for a world championship and only 3. Both countries have ‗Comprehensive granted them stapled visas. Economic Partnership Agreement‘ in place Earlier in 2013, Chinese troops crossed into the but potential remains largely unutilised. Indian territory in the Daulat Old Begi sector and There are plans to enter in a Nuclear treaty started construction activity. These incidents for Civil Usage, but there have been no show that China has followed aggressive progress given Japan‘s introspection on the postures even with respect to its border disputes nuclear energy after Fukushima Disaster . with India. India and China signed a Border Further Japan offered its Amphibian planes Dispute Agreement (BDA) earlier in the year. exclusively to India, but India remains However, the BDA only preserves the status quo undecided with respect to border disputes and it cannot be Japan is already investing heavily in improving ruled out that China may establish an ADIZ infrastructure facilities in India, the example of around the Ladakh region or the Arunachal which is evident in Dedicated Western Freight Pradesh area. Corridor and Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor along with the Bangalore Metro. All these facts suggest that there is a lot more Q-“The healthy state of India-Japan relations is best seen in its own terms rather than as a result common in India and Japan other than their of a shared wariness of China.” Do you agree shared wariness of China and both are really with the statement? Justify. (200 Words) embracing each other for their common good. Ans.

1. India and Japan share historical ties with each Q- Do you think India and Japan are Asia‟s other. Both the countries share a similar natural-born allies? Critically analyze the culture, with Buddhism having its roots in the evolving relationship between India and Japan Indian Subcontinent. Both the countries are in trade and strategic affairs. (250 Words) peace loving and have contributed Answer) significantly in promoting the world peace. Japan and India are Asia‘s natural-born allies. This makes them natural friends. Any relationship is natural when it makes each actor more complete with that relationship than 2. On economic terms, both the countries are without it. When actors posses complementary ideal partners. While Japan both has capital ―jaws of needs‖ which fit into each other, then and technology but an aging population, such interaction can have the potential to be called natural. Just as a woman and a man India has a young and dynamic population relationship. and a huge domestic market. Already So the one way to justify would be to bring out Japanese companies such as Honda, Toyota & those complementary jaws : Suzuki have made significant investments in India and established India as an export hub 1. Historio-cultural Jaws – Japan needed a religious superstar and a civilizational leader, for their cars. Also Japan has a highly Siddhartha Gautam of India just did that and developed manufacturing sector and can help Japanese people embraced him with their religious arms wide open since almost 6th http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 101

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 century A.D. The recent phenomena of higher volume of trade with China that India has Bollywood films in particular getting popular in with China. It is only carefully navigating one‘s Japan should be seen as an another teeth in this way through a web of what some call ―complex Jaw. interdependence‖ we can assert our interests more pragmatically. 2. Economic and Trade Jaws – India‘s young population as an ongoing demographic dividend None the less, the euphoria of Japan‘s India and Japan‘s old-age population woes fits with moment is captured by the high hopes on both each other perfectly well. Another is the capital sides of the functional liberal-democracies of deficient and tech-hungry India and staring Asia. And in one utterance of Japanese Prime toward a safe-investment-sites seeking and tech- Minister Shinzo Abe, as in, ―India-Japan ties can rich Japan. India‘s needs of $1 trillion for putting solid infrastructure in next 5 years, and Japan‘s outpace any other relationships Japan had, even successful furnishing of DMIC is one example of the US-Japan ties‖. the later Jaw. Q-Is it in India‟s interest to forge deeper 3. Security, Geopolitical and Geo-strategic Jaws – relationship with Japan and Korea to counter The assertive behavior of China in almost all of China? Critically comment. (200 Words) it‘s ―periphery‖, be it ESC or SCC or Himalayan border with India is making the peripheries worried about what a next-superpower China is Not to counter but develop complimentary going to do with it‘s power. Going to bully her relationship….. neighbors or gonna be a pain in the ass for them ? Only Japan and India are major-powers in this Robust engagement with Japan and South Korea is periphery of rising and increasingly assertive in line with the ‗extended neighbourhood‘ strategy China. Aligning with each other to check China of India‘s Look East Policy. Even though, may not be such a hard-to-dawn idea on both the Japanese as well as Indian strategic managers. countering China is not an explicit objective, it Another of a fitting-jaw. Not to mention the comes as an implicit advantage of fostering these similar convergence in the region of Indian relationships. Ocean, wait, India‘s Ocean. All in all this ―engagement‖ may turn into a Rising power of China and its assertiveness in happy, secure and prosperous marriage. Asia Pacific region is looked upon with suspicion But one major problem in this another of the by the world. India and Japan along with US can defining engagement (the other being with the play a major role in rebalancing the skewed power US) is the domestic affairs and developments in relations in the region. It is due to this fact that India. If India does not prepare the ground well China views these developments with caution. for her guests in terms of having a transparent While it is important for India to check the administration, investment-friendly climate and expansionist tendency of China, engaging with secure homeland than it may not bear much fruits. Japanese or for that matter any of that other countries only with a view to counter China other natural-allies of India are not coming to is not the right approach. It is in india‘s interest to India to rescue her from her material-woes, but acknowledge and benefit from China‘s with their own national interests. International advancements in economic front rather than politics has always been a business based on the perceiving China only as a threat. principle of ―quid pro quo‖, and this must always Deeper relations with Japan and South Korea be kept in mind before shouting the chants of would certainly act as a deterrant in the possible ―strategic partnerships or natural allies‖. For example we also like to call Israel our natural ally, rise of a 1962 war like situation. But it is important but same Israel sells high-tech defense products to limit engagements to economic and strategic to China as well. The same Japan has 4-5 time partnerships and not extend it to East China sea http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 102

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disputes. Balancing deeper engagements with the countries. Thus it can be expected that the Japan and Korea in such a way not to endanger bond between both the nations will only move in India‘s relation with China is the need of the hour. an upward trajectory in time to come.

Q-Critically analyse the nature of bilateral Q-Write a note on the defense cooperation relationship between India and Japan. between India and japan. Do you think it is in India‘s relation with Japan took off only after the India‟s interest to forge stronger strategic ties economic liberalization of India in 1991 and end of with Japan? Comment. (200 Words) the cold war. From then the relationship is moving in a forward direction, and has exceptionally The Indo-Japanese Military exercise this year has improved after the election of Abe. A perceived been marked as a high point of defense exchanges aggression of China, and steps taken by Japan to this year, as it is designated by both the countries amend its pacifist constitution has given further as a year of friendship and cooperation. India and impetus to the relationship. japan has been touted as natural allies as many of Economically Japan‘s contribution in India‘s their strategic interests are common. Indo- economy can be summed up as follows: Japanese security accord of 2008 stands as a 1. Official development aid testimony of the amount of trust shared. Notable, 2. Japan is helping India in building Delhi Mumbai after relaxing arms export norm of 1967, Japan has Industrial Corridor always been liberal in selling defense technologies 3. FDI inflows from Japan via companies like to India. Maruti, Honda etc. Yes, it is in India‘s interest to forge stronger 4. Further an aging population of Japan, and the strategic ties with Japan. Notable issues bolstering present demographic dividend of India presents this notion are: an opportunity for Indians to work in Japan. - India‘s need for supremacy in Indian Ocean 5. Japan‘s investment in reviving the Nalanda Region to protect its economic interest university. - India‘s presence in Indo-Pacific arena is to be Apart from economic cooperation, in the backdrop made stronger in view of India becoming a global of Chinese aggression, strategic cooperation power between both the nation is also increasing. It can - Co-operation between Indo-Japanese navies to be guesses by the use of phrases like ‗confluence of curb pirates menace pacific‘ and ‗alliance of democracy‘ by the leaders - To check china‘s growing clout (pearl of strings) of both the nations. in IOR But the whole picture is not honky dory, there - Felicitate technology transfer (both military as remains following issues: well as civilian) between India and Japan. India 1. India‘s involvement in the politics of the region would be the natural beneficiary of this as Japan is is well below the Japan‘s expectation or want. This more technologically advanced nation. is because India‘s strategic compulsions with - More robust economic ties with Japan will give regard to China. better market opportunity for our Industries. 2. India is not a signatory of CTBT and NPT. And thus it can‘t get any Japanese help in developing its civil nuclear infrastructure. But these issue are not insolvable or in any way have any negative effect on the friendship of both http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 103

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Q-Critically comment on the Japan‟s „the Arc of energy supply. India and Japan, as two energy Freedom and Prosperity‟ strategy and its poor countries, are heavily reliant on imports from implications on India-Japan relations. (200 the unstable Persian gulf. It has strategic and trade Words) implications not only for Asian countries but for world as a whole and ensuring peace and ‗Value oriented diplomacy‘ and ‗The Arc of prosperity is in interest of all. Freedom and Prosperity‘ are the new bases for Japan‘s foreign policy. While the former aims to Consolidating and strengthening of strategic and strengthen the universal values- democracy, global partnership in the defense arena through freedom, rule of law, human rights and market measures ranging from regular joint combat economy in the world the latter aims at exercises and military exchanges to cooperation in establishing ‗The Arc of Freedom and Prosperity‘ anti-piracy, maritime security and counter- in the outer rim Eurasian countries that are terrorism will help in bringing peace in the region. ‗budding democracies‘. The policy will enhancing The Malacca Strait, is a lifeline for not just India Japan‘s ties with EU and promoting peace and but also the rest of the world for the trade in East security in the region. Asia region. Vessels carrying one-quarter of the It is also considered as a policy aimed at world‘s traded goods pass through the Strait each containing China. year. Piracy has been a menace for years and Indo- Japan maritime co-operating can help in bringing It believes that economic prosperity and it down. democracy leads to peace and happiness Therefore it is no surprise that such a stance would The measures like the recent unilateral declaration improve Indo-japan relation as India too advocates of ADIZ by China in the East China sea or North for world peace. Especially it would improve the Korea‘s nuclear threat to South Korea can disturb people to people interaction the peace in the region. Which can adversely affect the economies of the region. India and japan could also co-operate in indo pacific region- disaster management, In the present day changing geo-political environmental issues, human security and equations, with China rising as a regional information sharing – indicate the sort of work hegemon, the Indo-Japan ties can balance the Japan and India could collaborate on, helping to power in the Asia-Pacific region and deter China create real security and prosperity in the region. from turning into an expansionist power. In conclusion building a trust would not only benefit trade and investment in both the countries it would also set an example for the rest of the Q- “The India-Japan partnership is yet to move world about what peace could bring. beyond the economic to the strategic.” Analyze. (200 Words)The Indian Express Q-Examine how India and Japan, as leading “maritime democracies”, can play a decisive role India and Japan has been historically very friendly in promoting peace and prosperity in the „Indo- with each other. India had supported the post Pacific‟ Region?. (200 Words) world war Japan. The contribution of Japan starts with granting India the first recipient of Japanese The Indo-Pacific region, is not only the confluence Official Development Assistance (ODA) in the of two oceans, but the hub of global trade and http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 104

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year 1957.This was followed by investment both Closer commercial and strategic ties between both through monetary fund and technological inputs. countries would send warning signals to China on Delhi metro and development of DMIC. The the economic and geopolitical front and also economic tie has been growing but this has not would be a breather to countries such as Vietnam, metamorphosed into strategic ties . Philippines and Korea which have been hounded This strategic development can take place we by China‘s aggressive territorial expansion come closer in those fields such as high strategies in the East and South China sea. technology, civil nuclear energy, defence and maritime ties. We can take the example of India- Q-“Between India and Japan, the strategic Japan rare earths agreement of 2012 which was a component of the relationship has increased product of China‘s aggressive action of not selling dramatically over the last four years.” Examine. rare earth to Japan but India missed the bus by (200 Words) delaying the finalization of sale.

Why we need such a strategic relation, the answer India and Japan share cordial relations in many lies with China‘s aggressive territorial infiltrations, spheres of mutual beneficial affairs. The trade the near monopoly of P5 in UNSC and lastly for relationship with Japan significantly contributes to the sake of both countries with polar opposite the development of the country. The large demography. We need more deeper relations. infrastructure projects in India such Delhi-Mumbai Industrial corridor; Delhi Metro etc are testimony Although India and Japan are strongly bound on to this relation. the economic front but the bilateral relations on However, in recent times the relationship has been certain strategic issues still need to be furthered to include many strategic aspects of both strengthened citing certain geopolitical the countries. The strategic components mainly developments that have taken place in the Asia- include the deals in security and cooperation Pacific regions in recent times. between the governments on several relevant Due to Japan‘s alienation from China on certain matters. Besides the regular meeting of officials on issues of mutual trade, territorial disputes and so annual basis there have been consensus on on, it would be looking towards India, which is a multilayer strategic dialog involving the defence formidable force in this region, for better strategic ministers and foreign & defence secretaries have relations. been approved. The meetings on maritime security However, oflate delay in carrying out deals such are another milestone perceived to further deepen as sale of rare earth metals to Japan, Japan‘s offer the relations. of US2i amphibious aircraft to India which is still The recent decision to hold regular consultations in negotiation stage after such a long time has between the head of National Security council of hampered the progress on the strategic front Japan and the National Security Advisor of India between both nation. In short, there are a lot of is another significant step. The joint maritime spheres such as high technology, civil nuclear exercise in Chennai in 2013 along with India‘s energy, defence and many others where India and ongoing negotiations with Japan for buying the Japan need to build and develop goodwill and amphibious aircraft, Utility seaplane -2 ensures the commercial relations and that too in a very swift deepening strategic relationship. manner. They would be profitable to both India and Japan may positively contribute in the countries. prosperity and security of each other. However, this relationship should be based upon strong http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 105

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fundamentals and not only upon their common relationship with India because of following wariness with China or anyone else. reasons: (a) Economic: Japan economy has stagnated past the dawn of 2st century. With CEPA in place Japan Japan has traditionally occupied a centre stage is exploring new avenue to increase trade in the position in India‘s Look East Policy. 2nd largest global market. Japanese garment gaint To improve the bilateral strategic relations, both Uniqulo‘s intrest is case to the point. nations have undertaken quite a few big steps (b) Strategic: Rise of assertive China and its such as multi-layered strategic dialogues at the ongoing dispute with Japan over Senkaku is. has levels of the Defence Ministers, 2+2 among the made it imperative for Japan to collaborate with Foreign and Defence Secretaries, on maritime Indian Navy in maritime exercise. Recent revision security, a trilateral between India, Japan and US of Japanese constitution, absence of any MoU with and so on. India is in the process of buying the India on defence and huge Indian defence market aircraft Utility Seaplane-2 used by the Japanese especially for Japanese US-2 amphibious aircraft Navy. etc all demands deeper defence cooperation. On the defence side the navies of both countries (c) Geo political: Japan joins India‘s desire to undertook joint naval exercise off Chennai in 2013. reform UNSC and is a contestant for permanent On the economic side Japan has funded India‘s membership to UNSC. Climate change talks, infrastructural development by funding the Delhi- emerging status of BRICS etc are among multiple Mumbai Industrial corridor and seeks to fund the fields for convergence of intrest and collaboration. Chennai –Bangalore belt. Both countries (d) Emerging fields: With covert global recognition implemented a Comprehensive Free Trade of India‘s nuclear status Japan Nuclear deal with Agreement in 2011. India will save its dying nuclear industry after Discussion are on for signing a civil nuclear deal Fukushima disaster. Carbon offset deal to install between the two. carbon cutting technology in India to earn carbon Bilateral trade between the two countries is still credits also open a new avenue for collaboration. very low. It is around 1% of Japan‘s total trade (e) Preservation of existing market: India has while around 2.5% of India‘s total trade. This is always assigned special status to Japan. Only one issue that needs to be focused on. The country specific SEZ at Neemrana in Rajasthan is problems created by China are plaguing both just a hint to this. Besides this, Suzuki, Honda, countries. In order to contain the unreasonable Toyota have a flourishing market in India. influence exerted by China over Asia in various All these consideration calls for enhanced matter related territory, trade and defence, and to relationship by exploring new depths in existing maintain peace in the continent, both India and areas and opening up in new areas to evovle as a Japan need to forge even more closer ties with global force to reckon with. each other on various fronts.

Q-Critically comment why Japan is keen to have a deeper strategic relationship with India. Q-“To India‟s national security interests, Japan is irreplaceably valuable.” Comment. (200 India-Japan bilateral relationship is a relationship Words) between Asia‘s largest and Asia‘s richest democracy. With growing clout of India in global India and Japan have shared strong relationship arena Japan has been more keen to strengthen since the end of world war 2. During the cold war, http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 106

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the relationship saw some strain. But during the This is a market-manipulation practice used to last decade, there has been a thaw in relationship. misrepresent the number of transactions occurring With rising of the dragon, and its constant raiding on any given day. of our borders, it is imperative for India to strengthen its base on the international podium. Round-trip trading artificially inflates volume and With increasing China-Russia relationship, we revenues, but in reality adds no profit. Enron was need to forge a strong relationship with Japan to a company that engaged in round-trip trading, counter the Asian dragon. and, by doing so, was able to increase revenues Japan with its highly developed technology, can be (and expenses) without changing its net income. an important asset for us. It is aggressively looking to build strong ties with India. Recent strides in ROUND TRIPPING nuclear deal and agressively pursuing to sell Round tripping involves getting the money out of amphibious aircraft US2i bode well for our long one country, say India, sending it to a place like term strategic relationship. Mauritius and then, dressed up to look like foreign The recent overtures of China in the South China capital, sending it back home to earn tax-favored sea, setting up ADIZ, spats about islands, profits. incursion in Arunachal Pradesh, increasing ties The problem for the home country is that native with Russia, Nepal and other asian countries are profits escape taxation this way. And instead of proof of aggressive nature of China. India needs to foreign capital flowing into the country, local keep its sovereignty on the high agenda. Japan can capital just gets a free ride. be a natural ally to counter Chinese overtures. A strong relationship with Japan will go a long Round tripping is a type of financial transaction way in increasing our influence in the region and practice resorted by companies wherein one will help command respect with our neighbouring company sells its unused assets to another countries. company at the same time buying back the same or similar assets at about the same price. The strategy is used to increase the apparent amount of INDIA-AFRICA revenue and sales that have been made during a

specific period of time. Critically comment on India‟s diplomatic This practice is used by companies to evade taxes policies towards West Asian and North African and money laundering. region. Mauritius is culturally and ethnically very much

Need to engage more...as our interest are huge---- similar to India. 70% of its population is of Indian - origin. Economic and trade relations between the Diaspora--remittances two countries have been on an increase. India has Energy security become the largest source of imports to Mauritius Exports since 2007. Whereas Mauritius is the largest source Strategic of FDI for India. India‘s exports to Mauritius Q-What is round-tripping? Analyze the trade comprise mainly of petroleum exports. Around relations between India and Mauritius. (200 40% of India‘s FII investment comes from Words) Mauritius. However there have been a number of cases of tax evasion by entities investing in India through Mauritius. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 107

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investments and FDI inflows to India. India • Round tripping is a market-manipulation should make use of largest Indian diaspora in practice of selling an unused asset to another Mauritius and its strategic location through company while agreeing to buy back the same suitable policy options and address the trade asset for about the same price. It is commonly seen barriers such as maritime piracy to increase in the energy and telecom business; include trading potentials between two countries commissions, exchange, market impact costs and taxes. Q-Critically examine the overall policy of India They played a crucial part in temporarily inflating towards African nations. Do you think India‟s the market capitalization policy towards Africa needs review? Comment

why. • Round-trip trading artificially inflates volume

and revenues, but in reality adds no profit. India‘s policy towards Africa was based on the trinity In international scenarios, round tripping is used of: Cluster approach, Homogenity of policies, Delayed for tax evasion and money laundering. Mainly the response. companies of tax heaven countries such as

Mauritius, Switzerland, Monaco etc involves in CLUSTER APPROACH round-tripping.

• India is Mauritius‘ largest trading partner and India‘s engagement with Africa always suffered has been the largest exporter of goods and services from the perception of Africa as a homogenous to Mauritius since 2007. Trade between both landmass. Whether it was ―Focus Africa‖ countries stood at $ 1.5 billion and India‘s exports programme, LDC engagements, C-4 or our to Mauritius comprise largely of petroleum economic relations with SACU, India has always products, pharmaceuticals, cereals, cotton, preffered to engage with groups rather than electrical machinery and clothing accessories. specific countries. Mauritius‘ exports to India include iron and steel,

pearls, precious stones and precision instruments. HOMOGENITY OF POLICIES Mauritius accounts for 38% of total FDI inflows to

India, making Mauritius the single largest FDI India always offer same set concessions to source for India during 2012-13. different African countries. Grant of Duty free • The wide range of bilateral agreements quota free market access to LDC, its Technical including Double Taxation Avoidance assistance programme or the latest India-Africa Convention, Bilateral Investment Promotion and forum summit, the policies lacked precision to Protection, Exchange of Finance Intelligence please different African countries. Related to Money Laundering; and policies

adapted by Mauritius govt such as joint ventures, DELAYED RESPONSE Identifying key areas of investment

(Manufacturing, Financial services, Tourism), Policy paralysis and reckless decision making has Arrest illegal trade are the main reasons for this emerged as a new democratic curse in India‘s growth in FDI and trade. coalition politics. Africa too is not alien to this Recently the trade between two countries showing curse. declining trend because of China‘s dominance in ―SCRAMBLE FOR ARFICA‖ that has just began the Island country. The extension of GAAR with China and America ferociously fighting for implementation is a good sign to promote both their pie leaves no room for complacency for India. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 108

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India needs a SWOT ANALYSIS and a policy INDIA-AUSTRALIA review of its African policies as both challenges Q-Nuclear cooperation between India and and opportunities offered in Africa are enormous. Australia – important issues (150 Words) Answer: Challenges Nuclear cooperation between India and Australia, was pushed by Australian PM John Howard in (a) America‘s reorientation of African policies in 2007, in contrary to Australia‘s policy of non- Washington summit has increased the competetion. export to non-NPT signed countries. The policy (b) China‘s extension of soft loan for infrastructure was reversed and re-reversed by the successive increases it foot prints in Africa. PMs. Last year‘s visit of Australian PM Julia (c)India‘s fiscal position leaves less room for such soft Gillard, was the breakthrough in dialogue for loans. civil nuclear partnership. The new Labour (d) The security challenges in Indian ocean attentuates government headed by Tony Abott, has been with Chinese presence in Africa. more active in promoting nuclear ties between (e) Increased competetion for Indian industries in Australia and India. Africa especially in telecomm, medical care, The main nuclear cooperation, revolves around pharmaceuticals etc export of Uranium by Australia to India, which Australia has refrained from, sighting potent proliferation threats by India. Australia‘s Opportunities suggestion of bridging in three way cooperation among US-India-Australia was rejected by India. Africa‘s natural bounties, acute infrastructure deficit, Since then the speed has invigorated in the high population growth etc offers multiple encapsulation of a deal, which is most likely to opportunities which are: come up in next few rounds of bi-lateral meets. (a) Vast streches of virgin agricultural land can be Indian PM will also discuss some of these issues secured for contract farming to attain future food on the sidelines of India-ASEAN summit, with security. Australian PM Tony Abott (b) Tropical location offer solar electricity potential. Q-Write a note on trade relationship between (c) Mahatma Ghandi‘s historic struggle in S Africa and India and Australia. (150 Words) India‘s diaspora offers nodes of influence in entire Answer) African continent. (d) Infrastructure developed by China and USA can be Bilateral relationship between Australia and India dates back to the late 18th century and early 19th utilised to secure energy security. century, when coal from Sydney and horses from (e) Warm diplomatic relation with African nations will New South Wales were exported to India. provide strength to India‘s climate change Australia is India‘s eighth largest trading partner negotiations as we share same concerns. and India is Australia's fifth largest. India‘s (f) African platform can be used to enhance global ranking among Australia‘s export destinations partnership with USA and China along with other has risen from twelfth to fourth in the period European nations. 2003-04 to 2009-10. India should vehemently persue an African Main Australian service exports to India are policy based more on mutual needs rather than education, education-related travel and tourism. competing unmindfully. In the African party, that But India Australia relationships has diversified, now India sends the largest number of skilled has just began, we should not fall out of the line. migrant to Australia. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 109

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For India, Australia is an important source of consequences of this decision on the stakeholders India‘s gold, chickpea, coal, copper ores, lead and have to assessed before making a call on this wool requirements, as well as a significant source demand. of education and skills based training, and a collaboration partner in research and innovation The second issue which acts as a barrier is that including in the automotive, manufacturing and Philippines has apprehensions that the Indian IT agricultural sectors and reliable partner in & ITES sector might pose a greater threat to it uranium supply. growing call centre market. India posses a strong and growing IT sector makes Philippines of the Australia‘s abundance of natural resources, its view that FTA would decrease its economic and political stability, have contributed competitiveness in the global arena. to a number of major Indian investments in coal, gas, minerals, and agricultural production to the To garner the benefits, well negotiated talks and tune of Rs.50,000 crore. removal of apprehensions without compromising Whereas Australia‘s presence in India can be seen on the federal structure should be formulated. in Hearing implant system, Biofuels projects, engineering services company and joint venture While Thailand and Indonesia are demanding like Woolworths with Tata Group. unconditional access to India's multi-brand With bright trade prospects India is negotiating retail trading segment, the Philippines appears to be scared of India's information technology (IT) with Australia Comprehensive Economic sector. Cooperation Agreement (CECA) covering trade in goods, services, investment and related issues. Indonesia and Thailand have categorically told India they will not ratify the deal, unless the GROUPINGS INVOVLING INDIA "federal nature of theFDI (foreign direct investment) policy in multi-brand retail" is relaxed. They are particularly annoyed that it is a Q. Examine the contentious issues between state-enabling policy, which means a final call on India and ASEAN in finalising Free Trade whether or not to allow a foreign retailer to set up Agreement between them in services. hypermarkets or chains is to be taken by state Answer- governments.

After operationalising the Free Trade Agreement condition that their retail chains are allowed to set (FTA) in goods in 2011, both India and ASEAN up shops "anywhere and everywhere". have been working on finalising the FTA in services. The pact was likely to be signed in 9th Q-Examine the status of Regional ministerial conference at Bali, but few issues have Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) posed as hurdle in finalising the FTA. Thailand, of India with ASEAN countries and the India- Indonesia and Philippines who are members of European Union (EU) trade agreements. ASEAN are yet to ratify the deal.

Thailand and Indonesia are demanding  India is negotiating several free trade unconditional access to the India‘s multi -brand agreements (FTAs) such as the India-EU retail trading segment. They want the federal FTA and the Regional Comprehensive nature of the FDI in multi brand retail to be Economic Partnership (RCEP) with the 10- relaxed. Currently, 51% FDI in multi brand retail member ASEAN group, Australia, China, has been allowed and states have final say in Japan, Korea and New Zealand. allowing a foreign retailer in setting up hyper markets. Looking at federal structure in India it seems to be a difficult task, specially with strong opposition sentiments. In addition to it, the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 110

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Regional Comprehensive Economic enacted as shallow frameworks with limited Partnership (RCEP)- coverage and insignificant benefits. And India would continue to consolidate its global image as It is a FTA scheme of the 10 ASEAN Member a difficult and obstructive trade partner. States + 6 FTA Partners (Australia, China, India, RECP would increase the economic integration Japan, Korea and New Zealand), taking over movements and efforts in the East Asia Free between Asian countries , which are not a part of Trade Agreement (EAFTA) and the the TPP and TIPP. The partnership would Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East provide impetus to India`s look east policy. Asia (CEPEA) initiatives. Negotiations are slated to begin in early 2013 and are expected to conclude by the end of 2015. The objective of launching RCEP negotiations is Q-Explain the different types of Trade to achieve a modern, comprehensive, high- Agreements and differences between them. quality and mutually beneficial economic Examine the status of India‟s trade agreement partnership agreement that will cover trade in with the ASEAN group. goods, trade in services, investment, economic Trade agreements are contracts of commerce that and technical cooperation, intellectual enable mutual benefits to signing parties in the property, competition, dispute settlement and form of quantitative and tariff relaxations. other issues. The grouping includes more than 3 billion Globalisation and Neo-Regionalism have given people, has a combined GDP of about $17 spurt to trade agreements among countries. trillion, and accounts for about 40 percent of world trade. It will beneficial for the region in TYPES AND DIFFERENCES OF TRADE the wake of establishment of Trans-Pacific AGGREMENTS Partnership Agreement (TPP). Trade agreements follow a sequential evolution India-EU FTA - starting from PTA and culminating at Economic Despite being discussed for seven years, it could Union. The sequential order and subtle differences not be finalized due to a lack of consensus on are enumerated below: some key issues. The EU has been demanding greater relaxation of (a) PTA: A preferential trade agreement allows foreign investment ceilings in insurance and reduction in internal custom duties among signing banking, stronger protection of IPR, the opening countries while custom duties with non PTA up of public procurement markets, and lower countries remain unchanged. import duties on passenger cars. (b) FTA: A free trade agreement abolishes most of India wants greater access for pharmaceuticals the tariffs allowing free trade between member market and liberal visa norms. Satisfying some of countries, which is an improvement over PTA‘s the EU‘s demands would require changing partial relaxation. domestic policy regulations in banking, (c) Common Union agreement (CUA): Apart from insurance, intellectual property and public zero duty on internal trade of two member procurement. Unless these regulations change, countries it opt a uniform tariff rate for the FTA is unlikely to move. nonmember countries. This prevents any round The trade policy cannot be exclusive of domestic tripping and tax arbitrage that takes place in FTA. policy. Both India and its negotiating partners (d) Common market agreement (CMA): In should do proper homework for such talks addition to CUA benefits CMA allows free otherwise FTAs would be either stalled or movement of factor services. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 111

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(e) CEPA: It contains various benefits of PTA, FTA, effective counter terrorism operations etc. CUA and CMA together with an agreement to 2)Development of states on eastern cost of India ( gradually liberate factor services. economic development through export …) (f) CEC&PA: It further improves CEPA by adding 3)Investment by Asian countries in Indian an agreement to collectively bargain in infrastructure international forum. 4)export of Indian services to ASEAN. ( in the less (g) Economic Union: The only existing economic developed ASEAN countries there is immense union i.e. EU allows, apart from CMA benefits, scope of service delivery though Tele-medicine homogenization of economic policies. Thus, a ,Tele-education ,Digital Connectivity which India border free common market evolves with free is strong in) movement of goods but its fallout is contagious 5) Help in securing permanent seat in UNSC , effect of economic crises as happening in EU. becoming global world power 6) supports for India on various issues of India presently has a trade in goods agreement reforming multinational organizations, issues of with ASEAN termed as ―India-ASEAN CECA‖. It climate change etc. was further decided to extend this FTA to services Benefits to ASEAN– and investments to automatically transform it into 1) Export of raw material. a CEPA. But the FTA has not accrued desired 2) Better development of service sector benefits as exports from India to ASEAN is still 3) Countering Chinese dominance. lagging. Secondly, it has resulted in negative duty 4) Opportunity to invest in other countries. structure as revealed by a latest report on FTA. Thus, while Philippines has not ratified this FTA However the relationship between India and enthusiasm of other ASEAN countries is gradually Asian should be built on the basic tenents of waning. So India has decided to withhold its mutual development .Issues such as service sector extension to services and investment to transform FTA with Indonesia, Philippines, and India some FTA to CECA till the matter is contemplated for all sector concerns should be dealt in a holistic its pros and cons. The logic is to prevent any manner negative duty structure and also to consolidate the Q-Discuss the importance of India – ASEM existing FTA by increasing India‘s exports to cooperation to India. Examine if the present ASEAN level of cooperation should be enhanced for Q-If India‟s services and investment trade pact tangible outcome. (200 Words) with Association of Southeast Asian Nations Answer)

(ASEAN) becomes reality, who benefits and why? Examine. ASEM is a forum for political dialogue.The The 10 members ASEAN and India share an importance of India-ASEM cooperation are: ancient and deep economic, cultural and societal ties which in contemporary times has received a 1.It gives a great opportunity for India to engage greater thrust by India‘s ‗Look East‘ policy and the with the countries of Europe and Asia. 2.India can achieve a political consensus to its reciprocation of the same from the ASEAN land dispute with China and Pakistan. member countries. 3.The forum can be seen as a link between west and East.India being the largest democracy can Advantages India will have from ASEAN- lead this cooperation.Thus taking the leadership 1)North east region development and connectivity role. ,Manipur development as medical tourist spot, 4.India can utilize this forum to assert its http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 112

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 permanent membership in UNSC. The decision of Newdelhi, if taken, to not attend 5.The Indian principles democracy will have a the CHOGM to be held in Colombo might great reach. appease the Tamil Nadu governement. This may In today‘s context the strategic importance of be attributed to the dynamics of a coalition Asia-Europe is relevant and evident.Forum must government. But it does not bode well with the be taken beyond the political dialogue.Through the political Tamil minority present in Srilanka as well as the discussions new ways must be found to use the International parties. existing synergies within the ASEM. Asia has vast emerging market and human Srilanka is maritime neighbour of India and is resource.While Europe has modern technological strategically placed. Any irritant in its relations innovations.So there are natural and beneficial with it may drive Srilanka towards the Pakistan- partnerships here. China axis. It can also decrease its diplomatic

stature. India has voted against Srilanka in the The forum must focus towards the regional and Human rights Council of UN and toed the line of global issues.It must come with the strategies of US and others to implement the dealing with common and similar problems such terrorism,economic slowdown,Nuclear non recommendations of LLARC. Any withdrawal at proliferation and Climate Change. this juncture is not of use to anyone. There is also a historical evidence of flow of Ideas In an era of increse in soft power in resolving between the 2 continents. The forum must take it various disputes(Case of Ruussia in Syrina crisis), forward. Both continents have great potential for India cannot stand to diminish it. Alienation of trade,tourism,socio-economic development. This Srilanka is not in the interest of both the nations. cooperation must explore all these to new heights. Q-Do you think the Commonwealth is an anachronistic neo-colonial institution with no Forum must be made to reach out the people of spine? Comment (200 Words) the member states ,civil society and create the Commonwealth‘s Harare declaration mentions its wider stake holding among st economic partners. India can tap the various resources in Europe and core principles to be democracy, world peace and Asia for its energy security,space and scientific economic development. The only other voluntary developments. organisation besides UN which encompasses every region, race and religion on the planet is in itself a major achievement. Q-Why is India not a signatory to the NPT? Has But the institution is decaying considering it it affected India‟s nuclear ambitions? offers no trade privileges, no executive authority, Evaluate. (200 Words) has a miniscule budget and has no say in economic or defence policy. Major donors like The loss to India‘s soft power in F by the UK, Canada, Australia are unhappy about lack of alienation of Sri Lanka will neither be negligible political action, smaller states are looking for nor ephemeral.‖ Comment. better avenues to spend their scant resources. It A) India has actively engaged with Srilanka to suspends its members only in case of extremes as work for the Tamils cause by ensuring the in case of Pakistan or Sudan and not on human devolvement of powers to the Northern council right violations as in Sri Lanka. through the implementation of the 13th While it provides an equal ground for big and amendment. But its recent gestures may have small nations to talk, a spurt in global groupings result in the fallout of the success achieved so far. has been a dampener in its spirit. However there http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 113

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 is still hope as can be seen by the number of United States of America nations willing to join such a voluntary organisation. It can make use of its diversity as a Q-Examine how the US govt shutdown can have strength to become more relevant. In order to negative effect on US and world economy ? remain relevant, it will have to reorient and It is said that US is the driving force or engine reassert itself. behind global economy.Due to Q-Discuss the areas of concern in trade between liberalisation,privatisation and globalisation the economies are interlinked with each other.And as India and the European Union. Examine the in maximum emerging economies in LPG era the impact of these concerns on the growth of trade driving factor behind economy is their between these two. depandence on export/import so defenitely it will impact US as well as the world. Major areas of concern between India & European As the cause behind shutdown is obamacare a Union (EU) on trade are related to standards, health policy faced financial constraint so it can services, agriculture, intellectual property regime not denied that the US economy is facing some & human rights. tough fiscal deficit consequently it will hamper Recent ban on Alphonso mangoes & 4 varieties of growth of US Economy. vegetables due to non-compliance with sanitary The impact on US economy can be seen through & phyto-sanitary standards has strained exports. two mechanisms EU demands a strict IP regime while India 1.trickle down effect :slow bleeding of public maintains that its patent rules comply with Trade sector employment and gradual crumbling of related Intellectual Property system of World public confidence in the future will degrade US Trade Organization. This conflict has affected price earning multiple perceived future value for pharma & music industry. investment. India wants more access to EU‘s service market, 2.credit rating downgrade resulting in shock to in addition to liberalized Visa policy. EU global economy. demands entry into agriculture, dairy & retail 3.shutdown will result in fiscal cut and it will market of India. But European dairies are highly result in amplified international impact.e.g. subsidized & India‘s dairy sector is not closure of national park and museum has enthusiastic to receive them. Further, India has impacted the tourism industry. reservations on human rights, labor laws & 4.Trade link may hit too .e.g. at ports and airports environment issues because they are not directly due to cut in personal it will hamper consignment related to trade. delays and higher costs for exports located at As a result, India‘s bilateral trade with EU shrank large destination countries like India to around €75 billion in 2012, as compared to €80 5.At the strategic level cancellation of Obama‘s billion in 2011. Agreement on Trade & investment visit to southeast asia will be a setback for has been delayed. whitehouse‘s ‗rebalance towards asia plan‘ To improve relations, India needs to better its 6.Rate downgrade e.g. in 2011 when standard and reputation internationally. EU has to avoid poor has downgraded the rating of US economy impression of following a biased or punitive from AAA TO AA+ world economy was jolted. approach. Furthermore, an open mindset towards Q-Suggest measures to decouple the world from each other may push trade relations to a new American‟s internal economic and political height. dynamics. (200 Words)

Effect of Policies & Politics of Developed and • American hegemony in the contemporary Developing countries on India (India's interests, globalised world is a fact. Its views and policies diaspora) on internal and international affairs have wide repercussions across the globe. As witnessed http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 114

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 from Fed‘s tapering, government shutdown and competitor for no 1 super power intervention in other nations, all these have an 7. To handle the emerging China, US pursed its impact on the lives of people across the world. relations with India which could act a deterrent to • While complete decoupling in neither needed china. nor prudent, it is necessary to shield the world 8. The other emerging economy in Asia is India from the intricacies of USA‘s self-aggrandisement and its side with ASEAN countries w.r.t to the policies and internal domestic compulsions. In dispute it has with China order to do so, Dollar should be replaced by 9. Because of some innate differences like not IMF‘s SDR as the international currency. Trade signing the non-nuclear proliferation treaty, should be promoted between south-south and relations with Iran, the relations with India and currency swap mechanisms should be promoted. US could not become so strong that may WTO‘s discussions should be be fast-tracked so as rebalance power in Asia. to level the playing field. 10. Because of domestic political and economic • IMF and WB voting rights should be situations in US is one of the prime reason for its rationalised in the background of changing geo- dilution of rebalancing power in Asia. Economic economics. Developed nations voting rights crisis of 2008 and current differences of opinion should be put in perspective and developing b/n democrats and republicans. nations should be allowed more voice. 11. Now China utilizing this current situation of • No military action should be taken outside the US and taking an opportunity to build its ambit of UNSC. USA should be prevented from relations with ASEAN countries. bullying by its military and economic power. It‘s 12. As a cementing proof China‘s premier‘s and policies like invading Afghanistan and leaving it presidents visits and participation in ASEAN midway creates complications for everyone. USA countries meet. should be made accountable for its actions. 13. China announced to resolve the issue which it • The global dominance of American culture by has with ASEAN countries through dialogues way of food, media, movies, dress etc should be and not using threat or forces countered so as to promote indigenous values. Q-“It is said that what is good for the U.S. will • Countering USA need to be done at political, be good for other economies as well.” Elaborate. economic, cultural fields so as to witness some (200 Words) change on the ground the interwinding of global economy .

Q-The American foreign policy transition to the Bretton Woods system, set up by the US after diluted ‟Rebalance to Asia‟ from „Pivot to Asia‟ the Second World War, still constitutes the basic has helped China to reassert its influence in the structure of the world economy. Asia-Pacific region.” Comment. 1. USSR downfall in 1991 lead to US to become a Post 2008 financial crisis, the advanced economies sole power in the world. 2. Emerging China specially after it opened its of the U.S., the European Union and Japan lagged economy for fdi investments, it achieved a behind the developing economies led by China, tremendous growth. India and others, in what the International 3. China meanwhile started investing a greater Monetary Fund called a multi-speed global proportion on building the army, on science and recovery. The roles are now reversed, with the technology and its infra. developed countries providing the momentum. 4. This has been proved in its double digit growth in GDP. Leading the pack is the U.S., which is once again 5. The emerging China started dominating its driving global economic growth. presence in the region. Ex: Sovereinity of South China Sea waters, paracel islands, conflict with Due to Improved economic prospects in US, the Japan on senkaku islands. U.S. Federal Reserve has started to taper the scale 6. The emerging China, made US to think it as a of asset purchases it has used to prop up the U.S. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 115

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 economy. This decision has had varied meanings relatively cheap salary. Even though it is low by for the rest of the world. They feared an imminent US norms, it quite high when compared in Indian withdrawal of capital flows which have helped context , so even workers don‘t complain. These all bridge the deficit in its current account. issues have irked authorities in US, who call for equality in opportunity and renumeration for But this move will improve domestic economy of everyone irrespective of nationality. the U.S. and finally the global economy. Because But having said that, shunning Indian workers more spending by American firms and and firms will not benefit any one in longer run. households will in turn buoy demand for goods Open and warm economy has been the virtue of and services from across the world. This US. It can deal with issue of undocumented development has already benefited India, whose immigrants in more subtle way, without exports have picked up. hampering IT exchange between India and US ―The NATO has repeatedly tried to invent new Thus what is good for the U.S. will be good for roles for itself since the collapse of Soviet Union other economies as well. and the Warsaw Treaty Organization in 1991.‖

Q-With special reference to India, examine the Comment. (200 Words) issues related to immigration reforms in USA. (200 Words)The Hindu • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), formed under North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, is an • Sliding economy and increasing unemployment intergovernmental organization. The major among American youth forced US to take objective of NATO is to take military actions regressive stand on Visa issues, broadly known as against any external force in Atlantic Region. It Immigration reforms. Restriction on issuing of includes 28 countries from North America and Visa is aimed at providing employment Europe. It is head quartered at Brussels, Belgium. opportunities to Americans, thus strengthening the economy. • Prior to Soviet war in 1991, it worked at a New immigration laws suggest that the there will political organization. since the disintegration of restrictions on issuing high skilled worker Visa ( soviet union the strategy of west policy seems to H1B & L 1) to Indians coming to work for Indian be encircling Russia and limit its influence within companies in USA. Even capping the number of its own territory.. Visa available to Indians and charging Indians  Post-soviet era, NATO transformed its role firms with extra fees. India has outrightly opposed from a protector of capitalism against communism these proposals. to one, that fights the global menaces like • terrorism, WMD sponsored by some rogue states.  With the retreat of Soviet communism, post- This say, it will hamper close ties between both 1991, NATO expanded its membership to the countries, which is very much facilitated by IT countries in East Asia . sector. To some extent, it is true that exchange of  In the new millennium, NATO take the role of ideas and labour across the country has made fighting the terrorism, which emerged as a threat citizens from both the countries well acquainted to world peace. Its war on Al-queda in with each other culture and heritage. Afghanistan, Libya is part of this. But there is some merit in the fact that, Indian firms in US, prefer Indians for recruitment. In the guise of patriotism, they hire skilled workers art http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 116

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 NATO also played the role of fighting nuclear affect a large number of countries in the global proliferation. The fight on Iraq, Libya and Syria is arena. a part of this responsibility. For example its recent Federal Reserves‘s decision  Thus, NATO reinvented its role over decades of starting quantitaive easing has brought the and remained as one of strongest military associations in the world. economies of the countries like Indonesia, India etc into a fall. Its decision to wage millitary strikes  influence economic policies of any country in Syria could have serious repercussions in the which ever is in crises then put its own interest middle-east for the diplomatic stance taken by terms in name of bail-out package.as a carrot in Russia. hand of west. Many measures can decouple the world from America‘s internal economic and political • The EU association agreement proposes deeper decisions like: Ukraine-NATO links to counter Russia in its own 1) development of a basket of currencies to backyard. replace the monopoly of dollar

2) forging multilateral groups like the BRICS, Critically assess the USA‘s foreign policy vis a vis IBSA etc Russia in recent years. 3) increasing the voting rights of other countries

Recently tension between Russia and USA has in an egalitarian way at the international mounted specially due to conflicting positions by organisations like UN, IMF, World Bank etc both over Ukraine. There had been a two fold 4) changing the governance in fiels like internet approach followed by USA towards Russia it is and telecommunications to prevent its dominance trying to pressurize Russia by applying sanctions on it as US also realises that it is not a cakewalk for Russia to capture eastern Ukraine by direct 5) providing chance to all the countries to head invasion or by proxy. Also Russian power is on the international organisations in a rotating decline due to shrinking population, health manner problems, and economic crises hence its unlikely 6) strenthening of the mandate of the UN that Russia will try to behave as if in Soviet era. 7) countries to decrease their dependence on US Secondly US is keeping line open with USA to engage politically and economically with Russia and increase their relations with others on issues of nuclear proliferation, Iran, Syria etc. These might take some time to implent but the Also to boost the deterrence US is arming Ukraine fruits they bear are of great importance to the with lethal weapons and making it more politically stable so that invasion by Russia other world countries. becomes less certain. Overall it can be said that USA is following a cautious approach using both pressure and reconciliation United Kingdom Q-Suggest measures to decouple the world from American‟s internal economic and political Q-What were the consequences of UK‟s dynamics. proposed immigration policy of subjecting visitors from six “high-risk” Commonwealth A) America‘s assertiveness in the economic and countries to a certain bond plan? Examine. (100 political spheres are longer confined to itself but Words) Answer) http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 117

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UK‘s proposed immigration policy of subjecting The two sides are cooperating to sign the Labour visitors from six ―high-risk‖ Commonwealth Mobility Partnership Agreement and Broadbased countries India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Trade and Investment Agreement which would Nigeria and Ghana to a certain bond plan was to lead to reducing the immigration concerns and deter people from overstaying the visa and made providing benefits to the labour and adopting the them pay a surety of £3000. best practices. This scheme would deter investment and luxury shoppers along with the flow of genuine tourists Apart from the increasing investment from these countries. opportunities in EU due to increased Recently U.K. scrapped visa bond plan for productivity, the greater cooperation would aid attaining enormous benefits to Britain from India in developing the Indian services sector foreign investments mostly noticeable in the thereby ensuring the health of the economy. spheres of motor, engineering, food and steel industry which generate employment for people There are certain contentious issue between EU in Britain. and India, regarding immigration of highly skilled professional. EU forms around 20% of Q-Immigration issue, especially in the case of Indian IT exports and to increase the export highly skilled professionals, is a thorny issue further, there is a need of relaxed travel and between India and the European Union. What immigration laws. It becomes difficult for an steps has EU taken to address India‟s concerns Indian national to travel within EU because of the in this regard? Examine. restriction. To overcome the issue E.U has given a The demographic challenges and the absence of a directive for intra-corporate transfer of highly skilled labour force led to the increased professional for supply of services. E.U has also demand of the Indian work force in EU. EU launched a Blue card initiative rivaling that of accounts for twenty percent of the Indian IT green card of U.S, to attract highly skilled exports. specialist in EU and to travel within EU with socio- Economic benefits. Different factors have impeded the growth of the Indian IT exports to EU. The rigid provisions for These policy initiative will help skilled the work and residency permit along with the professional to live and travel in Europe. It will lack of social security and family concerns has led also thaw the ice between EU and Indian relation and will provide a spring board to move forward to inhibited the immigration of the highly skilled on issues like FTA. labour force. The stringent visa guidelines and have hampered the collaboration. Asia Recognizing this, EU has taken endeavors to ensure growth of the sector. The Blue Card Q-Write a critical note on China‟s Air Defence initiative was meant to provide work and Identification Zone (ADIZ) and its implication residency permit to the non EU member citizens on the regional security. (200 Words) along with benefits such as social security and Answer) family reunification . The single work permit was aimed at easing the procedure by granting a China recently announced ADIZ: all aircraft single permit for the work and residency and intending to enter the zone had to take prior ensuring a common set of rights. permission from Chinese authorities, maintain radio communications and follow the instructions issued by Chinese controllers. Else they will risk, http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 118

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China announced, ―defence emergency Indian border with China. In 1950s, china voiced measures‖. to solve border dispute.

Canada, US and Japan have such zones from post Bilaterally with talk with India but later it cold war era inorder to defend themselves against intruded in Indian territories of Aksai chin and Soviet war planes and nuclear missles. Yet the US Arunachal Pradesh. China withdrew from eastern insists that aircraft must identify themselves only sector but occupied Aksai chin and it yet claims when they intend to enter American Air Space. over Arunachal Pradesh. Planes simply passing thru outside territorial It recently intruded in Ladakh areas of India to limits need take such permission. put pressure on India thought it signed confidence building measures in 1993 and 1998 .It signed Border Defence cooperation agreement to Issues with China – ADIZ are avoid any stand off and resolve it amicably. It is

china who first intrudes in Indian territory, India 1. The announced ADIZ encloses the disputed always maintains restraint. Senkaku islands which China calls the Diaoyu. Diaoyu and Senkaku Islands has been in Japanese Japan held these islands since 19th century, but occupation but china made claim over two since 1970s, they have been claimed by China. islands in 1970 and it has been disputed since Thus, this destabilizes the statusquo in the region. then. Recently China has drew its air defence

Identification Zone(ADIZ) claiming both islands, 2. Not only this ADIZ cover Japanese-held it has warned that no aircraft will enter this zone territory (present Senkaku), it also overlaps without notifying the authority. significantly with Japan‘s own air defence zone.

Japan PM calling this move ―whole new move‖ The problem is not air defence identification zone protests the breach of freedom of movement thru ,it has right to draw for security reason. Even East China Sea. USA , Japan and South Korea have their ADIZ However, ADIZ is not provocative or negative but Chinese ADIZ overlaps with Japanese and step in itself; indeed, it can be in the interests of South Korean ADIZ, which could trigger fresh stability and security of the nation enforcing it. tension between these countries. For ex., If China‘s new zone did not include disputed maritime territory, if its requirements In future it could draw its ADIZ in western and for compliance applied only to aircraft heading eastern sector of Indian border which will trigger into Chinese airspace, and if neighbours like more conflict between them. Japan and South Korea had been consulted ahead On these lines,it can said China will be judged by of the announcement, then there would be little its actions but not rhetoric by its partners and or nothing for others to object to. neighbours.

Q-“China will be increasingly judged by its Middle East partners and the international community by its actions and not by its rhetoric.” Comment on the Q-How does the interim nuclear deal agreed statement in the light of recent developments in between Iran and P5+1 countries affect India? the South China Sea and elsewhere. (200 Words) Examine. (200 Words) Answer) The interim November deal between P5 + 1 with Iran to break the deadlock regarding the nuclear arm China has historically been an expansionist development allegation against Iran has helped the communist. It has acquired Tibet in 1950 and then west Asia to be cooler place. This thaw in the relation put its claim over western and Eastern sector of will help India in number of ways some economical http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 119

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 other strategic but ultimately it will be beneficial if the Almost every rival country for Syria is India‘s ally, relations further improve. which had made things very complex and delicate to handle. Both US and Russia have their own The sanction will lift after six months will help India vested interest in its support to Syria whereas to procure the Iranian oil without any problem India does not foresee much direct interest out of regarding fund transfer as we have faced during the the issue has took its stance in alliance with BRICS time of economic sanctions of Iran. The immediate which eventually sided with Russia, beacuse as positive development is that tankers carrying Iranian per the current Indian priorities which is to act as oil will get insurance cover from insurance companies responsible global power to befit seat in UNSC. of USA and Europe. So the tankers will charge less for carrying Iranian oil. On the other hand the Iran What India in the following has missed is that are Pakistan India oil pipeline will also get the needed significant connections with Syria calling India to push which has not progressed a bit after the act more proactively because , Syria is one of the sanctions of 2006. very rare secular country in the middle east, different from the most of the Islamist regime in Strategically Iran is the only gateway for India‘s land the region. Also unlike the rest of Arab world, access to Afghanistan through the port Chabahar. + Assad regime has supported India on Kashmir india's Central Asia policy …. issue as well as advocated its seat for UNSC, in reciprocation to India‘s support to Syria in matter Internationally accepted Iran will further legitimize of Golan Heights. India‘s engagement in Afghanistan with the help of Iran. Yet after Sep 2014 when NATO and US forces The real threat lies in islamic fundamentalism pull out of Afghanistan, Iran will add to India to which has grown rapidly among the rebels over reduce Pakistan‘s political interference in Afghanistan. the last two years. Fuelled by International presence from Al-Qaeda and it numerous The Geneva deal will benefit commerce as well as offshoots like Jabhat al-Nusra , Al- Muhajeadden humanity. etc, the issue has taken religious tone. Experts have warned if the status quo continues, rebel will take over 2/3rd of territory and oil resources. Such Q- “Syria is coming close to shifting from an environment will have adverse impact over India‘s India-friendly regime to a possibly hostile, interest. Islamist regime.” Comment and highlight what should be India‟s approach. (200 Words) Therefore rather than passivity, cautious Syria has been in turmoil for more than 3 years pragmatism is required where solution has to be Civil war where now finally both the sides have found for both to end to brutality of the civil war agreed upon negotiations in Geneva Talks – II and to keep the Syrian‘s faith to sustain their where even India have also been invited to become support. a part of. Though India has never directly implied its stance but has done so through alliance with

the major players. But changing nature of Syrian regime towards Islamist regime should be Pasted from significant indication for India to become proactive issue. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 120

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this Q asks about what should be Indias In joining the diplomacy on this issue, India faced approach…I would go in following fashion… an impossible balancing act, given its friendly relations with every rival — the U.S., Russia, Iran, Syria has been a staragically important partner in Israel, Syria — a fact that amazes observers. middle east since long time, in terms of indias Adroitly manoeuvring out of the tight spot of claim for permanent seat for UNSC, kashmir issue, having to pick a side, India took a position in people to people contact etc. In the recent last 3 alliance with BRICS which eventually sided with year religious ethinic and political conflict has Russia, an apt choice given Indian priorities. overcasted a shadow in future of syria. India should approch syria issue in following manner. Syria is home to few Indian expatriates, nor does India source any oil from Syria; the impact of the 1.) India should push for success for Geneva II war on those issues is indirect. An important talks which would bring both assad and Indian priority that is commonly discussed is the opposition participation in government, opportunity for India to conduct itself as a responsible global power, fit for a seat at the U.N. 2. Syria has suffer dought and economic hardships Security Council. in lasr 3-4 years india must explore and enhance the economic relations as drawing from in success Ironically, what should be a chief concern, but in agriculture sector remains undiscussed, is the fact that Syria is coming close to shifting from an India-friendly 3. India must reiterate that the solution to syria regime to a possibly hostile, Islamist regime. For issue must come from negotiation and violence all his flaws, Bashar al-Assad runs one of the few must not be tolarated in any case secular regimes in the Middle East. India supports Syria‘s right to the Golan Heights, and in 4. India should use Geneva II peace talk to counter exchange, Syria endorses India‘s position that US unilateralism, as evident in syria Kashmir is a bilateral issue.

5. Geneva peace talk gives india a chance to prove Such support is rare in the Arab world; while itself in a leadership role and to stregthen its claim officially the Arab League does not take a stance over UNSC permanent seat on Kashmir, it tends to empathise with Pakistan. Mr. Assad also supports India‘s bid for a Security Although immediate democracy may not be Council seat. Islamic fundamentalism has grown possible but in long term india should support syrias democratic transition while including all rapidly among the rebels over the last two years. the parties concerned to strenghthen eco political Fuelled by international support, al-Qaeda ties with Syria offshoots Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIL grew in rank and were joined by several others — the Islamist for the first time, India has been invited to this Front, the Syrian Revolutionaries Front and Al- important forum to deliberate on Syria‘s future. Mujahideen. While moderate forces like the Free Syrian Army exist, the conflict has quite In popular debate, India is cursorily grouped with definitively become about religion for the rebels. either the American or Russian camps, but India‘s Some experts estimate that if the status quo own assessment of the conflict is little discussed. continues, rebels will control about two-thirds of While India has an official position for the territory and oil resources. Syria‘s slide into a negotiations, it has largely viewed the conflict religiously driven conflict and a possibly radical from a global perspective. regime is not good news for India. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 121

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The atrocities and destruction from the war must terms. It is home to roughly 28 lakh Indians who stop, and India has to do its part. However, can it contribute a major chunk of India‘s inward afford to let Bashar al-Assad go? remittances. Saudi is also an important source of India‘s oil imports.

As fallout of the nitaqat law India and Saudi have Q-What is the rationale behind Saudi Nitaqat agreed to sign a labor cooperation agreement. The policy? What is its implication on Indian labour nitaqat has eradicated infirmities with respect to force working in Saudi Arabia?(150 Words) immigrant‘s documentation. The new labor Answer) agreement will ensure better working conditions Saudi Arabia‘s labour reforms called Nitaqat for Indian expatriates in Saudi. Also it mandates policy laws = to generate more employment for certain requirements during selection and its own nationals after the Arab Spring, when immigration. This will help curtail incidents of youth unemployment became a main reason for uprisings that brought down several regimes in fraud, forgery and fudging during immigration. the region. Saudi has also invited India for a conference on This policy mandated that the country‘s private Syria. Although the gesture connotes high stature sector must ensure that Saudi nationals make up at least 10 per cent of the workforce. for India in Saudi, it puts India in a tricky situation as India‘s stand on Syria is not aligned with that of As a result, foreign workers mostly belonging to Saudi Arabia which is a staunch supporter of blue collar category faced a deadline to either find new jobs or complete formalities for their exit military intervention in Syria for the ouster of from Saudi Arabia. Assad. However India has been an apostle for internal political dialogue. Those who were displaced mostly from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Philippines were granted an extended amnesty to For all its significance India has not fully explored find new jobs, re-negotiate their contracts, or its relation with Saudi to the fullest potential, let leave the country, without incurring penalties. alone fulfilled. India should look to develop on the Implication on Indian Labour force current labor agreement and sign a comprehensive labor agreement as soon as possible to ensure --Will disturb objectives of Indian nationals in better conditions of its citizens there. Also in other Saudi Arabia who send remittances to financially support their families and establish economic matters of global concern like Syria, India should interests in India by purchasing hard assets, retain its autonomy than being easily manipulated investing in businesses, etc. for short term benefits. -- The Indian Government and especially Kerala government has to find alternate employment for people coming back from Saudi. Critically comment on the growth of the Islamic State movement and its possible impact on global security with special reference to India Q-Critically analyze the relations between The Islamic state was an arm of the al-Qaeda. It Saudi Arabia and India in the light of recent started as Islamic state of Syria and Levant to major events in the Middle East region. (200 Islamic state of Syria and Iraq and finally Words) culminated as the Islamic state.

Saudi Arabia is a country of critical importance to Reasons for its rise are India in political, strategic, economic and security 1) unstable government in Syria. Making it easier http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 122

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for extremist groups to gain arms, money and Q. Examine the structure, mandate and strength. importance of International Finance 2) Shia dominance in Iraq. Noor al Maliki‘s Corporation (IFC). What is the criteria being policies of isolating Sunnis and giving importance followed by IFC when it lends money? to Shias infuriated the public. Thus public support Critically examine. for them, making it easier to grow. 3) Ideological rift between Saudi and Iran. Saudi International Finance Corporation is one of the World Bank organizations, although it is under promoting Sunni extremism. Iraq doing World Bank it is financially and legally everything to oppose it. independent. It was established in the year 1956, 4) most importantly US reduced dependence on and has 184 member countries, a group that Middle East for its resources and hence not collectively determines their policies. IFC‘s pursuing vigorously to maintain stability there. member countries, through a Board of Governors and a Board of Directors, guide IFC‘s programs Impact on India and global security and activities. Each country appoints one governor and one alternate governor.

1) Islamic state recent beheading of a US journalist show their intention for world Below the Board of Directors is the president who dominance and fearlessness to attack their leads the IFC‘s overall strategic directions. enemies. Further IFC‘s projects and programs are 2) Pakistan being Sunni dominated May force or evaluated by the Independent Evaluation Group [IEG]. The project Accountability is ensured by persuade Islamic state to attack India by giving the independent Office of the Compliance incentives such as arms and money. Advisor/Ombudsman [CAO]. 3) Instability in the Middle East is a concern. Immense dependence on oil may put our Some of the mandates of IFC are ensuring economy in jeopardy. environmental and social sustainability; Addressing constraints to private sector growth 4) the fate of the large number of Indian migrants in infrastructure, health, education, and the food- is also a concern. supply chain; developing local financial markets. 5) Any antagonism to Islamic state would infuriate Saudi. Sympathy to IS would infuriate Basically IFC lends to private companies in Iran. Hence have to deal cautiously. establishing projects which may consists of roads, thermal plants and water, roads, phone 6) More importantly success of IS in establishing a connections, healthcare, education, sanitation, state would instill confidence in the many waste management. As these projects have very extremist groups in the South Asian region. A low return in developing countries so private global concern but more importantly to India companies avoid investing in them. To boost the private investment climate IFC lends cheaper loans to these companies. Important International institutions, agencies, fora (structure, mandate) The main criterion of lending in projects depends upon how these projects benefit the masses. But recently in India we have seen a reverse of this , projects are financed by IFC which go against the interest if the masses for example port project in Kerala which is affecting the fisherman adversely has been financed by IFC

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The lack of the public consultation and increased change, and poverty – is not an informal leaders risks to pollution by the project granted loans forum, but a binding deliberations in a raise concerns over the working of the multilateral framework with good amount of institution.. There is a need of abiding to its own Inclusivity as its criteria. mandate The effectiveness of G20 is also further questioned based on its domestic legitimacy within the member countries since there is no Q--Examine the objectives of G-20 for which it genuine engagement to build trust and support was set-up. Do you think the group has met its with diverse participants in a state‘s economy – objectives? Comment. such as labor, businesses, civil society to name a few.

G-20, which started as informal forum for Finance G-20 today, in all its earnest objectives that it has Ministers & Central Bank Governors of 20 majors set for itself needs to bring a complete overhaul of economies in 1999 in the wake of Asian Financial its existing structure to truly set an agenda for Crisis was elevated to Leaders Forum at global economic governance. Having said that, G- Washington summit, in the wake of 2008 Global 20 has an opportunity to create a truly Financial crisis. G-20 today represents 85% of the ―multilateral Global economic Leader forum‖ Gross world product, 80% of world trade and representing the Heads of all the Nations, which 2/3rd of the world population. otherwise is seriously amiss in Bretton Woods Institutions. It can usher in a new era of Although the initial focus of G20 was on issues inclusivity and financial governance of the world related to international truly representative of rapidly evolving global economy of today financial stability, it has also examined a broad range of longer-term economic issues of interest to its members. One of the key areas of emphasis of the G20 is promotion of shared economic growth and sustainable development. G20 is also trying to foster and adopt internationally recognized standards in areas such as financial transparency, international tax cooperation and combating money laundering etc. Q. . “Fighting inflation first through

stabilisation and worrying about growth later is an IMF approach that has not worked well The objectives is inconsistent in these lines affecting the world on financial matters, well elsewhere in the world.” Explain the approach developed financially strong countries like of IMF in fighting inflation. Switzerland, Norway and majority of the least developed countries are left out of preview. Answer-

The serious issue is the accountability and  IMF way of fighting inflation is simplistic transparency of the forum in considering i.e. first stabilising the economy and then meetings with closed doors, the concern for concentrating on growth. It imposes climate change had always been at the bottom of severe policy reforms before giving a loan table. to the financial crisis driven economy.

What the world today needs to address global problems – such as Global warming, climate http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 124

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 It stresses on fiscal discipline meaning less increases. This is a direct consequence of government spending on subsidies, Inflation. In India, recent Inflation is due pension schemes to growth, monetary and fiscal policies.  As Growth has seen a sharp decline from  This approach of fighting inflation of IMF 2011, India needs to evolve a different is not as par with the current economic policy other than IMF, which focuses on scenario of the world as world is more stabilization first and then growth later. open economy now and any country India‘s growth performance was cannot sustain without growing its unexpected compared to other countries economy. in world. When the world economies crashed in 2008, India remained stable and  IMF (International Monetary Fund) is the maintained a growth of 8%, highest in institution which saves countries in case of Indian history. As the world recovered serious financial crisis. But, for giving help and looking for deflation, India is facing it expects them to do serious policy higher inflation rate and lower growth reforms and change their economic rate. system to fit in world economic order.  IMF targets financial crisis, especially This trend can be attributed to different reasons. inflation through stabilisation in fiscal and In 2008, due to unerring monetary policy India monetary policies of the host countries. could remain stable. But as these tight policies Later, it offers a huge sum of money to continued, India had to face a decline in bail out the countries which adhere to its investment and growth. It was too late to before instructions. we mended our policies and India is under high  During recent European crisis, PIIGS Inflation. The other reason is due inflation countries were on highly spiral low indexed government policies which resulted in growth trend, and thus needed IMF huge funds being dispersed to poor and in the intervention. So, countries like Greece and form of subsidies. This affected economy in two Spain were pressurised to follow austerity ways. Though we were partially successful in measures, cut government spending, and increasing wages to poor and raising them out of bring the budget in surplus revenue so poverty, their increased wages resulted in that they could be able to pay debts and increased consumption and demand. This don‘t become bankrupt. This didn‘t do resulted in Inflation. The other reason due to any good, as it resulted in a lot of job increased MSP prices. This created a burden on losses, economic stagnation, which again government and at the same time improved lives resulted in consistent higher inflation due of many which impacted their lives. to lowering of supply of goods and India can not follow IMF approach by services. compromising on growth by decreasing MSP,  Inflation is equally related to monetary wages and subsidies which can push people into and fiscal policies as it is related to supply poverty to decrease burden and inflation rates. side policies, and thus growth shouldn‘t India thus needs to evolve a unique policy which be stopped at all to bring the economy to can cater the needs of society. greater stabilisation and thus controlling inflation and then targeting growth.    Growth and Inflation travel together. Growth in economy increases Employment rate, which increases wages. As wages increase, consumption http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 125

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Q-Examine how India without compromising its surely include sharp and critical comments on independent foreign policy, can utilize U.S. surveillance programmes, all of which go on international fora and groupings to secure its the record as the opinion of India‘s sovereign cyber space from external threats. (250 Words) body.

Thirdly,India could help formulate a BRICS In today‘s era of advanced technology and Charter for Internet Governance. BRICS countries internet where everything is just a click away,it retain a trump card when it comes to Internet has made life of every nation, be it developing or governance: their massive consumer base. To be developed very easy.However, it has also posed sure, the charter should not punish or sanction serious security issues to all the Internet companies that collaborate with the U.S. countries.Today,Security of cyber space has government for surveillance. BRICS members become an important issue in the wake of the would circulate an annual ―name and shame‖ list National Security agency‘s Prism Program. of such companies to multilateral avenues and However, India can utilize the International fora civil society forums across the world. The and groupings to secure its cyber space from negative publicity would do more than its fair external threats without compromising its share to make IT companies rethink their independent foreign policy . surreptitious collaboration with the U.S. Firstly,India could revive an IBSA (India-Brazil- Following these methods are not conclusive but South Africa) proposal from 2011 to set up a U.N. will definitely be in the direction of tackling with Committee for Internet- Related Policies (CIRP), the security threats from the developed nations and submit it again to the U.N. General Q-What do you understand by Diplomatic Assembly.First tabled at the 66th UNGA session, Immunity? Is it absolute? Comment. this idea met with opposition from the West. But Ans - in light of new circumstances, and great resentment against the U.S. and NSA‘s practices, Diplomatic immunity is the legal immunity given to diplomats and in some cases to their families. it mooting CIRP is sure to generate much exempts foreign diplomats from prosecution discussion at the U.N. The IBSA proposal should under the host country‘s law.it is grated on wo be coupled with a draft resolution for the General convections: Assembly to adopt: one that strongly denounces 1.convection on diplomatic relations 1961 practices of global surveillance and use of 2.convection of consular relations 1963 immunity depends on the nature of interceptive technologies against governments. posting.under 1st convection for diplomats Secondly, India should amend its National posted in an embassy immunity extends to their families.it is also applicable for administrative Security Act and the Official Secrets Act.If any and technical staffs whereas under 2nd Indian, or India-based telecom company or India- convection for diplomats posted in consulate get based Internet found to share confidential diplomatic immunity except when they are information about Indian citizens, public-sector charged for some serious crime for which warrant institutions, and officials with foreign is issued and their families also do not any immunity. therefore it is not absolute in nature. governments. then there should be hard punishment. The chances these amendments are passed by Parliament are frankly slim. But the parliamentary debate that would ensue will http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 126

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Q-Highlight the importance of Track-III This over all create an anti-conflict sentiment Diplomacy in fostering good relations between among the citizen and this ultimately restrains countries. (150 Words) countries to indulge in offensive moves. With Answer) friendly relations and better mutual acceptance there is also improvement in tourism, trade, Traditionally, the term "diplomacy" referred to cultural & educational exchange. India has interaction between nation-states. More recently, adopted this type of diplomacy with countries however, scholars have delineated several levels like south East Asian countries and African of diplomacy. Tracks 1 and 2 are the most countries. Recently India china have decided to frequently used terms. A composite term is improve the mutual exchange of tourist and multitrack diplomacy. students and professionals.

Multitrack diplomacy: A term for operating on several tracks simultaneously, including official Q-“In severe international conflict scenarios, to and unofficial conflict resolution efforts, citizen resolve an issue, often the solution can be found and scientific exchanges, international business negotiations, international cultural and athletic through diplomacy, not by intimidation or war.” activities, and other cooperative efforts. These Comment. (200 Words) efforts could be led by governments, professional --International conflict today are much complex organizations, businesses, churches, media, in nature ( border, sea, cyber, ethnic, etc ) and so private citizens, training and educational is the urgency to pragmatic solution, but institutes, activists, and funders. diplomacy is and should always be the first pick to keep world at peace. Track 1 diplomacy: Official discussions typically involving high-level political and military leaders -- Twenty first century has witnessed the and focusing on cease-fires, peace talks, and development of arms and ammunition controlled treaties and other agreements. by computerized systems with immense accuracy which can increase chances of destruction in Track 2 diplomacy: Unofficial dialogue and comparison to previous wars. problem-solving activities aimed at building -- Instead of fighting for superiority, hegemony, relationships and encouraging new thinking that economic survival it is necessary to reflect on can inform the official process. Track 2 activities preserve the efficiency of the democratic system. typically involve influential academic, religious, Warfare is something that no country or leader and NGO leaders and other civil society actors wants to mention about until the very end. who can interact more freely than high-ranking Therefore, diplomacy is an instrument of good officials. Some analysts use the term track 1.5 to governance and a deterrent that has managed to denote a situation in which official and non- quell human conflict. official actors work together to resolve conflicts.

Track 3 diplomacy: People-to-people diplomacy undertaken by individuals and private groups to The success of diplomatic moves could be studied encourage interaction and understanding as between hostile communities and involving awareness raising and empowerment within (1) India and China signed BDCA agreement after these communities. Normally focused at the a series of high level talks and dialogue process to grassroots level, this type of diplomacy often deal effectively with the long standing border involves organizing meetings and conferences, issues. They also emphasized people to people generating media exposure, and political and contact and boosting economic ties. legal advocacy for marginalized people and communities. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 127

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(2) India and Pakistan in the last few months are Missions or massive strategies oriented to continuously trying to hold talks to resolve the guarantee fundamental rights to the population Kashmir issue. They are also giving importance to with focus on the most excluded social and strengthen cultural and economic ties. economic sectors and alleviating political system of corruption and bureaucratic lethargy. (3) The U.S and Russia‘s diplomatic process to deal peacefully the Syrian issue when the U.S was looking war only a possible solution to deal with Q-Write a critical note on the scramble for Arctic Syria. resources and the associated conflicts in the (4) The most sought up negotiation and talks international arena. (200 Words) between the Karzai government in Afghanistan 1. Arctic region, which has lately attracted and Taliban leaders to come out with a peaceful the global attention from the plan to maintain stability after the U.S withdrawal in 2014 from Afghanistan. environmentalists because of the rapid melting of ice caps.I (5) Iran issue : secrecy of Iranian nuclear projects 2. t also have a tremendous potential to gain and US economic sanction has created instability in middle east (Israel attack, cyber-attack on Iran) from unexploited mineral reserves which but recent talks with between the two has are estimated by a US agency having 13% somewhat opened channel of diplomacy ,which undiscovered oil reserves and 30% of the hopefully bring respite to economy of Iran and natural gas reserves of the earth. peace 3. The melting of the ice opens up new (6) Israel –Palestine Fought many wars and shipping facilities, leading to a scramble skirmish yet unable to solve the problem of for territory and resources among the 5 territory settlement and prisoners has shown arctic states (Canada,Norway, some fruitful results in Jhon kerry‘s successful Denmark,Russia and USA). steps to bring the two on table 4. Since arctic region lacks a specific local Failure in diplomacy are to be treated as lesson regime,unlike Antarctic treaty system, the from past and need to be rectified Sino-India war access to north pole opens up new 1962, with modernization and expansion of scramble for exploitation,but also warfare. War can never be a solution to International conflicts, if we fail to understand potential territory disputes posing a threat this now, the very survival of human species will to International peace and security. be at stake. 5. These territorial claims are lying before the commission on the limits for continental shelf estd under UNCLOS. Q-Supreme Social Happiness Department (50 Words) Recently there is a conflict between russia and Answer) canada. Canada filed a claim with UNCLOS Supreme Social Happiness department was concerning the outer limits of its continental shelf announced by the President of Venezuela. in the Atlantic ocean as well as north pole also. On response of this Russia has ordered military to The department will coordinate with more than have its presence at north pole. 30 welfare schemes known as ―Missions‖.

The missions‘ will review, rectify and relaunch the scheme for the social and economic development of children and old aged. Certainly UNITED NATIONS the Missions have brought fundamental changes in Venezuela. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 128

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Q-Critically evaluate the role and relevance of 2. Headquartered at New York City it has a UN peacekeeping missions in Africa. 7 regional offices and national committees The UN peacekeeping missions in Africa are in about 190 countries. essential to restorig peace and political stability in 3. The main pivotal decisions are taken by the violent strifen region. the executive boards with representatives The UN peacekeeping Mission is continuing to of countries ie 36 members, representing play a crucial role particularly in the conflict torn the five regional groups of Member States states such as Democratic Republic of Congo, at the United Nations. Central African Republic and South Sudan. The UN Mission in DRC viz; MONUSCO is 4. Whereas at regional level like south Asia significant in that it has helped the infilteration of the regional committees guide the officials rebels between the porous borders of Rwanda of the national committee in and Uganda into DRC. In CAR, UNICEF has implementation of the programmes. In helped to restore millions of displaced children. South Asian region the regional office in Similarly in South Sudan the conflict over oil Kathmandu. resources in Niger basin has led to violence and The mandate of UNICEF Early childhood ethnic conflicts in which UN has played a health development through constructive role in the restoration of victims of Immunization Nutrition Water, sanitation, political unrest and coups. hygiene & AIDS control..Besides health Most importantly, the relevance of UN UNICEF it also provides primary peacekeeping missions lie in the fact that with its education, emergency services due to participation, the issues in Africa attains more natural calamity & war, water and skill global visibility, an international pressure and development. It also helps in protection of external neutral third party arbitration to the environment protection. incessant conflict and instability in the region. Finally, while the UN peacekeeping mission are Q-Enumerate any ten important rights declared playing a rehabilitative role, it cannot be denied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that the body is not independent of the political document. Do you think India has succeeded in granting all of its citizens these rights fully? control of the West which exercises discretion on Examine. (250 Words) its funding and reach by its control over its funding. It is imperative that UN attempts to The UN General Assembly adopted the Universal become more neutral and democratic while Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to promote dispatching its peacekeeping missions to the less a simple yet powerful idea that all human beings developed countries such as Africa. are born free and equal in terms of dignity and rights. Important rights like:

Q-Explain the structure and mandate of UNICEF 1. All human beings are born free and equal (United Nations Children‟s Fund) (150 Words) in dignity and rights. 1. UNICEF was created by the United 2. They are endowed with reason and Nations General Assembly on December conscience and should act towards one 11, 1946, to provide emergency food and another in a spirit of brotherhood, healthcare to children in countries that 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and had been devastated by World War II. security of person, http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 129

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4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; Q--Critically comment on the functioning of UN 5. slavery and the slave trade shall be Security Council prohibited in all their forms, 6. No one shall be subjected to torture or to UNSC is charged with the maintenance of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or international peace and security. It imposes punishment, sanction, sends peace keeping force and 7. Everyone has the right to recognition authorizes military action. It consists of five permanent members with veto power and ten everywhere as a person before the law, non-permanent members, elected on a regional 8. Everyone has the right to an effective basis for two years. It‘s the only UN organ with remedy by the competent national authority to enforce binding resolution. tribunals for acts violating the It‘s success in the last six or seven decades have fundamental rights granted him by the been mixed one, often failures overshadowing constitution or by law, successes. Its peace keepers have received the 9. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. It has successfully operated in Namibia, Congo, Sudan, Rwanda etc. arrest, detention or exile, But its activeness related to small countries is

10. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, absent in case of powerful contries. It was mostly including reasonable limitation of paralysed during the cold war era. Its permanent working hours and periodic holidays with members with veto powers, have largely used it pay, to pretect their own strategic interest. Thus the 11. Everyone is entitled to a social and quick action taken during oil rich quait in crisis, international order in which the rights and was no seen in the case of resource poor Rwanda. There has been no punitive action against freedoms set forth in this Declaration can violators of its resolution. Western powers be fully realized, dominating the security council, often ignored or 12. Everyone has the right to freedom of bypassed it, if they could not take it along with peaceful assembly and association and No them. Western intervention in Iraq, Afghanistan, one may be compelled to belong to an Libya speaks volume about intransigence of some association. members. Its inability to stop Israili attacks on Gaza strip, claiming about 800 lives, mostly

civilians, exposes its weakness. It has humiliated The main reasons for their underachievement are itself many times by not being able to arrange adequate peace keeping force and fund in time feudal and communal characteristics of the Indian for missions it has committed through resolution. polity, coupled with a colonial bureaucracy, Much demanded reform in the security council dampened the spirit of freedom, rights and needs to be urgently brought forth to help it play affirmative action enshrined in the Constitution. its role in preserving global peace or it will have We have repeatedly witnessed such human rights the same end as the League of Nations. violations: awareness about human rights needs to be made universal. Our endeavour should be Q) From India‟s perspective, explain why is it to mould a society with no gender discrimination important to reform both UNSC and IMF. and no violence. When women are empowered, that ensures stable societies. Public interest From India‘s perspective, explain why is it litigation and the judicial activism of the Supreme important to reform both UNSC and IMF. Ans: India‘s demand for reforms in UNSC Court played a major role in expanding the scope and IMF can be analysed mathematically, of human rights and in giving it much-needed geographically, and politically. legitimacy through some important verdicts. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 130

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(a) Mathematically: when these organisations announced by the Permanent Court of were formed there members were few so they Arbitration at The Hague. In the judgement, represented a larger percentage. For example the court has provided for 3-step analysis for When UN was formed it had 51 members so a dividing the continental shelf and EEZ. security counsil of 5 represented 10% of This works out good in case of inner members. With global participation now this continental shelf and EEZ but in case of outer percentage has shrinked to 2%. continental shelf, which extends beyond 200 (b) Geographically: it give undue weightage nautical miles, there are separate provisions to Europe and America. For instance Europe under UNCLOS. It states that such claims with 5%population holds Chair of IMF and must be submitted to CLCS which will give 33% share of UNSC. the final award. One such claim regarding (c) Politically: veto power enjoyed by these P5 India and Bangladesh is pending before gives them undue advantage to decide world CLCS. But the Permanent Court of Arbitration affairs. has delimited these territories also in its India presently holds 17% of humanity, is the award which may create some issues if the 4th largest economy in PPP terms and has award of CLCS comes different from what is emerged as a growth pole of world economy presently awarded. in 2008 economic recession. In the coming Whatever be the outcome, one thing is certain decade India will have 30% of the workforce that the resolution of these disputes will help of world. Its pragmatic relation with its India and Bangladesh strengthen their neighbour is an evidence of its diplomatic relations more and develop a fruitful maturity. In the emerging scenario in south partnership in many other spheres. China Sea India is uniquely placed to play a key role. With the rise of Asia in 21st century India‘s demand for reforms in UNSC and IMF are not only justified but also imperative to establish a more representative and Q---Critically evaluate the contribution of UN participative global order. These reforms will Peacekeeping missions to world peace. enhance the legitimacy of world organisations. UN peacekeeping force since its inception has carried more than 60 missions with 16 live Q--Write a note on the U.N. Convention on the missions currently. Its work has been Law of Sea (UNCLOS) and its relevance to commendable in the war torn countries after India. and during cold war period. Further its work in restoring peace in the countries like Mali, . UNCLOS came into force in 1994 and defines the Haiti has been phenomenal. rights and responsibilities of the nations with The UN peacekeeping force is also currently respect to the use of maritime natural resources. It working in the war torn countries like Libya, defines 6 major zones : Syria etc and bringing some peace in the life a) Internal Waters of inhabitants there. b) Territorial Waters But , there has been certain controversies c) Contiguous Zone regarding western dominance of the force. d) Maritime cultural zone Western countries are the major donor in the e) Exclusive economic zone upkeep of peacekeeping force and hence has a f) Continental Shelf virtual veto power on its operations. And the Although India do not have major maritime countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and conflicts with her neighbors relating to China who are major contributors of the demarcation of boundaries, one particular troops are often sideline. Thus there is a issue is with Bangladesh in Bay of Bengal. demand for security reforms in the force so Recently the judgement on this case was that every member get a fair representation. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 131

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Further, the operations of the peacekeeping sector, National Rural Health Mission and force are often carries without any local recent initiative of National Health Mission, support and participation. This in turn result JSY, ICDS are few of schemes. But ground in a hostility of the natives towards the force. realities are not very parallel to the initiatives Moreover when the force leave after ending due to poor implementation, poor the conflict, the country often revert back to monitoring, lack of infrastructure, funds and the crisis situation eg: Mali. Thus it is required lack of awareness. We are the worst that operations are carried with the performer in mortality and maternal health cooperation of the local authorities. This in South Asia. Though institutional deliveries would give a credibility to the peace keeping has shown an ascending trend but the operations and will also nurture the authority improvement is very far from the MDG goal. to take control of the situation when it Moreover regional imbalances play a crucial departs. role. On one hand, Kerala has achieved nearly 100% institutional delivery and crossing the MDG goal in reducing mortality, on the other a. It take lots of time before member states hand, worst performer states, Haryana, sends their troops for the Rajasthan has brought down the national mission. This causes loosing on time and average. To summarize, we are far from the hence loosing on mission MDG goals and have to work upon the implementation of policies for the same. 2. The Communication problem: The locals at trouble time finds it difficult to share the Q--Write a note on the UN Convention on the nature of problem with the forces and even if Law of the NonNavigational Uses of they share they only can communicate half of International Watercourses. the problem. Even in the view of the above mentioned UN convention on Low of the Non- lacunaes , the usability of UN Peacekeeping navigational Use of Water Resources is an force is unquestionable. But the reforms international framework governing non- needed, if implemented will provide further navigational use of trans-boundary fresh strength to the force which is the need of the water resources. It‘s noteworthy that ―fresh hour. water‖ includes both surface water and ground water because of the hydrological linkage between the two. It prescribes four basic obligations: • Equitable and reasonable utilization of Q---Critically comment on India‟s achievements countries in meeting the targets of Millenium • Prevent significant harm to other country Development Goals. • Prior notification of planned measures • Protection on preservation of water MDG goals strive for social and human resources development by reducing poverty levels, and All participating countries will indulge in improving health indicators.As far as India‘s equal but reasonable use of water. They must performance is concerned, we will get a PREVENT harm to other countries by prior mixed picture. We have done marginally well notification of planned project and by other in universalization of elementary education means. Prevention is emphasized because it‘s by enacting right to education, Mid day meal difficult to halt or modify the project once it‘s scheme, and reaching upto 100% Gross started eliminating the option of remedy. enrollment ratio. Similarly, we have launched Ecological aspect is stressed upon by various schemes to reduce poverty like controlling pollution and preserving water MGNREGA, right to work. In the health course. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 132

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This provides a framework of principles to guarantee success. A lot of challenges must be deal with trans national rivers with space for overcome if the initiative is to truly benefit the modifying to specific need. With the region, and not just serve as a political ratification of 35th nation i.e. Vietnam, this statement. will come into force from August. Roughly 60% of the all fresh water runs within cross border basin. Plus, keeping in mind climate change, pollution, growing Q--In your opinion, what India needs to do to population and their water need; this treaty get a permanent seat at UNSC? Comment. will help manage water resource with least conflict The power structure of world has significantly changed since the inception of Q) „Asia wants a new specialized bank to fill the UNSC. And in today‘s situation having 1/6 of gaps left by the World Bank and the Asian the humanity and third economic strength in Development Bank.‟ Comment. the PPP term, India deserves a permanent seat in UNSC. India has been trying in this Asian countries have long felt underserved direction for several years, but without and misunderstood by the World Bank and success. Some steps, India needs to take in IMF which were initially set up after World this direction: War II to, fund development projects and help Forming a unified front with other governments manage temporary financial contenders: Though India via G4(India, Japan, difficulties respectively. In the middle of the germany and Brazil) has contented for a 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, they made an position in the UNSC. But it must be taken in unsuccessful attempt to establish an Asian account that any such grouping is unlikely to monetary fund in spite of considerable get support of African countries. Thus international opposition. grouping should be more inclusive and Now, Asian countries are seeking to establish acceptable. the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank to 2.Garnering support of the existing P5: channel regional financing into infrastructure Though all P5 countries except China support development that helps Asia at both the India‘s contention, but any serious effort in national and regional levels. This initiative is this direction has not been there except empty led by China, with improved economic power rhetoric. India should push them to take a and financial influence. As the West, is still serious stand and at the same time should try recovering from the 2008 financial crisis it is to get support of China via more cooperative less able to impose its will this time. engagement in the platforms like G20, WTO Before this dreams turns into reality, some and BRICS. important challenges like, determining key Active involvement in the world affairs: India appointments and decisions; proper blending is seen as a pacifist country in the world of developmental and commercial objectives; affairs. Even in its own neighborhood, its role efficiently exploiting public-private is not even of a regional power as compared partnerships; environmental and social to China. And if India wants world to take its sustainability of the projects etc, must be candidature seriously, it has to become active coped with. participant. The new institution should work well with its The coming BRICs summit and UNGA can be existing counterparts ADB, IMF and World the starting platforms for India to work in Bank. Rather than duplicating, it should focus these directions. on filling gaps and correcting market and (c)Use soft power diplomacy to influence the institutional failures. global opinion in India‘s favour. Mutlimedia Asia has a chance to do today what it couldn‘t and widespread propoganda can be used for do in the late 1990s. Though, ability does not this. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 133

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(d) Convincing P5 about the preimmenet role vessel Enrica Lexie was found to violate the India can play in the emerging security clause of UNCLOS article 33 which requires Pre scenario in middle east and South China Sea Arrival Notification for Security(PANS) dispute. Clearance prior to entrance and transit through (e) Enhancing global faith and confidence in Contiguous Zone. India‘s nuclear program by adhering to IAEA protocol and greater transparency in its Next to this is a range of 200 nautical miles which nuclear program. is Exclusive Economic Zone of the coastal nation. ( f) India should also improve its own record India‘s exploration in South China sea with grant of human rights especially in naxal area, from Vietnam which has exclusive right in this North East and Jammu & kashmir. This will region is very much in accordance with the leverage its claim to play a role in global provisions of UNCLOS. security. (g) Using various diplomatic channels during Q-Comment and the Convention on the global negotiation. Elimination of Discrimination against Women (h) India can utilise its arm deals and opening (CEDAW) role in eliminating violence against up of economy as attractive offers to P5 to get their support in its demand for permanent women. seat in UNSC. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), also

known as an international bill of rights for women was adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly. it has been ratified by 188 states till Q-What is Law of the Sea? Explain provisions of now. UNCLOS in relation to recent developments it consists a preamble and 30 articles which define with respect to India. (200 Words) what constitutes discrimination against women and set up an agenda for national action to end Law of Sea which is codified in the United such discrimination. By accepting the Convention, States commit Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, 1982 themselves to undertake a series of measures to defines the rights and responsibilities of nations end discrimination against women in all forms, in dealing with territorial waters, sea-lanes, and and- ocean resources. the significant issues covered under the law Rejection of violence against women as it impedes include setting limits, navigation, Exclusive the advancement of women and maintains their Economic Zones(EEZs), protection of living subordinate status resourcesof sea, equitable uses of marine Equality of women and men under the law; resources, scientific researches and settlement of protection of women and girls through the rule of disputes. law UNCLOS sets a clear demarcation segregating sea Demand security forces and systems to protect areas for permitted uses and restrictions. Areas women and girls from gender-based violence, to covering landward side of baseline is exclusive establish tribunals and other public institutions to ensure the effective protection of women against right of coastal nation.Foreign Vessels have no discrimination; and right of passage here. On the opposite side of baseline upto 12 nautical miles is termed as Recognition of the fact that distinct experiences nations territorial water, however other vessels and burdens of women and girls come from can have innocent passage. 12 nautical miles systemic discrimination further is Contiguous Zone. Last year an Italian http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 134

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Ensure that women‘s experiences, needs and perspectives are incorporated into the political, Q-What are the mandates of ICC and ICJ? legal and social decisions that determine the Explain (100 Words) achievement of just and lasting peace

The Convention ensures women‘s equal access to The International Court of Justice is the Hague equal opportunities in, political and public life- based primary judicial branch of the United including the right to vote and to stand for Nations. election – as well as education, health and Its main functions are to settle legal disputes employment. It affirms women‘s rights to submitted to it by states and to provide advisory acquire, change or retain their nationality and the opinions on legal questions submitted by the UN nationality of their children. General Assembly and other branches of UNO.

It has been successful to a significant level in The International Criminal Court is a permanent controlling honor killings, female infanticides, tribunal based at Hague but can seat anywhere rapes and domestic violence against the women created by the Rome statute to prosecute and promoting women‘s participation in individuals for genocide, crimes against decision-making at all levels. humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination It has a complementary to existing national against Women is an international treaty adopted judicial systems, and may only exercise its by UNGA in 1979. It has been ratified by 188 jurisdiction when national courts are unwilling or member countries. It is described as the unable to investigate or prosecute such above international bill of rights for women aimed at crimes. reducing the prejudices against women and ensuring equal participation of the section. The treaty establishes an agenda for the action for Q-Integrated Global Action Plan for Prevention ending the sex based determination practices. It and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea provides that the states must ensure in (GAPPD) (50 Words) eliminating the stereotyping of the men and women as the superior and inferior genders. The states are required to ensure gender equality Integrated Global Action Plan for Prevention and through the legislative framework. The member Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD): countries should provide effective redressal -- Developed and issued by WHO and UNICEF in mechanism for the protection against 2013. discrimination for women.The institutions should -- Outlining key universal interventions be setup for safeguarding the interests of the -- Goal: Ending mortality in children by 2025. women. The women should be protected by -- 2015 Coverage targets: adequate security forces to eliminate the cases of 1. 90% vaccination coverage targets for gender violence. It makes provisions for the equal • Pertussis, participation of the women in decision making. • Measles, Despite the low reporting , there has been an • Haemophilus influenza type B increase in the gender based violence in India. (Hib), There is need for ensuring the provisions under • Pneumococcal & the CEDAW to take steps to reduce gender based • Rotavirus violence . Increased research would lead to 2. 90% treatment access for children with deciphering the cause and effect of the events, pneumonia, diarrhea thereby preventing them. An increased in 3. 50% for exclusive breastfeeding of education and reforms in the socio cultural norms children during their 1st 6 months. in the society would aid in improving the conditions of women. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 135

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talents and resources to attain common Q-What is the role and mandate of UNESCO? objectives. Do you think its role should be expanded?  A standard-setter When, quite apart from their cultural Analyze. (200 Words) differences and traditions, States agree to

common rules, they can draw up an UNESCO‘s main objective is to contribute to international instrument: an agreement or peace and security in the world by promoting convention, both of which are legally collaboration among nations through education, binding, a recommendation or a science, culture and communication and declaration. UNESCO participates in this information. effort through its standard-setting action, The goal is to further universal respect for justice, serving as a central forum for for the rule of law and for human rights and coordinating the ethical, normative and fundamental freedoms. These principles, which intellectual issues of our time, fostering are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without multidisciplinary exchange and mutual distinction of race, sex, language or religion, are understanding, working – where possible enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. and desirable – towards universal To fulfil its mandate, UNESCO performs five agreements on these issues, defining principal functions. benchmarks and mobilizing international It serves as: opinion. UNESCO also helps to draw up or revise the instrument, works towards  A laboratory of ideas its adoption or revision, sees that it is UNESCO plays a key role in respected and, occasionally, assists anticipating and defining, in the light of Member States in putting it into practice. the ethical principles that it champions, as The Executive Board‘s Committee on a kind of ―laboratory of ideas‖, the most Conventions and Recommendations can important emerging problems in its and does act upon violations of human spheres of competence and in identifying rights in UNESCO‘s fields of competence. appropriate strategies and policies to deal It has examined nearly 500 cases since with them. 1978 of which half have been settled  A clearing house through contacts with the States UNESCO has a role in gathering, concerned. transferring, disseminating and sharing  A capacity-builder in Member States available information, knowledge and best UNESCO organizes international practices in its fields of competence, cooperation for serving its stakeholders, identifying innovative solutions and especially its Member States, in building testing them through pilot projects. It is human and institutional capacities in all one of the most crucial functions of the its fields of competence, in the form of Organization. It is here that UNESCO ―technical cooperation‖. When Mauritius launches and co-ordinates regional or seeks to renovate its education system, worldwide networks serving a threefold when Kazakhstan decides to prepare purpose: research, exchange of research legislation on press freedom, or El results, and training. At international Salvador to provide civic instruction to its conferences, international experts also police force, these countries request formulate new and common approaches technical assistance from UNESCO. This to the major issues confronting UNESCO advisory function generally concerns the and Member States, mobilizing their development of policies, national strategies, projects, feasibility studies, http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 136

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raising funds for their execution and, Q-What were the major outcomes of the UN finally, evaluation. climate negotiations in Warsaw? (150 Words)  A catalyst for international cooperation The main decisions are : UNESCO, as a technical multidisciplinary agency, assumes a catalytic role for development cooperation -Finance: developed nations promised in 2009 to increase their aid to poorer countries to help them in its fields of competence, for the cope with climate change to $100 billion a year convergence of work which otherwise after 2020, from $10 billion a year in 2010-12. But, would be dispersed, thus less effective, in Warsaw, they rejected calls to set targets for and risk being ignored by those needing it 2013-19. most. To that end it seeks to ensure that the objectives, principles and priorities it -To provide expertise, and possibly aid, to help promotes are adopted by other developing nations cope with losses from extreme multilateral and bilateral programmes and events related to climate change. that projects are implemented, -Abolition of greenhouse gases. particularly at regional and national -A multi-billion dollar framework to tackle levels, through innovation, effective deforestation. -A measure that could boost demand for the interventions and wise practices. ailing mechanism, encouraging countries without legally binding emissions targets to use carbon credits called certified emission reductions. Q-U.N. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and India (100 Words) The convention was adopted and opened for signature by the United Nations General Q-Write a short note on 7th United Nations Assembly on 21 December 1965. Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (100 Words) The Convention follows the structure of Answer) the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and The United Nations Congresses on the Prevention of Political Rights, and International Covenant on Crime and the Treatment of Offenders have been Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, with a held every five years since 1955.Since 2005, they preamble and twenty-five articles. have been held under the name United Nations Congresses on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. Core provisions:- Till now 10 meetings has taken place,few are: -- Prevention of discrimination -- Condemnation of apartheid 1985: Seventh United Nations Congress, held in -- Prohibition of incitement Milan, approves the Milan Plan of Action; the -- Promotion of tolerance United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the -- Dispute resolution mechanism Administration of Juvenile Justice; the -- Individual complaints mechanism Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power; the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary; recommendations on the treatment of foreign prisoners and the first model bilateral treaty - the Model Agreement on the Transfer of Foreign Prisoners.

2000: The Tenth United Nations Congress, held at Vienna, delivers the Declaration on Crime and http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 137

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Justice: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty thematic mechanisms or mandates).[citation first Century to the Millennium General needed] The Human Rights division of the U.N. is Assembly. also expected to uphold and protect the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights. Since then many nations have arrived at bilateral and multilateral treaties aimed at strengthening The United Nations Human Rights Council, an international cooperation against expanding intergovernmental body of UN is primarily crime which is an issue of global concern mandated to strengthen and promote Human hampering socio-political, economic and cultural Rights across the globe, addressing the violation of development of people. Human rights and accordingly make Will help in social rehabilitation of prisoners. recommendations to be placed in the General Assembly to further necessary actions.

The Universal Periodic Review, the Advisory Committee and the complaint procedure forms the Q- What is the mandate of UNHRC? Critically backbone of the organization to efficiently deliver comment on its functioning citing any two its function. recent examples. However, the UNHRC is still far from achieving

its goal owing to the limited & only the The United Nations Human Rights recommendation power it has been given. The role Council (UNHRC) is an inter-governmental body of the council in the ethnic violence and violation within the United Nations System. of human rights in Sri Lanka & Sudan has been doubted and no concrete actions were blamed to be taken by the International community on its The UNHRC has addressed different conflicts recommendations. such as the Israeli-Palestinian one, and also The UNHRC conceived with right intentions has addresses rights-related situations in countries still a long way to travel for getting the required such as in Burma, Guinea, North Korea, Côte power and authority to prove its conception to the d'Ivoire, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Libya, Iran, and Sri world community to effectively tackle human Lanka. The UNHRC also addresses important rights violation. thematic human rights issues such as freedom of association and assembly, freedom of expression, freedom of belief and religion, Women's rights, LGBT rights, and Q-What efforts have been made by UN and its the rights of racial and ethnic minorities agencies to protect children and women in war affected countries like Afghanistan? Examine (200 Words) Mandate Afghanistan is undergoing a transition phase with the help and assistance of U.N. intended to examine, monitor and publicly report on human rights situations in specific countries or According to the Bohn Agreement in december territories (known as country mechanisms or 2001,the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan mandates) as well as on major phenomena of [UNAMA] was established in march 2002 by UN human rights violations worldwide (known as Security Council Resolution 1401. UNAMA http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 138

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 coordinates the work of 23 UN agencies in Q-The U.N. principle of Responsibility to Afghanistan ,administered by the UN Protect (R2P), a form of humanitarianism is only Department of Peacekeeping Operation. useful when it suits western interests.” In the light of ongoing conflict in the Middle East, During war,children and women face a critically comment. heightened risk of rape ,sexual humiliation, trafficking and other forms of gender based The Responsibility to protect (R2P) is an UN norm to violence under which the states are responsible to protect their Chances of the violation of human rights. population from genocide, war crimes, crimes against The UN have worked to strengthen its humanity and ethnic cleansing (with international institutional capacity and promote human rights community support), in case the state fails in doing so in Afghanistan. the international community (mainly UNSC) can intervene and if needed through coercive methods to The UNAMA advocates for the justice system, protect the population. addressing problems such as child protection. The UNAMA has consulted with the Women‘s However, it has seen both success and failure at times Commission of Afghanistan and civil society depending upon the interest of the UNSC members groups on the implementation of the country‘s involved. For Example in Kenya in 2007-2008, ethnic Elimination of Violence Against Women [EVAW] violence had erupted after the election of the law, enacted in 2009 to criminalize child controversial president. But, on France request the UN marriage, forced marriage and violence against mediated under Responsibility to protect and was able women. In july 2013,the UN facilitated the launch to salvage the country. and the first meeting of N-Peace, a platform to However, when we see Syria or Libya a different advocate for the leadership of women in peace picture emerges. In Syria, The UNSC members are building . themselves divided into two factions due to their The UN World Food Program [WFP] along with interests while USA, UK was supporting FSA, Russia others launched a project to combat hunger and and China were supporting Assad Government. malnutrition .The Afghanistan‘s Ministry of Responsibility to protect could not be moved in. As a Public Health has also signed the Secretary- result millions of people lost their life. General‘s initiative Every Woman Every Child ,to UNSC members need to understand their end preventable child death. responsibility as the protector of the world peace

beyond their own interests else such violence and But ,despite years of western involvement and mass atrocities will be a common place spending billions of dollars in the humanitarian One more… aid in Afghanistan ,children‘s health has not improved .There is a further need of attention in The R2P doctrine states that, if a state manifestly fails this sector to develop a peaceful and cohesive to protect its citizens from mass-atrocities and transition of Afghanistan. peaceful measures have failed, the international community has the responsibility to intervene through coercive measures such as economic sanctions and Military intervention. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 139

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Based on this doctrine USA got UNSC approval for means to assist States in fulfilling this the NATO intervention in Libya. It tried the same with responsibility and must be prepared to take Syria, but Russia and China resisted. stronger measures, including the collective use of force through the UN Security Council if state fails to maintain peace. Yemen has an insurgency that has killed 25000 people in last ten years. The Palestinian people are being This rapid and coordinated reaction in Kenya ―cleansed‖ out, for six decades now. It can well be (2007- 08), by the international community was argued that R2P is applicable only when a state kills praised as a model of diplomatic action under the its own people. But that would take away the soul of Responsibility to Protect. Experiences in R2P. And, Palestine is no recognized state. Also, Afghanistan and Iraq have been effective in Chapter VII of UN charter and R2P have the same counterinsurgency missions and scaring states to go for regime change. spirit, and C.VII is applicable to Palestine conflict.

But the 2011 mission in Libya is a good example So, why this obvious discrimination? Libya and Syria of what happens when interventionism is only have oil, Yemen does not. American Dollar is ‗Petro- taken half way without a long-term commitment. dollar‘. So for USA, no oil means not interested. In clear violation of the resolution, arms were supplied to civilians without any consideration of More than 50% of US Billionaires are Jew. The its consequences, no-fly zone was selectively Rothschild‘s group is worth $231TRILLION (Credit implemented only for flights in and out of Tripoli and targeted measures were implemented with Suisse), and they are also Jew. American Jews make the objective of regime change only. 2% of American population, but 17% of its elite (IHR study). Israel is THE Jewish home-land. So USA will Several attempts were made by the U.S. pay a heavy price if it does not support Israel. government in 2011 -13 to pass Security Council resolutions invoking R2P to justify military Therefore, in the light of ongoing conflict in the intervention in the Syrian civil war. These were Middle East, it can clearly be said that the U.N. vetoed by Russia and China with the opinion that principle of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), is only R2P has been abused by U.S. as a pretext of the regime change due to personal economic and useful when it suits western (US led) interests. political motives.

Q-In the light of some of the international In the case of Afghanistan, the inordinate developments in past fifteen years, critically emphasis was on military support, but the comment on the use of “responsibility to declared commitments to the country‘s economic protect” – or R2Pprinciple by some of major and social development have not been fully international powers. delivered on. Similarly currently in Ukraine,

while the forces of dissidence were encouraged Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is the international by the US and some European countries, little doctrine made by some world leaders in 2005 at thought was given to how the situation would United Nations as a commitment to protect need to be handled in case it escalated. populations from heinous crimes like genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against Continually calling for intervention and regime humanity. change in the wake of these experiences panics

states more than it mobilizes them. By continually According to the R2P, the state has primary attaching responsibility, regime change and responsibility for the protection of populations from these crimes. The international community long-term action, states are deterred from has a responsibility and should use appropriate making appropriate decisions for long term diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 140

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 peace. Q-Explain the strategy or road map expounded by the WHO in moving towards zero childhood The main concerns surround R2P is that it TB deaths. What should be India‟s priority in infringes upon national sovereignty. The scope of fighting TB in children? R2P is also often questioned. Another concern is whether R2P should apply to more than the four WHO is running at the forefront to reduce the TB crimes: genocide, war crimes, crimes against burden of the world.India comes at a very humanity, and ethnic cleansing. important place because we share the highest burden of TB cases. With the emergence of MDR The question of military intervention under the & XDR TB types it becomes all the more R2P remains controversial. Several states have argued that R2P should not allow the important to tackle this menace as soon as international community to intervene militarily possible. on States, because to do so is an infringement Children are more susceptible to the TB pathogen upon sovereignty. and more so because of lack of testing methods The basic duty of any sovereign state is to protect for children below 5 years of age due to reliance its citizens. And if the state is not able to perform on sputum test.TB can be eliminated by its duty , it is responsibility of the international approaching the problem in preventive rather community to assist it in the same. But if the state than treating mode based on a multi-pronged is itself involve in the torture of its citizen via ethnic cleansing , genocide , war crimes or crimes approach. Provision of test for children where a against humanity , then the international family member is diagnosed with TB, early community has responsibility to protect fellow treatment so that TB can be cured before it human beings discarding the sovereignty of the becomes active,inclusion of children of high risk state . This is the principle on which ‗responsibility to protect‘(R2P) was introduced in group in govt intervention, identity protection 2005 at UN against the backdrop of Rawanda and timely medicine supply along with follow up Genocide. assessment can go a long way in reduction of TB in children according to WHO strategy given in Since then , this principle has been invoked many 2006. times in the states like Sudan , Central African Republic , Mali , Libya etc. While some of cases Indian govt must reinforce the RNTCP and also were highly commendable like CAR and Mali . treatment of children in DOTS must be given an But the intervention in Libya and events in the equal priority . Along with timely intervention aftermath of the regime change has created and post treatment reporting and follow up doubts about the intentions ans motives of the should be the way to go forward to uproot TB international powers involved in such operations from India. . Moreover the powers like Russia and China strongly oppose any attempt to breach sovereignty of any state on the grounds of human Q-The World Health Organisation (WHO) lists right violation . India though support the R2P in traffic-related accidents as one of the top health principle but wants it to be used as a weapon of agendas of the world. In the light of this fact, last resort. critically examine why road accidents are frequent in the country and India‟s approach Thus , it is important that international towards ensuring road safety. community should act a watchdog for any human atrocities . But its action should be seen as fair , India's approach is quite knee jerk and not an attempt to seek a regime change for reaction….rather than overall. some narrow economic or political gains. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 141

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Though the governments – both at center and role in addressing global malnutrition. Due to its state levels- have been putting in efforts towards production mainly confined In S. America eliminating the scourge of road accidents but they ‗quinoa‘ is fetching high prices on the world are falling short of the requirement. The very first market. step to be taken should be adding more teeth to To tackle this FAO want this crop to be spread in the Motors Vehicle Act by increasing the other countries especially developing or quantum of punishments for different kinds of underdeveloped countries. Because of its high vehicle related accidents. Secondly, the nutritional value and all, it can be boon for such government should develop a common data base countries hence WHO is being vocal about it. of all the registered vehicles in the country so that Besides country like Pakistan, has introduced the offender could easily be traced. Thirdly, ‗qunioa‘ which has received positive response by ample medical facilities along the roads and farmers over there. highways would ensure a timely intervention Question - Critically comment on the need for during emergencies hence saving many lives. nuclear disarmament around the world. Explain Fourthly, road designs should be made keeping the role of UN towards and highlight India‟s the future traffic load in mind. And last but not stance on the issue. (200 Words) the least enough emphasis should be laid on educating the masses on road safety. This could be done through print and electronic media and The use of nuclear weapon was initiated by USA through including a course on road safety in during the cold war, it had thought that it will school and college curricular. have monopoly over nuclear weapon which will help in creating a ―nuclear weapon driven hegemony‖ post cold war. But this monopoly was Question - Why is qunioa being promoted by broken by USSR during 1949. Now there are more the WHO across the world? Examine. (200 than 10 states with nuclear weapon. The Eurasia Words) region in particular is highly concentrated with (topic is also related to health issues in GS2 nuclear armed states. only) In Eurasian region states which are hostile with Answer - Qunioa is a crop which has multiple each other like India & China Pakistan and Russia advantages, like :- are nuclear armed. So there always lingers an • Highly adaptable. It has the ability to grow atmosphere of nuclear aggression this further under very difficult conditions e.g. in South of propels armament of the region, we can take the Bolivia which is 3600 meters above sea level, with example of nuclear headed missile. 200 mm rain, and 200 nights with frosts. The only crop which is being grown over there is ‗Quinoa‘. The UN has been from 1961 onwards decided • It has high nutritional value. that nuclear arms must not be used by any states • Easy crop to grow and doesn‘t require in any case. This materialized into the established specialized skills. of United Nations for Disarmament Affairs which • It production in rain- fed conditions or under was established in 1998. There are also a number irrigated conditions has shown good results by of multilateral treaties with the aim of preventing researchers. nuclear proliferation and testing, while Having this multiple advantages ‗qunioa‘ is promoting progress in nuclear disarmament. poised for global recognition and could play a These include the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 142

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the international issues and their future is decided Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). based on veto power among UNSC members. Sanctions are imposed on member countries India has been a pioneer in supporting Nuclear considering wasted interest of the members. disarmament but does not support the Emergence of BRICS countries in economical and discrimination meet out by the provisions of strategically arena should be considered and NPT. India views that the NPT creates a club of representation in UNSC to be extended. Increased ―nuclear haves‖ and a larger group of ―nuclear representation will not only improve its have-nots‖ by restricting the legal possession of credibility but also help in realizing peace and nuclear weapons to those states that tested them security by elimination of clandestine before 1967, but the treaty never explains on what development of nuclear arsenal and extend ethical grounds such a distinction is valid. impetus to multilateral efforts. So the discriminatory provisions in NPT must be omitted. The nuclear disarmament must be for

―all‖ not some. Q- International Security Assistance Force (50

Words) Answer)

In December, 2001 United Nations Security Question - Why is there a need for UNSC Council (UNSC), Bonn Agreement established reforms? Examine. (200 Words) and mandated International Security Assistance Answer - UN has played a major role in Force (ISAF) for the security of Kabul and surrounding areas. maintaining peace, improving environment, Then in 2003 it was expanded by UNSC all over liberalizing trade and conducting humanitarian Afghanistan. work post Second World War through UNICEF, ISAF is contains troops from USA and other UNDP, UNEP etc. UNSC is part of United NATO members and its objectives are training Nations is one of the six principal organs of UN the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), and charged with responsibility of maintaining assisting Afghan government in rebuilding the peace and security. country and fighting with Taliban insurgents.

However the authoritarian behaviour of UNSC ISAF set to withdraw its troops in December, 2014 has increased the distance and led to alienation of and after withdrawal concerns raised by many countries forming regional allies, trade and countries including India. cultural blocks. Discriminatory provisions of CTBT and NPT reflects other hegemonic attitude which has led to development of nuclear arsenals Q-Why does India aspire to become permanent secretly. World has changed from bipolar to member of UNSC? Do you think time is ripe for multipolar power center, UNSC must reforms India‟s ascension into permanent member of accordingly giving way to more accommodative UNSC? Comment. (200 Words) and openly provisions. Answer) Recent Syrian crisis manifested how National India is one of the representative of the issues can be transformed to regional and developing countries. It is an emerging economy. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 143

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It has substantial participation in international seat . trade. India has very long practiced democracy. 1. ―political will of deciding to act and deciding take a stand mattered more than issues such as

reforming the Council‖ India maintains a large Diaspora in various 2. ―Don‘t just think about reforming institutions countries of the world. India is able influence the but think about how you behave in it, when you whole world through its various principles of take up a stand what you stand for‖ foreign policy such as NAM, Nuclear doctrine. It gives clear insight about view of other countries on India‘s international aspirations. India has taken active part development of India‘s inability or reluctance to take any stand in various countries such as Afghanistan, Bhutan, any of the internationally important issues is the Nepal. India is providing financial aid to least talking point. This only lead to giving away Developed Countries. India had helped to UNSC permanent seat to China. establish democracy set up in its neighborhood India described as ―The Shy Super power‖ by countries Eg: Bangladesh. many foreign affairs analyst. India also shying

away from all international role play after its Sri In various negotiation such as Climate Lanka IPKF debacle. Change,G33 proposal of AoA India is informal Iran nuclear issue discussed by G5+ Germany. representative of all developing and Least But no clear stand on this from India? (a nuclear developed countries. This clearly reflects the power aspiring for status equal to G5). This more India strength and faith on India. important for India also. It importing more crude

oil from Iran and its payment became India has always showed a great trust on UNO troublesome. and its principles. There was war like situation but nothing more India has actively participated various UNSC than India except operation of ―all party should resolve issues peacefully‖ Syria chemical weapons usage‘ still now India not 1.Establishment of peacekeeping operations only get involved but even not taken a clear 2.Establishment of international sanctions stand. 3.authorisation of military action There is good opportunity to take part in the destruction of a part of Syrian chemical stockpile as many countries expressed their inability. But Though India is not a member of NPT.Several India already destroyed it‘s own chemical stocks countries of the world have come forward and in past. made civil nuclear agreements with India. NSA snooping. Brazil leading the world against US monopoly in the internet. Brazil is not more In recent times India is able to take active part in powerful than India in any sector. It not a nuclear Syrian issue, Arab spring and Iran issues. power, it‘s economy not superlative to of India‘s. Not only this Indian aspiration to become Brazil not even a developed country. But India permanent UNSC member had been endorsed by not at all protest publicly (instead it supported most of the developed and developing countries. indirectly- Salman Kurshid ‗it not snooping‘ comments) Thus the time is ripe for India to become In Sri Lanka, its close proximity the whole world permanent UNSC member.By this India will be concern about rights abuse etc but India unable to able influence more in the world politics. take a stand publicly of supporting Sri Lanka and {some other analysis ---- protecting it‘s own Indian fishermen from Sri Lankan Navy‘s attack or joint other countries and There is more message in Britain PM David protest rights abuse and exert pressure to Cameron‘s support for India‘s UN permanent rehabilitate.} http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 144

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Q. In recently released Social Progress Index, Q-Explain the significance of United Nations Bangladesh ranks ahead of India, and USA, Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in most powerful nation ranks 16th. Critically recent times citing few important examples. (200 explain why some countries with rich resources Words) and stable governments are ranked low in the index. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the

Sea (UNCLOS) or the Law of the Sea treaty, defines the rights and responsibilities of nations ANSWER- with regard to setting limits to the different areas • Social Progress Index, a parameter such as internal water, territorial water, developed by Michael Porter is a framework for contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone & measuring the multiple dimensions of social continental economic zone. Along with the area progress. It includes three broad parameters. demarcation it also has laws regarding navigation, archipelagic status and transit • i) Basic human needs- It includes regimes, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), nutrition, water & sanitation, personal safety. continental shelf jurisdiction, deep seabed • ii) Foundation of wellness- It includes mining, the exploitation regime, protection of the parameters such as health, access to information, marine environment, scientific research, and access to basic knowledge, ecosystem settlement of disputes. sustainability. The significance arises with rising conflict of interest between countries with regard to deep • iii) Opportunity- It includes personal sea mineral, scattered island, disputed oceanic rights, personal freedom & choice,tolerance and border lines. The Arctic Circle race is one such inclusion and access to advanced education. example where the Russia nad Norway are • High Social Progress Index revolves locking horns to establish the territorial rights. around providing social justice and fairness. They have just thrown the environmental Some countries which has rich resources and apprehensions into the dustbin with the sole stable government such as United States rank low motive to explore the unexplored oil reserves in the index. This is due to multiple reasons. One under the ocean. of the factors which attributes to the fact is that Another recent development in South China Sea their economic growth has not been able to where regional players are all hostile towards provide equitable development and social each other conflict demarcation of marine empowerment. For example, United States spend borders. Some islands of Philippines have been heavily on education sector but only 92% of grabbed by china and in turn Philippines has children goes to school. The reasons behind this sought legal help from International Tribunal for could be due to policy paralysis, inability to the Law of the Sea but china inspite of being a provide equitable development. Other parameter signatory of UNCLOS has not responded to the which is personal freedom includes privacy over proceeding. the internet and US had been unable to provide that to its citizens as revealed in snooping charges.

• Another important factor is the environment sustainability and many of the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 145

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 developed economies have faired poorly on this process for various issues related to Internet ground such as France, United Kingdom. The governance, both within India and at an increase in pollution and failure to check the loss international level. to ecology has added to the developed economies The multi-stakeholder model of Internet and India. governance in the 21st century is exceptionally important, because a vast majority of the • The index is a parameter to judge the infrastructure and services, including overall wellness of the citizens of a country and government services, are provided, or will be countries can improve by translating economic provided, via the private sector. growth to sustainable all round development. The Also, the recent cases of snooping by US measures should be innovative approach so that Government agencies, makes it now necessary to the benefits reach to people for their decentralise the various aspect of Internet governance, over which USA has monopoly till development. now.(ICANN‘s control, domain name, IP addresses, etc) Internet governance is also required to respect the sovereignty of the nations and to fight the challenges (viruses) like STUXNET, Heartbleed, Q-The multi-stakeholder model of Internet etc. governance in the 21st century is exceptionally important.” What do you understand by this statement? Explain in the context of India. (150 Words) Answer) Q-Throw light on recent controversy regarding allegation of human rights violation by Sri One can connect internet as the web of a spider, it is a network where a large number of people get Lankan army during 2009 war against LTTE. connected and form the network which is called What is the response and role of International internet. These people consists of individual, community and organizations including governments, banks, commercial entity, NGO India on the issue? and even terrorist organization. Answer) Internet governance = important within country, Human rights violation against Tamils in Srilanka International level, etc existed from the very beginning of the creation of Within country = e-governance, mobile- Srilanka. Now this issue again came to limelight governance = important for Financial and social with ‗Channel 4‘s‘ video clipping on the brutal inclusion. raping and killing of Issai Priya, an LTTE activist and journalist. In the name of wiping out Tamil One of the best way to do govern is by adopting a terrorist group LTTE in 2009, Srilankan army multi-stakeholder model of internet governance killed many innocent people in the area. Some where heterogeneous people from private sector, Tamil leaders says that more than 10,000 people civil society, academia , technical communities were killed and more than 1000 people gone and government are included which will make missing. the governance more democratic. Many rape cases were also there by the Srilankan Indian Government has been regularly army. Many of them were unreported. And what emphasizing the need for increased engagement is more alarming is that human rights violations with multi-stakeholder groups including the by the army is still going on in those areas. private sector, the civil society, the academia and the technical communities in the decision-making International Community and organizations condemned this violations as usual and now http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 146

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 discussions are going on to set up a National unhealthy political relation among these Inquiry on Torture with the assistance of countries. Common Wealth Secretariat. Whereas to counter EU‘s influence Russia has In the case of India, any issue on Srilankan Tamil increased its geopolitical influence by negative creates a direct impact on Indian politics due to methods like tightening gas supply to these the presence of large number of Tamils in South energy starved country. Withn these countries the India. With this new incident, Tamil Nadu populations of these countries are now divided regional parties expressed their strong protest on the point that whether there country must join and urged Indian Prime Minister to not the EU or not. participate in the Common Wealth Heads of Q-How does the success of nuclear talks in Government Meeting, which is going to be held Geneva between Iran and p5+1 countries ties in Srilanka. between Saudi Arabia and Iran? Though Indian foreign policy is a union subject, Answer) government cannot ignore the interest of its crucial states. Even if India planned to cancel P5+1 country played a vital role in ending the Prime Minister‘s visit, it won‘t be a long term sanction which was enacted on Iran 3decades solution to the issues in Srilanka. ago. Once the deal was successfully enacted Iran will out of the economic sanction for

6months. Q-Write a critical note on the geopolitical This deal had enacted the crisis in Middle aspirations of EU in the Eastern Europe East especially Saudi Arabia, Israel. The region. (150 Words) recent backing of Syrian Asad group by Iran Answer) had escalated the crisis to both Israel and Saudi. According to the United Nations Statistics And even Saudi turn down the offer of UN Division eastern European region consists of 10 seat for this reason. And the backing of US in nations. These are Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech P5 partnership and even US support in Republic, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, removing of Mubarak from Egypt had Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine. drained out the relationship from Saudi. The east European countries were once under the soviet bloc in the cold war eras are now Q-“Parties in Nepal must not be diverted again struggling to tide over economic and employment crisis. Presently there is a lot by short term issues of power-sharing.” people‘s protest against the unemployment and Comment on the statement in the light of stagnant economic conditions prevailing in the Nepal‟s recent failure to form it constitution on region. time. (150 Words) Russia is the single power which has a shadowing Answer) influence over these countries through its gas policy, restricting energy flow and monetary Nepal‘s democratic aspirations have been on life grants towards its west. Whereas the EU has least support. The constituent assembly formed to presence in this region although it is contagious draft a Constitution failed miserably. It was with it. EU struggling for newer markets for its dissolved in 2012. As a result, the country has one product is now eyeing to enter these countries. man(the Chief Justice) heading the executive, the Politically it also wants to replace Russia and judiciary and even amending the constituent make itself the big brother of the region deciding assembly‘s provisions. their economic policy and thus making the EU a The Maoists and the Madhesis showed much larger economic and political body of the world. promise when they entered into political But these aspiration have created a very spectrum. Long derailed peace was the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 147

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 anticipated future of Nepal. But what came out of Though the deal may be temporary, it surely has this churning process in Constituent assembly is opened the door for negotiation of a permanent regular non-acceptance and conflicts. A hung settlement after 6 months. The deal also parliament like atmosphere surfaced. recognised the right of Iran to enrich uranium for peaceful purposes which might be useful for Now the re-election was announced for the cvilian purposes. second Constituent Assembly. Much disillusioned by the Maoists and Madhesis, the All this said and done, the deal should not be people have again moved towards the Nepali waterdowned but respected by all the parties Congress and other centric parties. This is evident involved and remove the thorns for a mutually as the results are coming out. beneficial relationship. Gauging their much possible defeat, the Maoists have threatened boycott of elections, sighting irregularities in election process. Bomb blasts, strikes and threats have taken place in the current Question - Can we have models such as GAVI scenario. But despite these, the people of Nepal Alliance in other social sectors too? Comment. have come out and voted in great numbers(70%). (200 Words) Hence, the parties, especially Maoists and Madhesis should not divert by short term issues Answer - The GAVI Alliance is a public-private of power-sharing and rather fulfil people‘s global health partnership consisting of World aspirations of a much needed democratic nation Health Organisation, UNICEF, the World Bank, with a state in power. many donor countries {India is a new comer} &

pharmaceutical industry all bundle into one, Q-Explain the significance of Geneva deal decision-making body called alliance. between Iran and p5+1 countries. (150 Words) Answer) The main objective is to bridge the gap between children for whom immunization is a given and The historic Geneva deal signed between Iran and millions of children worldwide with no access to P5+1 countries(France, US,UK, Russia, China and basic vaccines. It has successful covered about 20 Germany) has reiterated the fact that millitary million children. The crux of this success lies in solution is not the only way out but there is integrating all the stakeholders during decision chance for dialogue and diplomacy as well. making process. The deal puts Iran back into the game by lifting the economic sanctions which has hurted its This model can be replicated in other sectors like people a lot. It also paves way for Iran to continue agriculture, Education and infrastructure to engage in its deals with other countries like development. In India the agricultural sector has India which were earlier forced to downgrade seen this type of PP partnership like the E- their relations for fear of US sanctions. Choupal by ITC along with Government of MP in It as also removed the fear of a millitary strike wheat procurement. In elementary education against Iran which would destabilised the already system Azim Premji foundation has also tied up chaotic West Asia. It would have lured other countries into the conflict if its not for th deal.It with many Government school in development of has significantly increased the diplomatic their infrastructure, reorientation of teachers. relations between in Iran and other countries like Before creating such partnership it must be kept US unless for some like the Israel and Sunni gulf countries which do not want the deal to be passed in mind that GAVI-alliance is non-profit oriented through. alliance. But we cannot expect that all PPP to be non-profit oriented, so any planning of inclusion http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 148

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 of private player must also factor in their financial Q- Critically comment on India‟s stance on all viability in the partnership. Premji foundation WTO related issues. runs on philanthropic funds so it‘s a success. So WTO is an international organization mandated finance is a great factor in PPP. with promoting international trade among WTO member countries and remove barriers of international trade. However since the Doha round of talks in 2001 there has been lot of contentious issues among the developed nations and India: 1)With the recent passing of NFSA , India is Q) “The Indian government has made it clear poised to cross the limit of AMS in agriculture. that the Bali agreement will not be ratified Also it‘s alleged trade distorting subsidies of MSP unless Indian demands are met. This is both a and through PDS is being contended by strategic and a tactical mistake.” Critically developed nations ( primarily USA). However it‘s comment. refusal to support the recent agreed on trade

felicitation agreement in Bali ( till concrete Bali agreement in the December 2013 was a decision is not taken on agricultural subsidy significant move which break the stagnation of issue) might be seen as a deal breaker( largely more than a decade long Doha talks. The because it was unilateral). One of the important significant trade facilitation agreement was advantage that India has been is the support it accepted by all the members, and a temporary enjoys from both underdeveloped and solution for the food subsidy was adopted, with a developing nations in international forums. But promise that the steps will be taken in the this may be seen as blocking a much necessiated direction of a permanent solution. boost to both WTO as well as increase in But India now has said that it will not ratify the international trade. International forums should trade facilitation agreement till a permanent be approached with a sense of caution and solution for food subsidy is found. This move will diplomacy( so that India does not get alienated again bring the Doha talks to a stagnation with all and isolated there). Key is now to convince the or none approach. Though the the provisions like developing nations ( through increased improving ports structure, easing custom laws etc cooperation in BRICS and IBSA) to rally behind will be beneficial to the trade of India, but India India‘s stand. can‘t be criticized for its stand on the food 2)Countries( particularly USA) are wary of subsidy because nearly 60% of its population is India‘s alleged callous approach to TRIPS( in light dependent on the agriculture, and in the purview of recent decision on Naxavar). However , this of the food security bill it may cross the de- issue of compulsory licencing and decisions on minimus level(10%) allowed for the subsidies. ever greening are fully compliant to India‘s And it can‘t be said that India is a lone aberrant in committments towards WTO and TRIPS and this issue. The African countries has also said that India shoul take caution in not getting they will implement the trade facilitation pressurized into accepting uneven and unfair agreement on the provisional basis until the food terms. subsidy issue is being solved. And India is also supported by China, and Cuba in its move. Thus, if the developed countries really wan‘t to solve the issue, instead of blaming India they Q-Write a critical note on the barriers to trade. should understand the problems of developing How does WTO address to remove such countries. And show the same diligence in reaching towards the solution on the food barriers? (200 Words) subsidy issue as they are showing towards the A country puts barriers on trade are put to achieve trade facilitation agreement. two objectives – 1) to earn some capital/foreign exchange 2) to save local traders/market/consumers. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 149

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Though, these barriers are mostly discriminatory for Answer - The trade facilitation deal signed at the investors, MNCs and the market, the host country is Bali meet in 2013 is considered as the most left with no other choice to put it to save its own significant deal since the inception of the ‗Doha domestic market. Development Agenda‘ process which began in 2001. This is done by putting two types of trade barriers – ‗trade facilitation‘ are measures to reduce trade Tariff barriers and non tariff barriers. Tariff barrier are costs by cutting red tape in customs procedures. in the form of taxes, cess etc. Ex- Luxury cars are According to an estimate this could cut global costlier in India than it is in US/Europe because India trade costs by more than 10% raising annual has put import duty on it. Non tariff barriers are put global output by billions of dollars and in the form of providing subsidy to local farmers so benefitting especially the developing economies. that they can compete with global farmers. Before FDI, Other issues undergoing negotiations include few sectors were exclusively for Indian businessmen. trade in environmental goods and services such From economy point of view, this is not the healthy as air filters, environmental consulting and so on, practice as it does not provide level playing ground increased liberalization of trade through for investors, and other market players. Also the ‗plurilateralism‘ wherein coalitions of WTO consumers do not have much to choose from and they member countries would sign deals which would can‘t make informed choice. In this scenario, they may be applicable only to the signatories such as deals be exploited. This also promotes smuggling and other in trade of IT services. ill-pratices. India‘s bone of contention was WTO‘s Agreement World Trade Organization established in 1995 by on Agriculture. It with the support of G-33 replacing GATT, intends to supervise and liberalize developing nations lobbied hard to remove the international trade. It came up with 19 agreements to 10% cap on subsidy on procurement of farm facilitate smooth trade between all member countries. products from farmers. This was in order to Three important agreements are – Sanitary and promote its recently enacted Food Security Bill, Phytosanitary agreement(SPS), general agreement on wherein it intends to procure foodgrains from trade in services (GATS) and Trade Related farmers at MSPs and sell it cheap through PDS. Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS). SPS deals with This according to WTO is trade distorting and farm and non farms products. GATS is related to violating the AoA. India also declined to sign the human resources, transport and telecom sector. And 4 year ‗peace clause‘ which protects developing TRIPS is concerned with the safeguard of intellectual countries from such challenges. This was later properties such as copyright, patents etc of member turned into a indefinite waiver. countries. WTO aims to end such over-subsidies to farmers in the form of food security which if implemented would prove detrimental to India‘s Food Security Act. Question - Throw light on the new trade facilitation deal signed by WTO members at Bali in 2013. Examine the other areas of negotiations that are currently going on in WTO talks and explain their effect on India if a final deal is struck on those issues. (200 Words)

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Q--“While harmonising the patent law in the Q-Examine what flexibilities are allowed under country with the provisions of the TRIPS TRIPS agreements for developing countries to Agreement, India has attempted to balance its continue with their development agenda and obligations under the international treaty and domestic imperatives? Do you think TRIPS its commitment to protect and promote the norms should be further diluted against the public health considerations of people in the wish of developed countries? Critically country and elsewhere.” Critically comment. comment.

India after becoming a signatory of TRIPS World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Agreement, duly amended its patent act to meet Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property the requirements of agreement. The Indian (TRIPS) offers several flexibiilities in its Patents Act 1970, amended in 2005, provided a 20 provisions for developing(DC) as well as least years patent protection to innovations that were developed countries(LDC) likely to bring enhanced benefits to people of Standards of implementation: WTO members can India. The concerns of civil society vis-a-vis cost adopt different concepts to define what is of healthcare were also met by introducing ―invention‖ for the purposes of patent law, in section 3(d) to the amended act, which explicitly accordance with their legal traditions and provided that innovations will have to show national policies. enhanced efficacy. Another article in the act provided for compulsory license to medicines Transition Period: The TRIPS agreement provide which were beyond the reach of common citizens. three transition periods for implementation of its The act thus walked a tightrope between standards. 2005 for developing nations like India promoting R&D and ensuring public health. and 2016 for Least developed countries(LDC) The two articles have been a major point of debate. The decisions have been criticized by Compulsory Licensing: Allows government to multinational pharmaceutical companies for permit someone else to produce the patented being anto-innovation. According to product or process without the consent of the multinationals, the decisions will worsen the patent owner. TRIPS Agreement also does not list R&D environment of the country and will the reasons that might be used to justify therefore negatively impact public health in long compulsory licensing. term. The two decisions are however landmarks from Parallel importation: Process of importing the point of view of public health. The two drugs, affordable medicines from cheaper markets. This regulated through the act, were significantly out is allowed under TRIPS of reach of poor patients. India was thus TRIPS does not cover a number of areas of IP legitimate to invoke provisions under the patents subject matter like traditional knowledge, act, which is consistent with the TRIPS handicrafts which are of particular interest to Agreement. Multinationals have anyways LDCs indulged in anti-people practices such as evergreening to increase the life of patents, in However there are glitches on the way of full past. The patents act provides due protection in utilisation of such provisions. In the name of innovation, a constant pressure from developed such as scenario. nations is maintained against the implementation of these provisions. Such nations like the US(with its special 301 report) frame their own IPR policies which work exclusively for interests of its export industries and ignoring priorities of DCs or LDCs in public health. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 151

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Accordingly the later have demanded more Q-“While the differences between India and the flexibilities such as in environmentally sound U.S. over intellectual property rights (IPR) have technologies. Indeed there is a need to balance threatened to derail economic relations, it between the IPR of the innovators and human should be possible to sort them out through rights like the right to health. discussions.” Comment on the controversy and the way forward in resolution of differences Q--In the light of recent court judgements on the between two countries. issue of granting compulsory licences to Indian companies to manufacture generic drugs, Differences between India and US over IPR righs critically discuss the associated IPR issues and violation specially in the pharmaceutical sector significance of these judgements. have resulted in US categorizing India as ‗Priorty watch list country‘ in its infamous special 301 To promote investment in research and report. The report is a key expression of US trade development in drugs and medicine drug policy and any country demoted to ‗Priority producer are given right to exclusive production Foreign Country‘ faces potential sanctions. of specific drug for a given period of time. India argues that its compulsory license, that on Production of this drug by any other Bayer‘s patent was targeted against monopoly manufacturer will be considered as violation of over a life saving drug and was used only once. the patent under IPR. As a signatory to TRIPS of Even the US itself issues compulsory licenses to WTO India had to comply with this norm and combat monopolistic practices. The patentability restrict production of such drugs by generic issue over Novartis was subject to scrutiny by manufacturer. India‘s highest court, the Supreme Court – and upheld. However on the other hand this involves issue of Pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest availability of drugs in terms of quantity and corporate sectors in the US and the country is not price of it. Due to exclusive production of these expected to take the issue lying down. For India vital drugs it has become a humanitarian issue as on the other hand , the pharmaceutical and denial of treatment by these drugs might lead to services industries are two of the shining stars of serious consequence for deprived patients. The a largely knowledge based economy and any situation becomes even more grim in case of India harm on these will be resisted. which has a large population, low income level The US being a trade powerhouse must fairly and high prevalence of diseases. Thus to counter agree upon a common platform like WTO for this India included provision of ‗compulsory such disagreements. licensing‘ in its law on drug IPR. This enables government to allow any company which is For India‘s part, It has ranked a dismal 134 out of capable of providing same drug in larger quantity 189 countries in world rankings for hospitable and at lower price to produce it after taking places to ―invest and start a new business‖. That license for the same. Recent case of production of need to be corrected. Nexavar by Natco Pharma and suit by Bayer In the long run focus must not waver from core highlights the need of this provision as price of issues of a relationship. As world‘s largest and Natco produced Nexavar is Rs. 8,800 compared to oldest democracies, India and US share much in Bayer produced Rs. 2,80,000 for monthly does of common and both stand to only lose over 120 tablets. vilification of such disagreements. Annual trade between India and the US currently stands at $100 billion and both have repeatedly stressed on increase the annual trade of $100 billion figure five-fold over the next decade. The 3 mn strong Indian American diaspora has enriched American politics, economy and academia. Further, over 100,000 Indian students come to study in the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 152

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United States every year. India & the US also Q-What is „Washington Consensus‟? What were share a common vision of the future security its effects? Do we have any alternative to architecture for the world, especially the Asia Washington Consensus? Examine. Pacific region. An example can be borrowed from US-Canada relationship. Despite IPR issues both countries are In late 1980s the economic growth of the of the Latin viewed as best of friends, indicating a mature American countries like Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina etc. relationship.Long term Indo-US relationship will had slowed down abysmally and was not even be founded on core beliefs, understanding of the matching the rate of population growth. At that time other‘s compulsions and an agreement to English Economist John Williamson had proposed the compromise. Washinton Consensus to help these developing countries come out of the grip of recession. It had IMF proposed set of 10 policy changes like trade Q-In the light of recent financial crises around liberalization, Government expenditure cut, the globe, critically comment on the role played Government debt reduction, tax reforms, market by IMF in resolving these crises. determined foreign exchange, liberalization for FDI,

Privatization of debt enterprises etc. IMF, a Brettonwood twin, was born to address primarily the global short term balance of payment Some of the positive effects crises. It history especially after the present global 1. Support and bailout package received from IMF on economic crises is chequered. these reforms IMF quotas and voting rights reflect the historical 2. More money and hence investment increased due to status of global economy post WW-II. With the FDI present economic scenario highly changed, the 3. Fiscal position of the country got consolidated policies and decisions of IMF lack pragmatism. Its 4. Reduced the chances of contagion recession contributions towards the developed nations (PIGS) 5. Positive foreign reserves to meet the external despite they suffering from unsustainable financial demands like oil etc. positions, reflects poorly on its lending practices. Debt restructuring, huge long term loan without realistic However, it also had some drawbacks commitments for structural reforms, poor allocation to 1. It led to pro poor policies, affected them big time Emerging markets etc demonstrate its irrationality in 2. The small and protected industries suffered and lending. The only rationality to these judgments is some got closed as well that, the MD of IMF is always a European, thus 3. Globalisation lead to unwanted changes in social favouring their cause. Frequent debt restructuring of structure Greece and Italy despite political uncertainty and any 4. Washington Consensus was more of an ideological agreement on structural reforms is a classical example instrument than economic one, many country just of squandering. followed it blindly and hence never succeeded to the IMF needs an overhaul of it architecture giving extent they could have enlarged role to emerging markets like India and The alternative tool could have been a well-researched China. Quota and voting right reform is a pressing and balanced policy changes which could have not requirement. Besides, greater commitment from only protected the domestic enterprises but also borrowers and ensuring prudency in spending will opened the economy for foreign investment. Cut on determine the long term survival and efficacy of IMF. pro poor policies shouldn‘t have been drastic. The tax

reforms and foreign exchanges could have been

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Conclusion China may jump-ship if it can‘t dominate NDB through its financial weight. there needs to be greater discrimination and less NDB is a step in right direction. All accounting- blanket implementation. The privatisation of state jugglery apart, real wealth comes from real owned car industry may be good, but water supplies resources. Real resources lie untapped in Least may not. Perhaps the most interesting development is Developed Countries. Northern bloc gets a stake the rise of the Chinese and Indian economies. In in these resources by supplying financial capital to particular, Chinese investment is playing a them. NDB‘s message is that BRICS also wants to considerable role in enabling economic development play that game, and play it in a less-exploitative within developing economies. The Washington manner. consensus is partly tied to the strength of the US economy. But, the US economy is likely to decline in relative terms. Perhaps in a few decades we will be Q-Examine the World Bank‟s Purchasing Power talking about the ‗Chinese consensus‘ – whatever that Parity (PPP) index, its poverty estimation may turn out to be. method and its impact on India. PPP index is based on what one US dollar can buy in different countries. Consider a basket of Q-If anything, the New Development Bank commodities. Let us call it ‗X‘. Consider official (NDB) must be a template for change, not a exchange rate is 1 US$=60 Rest. mirror to the existing hegemony of money.” In Say 1$ can buy X in USA. But 60 Rest can buy 3X the light of existing models of multilateral in India. Then 1$ = 20Rs, adjusted for Purchasing banking systems, critically analyse the Power Parity (PPP). statement. The problem is with this X. It is unfair because: * People don‘t consume the same things across the In the existing multilateral banking systems, world. World Bank , IMF and ADB, countries have voting * X has an urban bias, more so in developing powers based on capital owned. Therefore, USA countries, where population is dominantly rural. steers the Brettonwood sisters and Japan dominates ADB, through the hegemony of money. * As economy grows, price of luxury goods come NDB initiative by BRICS has same capital down more than basic commodities. This hurts the contribution from all five members. This means developing nations. South Africa and India can negotiate at par with World Bank takes the average of poverty lines in Russia and China. Undoubtedly this system is 15 of the poorest countries, adjusts it with PPP, more democratic and a welcome change. It is and calls it the global poverty line (currently 1.25$ hoped that this financial model will be replicated PPP). No poor country wants to have humongous in these countries‘ diplomacy and national security poverty statistic, due to reasons of realpolitik. policies as well, thus being a template for change. Besides, poverty has different meanings in But, this ―equal equity‖ policy will hamstring the different countries. So unless there is an objective bank. When a better performing economy wants to definition of poverty, and a realistic PPP$ value contribute more it won‘t be able to. Its pockets are attached to it, these estimates have no meaning. not as deep as others and can‘t therefore offer Another answer … loans that are as cheap. Besides, this equality means a possible grid-lock in decision making. WB now assumes India‘s PPP is higher than previously thought. That means poverty figures will come below 8% of population. This will mean http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 154

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better image internationally. Youngest country of the world, South Sudan got Global financial transfers from developed to independence from Sudan on 9 July, 2011. Since its developing countries are ultimately guided more birth South Sudan has been enduring a conflict with by strategic interests than poverty. So India stand Sudan on the matters of boundary disputes and transit to lose nothing. fees for exporting oil as well as between its rival tribes The World Bank has revised the Purchasing Power – Dinka and Nuer. Parity (PPP) index and the global poverty line. Causes of civil war in South Sudan:- Accordingly, the number of poor people in India will become much lower than the existing 1)75% of oil reserves are in S.Sudan while most of calculations of the Indian government. the pipelines to international market pass through N.Sudan. Disputed claim over Abeyi region which The World Bank has set the global poverty line at has huge energy reserves lying between North and $1.25 a day at present, calculated on the basis of the SouthSo, the dispute over sharing the oil the 2005 PPP index. By that measure, India had reserves is the bone of contention. about 400 million poor people in 2010. With revised PPP there will be only 110 million poor in 2)Further, South Sudan has several ethnic tribes 2011-12. These are much lower than the numbers and there is no dominant culture and religious reported by Rangarajan committee recently. diversity. So, S.Sudan always witness ethnic Moreover, Global poverty itself would fall by cauldron which is its biggest problem. more than half. That means the MDG target for 2015 has been met. 3)Another border conflict is in Nuba mountain region of South Sudan where violence is between In Indian context, revision of the PPP index local people of Nuba, Kordofan state of S.Sudan suggests that, and the north‘s govt forces. a) Indian economy is much bigger, b) Its purchasing power much higher and International Response:- c) The number of poor much lower than estimated earlier. Following UN and AU mediation efforts, the 2 sides are in Ethiopia for ceasefire talks but there These new numbers once released would not only seems no progress till now and the fighting alter the perception of the Indian economy but also continues to rage. UN which deployed 7500 mess the dynamics of resource sharing between security personnel promised not to abandon the developed and developing countries globally. civilians but experts say it will not be able to Also there will be alteration in global fund prevent violence across such a vast territory. transfers from developed to developing countries. But there is nothing much to worry as funds are ultimately guided more by strategic interests than India‘s response:- by poverty. India has been one of the biggest contributor of security personnel to UN peace keeping missions. Q-Examine the causes of recent civil war in So, India can help mediate the cease fire talks. South Sudan. What has been the international response to the crisis? Explain with special India‘s ONGC Videsh Ltd(OVL) acquired key reference to India‟s response. (200 Words) stake in Sudan‘s Greater Nile Petroleum corporation. But with Oil resources in the South http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 155

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post indepence, India‘s oil interests are in jeopardy necessary confidence in minorities and serves as a further exacerbated by civil war. check on cession tendency.

India was the first Asian country to open consulate Thus, any negligence of 13 th AA by Sri-Lankan in S.Sudan. India has a cherished history in Africa. government is bound to invite civilian trouble. It J.Nehru helped in anti-colonalism and anti- will also attract global worth especially when HR apartheid movements. So, India can use its violation cases are already under investigation. economic clout to eliminate conflict, tackle poverty Q-Evaluate how far has AU mission to Somalia and promote India‘s interest in Africa along with (AMISOM), established under UNSC resolution promoting Sudan‘s interests. and mandated to conduct Peace Support As regards India the ongoing crisis will adversely Operations in Somalia, been successful in its affect its energy and economic interest because of mission its dependence on the oil imports. India‘s ONGC Videsh Ltd has invested millions of dollars for the AU Mission in Somalia under UN resolution exploration of crude oil. Several other Indian started in 2008 for peacekeeping operations corporates like Tata, Reliance are engaging with where all african countries contributed their South Sudan for building commercial relations. troops into somalia. This country has been in turmoil for a long time on issues of marine piracy, abject poverty, exploitation of resources by private entities and mafia, dumping of waste on Q-Write a critical note on the 13th Amendment its coast by european nations, etc. But now and its relevance to the settlement of Sri Lanka‟s problem has increased with entry of al-Qaeda internal crisis between Sri Lankan Tamils and trained Shabab extremists who are trying to ruling parties of Sri Lanka. capture the country and its resources esp in the The 13th Amendment, a product of the Indo-Sri south. There is a separate govt in north and Lanka accord of 1987, was a significant move central somalia which is trying to isolate these towards Constitutional reforms. Its aimed to fighters and bring back peace and development in establish a federal setup and sharing of power the region but south has been out of reach for the with ethnic tamils of north and east Sri Lanka. govt. Another disappointment had been frequent This Amendment has been a part of political political instability and continued coups and solution for Tamils in Sri Lanka. It was to create dominance of military. Peacekeepers have been the necessary conditions for postwar reconciliation doing their job but they have been ill equipped in in Sri Lanka. Yet the absence of a definite time resources and equipments and medicines in frame for its implementation and without any absence of funding and adequate support. statutory backing, the 13th AA is reduced to a Expansion of Shabab towards uganda and kenya mere peice of paper with out any sanctity. as proved by recent attack in mall in nairobi and other incidents is making clear that the menace Sri Lanka despite assuring India about a has only increased despite peace operations. devolution package has shown vacillating stance Need is to bring these group on table for talks on 13th AA. From 13th Amendment plus approach and simultaneously work toward bringing peace to complete denial Sri Lanka has shown a and stable govt in somalia by global support in vacillating and indecisive tendency. terms of funds, expertise, engagement, bringing Power sharing is an essential element of education, health, food, and armed training to reconciliation of a war torn country. It restores the somalian troops so that these external elements http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 156

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 can be removed to its roots with its around 30000 Ease of doing business is a catalyst which odd extreme fidayeens. International attention increases the affinity of businesses to establish in must be brought to this expansion of islamic a country. India ranks 136 in this index. In India a lot of regulations, paperwork, extremist group via al-Qaeda and whole world clearances need to be taken which is way higher must use its resources to bring back peace in the than the other countries like Singapore, UK, etc. region by tact and diplomacy along with keeping Also, it involves many ministries like Ministry of the sovereignty of somalia at a higher level by environment, overseas affairs, Finance Ministry, empowering somalian govt. etc which has its associated red tapism and bureaucratic hurdles. Corruption is another hindrance- one needs to please officials rather than complying with the Q-The Peace Clause in Agreement on technical standards. Agriculture (AoA) (wto) Indian infrastructure is laggard- There is a need to fast pace construction of roads, highways, high Q-Analyse the significance of ratification of the speed rail networks, port to hinterland Additional Protocol (AP) to the India-specific connectivity, market linkages to farmers nuclear safeguards agreement with the producing raw materials, etc. There is a need to improve communication channels. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) by The GAAR policy of government had a India. demoralizing effect on investor sentiments. India‘s labour laws also need to comply with the India has recently ratified the AP of IAEA. This is international standards. They are perceived to be a step forward to ensuring transparency in too labour centric and inflexible towards the nuclear energy production that India is looking employer. Eg: Germany pointed this out for its forward to. reluctance in investing in Indian automobile The Additional Protocols to IAEA were added in sector. light of nuclear program of Iraq and North Korea The issues related to land i.e. land acquisition and that circumvented the IAEA protocols. absence of titles , making it quite difficult to The additional protocols allow IAEA to monitor procure a piece of land. all cites in a member nation and also monitor and The environment for getting various day to day inspect import and export related to nuclear facilities like water sewarage electricity is quite material. India though is exempted from inspection of military nuclear facilities. Thus AP perplexed in itself. complex labour laws in turn does not in any way infringes on the sovereign act as adding fuel to the fire. rights of Indian military. The ratification is being seen as a confidence building measure. It would allow India to Q-Write a note on the Asian Infrastructure negotiate at the NSG table to gain access to nuclear material. It is to be noted that this Investment Bank (AIIB) initiative. remains a contentious area ever since Indo US nuclear deal was signed. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank is a Chinese initiative to revive ancient ‗Silk route‘. It agreement only affects civilian use not military. finances development around ‗silk route‘ staying away from west backed international institutions Q-In the World Bank‟s “Ease of Doing Business such as world bank or Asian Development Bank. Index” report, India‟s rank is abysmal. It is stated that the transfers from AIIB will be Critically comment why India‟s position is poor solely determined by economic consideration and won‘t involve considerations such as human in this Index. rights, good governance etc, which are quite

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India has been offered membership to AIIB African countries and even biased to remove the recently. However it is yet to take any decision incumbents thereby causing instability in over it. countries already in turmoil. ICC has 122 signatories to the Rome Statute which is the base of the ICC Charter. Though India, USA, China Q-Explain the role played by OPCW in defusing and Israel did not ratify it. Recent trial against the Syria crisis. (150 Words) Kenyan President and his deputy for intimidation • Syrian crisis was about to precipitate into a of defence witnesses in post-election violence case global one when global powers came to a faceoff is based on allegations which led to disrupt post- regarding bombing of Syria against its alleged use mall attack operations in Nairobi. Another fact of of chemical weapons. It was under such the matter is that despite global duties, all the precipitous circumstances, that OPCW rose to cases handled by it are from the African continent prominence and helped in defusing the crisis. which creates serious doubt over its mandate as • Both the factions expressed confidence in the Africa includes only 34 countries. ability, commitment and non-partisan nature of OPCW. It‘s tasked was to make physical AU is now trying to harden its stance by asking inspections, assess the quantity of chemical for immunity for its state heads and withdrawl weapons and apply suitable measures to from ICC framework which is not in the interest eliminate them. of justice but the dissent of AU is also not • This serves the interests of all the parties unwanted. Need is for ICC to convince the involved and has also been readily been accepted member countries on the reasons of the trial and by Syria. USA and Russia have also been able to has to now consider changing its mandate and find a working solution while sticking to their rules of engagement for the heads of state maintained ideological-political commitments. according to the administrative machinery of the • OPCW team went to physical inspections on member country. Also in the interest of justice the war-torn battlefield worked on missile heads, they should clarify on the matter and try to build bombs and other dangerous storage devices of consensus for its rules and try to be more specific chemical weapons for chemical agents. Its work and proper in trying cases of injustice and crimes. has been lauded globally.

• It has thus helped in defusing the crisis but global for a will have to work together to find a Q-Why does India rank low in the „ease of permanent solution to Syrian civil war. doing business‟ list? What measures government has taken to speed up the process?

(150 Words) Q-The International Criminal Court (ICC) has Ans: Ranking allotted by world bank for ease of transformed itself into a political instrument doing business was based on multi dimensional targeting Africa and Africans.” Critically criteria.It include starting of business,getting the comment construction permits,getting electricity,registering International Criminal Courts have been properties, getting credit,protecting instrumental in resolving disputes and awarding investors,paying taxes,trading across sentences to international criminals and brought boarders,enforcing contracts,resolve insolvency. up its legitimacy in the past but recently African In recent ranking India stands at 134 out of 189 Union suspects it to be highly focussed on countries.On analysis of above parameters , three http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 158

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 aspects will decide the rankings. such as, It constitutes 25 Members India being one of them , and a further 11 countries have acceded to the a. Involvement of procedures, Convention. b.Time associated in completing the tasks. c.Cost associated in completing the tasks. It was established in response to increasing commercial interest in Antarctic krill resources, a To cite an example, In India 35 procedures needs keystone component of the Antarctic ecosystem. to completed for construction permits as against It supports harvesting as long as such harvesting 16 procedures in south asia.Accordingly time and is carried out in a sustainable manner and takes cost will be go on higher side. account of the effects of fishing on other components of the ecosystem. To prevent this, Government either simplify the procedures without diluting the sufficient Q-What are the challenges being faced controls on business or increase the availability of by Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) qualified staff to attend these complex procedures countries in Indian Ocean region? Elucidate. at nominal cost.The second being the time,govt (200 Words) authorities shall strictly adhere to their time lines Answer) , and these procedures shall be carried out in transparent manner without involvement of Challenges illegal activities like corruption etc.Costs - Keeping shipping lanes open, associated with these procedures are huge in - The conservation and sustainable use of its nature, govt. reduce this to bring a win win fisheries stocks, situation. - Conservation of its marine life and ecosystems = For development of any economy, business is oil spills, over exploitations,etc inevitable. Hence, govt. shall provide - Empowerment of women and girls in the region environment for ease of doing business without = especially for those countries which rely heavily on the resources of the sea= affecting the necessary controls. for sustainable fisheries management practices.

- Predicting and tackling natural calamities like Q-Write a critical note on the role played by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. OPCW and IAEA in international conflict - By 2030 the total population of the 36 of resolutions with suitable examples. (150 Words) countries surrounding the Indian Ocean is expected to reach 3.2 billion= need to provide basic amenities - Combating piracy Q-Commission for the Conservation of - The issues of ensuring maritime security and Antarctic Marine Living Resources safety across the region to prepare people to (CCAMLR) (50 Words) tackle dire consequences of natural disasters with Answer) efficiency by recognizing the significance of the Indian Ocean‘s marine life and ecosystems. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) was established by international convention in 1982 with the objective of conserving Antarctic marine life. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 159

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Q-Explain the composition and mandate of Inter national financial institutions like IAEA. Do you think it has succeeded in its WB,IMF,ADB provide various types of loans to missions? (200 Words) poor and developing countries for capital IAEA was formed as an autonomous organisation programs. in 1957 independent of UN, however it still WB offers 3 types of loans,project loans for large reports to UNGA and UNSC. Composed of more infra structure projects,sector specic loans and than 150 member nations, the organisation aims structural adjustment loan for exchange of policy at encouraging use of nuclear energy for peace, from a developing country. health and energy ends. It‘s mandate also IMF offers financial assistance in terms of loan for includes persuading nations to abandon the use BOP stabilization,to avert an economic crisis to of nuclear energy for military proposes. It also avoid the contagion etc.similarly,ADB issues develops standards for safety in nuclear plants loans for development projects. and work with nations to ensure the safety and security India with a billion people needs massive funding to carry out its infrastructure projects right from IAEA has been involved in ensuring the safety of construction of dams to power plants,to stabilize the nuclear power plants across the globe and it its BOP etc which is fulfilled by these also stands guard that any assistance provided by international financial institutions. it is not put to a military use. The role played by But should exercise caution such that their IAEA over the years in preventing naitons from conditions never decide india ‗s political- developing nuclear weapons and securing their economic policies. rights for peaceful use of nuclear energy has been instrumental. Its internaitonal standing and WB And IMF are accused of altering the internal credibility is globally acknowledged, a reason policies of poor countries through their structural why Iran has allowed it to visit it‘s Arak plant to adjustment programs to remove state subsidies to take forward the nuclear negotiations with P5+1. farmers which increase prices of food,remove the trade barriers,devaluation of

currencies,privatization of state owned However the accident of Chernobyl and the enterprises,demanding to open the domestic recent Fukushima disaster put a serious dent in markets to FD investors etc. its reputation. On one side it has faced criticism for inept handling and hence there have been demands to improve its working. On the other Hence india should try to mobilize its own side, it has also been criticised for encouraging domestic resources, generate the revenue by nuclear energy in intself. boosting its exports and savings to avoid dependence on WB IMF and ADB thereby should

protect its financial sovereignty. Overall given the dangers of nuclear weapons and acceptance of it as a deterrent to aggression by the world, IAEA is an indispensable Q-What are the benefits India would get if it‟s organisation in the current world. Chernobyl and made the member of Asia-Pacific Economic Fukushima were unfortunate lapses however they should serve to further strengthen IAEA. Cooperation (APEC)? Elucidate. (200 Words) In 1989 when APEC was established India‘s policies were inward looking and inconsistent Q-What are the types of loans provided by with free and open trade and investment. World Bank, IMF and ADB respectively to poor In 1997 APEC decided to set up 10 year and developing countries? Does India need aid moratorium in order to avoid difficulties arising from these institutions? Examine. (200 Words) on increasing members in achieving its agreements. Later India opened its economy and moved towards liberalization. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 160

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Now India is looking for membership conversed also allowed certain counries like Israel to possess with Indonesia regarding the same. On other side nuclear weapons but not the other middle east apec members are also attracted towards India seeing its military and maritime strength. They countries. are thinking giving membership to India will help Changes like in the voting pattern of the to counter china. Just like what happened in the members, financial structure of UN, inclusion of case of oil and gas developing platform with more members in the security council, rotating Vietnam. heads etc. come a long way in transforming the

security council to address the troubles of the India interests amounts to built economic ties modern world. with Latin America adds geopolitical value, potential economic rewards, interested in Q--Why was the European Union established. extending look east policy towards trans pacific Critically examine why it expanded towards region, improves India‘s export competitiveness, East and with what consequences. reduction barriers to free Write a note on the need for security council European Union was established in 1993 as a 15 member political union under the reforms by giving suitable recent examples. Maastricht Treaty to ensure free movement of A) In this age of multilateralism and people, good and services across the union globalisation, there is an urgent need to reform and have a common market across all the international organistation like the UN to suit member states. The primary aim of the the present situations. establishment of EU was the unification of Europe and form a block which has a One can find that the security coucil is clearly coherent view on all major international dominated by few world powers but its policies issues. Since its inception, the membership of EU has affect a large number of countries. For instance, increase to 28, mostly with the addition of the Syrian crisis, Israel-Palestinian tussle, Iran‘s East European countries. These countries economic sanctions etc. depict the lack of added later are relatively poor and less required action from the security council. developed as compared to original 15 EU States, but their integration into the Union has In the Syrian case, US almost tried to turn it into helped both sides to a large extent. While the another Iraq but stopped due to the veto powers Original 15 members got access to cheap of Russsia and China. UN is required to take the labour and raw materials, thus increasing first step to decide on the issue by taking into their industrial production and competitiveness, the newly added members consideration all the concerns but was forced by received direct investment, superior world powers to toe the dominant country line. technology and also direct aid from the EU In ISrael-Palestinian issue as well it has done members to help in their socio-economic development. progress only recently like the recognition of the As a result, these countries progressed state of Palestine. But this did not solve the relatively better than their neighbors, who dispute between the two counteis as Israel is were still not in European Union. This has solidly backed by the US. created a regional economic divide and a demand from these Non-EU members to join The economic sanctions on Iran was imposed by the Union. This has led to the eastward the west by not taking into consideration the extension of the EU. energy needs of the developing countries. It has However, the expansion is not without its consequences. There are apprehensions in the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 161

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West European countries about the possible the crisis in Ukraine has been attributed to flooding of their labour markets by this enlargement as more people in Ukraine immigrant from newly inducted countries. now share the ―European vocation‖. This has Also, there are apprehensions about the led to the conflict between Russia and EU of ability of EU to integrate these countries late. economically, given the financial troubles, EU is facing. Other than that, there is growing distrust between EU and Russia, who wishes to create a separate Eurasian Union, similar to EU and comprising of East European States Q--Critically evaluate the role played by the bordering Russia. European Union in bringing about the European integration within Europe and with rest of the The eastern expansion of EU took place as world. former Soviet-block countries were fascinated by the free market economy , fundamental From ravages of WW1 and WW2,Europe values of democracy and rule of law in EU moved to the process of regional peace countries. Besides, some of the the old EU through treaties members had interest in outsourcing their Complimenting developing n developed labour intensive tasks to the newcomers. world.. Cuurently GDP of EU is approx. 23% of global The expansion initially met with resistance by GDp and increased regional integration has some of the old members as the entrants were increased regional prosperity largely poor agricultural economies. This led Problems and dangers to EU: to apprehensions of overburdening of EU 1)Lack of Faith IN EU (Here Eurozone)after budget because of enlargement. However the credit crisis where multiple countries suffered problem was resolved with an unexceptional due to financial breakdown. Hence there are commitment shown by the EU leaders, albeit concerns of lack of financial sovereignity. with a reduction in the budget as a proportion 2) Nationalist right wing parties are harping of Europe‘s GDP. on this concerns to come out of EU and follow The new member countries have caught up an independent foreign policy and economic considerably vis a vis their old counterparts policy. and in some cases, they have even out-paced 3)Austerity measures on Greece and other them . This corroborates that the purpose with PIGS countries has turned the sentiment which the enlargement was carried out i.e against eu(Germany) dictations.It has led to boost in GDP growth and improvements in Right wing parties prominence. living standards has been partially achieved 4)Major country like UK are mulling over and is on the right track. The enlargement has coming out of Eu. been mutually beneficial proposition as old Hence need for greater growth and less of members got cheap labour by outsourcing the painful austerity to keep EU together. labour-intensive works resulting into global competitiveness of the EU-15 members .The newbies on the other hand gained much need investments, jobs, and knowledge transfer. Thus, the new members seem to have an smooth integration into the EU and that too Q) Critically analyse the role of BRICS alliance without ceding their sovereignty. in the changing global order. The enlargement has faced some challenges as well, because, a large part of the EU budget There are clear signs of fast changing global goes to new members. The problem has been order. The emerging countries are trying to compounded by the low-level of public administration in these countries. Moreover , http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 162

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ssert themselves against the gegemony of Q--Examine the objectives of establishing ‗old‘ order; BRICS is one such expression. a New Development Bank by the BRICS BRICS is a united voice of five rapidly countries. Do you think there is a need for developing countries to pretect and promote another world financial institution? Comment. their interest. These nations are already BRICS countries have the following objectives united in their demand for reforming various in establishing a New Development bank: international organisations. They could push a) Help esp. developing/less developed for much needed reforms in the membership countries cope with BoP (Balance of of the UNSC, since many of its members such payments) or any financial crises, as India, Brazil and South Africa are aspiring b) To provide development loans at low for its membership. They could pitch for a interest rates for esp. developing/less shift in the voting pattern of International developed countries Finance Institution (IFI) in favour of one c) To cut high level of dependence on Bretton country- one vote. BRICS is already panning woods Institutions like IMF, World Bank by to set up a development bank on this poorer nations of the world so that credit is principle. easily available in the developing world itself. Many mega Free Trade Agreements FTA) Yes, another world financial institution like such as Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment New Development Bank(NDB) will be helpful Partnership(TTIP) are attempting to tweak on for the world because: trade barriers, undermining WTO. BRICS can 1) The flow of loans/credits should be certainly safeguard its interest by developing unconditional and equitable for nations. If joint coping strategies. NDB can ensure this, as against current The continued vocal negotiations on climate functioning of Bretton Woods systems, then it change front and Doha round of negotiations, will be beneficial. has indeed protected the developing and least 2) NDB will make South-South Cooperation developed countries from the diktat of especially, much easier. It will also try to get developed ones. developed countries as its members, which In light of the NSA snooping, BRICS should will also augur well for North-South work in the direction of global internet Cooperation on more equal terms. governance. For that, first it needs to evolve a 3) The more the supply of loans for common approach by accommodating development alongwith proper differences. implementation, the better the world‘s poor‘s Each of these has seen their vulnerability to condition will be. It is a win-win for human US moneytary policy. They can persuade USA development globally. to determine its moneytary policy taking into Therefore, under leadership of BRICS account global economic impact. The countries, setting up of NDB will be beneficial expected launch of foreign exchange reserve for the world, provided operational issues fund will be future relief against such (headquarter city, rotational governance etc.) emergency. are properly established for smooth Beside, it could be a forum for greater cooperation and running of the bank. involvement of these nations in international

conflict resolution. This is again crucial

keeping in mind Western intervention in West Q-- Why does India want to become member of Asia, Crimea etc. APEC group? Analyse benefits of joining the BRICS could well be a vehicle of balancing the power structure of the world creating and group. equitable global order. Ans: With renewed economic vigour and emphasis on global integration APEC has emerged as a natural foray for India‘s

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economic aspirations. APEC membership Easy lending will again stimulate the countries offers multiple benefit to India. These are: for Economic growth by neglecting the (a) Opening up of a vast market consisting of Environment and the Local Population rights. 40% of humanity and contributing 44% to The onus of Environment protection will shift global trade. completely to the individual countries. (b) Provide additional source of raw material. (c) Substantiate India‘s need for investment in It will lead to deforestation, pollution and core sectors through FDI. disasters on the name of Economic Growth. In (d) Opportunity to join the emerging regional countries like India where we have provisions block with a uniqe membership of both like Green Tribunal and where civil society is developed and developing countries. awake to a large extent, it is still possible that (e) To leverage technical expertise in trade Government will think twice before neglecting facilitaion of APEC to liberalise its own trade environment concerns but there are many environment. countries where there is absolutely no deference exists India is at a threshold of demographic dividend. A new Manufacturing policy and emphasis on skill development will not reap fruits untill we integrate our economy with Q--Critically evaluate the idea of BRICS Bank the world. APEC membership will be a step to and its significance to India. realise the dream of global manufacturing hub. It will open new forays to our expanding economy. Trade investment, technical BRICS bank has been started by these Brazil, cooperation, opportunity to sign FTAs will China, India, Russia and South Africa in an ensure sustainability to our growth. Thus, attempt to challenge the existing IMF and fund APEC is unique opportunity that India should there developments and interests. However, it grab but with due deligence to local can have both positive as well as negative aspects senstivities so that we may not fall prey to Positives economic might of developed partners of 1. This will help these countries to have a parallel APEC. institute to IMF and would not be bullied by West and US interest 2. Funds will be available for Infrastructure and Q) Radical plans by the World Bank to relax the other development needs conditions on which it lends up to $50 billion a 3. Better economic and political grip on the world year to developing countries have been 4. first major chance for India to stand for a condemned as potentially disastrous for the multilateral international institution without environment and likely to weaken protection of western world involvement. indigenous peoples and the poor. Critically Negatives 1. India is not a cash rich country and giving Rs. examine. 60,000 crore to this bank at this point when we are

finding it difficult to fund our infrastructure and The leaked mail of the World Bank clearly bridge fiscal deficit seems ironical indicates that they want to lend up to $50 billion/ 2. This money is same as the money we are year to developing countries by easing the planning to gain from disinvestment of PSUs. It environmental protection norms. Earlier in 1980s seems Govt. is selling equity in Indian firms for and 1990 the World bank had put series of funding a foreign institute. restriction and rules for Protection of 3. China can now pursue their African interests Environment before lending money, after the under BRICS banner, it will hide their selfish project like Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada resource oriented interests river and Palm tree deforestation in Indonesia. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 164

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4. Bank headquarter in Shanghai has strengthen  .In March 1999 NATO launched massive Chinas position more than any other BRICS air strikes against Serbia in an attempt to country force the Yugoslav government of 6. China have a history of intervening and Slobodan Milošević to accede to stopping Asia Development Bank attempt to fund north east development, in such circumstances it diplomatic provisions seems very unlikely that China will be  During the presidency of Bill Clinton enthusiastic in funding India through BRICS bank (1993–2001), the United States led an However, we can see both positive and negative initiative to enlarge NATO membership points emerging over BRICS bank but only time gradually to include some of the former can tell if the decision was right. Still I believe the Soviet allies. Govt. should delayed BRICS bank for 3 to 4 years  and consolidated its fiscal position before Events following the September 11 plunging into its international ambitions. terrorist attacks in 2001 led to the forging of a new dynamic within the alliance, one that increasingly favoured the military Q. Why was NATO set up? Critically comment engagement of members outside Europe, on its role and activities after the end of cold initially with a mission against Taliban war. forces in Afghanistan beginning in the

summer of 2003 and subsequently with air ANSWER- operations against the regime of Muammar al-Qaddafi in Libya in early  NATO is a treaty based around western 2011. democracies opposed to totalitarian  Critics point out that NATO moved regimes. NATO was formed to combat the quickly to intervene in oil-rich Libya, Soviet Union and the treaty it maintained while there‘s been no serious discussion of with its satellites until the nation fell such action in Syria, where President apart, the Warsaw Pact. Bashar Assad has been waging a deadly  This alliance was meant as a protective crackdown on opponents of his force to prevent communism from taking government over any of the countries included in the  Again, the legitimacy of the NATO treaty. bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has been subject to question by Others objectives were as follows: individuals such as Nebojsa Malic and a. supervision of the West German government Noam Chomsky. b. distribution of Marshall Plan funds  Also, NATO is possibly acting without c. to regulate world trade UN Security Council authorization and d. to protect member nations against Communist calling itself a peace-keeping force. aggression  After the Cold War, NATO‘s mandate was to include two main objectives: to foster dialogue and cooperation with former Q-Write a short note on EU Blue Card. adversaries in the Warsaw Pact and to

manage conflicts in areas on the European periphery, such as the Balkans. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 165

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Blue card is an approved EU work permit which imposed limited economic sanctions allows the highly skilled non EU citizens to work against Iran. and live in the EU member states except

Denmark, Ireland and UK. The permit is issued 2. The Geneva interim agreement, officially for two years which could renewed later. Certain titled the Joint Plan of Action, was a pact prerequisites are made on the salary and the signed between Iran and the qualifications before granting the permit. P5+1(US,UK,Fr.,Ru.,Ch. + Germany) countries in Geneva. having salary 1.5 times of average salary paid 3. It consists of a short-term freeze of The move was aimed the reviving the economic portions of Iran‘s nuclear program in development in the member states. The exchange for decreased economic demographics and lack of adequate highly skilled sanctions on Iran. The agreement sets a workforce has hindered the economic growth. It six-month time frame for a more aims at increasing the geographical mobility with comprehensive follow-up agreement the member states. This would increase the between Iran and the P5+1 negotiators to productivity in the system formalize Iran‘s nuclear relationship with The move had received significant international the world. concerns with the African nations raising the issues arising due to the migration. It would lead 4. Gulf Cooperation Council welcoming the to brain drain in these African countries ,thereby Geneva agreement told that this would lowering there growth. The EU parliament has lead to concrete steps in order to reflect confirmed the blue card initiative with positively on peace, security and stability considerable safeguards for the brain drain and of the region. the flexibility of the system. 5. The leaders also hoped it would India with its highly skilled labour force could contribute to clearing the region from use this initiative for greater integration with the weapons of mass destruction including EU market. The remittances have been a potential nuclear weapons. source for lowering the CAD. The permit would provide greater opportunities for the Indian 6. However GCC has the concern that how skilled labour force ,thereby increasing the the accord divide their influences in the transfers. Gulf. Many Sunni regimes, especially Saudi Q-What are the concerns of the Gulf Arabia, are deeply concerned that the Cooperation Council on the issue of recent atomic accord will empower Iran, Geneva agreement between Iran and P5+1 embolden it to support Shia communities countries? (150 Words) across the Gulf and destabilise Arab 1. The nuclear program of Iran has been a monarchies. matter of contention with the international community since 2002. Iran had not been 7. They feared that there is a possibility that in compliance with its duties as a Gulf states could drawn into a nuclear signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation arms race. Amidst growing perception of Treaty. UN Security Council, US, EU the Iranian threat, Saudi Arabia called for Arab political unity in the Gulf. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 166

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8. Some are angry with the United States for When USA was far ahead in recovery from 2008 not taking their interests into account crisis, EU was still struggling to come out of the when negotiating the nuclear agreement same which got aggravated due to another Euro with Iran. zone crisis. Also the currency wars due to US expansionary policy prior 2008, China pegging its

currency to dollar and keeping it low, 9. Undoubtedly, the agreement will push devaluating of Euro, etc has further added to towards active Iranian participation along concern. This has led to differences in policy with bring together the Syrian prioritization and ineffectiveness of G-20. Other government and the opposition for the issues criticizing G20 of its arbitrariness involves first time since the nearly three-year- membership issue, under representation of violence cycles erupted in Syria. African subcontinent, exclusion of important economies like Norway, Singapore, etc.

Thus these issues are more structural in nature which requires coordination and deliberations Q- “The G-20 group has been increasingly among the members to resolve them and opting a challenged to retain its relevance and middle way out by reorienting the structure effectiveness in dealing with a host of global co- which does not affect the Global economy ordination problems that are more structural in nature.” Comment. Other International Devlop[ments Answer - ―The G-20 group has been increasingly North America challenged to retain its relevance and effectiveness in dealing with a host of global co- ordination problems that are more structural in Q-What is European Reassurance Initiative by nature.‖ Comment. the USA? Why is it controversial? Examine.

Economic condition and capability are very US president announced $ 1bn military aid to specific to the countries taking into considerations selected NATO nations (mainly Poland) to the available national resources, demography, dispatch more equipment, navy and air patrols in demand and supply cycle, nation‘s prioritization Black sea. This is done to assure its allies of of investment, etc. In such situation, imposing a NATO who are threatened by Russia‘s ―One rule for all‖ formula leads to repulsion and annexation of Crimea, which is perceived by thus questions the relevance and effectiveness of Poland and Baltic States of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia as expansionism. an umbrella organization like G-20. May lead to cold war Though Globalisation and increasing economic 1. This comes at a time when European Union‘s is trying to expedite association agreements with interaction thereof, affects the financial picture of other former Soviet republics, such as Moldova an economy and emphasizes on the requirement and Georgia of an international organization. But this very 2. Russia‘s views this as aggressive move that reason challenges its relevance owing to the could revive the Cold War and the arms race. volatility concerned and the differing rate of 3. Polish complaining that Washington‘s plans impact and time of ascent of crisis and revival amount only to ―virtual deployments‖ Should not read too much into it – reasons from it.

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1. However one should not hope for a cold war solved problems but created new ones. USA‘s like situation as Russian status and prowess has policy of double standards with respect to nuclear declined more toward being a regional power. weapons, engaging with some regimes which 2. European nations like Germany and France are covertly support terrorism due to economic depended on Russian oils/energy supply thus interests is well known. may get wary of this move. • However these methods have been able to 3. A rather loose stand on Ukraine issue as US reduce the incidents of terrorism. Terrorist refraining from permanent bases and military organizations find it tough to handle funds and intervention gives cue of the declining status of buy weapons. Their infrastructure has been US from the ‗sole operator‘, apart from a wearing crippled. Al-Qaeda is facing shortage of economy. leadership. 4. the EU agreements might well be no more than A part of taliban is willing to negotiate with USA. a way for the bloc to import cheap labour and get What is needed is a judicial use of force coupled easy access for EU businesses with engagement with ground work and locals to 5. NATO has its own agenda; with its Afghan foment development operations winding down, its commanders may well be desperate for a new role, as they were Q-Critically examine what actions has USA when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 taken so far to mitigate climate change. 6. Mr. Obama‘s domestic position is fraught. The money he has announced is subject to US has been till date reluctant to accept Congressional clearance, but both Republican and responsibility for and take necessary action to Democratic members of Congress are angry about reduce its carbon emissions. The reason cited his taking major decisions without their approval; often involved shifting the blame onto developing many also consider the approximately 75% per economies like India and China. Now however, cent U.S. share of NATO defence spending to be the Obama administration has come up with a excessive. slew of measures claiming to be a major step forward in regulation of greenhouse gases. Let us Q-“Some of the strategies adopted by USA in consider the recent actions taken by US, in order combating terrorism might foment further to mitigate climate change: instability in the affected regions and prove a. Regulatory powers under the Clean Air Act of counterproductive.” Analyze (200 Words) 1970 to be used to regulate emissions from existing and upcoming electricity generation • America‘s global war on terrorism makes use of plants. The stress will be to cut the emissions by various lethal and non-lethal strategies. Lethal 30% by the year 2030. use of force is done by drones, surgical strikes, b. Energy policies are to be adopted that stress on invasion. Non-Lethal strategies include economic better efficiency. Vehicle fuel economy standards sanctions, increasing pressure from international are to be made more stringent. community, covert political upheavals as well as c. It is intended to stimulate state level emission engaging with moderate extremists. trading schemes, as well as greater deployment of • USA‘s economic sanctions against Iran have carbon capture and storage technologies. made the public critical of its actions due to dire But when we analyse the claims made, we realise shortages. Lethal force has rarely been successful that much of it is a hype to build a nobler image. in achieving its objectives. Collateral damage US is currently in middle of a shift from use of resulting in civilian deaths increases resentment coal to natural gas in its power production due to among people, which is used by propagandists to relatively higher prices of coal. A significant further their agenda. This is also leading to amount of the said carbon emission cuts are domestic radicalisation in USA and its allies. already being achieved even without any • Drones and surgical strikes undermine the regulations. Obama administration is just making sovereignty of nations and increase contempt. use of the opportunity to project itself as a pro USA‘s invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq have not environment nation in order to have a stronger http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 168

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 stand in the international climate change company from having more than 50% of its negotiations. workforce on H1-B or L-1, they drastically raise It is true that environment proactive measures by developed countries like US will help mobilize visa fees, require companies to pay much higher the rest of the world to follow suit. However, it is wages. They compelling Indian companies to hire imperative that the world sees beyond the hype local talent in the U.S. and pressurises the major stakeholders to make more aggressive and deeper emission cuts. This kind of measures will hurt relations between Carbon tariffs can be used for this purpose. Such US-India. As US is our largest importer, it is also tariffs or taxes will have to be strictly imposed on has adverse impact on trade. The efforts of US those who do not cut emissions beyond a globally India Business Council had little success in agreed on baseline and not on some random countering this. So an overall strategy that links baseline chosen as wished by the concerned parties. Indian diplomats, consular general in various cities, the Indian-American policymakers is Q- “USA is following a policy of protectionism needed to avoid tensions. through immigration rules.” Comment in the context of India – USA relations. (200 Words) Q--Write a note on the United States Trade Protectionism refers to Government actions and Representative‟s (USTR) „Special 301′ report. policies that restrain international trade, often Explain why was it controversial with reference done to protect local businesses and jobs from to India. foreign competition. Typical methods of The Special 301 report is an official assessment of protectionism are imposing tariffs on imported the global state of IPR protection and enforcement goods, restrictive quotas, subsidies or tax cuts to in the U.S.‘ trade partners. It is prepared annually local businesses and direct state intervention. by the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) under Section 301 of the US following a policy of protectionism through Trade Act of 1974. its immigration restrictions such as labor The reports identify trade barriers to U.S. certification requirements or numerical caps on companies and products due to the intellectual work visas. Although US stating that the strict property laws, such as copyright, patents and immigration rules made to check illegal trademarks, in other countries. This report has three types of lists mainly- immigration across Mexico border, some of the 1) ‗Priority Foreign Countries ‗- countries which provisions in the U.S. Border Security Economic have inadequate intellectual property laws; these Opportunity and Immigration Modernization Act countries may be subject to sanctions. 2013 exclusively related to Indian IT firms. 2) ‗Priority Watch List‘- countries which have ‗serious intellectual property rights deficiencies‘ One of the strong reasons of this step is that require increased USTR attention. spontaneous growth of Indian IT professionals 3) ‗Watch List‘- countries having ‗serious with their intense skill development ability intellectual property rights deficiencies‘ but are not yet placed on the ‗Priority Watchlist‘. causing American youths to lose their jobs. Indian India-US has been witnessing many trade IPR laws such as denial of revoke of patent for disputes as IPR issues in Pharma Drugs industry, some US companies in biopharmaceuticals is also India‘s National food security Act, Solar panel contributed to this. local procurement policy, and nuclear trade disputes. These all led to create row between H1-B and L-1 visas used most frequently by these two countries. Indian IT companies. US House bill prohibit a http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 169

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India has been placed in ‗priority Watchlist‘ for This change is also evident in the US‘s foreign many years. It was expected that U.S. may put policy. India into ‗priority foreign category‘ and can The recent events like a soft response on Crimean impose unilateral sanctions. But India remains on issue , inclination to solve the Iran issue , the Priority Watch List in 2014. India calls this a disinterest of any military adventure in the wise decision. Because according to Indian disputes of West Asia (Syria) and an ambivalent officials, we have not violated any IPR law under position on China‘s aggressiveness show that the TRIPS agreement of WTO. India would challenge US is no longer interested or able to play a role of unilateral sanctions by US, if so happens. global leader. This may be an effort to put its own house in Q-Critics call „Special 301 Report‟ as a public order first . But it may also mean that the US , law devoted to the service of private corporate after the discovery of the shale gas , does not see interests. any merit in spending its resources on the regions which will not remain very relevant to her. Both the above facts will lead to an end of the India and US have recently been locked up trade hegemony of the US . The the countries like China dispute related to Indian IPR laws. The US , India and Russia are rising fast . By some pharmaceutical companies had requested USTR estimates China, by the year 2015, is expected to to place India in Priority Foreign List due to surpass the US as the largest economy . But US‘s recent controvery surrounding denial of patents military and technological powers are still to Gilvec and Nexavar. Other issues adding fuel unmatched . The US‘s defence budget is more to fire were the compulsory 50 percent than the combined budget of the rest of the procurement from Indian Companies for the world. Thus even if the US may not remain an phase ii of National Solar Mission, the rise of MSP unchallenged authority , it will certainly maintain for Indian agriculture products to support the ‗first among equals‘ status for a long time. National Food Security Act and disputes in nuclear liability law. Q--Discuss why immigration issue in USA is a India responded by threatening US that it would take the issue to WTO. The Trade Related Aspects very sensitive issue. of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of the WTO allows countries certain flexibilities with USA was termed as ―melting pot of civilisation‖ regard to their IPR laws. India was clearly within due to its ability to absorb peoples of multiple the ambit of TRIPS and hence any unilateral cast and creed from all across the world. Offlate sanctions by US could‘ve been contested at WTO. immigration has emerged as a vehemently The mutual tensions were eased with the Special debated issue. Its ability to absorb is declining 301 report placing India in the ―Priority Watch due to multiple reasons: List‖. (a) Economic: USA economy has advanced to quaternary level where manual labour is replaced by machines. The same labour force that fueled its Q--Critically comment on America‟s recent industries appear redundant. Thus, the demand foreign policy initiatives. Do you think its of labour has declined sharply. Economic supremacy as sole superpower in the world is recession has increased unemployment pushing demand to secure narrow band of opportunities waning? Comment. for its own citizens and promoting protectionist

policies. The United States of America after the world war (b) Security: after 9/11 USA has developed a 2 and more prominently after the decline of the cynical outlook towards foreigners especially soviet union has remained an unchallenged super Asians. This has also promoted xenophobism and power. This situation is changing, due to the rise attacks on Asians. Its southern border has of the economies of developing countries like suffered from drug smuggling orignating across BRICs and a slowdown in the USA‘s economy . http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 170

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Mixican border. This led to a demand of stricter has threatened to attain nuclear weapon if Iran immigration laws. continues to build peace threatening nuclear (c) Demographic: declining percentage of natives technology. Latest refusal by Saudi for UN have created an apprehension of alienation in security council seat is clear indication of growing their home land. In 2000 census 99 % can trace their roots in other countries. rift between Washington and Riyadh. (d)Political: in a democracy vote bank often lead Another irritant is Israel-Palestine issue and to ugly contest. The Republican‘s fear of growing support for Democrats among migrants especially failure of US to solve Arabs problem of settlement in southern state, a major reason assigned to and human rights. Recent recognition of Palestine Obama‘s victory, further enhances the demand to by UNESCO has further complicated the matter check migration. (e) Social: the difference in cultural ethos, and Discovery of Shale gas and decline in oil import reducing tolerance in society is globally from middle east has reduced its importance in emerging trend. USA too is not oblivious to this energy security context of US, which is deciding factor in future relations. Q- Critically analyze the nature of relationship between USA and Saudi Arabia since 2001 Post 2014 with drawl of US troops brings terrorist attacks on World Trade Centre in New opportunity and challenges to explore York. (200 Words) pragmatism in these relations to promote US and Saudi Arabia relationship post 9/11 are regional peace evolving under many socio-political -economic Q- Critically comment on factors, with growing sectarian violence in middle US‟ pivot to Asia strategy. east ,mixed results from Arab spring, nuclear deal The US Pivot to Asia is characterized by five with Iran and discovery of shale gas are key pillars. These are: ―strengthening alliances; issues which defines phase of relationship. deepening partnerships with emerging powers; Post 9/11 relationship has deepened in terms of building a stable, productive, and constructive counter terrorism and results are clear as Saudi relationship with China; empowering regional govt has successfully controlled terror activities in institutions; and helping to build a regional the region. economic architecture that can sustain shared prosperity.‖ Arab spring, which was supported by US, call for reforms in political, social and economic structure Japan And South Korea‘s confidence in US has to meet demographic aspirations has largely been been shaken following its vacillating stand on neglected by Saudi royal family. ADIZ and lack of strong action against North Korea.In the ADIZ episode the US scrambled jets Major flash point in middle east is Syrian conflict in Japan‘s support but at the same time asked with deep rooted shia-sunni sectarian conflict is their airlines to comply with ADIZ exhibiting actual test bed for future relationship between conflicting stance. Washington and Riyadh.US failure to intervene and bring down Assad regime is not Secondly the declaration of Trans-Pacific acknowledged well by Saudi Arabia who is Partnership has received weakened response supporting fighting rebels with all monetary and from even traditional allies like Japan who are logistic support. more interested in the RCEP and US pivot may actually divide the zone into two halves. Signing of Nuclear deal with Iran is also inconsistent with Saudi Arabia‘s demand, who http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 171

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US business, in west asia...etc.. Diplomatic Due to its improved dependence on shale gas tensions , US silence on nuclear proliferation in which is environment friendly, US is sure to gain Pakistan with Chinese help , rising importance of the moral high ground in climate talks and will Indo-Chinese economic engagement has also kept force other countries to either buy green India away from being an active participant in US technology from US or bear the brunt of lowering pivot . emissions. Although US is on-road to become energy The MSR maritime sea route initiative by China independent, the vestiges of its machinations for would lead to increasing its dominance in the energy security in the past will continue to haunt region, thereby lowering US influence in the the world particularly in the middle east. region.

Moreover muted response to expansionist Africa Chinese claims in South China Sea , reduced the confidence of littoral states in the Asian pivot Q-What strategic interest America has in Africa? strategy. Comment. (150 Words)

America‘s interest in Africa is both strategic as Q-What is the strategic importance of raising well as economic. Africa is considered as home energy boom in USA? Comment. (200 Words) to various militant groups and a continent with large mineral base. After withdrawal from Afghanistan , America is Energy is one of the main drivers of geopolitics .In seeking a rebalance in Africa as well. As Africa faces continuous turmoil, America is the recent times wars have been fought for control apprehensive that terrorist organizations may over energy resources. In this context the energy shift their base in African countries. Further, the boom in USA is of significant strategic importance. latter lacks logistic, technical as well as human This development is sure to shake up the energy capability in defense sector. America is looking market. Energy prices may come down owing to at Africa as a vast market for its defense increased production. Growth rates will peak in equipments and also cooperating with different emerging economies like India, China who are set states for developing their security infrastructure against terrorism and coups. to import cheap hydrocarbons from middle east. Africa has vast untapped natural resources This has serious implication for green house which can be exploited by American MNCs. emission controls though. America can use its economic expertise for a The US, no longer reliant on middle east for its better Africa after stabilizing it. It can also prove energy security is sure to withdraw its high to be a thriving market for American products in military presence and shift focus to its ―pivot‖ the near future. strategy in Asia. However this will put the onus of Q-Write a critical note on the economic progress middle east stability on India, china and other of Africa in recent years and its integration with countries importing oil from middle east. the rest of the world through trade. US might give more powers to iran to monitor

Afghanistan following its withdrawal from West Africa, endowed with natural bounties, was Asia. This is evident from the recent thaw. traditionally a deprived continent. With majority However this can only deepen the sectarian of the LDC belonging to Africa its stature in divisions between Riyadh and Tehran and might global economy was that of a dwarf. lead to a full blown crisis in the middle east.

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Its recent strides in global economy has created a makeover of its image. With 6 of the top 10 EME Africa is a very old continent although its made up of belonging to Africa, it has emerged as a new newer states.Last century has witnessed global investment destination. decolonisation and intense political churnings. The newer states that emerged after the turbulence have Termed as ‖ Scramble for AFRICA‖, the rekindling of precipitated stability albeit without perfection. There global interest in Africa began with the realization of are still regions of uncertainty and violence like South Africa as continent of multiple nations rather than a sudan and somalia, but the new found calm has single entity. Chinese entry into infrastructure and attracted the outside world to Africa which has energy field followed by India caught global traditionally been bestowed with rich natural attention. Apart from various bounties like petroleum resources. and natural gas, Africa is bestowed with vast swathes of virgin agricultural land. This holds promise to Africa has a large quantity of natural resources global food security and India along with other including oil, diamonds, gold, iron, cobalt, uranium, nations is exploring contract agricultural copper, bauxite, silver, petroleum and cocoa beans, opportunities there. Absence of basic facilities open a but also woods and tropical fruits. Much of its natural wide spectrum of investment opportunities. Mobile resources are undiscovered or barely harnessed. Also banking success is just an exemplar of this huge the new thriving middleclass can be an attractive potential. Africa‘s tropical location creates huge market for finished products. Indian majors like opportunities for renewable solar energy and Airtel, ONGC already have significant investments in implementation of clean development mechanism in Africa. For China, Africa is not only a source of raw the era of climate change. materials and market for products but also a staunch ally supporting its policies at global level.Japanese Establishment of democracy has contributed much to businesses are also now making inroads to Africa. Africa‘s growth story. Forums like India-Africa, Africa-China and the recently concluded US-AFRICA Inspite of its new found charm, if the benefits of leaders summits corroborates it integration with investments and thriving businesses do not percolate world economy. SACU, the earliest know regional to the grassroot, Africa might soon be pulled back to FTA is expanding its global foot prints. BRICS is yet the vortex of violence and bloodshed that it has just another global integration platform. Africa‘s diaspora come out from. are creating nodes of influence around the world. Leadership at global organisation like UN, ICJ etc Q-How Apartheid in South Africa was ended further increases its integration. and who were the protagonists in anti- Apartheid movement? Explain. (200 Words) Thus, it can be concluded that Africa is suitably placed to gain global prominence. Expansion and stability of democracy in this war torn continent with determine the extent of its emergence and integration with the Q-Write a short note on the recent crisis in the world. Central African Republic. How was the international reaction to this crisis? (200 Words) Q-Africa is seen as a potential destination for future CAR is a Christian majority country with a investments and business by both the developed Muslim minority. The country is marked with and emerging economies. Give a reasoned account low human indices. Since 1990 there has been for this shift in opinion. (200 Words) series of coups resulting in weak governance. The http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 173

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 recent crisis started in March of 2013 when In 2009 Nigerian police encountered the founder of the group in an operation which Muslim rebel leader Michel Djotodia ousted had retarded the group‘s activity for some President Francois Bozize and established himself time but later on it has again started its as the president. This followed looting and killing movement. by armed Seleka Muslim and Christian rebels Recent incident of 250 girls kidnapping against each other. The cities most affected are from the Nigerian schools have shaken the whole world. This group is purportedly capital Bangui & bossangoa thus displacing about going to sell these girls to the neighbor‘s 4 lakh peoples. the country was in an anomic country which has threatened the whole condition characterized by street fight, public Nigeria. Now the time has come to finish execution, loot, rape. The worst affected are this kind of malaise of the society and the children and women. onus is on the whole world.

France was the first country to send troops into

CAR, followed by African Union Peacekeeping Forces from Gabon, Chad, Cameroon & Congo.  Boko Haram is an Islamist militant African Union & European Union have appealed organisation which aims at establishing an for peace. Recently USA has announced that it Islamic State based on Shariat Laws in Nigeria. During the early 20th century, will mobilize troops from Burundi to CAR.The Nigeria came under the influence of British UNO has not announced any plan of action to control. Westernization and western restore peace in the country. education was spread rapidly. Many Muslims saw this as transgression on their Q-Explain the growth of Boko Haram in laws and refused to send their children to western schools. In that backdrop an Nigeria. Comment on its ideology and its effect Islamist cleric named Mohammed Yusuf on Nigerian society. established ―Boko Haram‖ in 2002 in Maduguri, where he established a Mosque Boko Haram is an Islamist terrorist group and a school. Poor Muslim parents send based on Nigeria. word boko meaning their children to this school. Boko Haram ―Animist, western or otherwise non-Islamic means ―Western Education is Forbidden‖. education‖ and the Arabic word haram Gradually the school turned out to be a figuratively meaning ―sin‖. The group was recruiting grounds for militants. They have formed in 2002 in in Maiduguri, Nigeria, in forbidden western style of dressing, 2002 by the Muslim cleric Mohammed participating in elections, education etc. Yusuf. They aimed at overthrowing the Initially this group prevailed in the northern government, which they felt was corrupt part of Nigeria but later on by the help of Al and immoral not based on Islamic Qaeda it expanded its activity on other part principles. They have attacked Churches in of the country. Afterward this group the region, buses, military barracks, and aggravated its activities like lethal attacks created a lot of violence. on villages, government buildings, police The organization spread its reach to an station, church and even mosques were extent that US and other super powers targeted. believe that they had links with jihadist Boko Haram ideology is against the western outfits. US banned and designated it as a traditions. It opposes not only western terrorist organization. Mohammed Yusuf culture but also western education and was killed in 2009 by an attack of state modern science as well. In Nigeria clashes military operations. New leadership has between Muslims and Christians are come to the fore and increased its militant common which have radicalized this group. actions by abducting girls and selling them http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 174

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as slaves.  The Rwandan Genocide was one of Nigerian government is under severe rebellion. The Tutsi, classified by tall, thin, pressure to contain the militants. U.S. and light skin, were the minority. Yet the President Belgians, during colonial rule, had placed  Obama has sent a team of military experts to help the Nigerian government. them as elite rulers over the Hutu, the majority. After a social revolution in the 1960s, many of the Tutsi were driven out Q. Write a note on Takaful Insurance of Africa of Rwanda. The Hutu then created a which was in news recently strong feeling of hatred towards the Tutsi • Takaful is an arabic word meaning minority. In 1990, the Tutsi exiles invaded ―guaranteeing each other ― or ―joint guarantee‖ , Rwanda, and a peace agreement was Takaful insurance is a cooperative system of signed .Yet the Hutu still used reimbursement in case of loss. propaganda against the Tutsi, using radio and television to get their message across. • Takaful Insurance of Africa Founded in Media, particularly radio, continued to the year 2008 and formally licensed in 2011. It is spread unfounded rumours, which the first fully fledged Takaful operator in the East exacerbated ethnic problems. and Central Africa region. The rationale behind

TIA is founded on the need to provide risk management and financial security, based on The genocide had a lasting and profound impact ethical principles and values. Currently Takaful on Rwanda and its neighboring countries. The has three main business lines which include pervasive use of war rapecaused a spike in HIV General Insurance, Family Takaful and the infection, including babies born of rape to newly Takaful Retirement Benefits Scheme. infected mothers; many households were headed by orphaned children or widows. The decimation • Takaful is a mutual co-operation between members of a pool who safeguard each other of infrastructure and a severe depopulation of the against defined risks and share in surplus where country crippled the economy, challenging the the fund is profitable. The participants co- nascent government to achieve rapid economic operate and share risks among themselves by growth and stabilization. The RPF military contributing to a common Takaful Fund, while victory and installation of an RPF-dominated the operator manages the fund and resources as government prompted many Hutus to flee to a trustee. neighboring countries.

Q. Critically examine the causes and consequences of Rwandan genocide of 1994. Q--Write a critical note on the reasons behind Answer- increasing ethnic and religious clashes in different parts of Africa.  The genocide took place in the context of

the Rwandan Civil War, an ongoing Causes of increasing ethnic and religious clashes conflict beginning in 1990 between the in Africa are a result of various factors: Hutu-led government and the Rwandan • Historical – Patriotic Front (RPF), which was largely o European borders were drawn on a piece of composed of Tutsi refugees whose paper without any thought given to the tribal families had fled to Uganda following heterogeneity. It one of the biggest hindrances to earlier waves of Hutu violence against the Africa because traditional enemies were contained within one European-made border. E,g Tutsi. Power sharing was main sssue http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 175

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis resulted in abducted by a terrorist organisation ‗Boko Rwandan genocide in which lakhs were Haram‘ which is highly critical of western massacred and many more fled to neighbouring though, education and other religions. Countries causing unrest there. The main reason for these clashes lie in inability o During colonization, European countries had of government to stop these organisation from bought African rich resources with weaponry growing, lack of defence equipment with national which introduced a gun culture there. government, rampant poverty, huge corruption • Political – and fight for the control of natural resources eg – o European imperialists left without establishing Blood diamond. Foreign intervention is also a big stable governments in many Countries. cause, as many rebel groups get arms and Corruption and weak public institutions make ammunition from foreign countries outside countries easy targets for determined terrorist African continent. groups. They have not been able to establish State Religious clashes occur due to fanaticism and control over natural resources fuelling inter – retaliation measures. Most governments are also ethnic tensions for control over them. military dictatorship and these don‘t have o State dictatorships trying to shore up ethnic popular support of masses. They thrive on power, autocracies are under attack by increasingly violence and foreign aid. Low education level, militant opposition groups. These dictators made lack of employment opportunities and social policies which did not respect diversity. The violence leads to easy recruitment by terrorist leader at the top many times only looked after the organisations for fighter‘s among youth. needs of his tribes preventing multicultural Africa could be developed and prosperous as it policies to develop. has everything other than understanding and • Economic – Extreme poverty along with cooperation among its own people. International increased illiteracy and unemployment results in organisations need to help Africa to achieve piece the formation of militant groups to fight back and Security. against the government and well established other ethnic groups. • Religious – European colonizers introduced a number of reasons like economic or political Chrstian missionaries in many African Countries marginalisation among the people with one which led to reactionary birth of many Islamist group feeling disadvantaged at the expense of the fundamentalist orgs like Boko Haram other. Migration of other ethnic groups from War Multi pronged strategy of international stricken neighbouring countries can fire ethnic intervention to tackle extremist organizations, conflicts by the supply of firearms. An increase in political stability by strengthening democratic the number of refugees coming into a state will institutions representing all sections of society, lead to an increased likelihood of ethnic conflict. socio-economic development and promotion of The prevalent unemployment would frustrate peace is the need of the hour. the educated youth prodding them to join the militant organisations to fight back against the government and well established other ethnic groups. Political instability results in the Africa is one of the grossly underdeveloped encouragement of ethnic conflicts by high continents of the world, which is full of trouble officials for the greed of power and personal gain. and violence. It is full of rich natural and mineral resources but these resources have became the main bone of contention. Africa consists of native tribals, which have divided into different ethnic groups. It also East Asia contains a considerable Muslim and Christian population. A lot of clashes happen between these groups and ethnic populations as seen in South Sudan and Nigeria. Recently 300 girls were http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 176

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Q--Explain how and why Deng Xiaoping employment. brought economic reforms in China. What were These reforms increase the capital creation in the its consequences. economy and provided employment to millions and had a major effect on social development. Deng Xiaoping was a post Mao era leader who brought reforms in China during 1978-1992.The Its GDP is booming with average growth rate of reforms brought by Xiaoping gave economic about 10%, overall living condition improved, revival to a society which had to undergo the reduced barries and export-led growth.Poverty Great Purge during Great leap forward and has been reduced from 45% in 1980 to 5% in 2001 which came in conflict with its history and and wage rates quadrupled.It is the largest cultural affinity during the Cultural market of automobile.Its steel production and revolution,1966. textile industries has increased manifold.It is the The reforms that Xiaoping brought were second largest economy and expected to cross US 1) Ideological flexibility: According to Deng,china by 2025.Globally,it has risen with better control needed a market socialism in which capitalist over south-china sea and good infrastructure. system was needed to increase to focus on the Although inequality has risen with coastal region production of the goods(profit based).Hence it is doing better.Problem of rapid urbanisation led was a depart from the communitarian Marxist to social conflicts.Environmental impact is drastic philosophy of producing goods for community as last year Beiging was enveloped in smoke. purpose only. 2) Agricultural reforms: Agriculture during Mao‘s times was made community owned and Q--Critically comment on South China Sea production was controlled by state. Deng allowed dispute in the light of international laws related farmers to sell their products in the market freely to seas. and it led to increase in production.Further South China sea consists of several overlapping increase in money increase consumption of goods claims on islands and marine areas, by Seven and saving rate. sovereign states in the region namely Peoples 3) Industrial growth: Deng allowed local Republic of China (PRC), Vietnam, Brunei, municipalities to create profit based Indonesia, Malaysia, Republic of China (ROC, industries.This led to the foundation of MSME Taiwan). sector which became the foundation for later These disputes are severed due to important growth.Futher to develop heavy industries,Heavy resources such as Oil and gas fields, fishing grounds and control of busy sea lanes in that machinery were established by banking capital area. which was quite autonomous of state According to international laws, any territory intervention as profits were not reallocated. comming within 12 miles of coast and inland 4) Export based Economy:Msme sector became waters come under exclusive right of coastal state the major creator of export as capital generated of and are under its laws are regulations. Beyond this export intensive sector increased capital for Territorial waters, another 12 miles is Contiguous Zone, where coastal state can enforce laws related futher technological innovation.Further SEZ‘s to custom, pollution, taxation and immigration. were created to provide liberal atmosphere for After that 200 miles are give as Exclusive investment and technological growth aprt from Economic Zone (EEZ) to the coastal state, on making China Export surplus. which it has sole exploitation right over its 5) Labour reforms like incentive based systems natural resources. and shift based workings provided increased EEZ‘s are the main bone of contention, as small barren and rocky islands situated in south china http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 177

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 sea, also bring with them huge Sea area thus represents a fascinating soft power resource surrounding them. So, all countries want to have for the Chinese. control over such strategic islands for gaining rights over the resources surrounding it. However such deals are criticized as having more to do with commerce than conservation. 9 dotted lines might also be mentioned. Examples in Scotland, Australia, Canada, France

and others point that Recipient countries need to Q-Comment on China‟s „Panda Diplomacy‟. assess the broader environmental consequences China‘s use of giant pandas as diplomatic gifts of ―sealing the deal‖ with China before accepting has a long history dating at least as far back as the panda loans, as these usually signal that China seventh century Tang Dynasty. In more recent expects a long-term commitment to deliver the years, in 1972, China gave two giant pandas to goods – whether they be uranium, salmon or the United States as thanks for President Nixon‘s other natural resources. visit to their nation (which itself historically began to normalize the relationship between the two). From 1984, China stopped giving pandas Q-Critically comment on the significance of the away. Instead, the Chinese government began Tiananmen Square incident of 1989 to China loaning them out for a 10 year period. and the World. characterised by trust, reciprocity, loyalty and longevity‖. Such an endorsement of the bilateral Tiananmen square incident is pro-democracy trade relationship may be exactly what Modi is movement led by students in Bejining which took hoping for. place in 1989. The protests were triggered in April 1989 by the dealth of former communist party Panda diplomacy is based on the Chinese concept general secretary, Hu Yaobang, a liberal reformer, of ‗Guanxi‘ denoting deep trade relationships who was deposed after losing a power struggle characterised by trust, loyalty and longevity. with hardliners over the direction of political and Pandas are conservation icons and boost a zoo‘s economic reforms. The protests called for brand. If a panda is given to the country, the government accountability, freedom of speech Chinese have entrusted an endangered, precious and press, controlling inflation and corruption. animal and importantly a Chinese national treasure to the country; it signifies in some ways a Chinese Government used violence to control the new start to the relationship. The animals are also movement. It is this reaction triggered to change notoriously expensive to keep and breed and the Leadership of CPC. The movement caused hence in many ways loaning a panda points to huge economic impact on china where the foreign the global technological prowess of the nation. loans to china were suspended and foreign Panda receptors are therefore sometimes investment has reduced. Chinese government considered more close to China. For China, it drew widespread condemnation for this sheds some of its image as an overtly assertive suppression of the protests. Deng xiaoping and and aggressive nation by switching over from its the core leadership vowed to continue economic traditional mascot of the Dragon to the much liberalization polices after 1989. more adorable Panda. It also assumes, in a way, the mantle of environmental conservatism, for EU and US embargo on armament sales to the which it is widely criticized. Panda diplomacy PRC, which remains in place today. Western governments also imposed economic sanctions on http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 178

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 china. European Economic Community also In context of rising power of China, its aggressive planned a resolution at the UNHCR criticising intent has to be checked by the only superpower China‘s human right record. Enforcing the US. If its not checked it will create tensions in the Martial Law on unarmed protestors still region. Though US has warned China that if they questions on chinese Government reaction on set up additional ADIZ in the south China sea, Democracy. they will increase their naval presence, it is not Constitutional crisis in Nepal is dragging on for enogh. It should be followed by some concrete many years now. Briefly chronicle the important action. events and factors that have contributed to this The economic rise of china is welcomed but a delay.(250 Words) militarily aggressive China is not in favour of any country of the region. US as the only superpower must act to curb this menace.

Question - “To ensure China chooses the

“trading state” strategy as it rises geopolitically, Q. “China cannot copy the political system or rather than one based on aggression, it is development model of other countries because imperative that the United States, as the sole it would not fit us and it might even lead to superpower, follow a policy of deterrence.” catastrophic consequences.” Do you agree with Examine. (200 Words) this statement? Substantiate. Answer - The World wars are proof that if the rising military power is not checked, it can lead to ANSWER- wars. The wars are litmus test for a country to  The uniqueness of China‘s cultural prove its military strength. A policy of detterence tradition, history and circumstances helps inhibit the conditions of war which are a determines that China needs to follow a cause of misery and distress. development path that suits its own reality . China has been rising as a great economic power.  .The Chinese people experimented with With increasing economic power, it has also been constitutional monarchy, imperial expanding its military strength. ICBMs, purchase restoration, parliamentarian, multi-party of FGFA, display of military power in naval system and presidential government but warfares, setting up of ADIZ, increasing control none had been as effective as its present system. over east china sea and claim over islands are a  China tried American-style democracy few aggressive moves by the Chinease govt. This after its 1911 Republic Revolution, and it has created tensions within the region. turned out to be a devastating catastrophe. History has shown us that when aggressive intent  The country was immediately plunged of rising powers are nut curbed, they have lead to into chaos and civil war, with hundreds of wars. Germany and Japan are a case in the point. political parties vying for power and with Their rise was not checked by the European warlords fighting one another with the powers in time and they led to World Wars and support of various foreign powers.  The economy was shattered and tens of they stopped only after they wwere subdued by millions lost their lives in the decades that greater military power in form of USA and USSR. followed. That lesson remains so sharp that even today ordinary Chinese are most fearful of chaos. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 179

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 Despite all of this, there has been a certain (Senkaku/Diyaou island), Shinzo Abe‘s military lag in the ―freedom‖ and ―equality‖ outlook and China‘s ADIZ sphere. This goes for both individual and firms. Question - “Territorial sovereignty, contention  A country stands to protect the interests of on energy, significance of the geographic its own citizens, which is being denied location, threat to maritime security and here. Given that the rate of overlapping maritime claims are at the core of industrialization has been high and people the South China Sea dispute. ” Elaborate. (200 are being benefited, but it is done at the Words) cost of the freedom of the citizens of China. Answer - South China Sea has attracted considerable attention in the last one year because Q-Critically comment on the historical reasons, of increased tension between China and its especially related to World War events, that led neighbours over competing maritime claims. to strain in China – Japan relationship. Littoral nations in the South China Sea are The present tension between China and Japan competing to establish sovereign control over date back to historical events World War events. territories, fisheries, mineral and oil and gas There have been two main reasons for this deposits in the region. Also at stake is the continued tension freedom of navigation and military deployment Expansionist policy of Japan: 1)Japan was the first industrial nation in Asia. By in view of maritime security, in this geo- the end of 19th century Japan had turned into an strategically important region. economic and military powerhouse. It started to follow imperial policies. Maintaining security, and smooth navigational 2) In the First Sino Japanese war (1895), Qing channels are important issues that the countries dynasty was defeated by Japan. The dynasty also want to ensure in this important geographic lost Korea – till then a vassal state location. As the Sea lies in between Persian Gulf 3) Between the two Sino Japanese wars there were and Pacific ocean, thereby providing an certain localized conflicts between the two nations. For eg: Japanese invasion of Manchuria important trade route for supply of oils, gases War crimes: and energy, the countries like Japan, South Korea, 1) Between 1937 – 1941, during the second Sino- Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia are dependent Japanese war there were major events that on stability and freedom of navigation in the marked a permanent scar in the relations of the South China Sea. The Malacca Strait, as the two nations. 2) The worst of these incidents known as Nanking entrance to the South China Sea is vital to Massacre, left tens of thousands of Chinese maintaining smooth energy supplies to all civilians dead and horrific rape crime were countries in the region. committed against women by japanese troops 3) The tension was further escalated when a The Senkaku/Diaoyuai dispute involving shrine honouring the criminals of war was countries like China, Korea and Japan also shows created at Yashukuni. Politicians visiting these the importance of region as far as territorial shrines has remained a point of contention claims are concerned. Thus, it may be concluded between Japan on one hand and China and Korea that maritime securities, energy issues, on the other. At present there are increased threats of a major geographic location, important trade route are the stand off between the two nations due to core factors responsible for dispute among the conflicting claims over territorial areas littoral national there. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 180

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US Role: Us has embarked on its Pivot towards Asia policy to maintain peace in Pacific region and even to strategically defy China‘s rising supremacy in the Q-What is the bone of contention between region by engaing other players like China and surrounding countries in the South Japan, India etc.Each year, $5.3 trillion of China Sea? Explain the response of concerned trade passes through the South China Sea; regional multilateral organizations on the U.S. trade accounts for $1.2 trillion of this dispute. (200 Words) total. Should a crisis occur, the diversion of cargo ships to other routes would

harm regional economies as a result of an South China Sea is a vastly contested region increase in insurance rates and longer between China and other south east asian transits. countries like Taiwan, Vietnam, Peaceful solution to south china sea dispute is very much necessary for regional stability and also in-turn for world stability. Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. The control over this region rises from the following issues:

1)Control over strategic shipping lanes Q--Comment on China‟s relationship with 2)Potentiality of exploration of crude oil and South East Asian countries. natural gas

3)Control over fishing areas  The relationship of China with its South East Asian counterpart is probably defined as being of love and hate at the same time. Control over Spratly and Paracel islands have With the tensions in South China Sea, China hightened the tension in south china sea as find many rivals whereas with rising trade china claims that these islands belong to china relations with ASEAN it finds many trading historically whereas other countries like and economic partners. In this globalized vietnam,taiwan etc claim that these islands economy, it is anyway not expected for any belong to them. Also China openly country to completely cut off from rising denounced any outside intervension in this economies such as china no matter what the region and want this issue to be settled only disputes are. among member countries. Eg:China openly The South China Sea dispute has severely denounced India‘s patnership with Vietnam damaged its relationship with many for exploration of hydrocarbons in south ASEAN countries such as Vietnam, china sea. China doen‘t follow United Nations Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Taiwan etc Convention on the Law of the Sea in south where the struggle is about few disputed china sea as it considers it is a part of chinese Islands which can be potential source of oil territory historically. and gas exploration along with other other natural resources. Also, since south china Asean Role: China was against discussing this sea is the major waterlink of Indian and dispute in Asean forum but want to solve Pacific Ocean which facilitates much of it bilaterally with other countries. Though Asian Trade. Asean countries have come out with a Whereas, in the trading sphere the China Code of Conduct to settle territorial shares a cordial relations with ASEAN after disputes in south china sea which China the signing of Framework Agreement on also acceded to. Comprehensive economic Cooperation and accomplishing ASEAN-China Free Trade http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 181

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Agreement which China as the largest Q--Discuss the contours of China – Russia trading partner of ASEAN. relations post – communist takeover of China in Hence, China and South East Asian 1949. Do you think a close relationship between countries relation though surrounded with these two countries is beneficial to India? disputes, it is steady in trade and economy. Comment.

 China has historical and linguistic ties with  The Sino Russia relations have transformed many of the South East Asian countries. The over time with the cooperation increasing relations have been driven by the trade post the dissolution of former USSR. cooperation. The disputes over the islands The similar communist ideologies post the and maritime region has adversely second world war had led to increased impacted the relations. cooperation between the two countries. There is a dispute over the islands and However, the Sino-Soviet split(1961) and maritime reach in the South China Sea. The border war in 1969 strained the relations. region is disputed due to the interest of the The increased India-Russia cooperation had nations to occupy the crude oil and natural led to China switching to the US bloc during gas resources, fishing areas and control over the cold war. the shipping lanes. The dispute over the The relations grew post the dissolution of Spartly and Paracel islands in the region has soviet union. Russia`s export of the energy strained the relations. The recent oil rigging resources to China and dependence on the by China has led to increased violence in financial resources strengthened the Vietnam targeting the Chinese cooperation. The two countries constituted communities. the SCO to check the influence of US in China is the largest trade partner of Central Asian region. Treaty of Good Vietnam. The trade cooperation with the Neighbourliness and Friendly cooperation ASEAN and discussion on RCEP has been was signed in 2001. Similar stands on the aimed at greater economic integration with world issues including the situation in Iran the region. Moreover, the MSR initiative by and Syria has strengthened the relations. China is aimed at increasing security and The recent Ukrainian crisis has led to Russia economic cooperation by regional taking endeavors for increasing cooperation integration. These endeavors are aimed at with its Asian partners. Russia is aiming at increasing the integration within the region. increasing energy cooperation with China. Despite the trade relations, the territorial The bolstering of Russia China relations disputes has led to straining of the ties. may reduce the utility of India as Asian India has been supportive of the peaceful partner for Russia. Moreover, it would resolution of the dispute.Recently, US had increase the dominance of China in the called for the international arbitration for region. Chinas support to Pakistan and its the peaceful resolution of the disputes with border disputes with India raise serious Philippines. security concerns for India. Recognizing this, the support of Russia would further increase Chinas influence over the dynamics of the region and may result into threatening India`s cause.

Russia supported Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949, & subsequently became its closest ally. But, following decades saw surfacing of border conflicts between them. Affairs deteriorated when China declared war against Vietnam (a Soviet ally) in 1979. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 182

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However, relations once again discovered relations between China and ASEAN countries. upward trajectory after the end of Cold war. Now , the objective of MSR has widened and it is Both signed a friendship treaty in 2001. a potential weapon to assuage the tensions Today they are engaged in widening caused by militarily supported ―String of pearls cooperation, particularly in trade, energy, defence & technology. They share similar ‖strategy. grounds on major geopolitical issues like • Why Now?? N.Korea, Syria, Iran, etc. Recently imposed sanctions on Russia by • Firstly , China s recent rise as a global the West, in the wake of Ukraine crisis, has economic power could be strengthened only with further pushed it to intensify ties with China. This raises new challenges & cooperation among its neighbors .In contrary, its opportunities for India. assertion in the South China sea has led to more Closer ties may pave way for Russia & suspicious neighbors like Phillipines and China to promote joint-extraction of oil & Vietnam. gas from Central Asian Republics. It can result into India‘s total exclusion from the • Secondly , its maritime infrastructure region, & making TAPI-pipeline a more efforts in Gwadar in Pakistan and Hambantota in distant dream. Srillanka are interpreted as bases for maritime China & Russia led regional groupings like military support rather than access for economic SCO (Shanghai Coorperation Organisation) engagement. MSR will provide an opportunity to & CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organisation) can become more assertive, paint an economic picture through which all diminishing India‘s stature. nations would benefit. In this context, recent At the same time, BRICS will become more invitation to India is a noteworthy mention. By cohesive, demanding a greater role in geo- this , China‘s intentions are interpreted by few political arena. India can also reap its analyst as ―fostering friendship, regional stability benefits, but, it has to guard against possible and global peace ‖ hijack of BRICS affairs by the duo. Also, now Japan, USA & EU will show inclination The Other side: towards India. Thus, whether or not India will benefit from • Countering US rebalance to ASIA..pivot to modifying equations will depend on India‘s ASIA.. proactiveness & diplomacy. • China‘s assertion of power towards its

neighbor mostly uses economic interest as a Q. It is said that the success of the proposed potential weapon. Also, critics points out that Maritime Silk Route initiative by China will be considering the blurred difference between the consequential to regional stability and global civil and parmilitary vessels ,as China often use peace. Analyse the objectives of this initiative and critically evaluate the assessment made in its civilian vessels to claim the disputed territory the given statement. in the South China Sea,it is nothing but a strategic move to garner support for its assertion. Though China has repeatedly reiterated its objective as Answer- economic interest and securing sea lines of communication , considering the history of • The maritime silk road concept first China‘s behavior it is better to take it with a pinch emerged during Xi Jinping‘s visit to Indonesian of salt. parliament where he emphasized about strengthening the economic and maritime http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 183

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• Need to look in details like depth of port Q-Beneath the chaos in Egypt‟s post Arab developed..as differnet depth required for civilian Awakening lies a complex power struggle n military vessel. between generals and Islamists.” Analyze. (200 Words) Keeping in view of all above MSR is a welcoming initiative provided it contributes to economic • Post ousting of Hosni Mubarak during Arab growth of the region by diffusing tensions. But Spring, Egypt has been caught between global community must not ignore the internecine power struggle between generals and underlying grand strategy of china to increase its Islamists. Things have been complicated on the inability of the parties to mend their ways and influence and its craving for hegemony across negotiate on this issue. international sphere. • Egypt was under a military rule during Hosni Mubarak. The armed forces are used to remaining

in power and thwart any attempt to avert status Q-„The History weighs heavy on Japan – Korea quo. After elections, Muslim Brotherhood won relations.” Comment (200 Words) majority an Mohammad Morsi became the new Answer) president. Muslim Brotherhood was severely repressed during Mubarak‘s regime and it was The relations between Japan and South Korea, unable to shed its siege mentality after coming to two of the major allies of US in Pacific, have power. remained cold for many years. This is primarily • Morsi started working against democratic due to historical reasons dating back to second norms. He used ordinances to gain dictatorial world war. powers and immunity. When he tried to lead the country on the path to Islamisation, Armed forces Korea was a cology of Imperial Japan during that intervened. This struggle ostensibly fought period. During that time there were atrocities between Islamic and secular forces is in reality a over its citizens particularly women. South Korea struggle for power. wants an apology from Japan over this issue • There are now two irreconcilable camps facing while Japan has continually ruled out any off against each other: the military and its secular apology from its side. supporters, on one side, and the Muslim There is also dispute among the two countries Brotherhood and its supporters, on the other. The over the claims to Liancourt Rocks – a group of young activists and the liberals no longer play a small islets between two countries. role. Both the parties are to be blamed for this mess. The relations further soured when Japanese PM • Brotherhood failed to understand the nation‘s visited the Yasukuni Shrine in early 2000s. Recent pulse misinterpreting development for visit of US Secretary of state John Kerry to South Islamisation. Morsi himself subverted the Korea to amend relations between two countries democratic processes. Military is repeating has failed to give any fruitful outcome. Brotherhood‘s mistakes by removing a popularly- elected government. Supporters from both sides have resorted to violence. • Military is used to remaining at the helm. It does not reveals its budget and commands major influence on economy. American aid provides it

with resources to keep its hegemony. Middle East & Central Asia Brotherhood is set on radicalisation of the country. Both are working at loggerheads. • The common man has been the victim as usual. The economy is crumbling, food and medical supplies are in shortage and power shortages http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 184

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 have crippled the industry. It is necessary to let Q-The present crisis in the West Asia is the the people choose the future they want. Elections product of past wars, including the First World should be held again and both Army and War. Critically examine. democratic government should address the needs of the people. The present crisis in West Asia is as much a doing of internal disturbances as has been of failed Q-”The current situation in Iraq is the making international policies and vision of developed of US invasion in 2003.” Critically comment. nations. Where it all begun 1) pro shia government – which evicted from jobs The first bifurcation of the region started with the the entire sunni Army, thus making trained Sykes-Pikot agreement and dismemberment of fighters readily available for inducting in other Turkey. With the dismemberment, a united opposing forces. –> Result of policies of American culture was divided into conflicting groups. government and War How it spread 2) Demise of Saddam Hussain – who was During the WWII, large number of Jews fled the strongman in Iraq and had made sure that the regions controlled by Nazi‘s and settled in the three major communities of Kurds, Sunnies and present day Israel. This created tension between Shia‘s live together despite having huge Jews and Palestinians who considered this as a differences. Use of force was bad but necessary in loss of sovereignty over their land. autocracy. —> so Saddam had both stabilizing The Gulf war that started with the annexation of and de-stabilizing effect. Kuwait and ended with the 2003 Iraq war, made 3) Failure of America in both Afghanistan and the region a mess. The flip flop the region has Iraq showed that just hit and run tactics aren‘t seen between a Shia dictator to a Sunni dictator fruitful for ensuring peace and order. A stable has created a radical organization which even Al plan involving the local people should be in Qaeda has disowned. place. Also, eviction of troops in 2011 on popular The region today is divided on sectarian lines. On demand of US population without fully solving one hand are Iran, Palestine, Syria while on the the situation in Iraq–> So, yeah America other are Saudi Arab, Israel, Iraq (Sunni elements) responsible for present situation and Turkey on the other. These countries themselves have fought multiple Q-Critically comment on the causes and wars against each other in the past. What they consequences of America‟s invasion of Iraq in must realize is the time is to unite and put voice 2011. against terrorism which is slowly engulfing the region In the name of war against terror, and linking Saddam Husain with Al Qaida, US attacked…. Q-Do you think the Carter Doctrine is still Changed Regime….Sunni were sacked , Shia relevant? In the light of recent developments in Military formed…...then US troops left without the West Asia, critically comment. stabilizing democracy…..Extremist consolidated...specially after treatment by their ‖ carter Doctrine ‖ is a policy introduced by US PM…….regained power... during Jimmy carter regime. Its main goal is to safeguard the interests of US in the persian gulf. It Iraq war was the second war after Afghan states that if the situation warrents, the US can war,which is characterized by the US doctrine of use military in pursian gulf to protect it interests. Preventive war ie global war on terrorism However, this doctrine may not be relevant to the because the US suspects where bin laden took in present world, as more and more countries Iraq. around the world are becoming democracies and claiming sovereignity over other territories. The recent crisis in West Asian has called for the Use of ‖ carter doctrine ‖ in west Asia. But the Arab http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 185

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 spring whose intention is democratisation of Q-Explain how a regional war in Syria was Arab states, warrents to think the moral ground averted in the last minute? Who were the key for usage of carter doctrine. Further we have seen players and what was their role? (250 Words) the experience of Iraq which was attacked in 2003 –Syria has been embroiled in a major civil war for by US though its military where by its security apparatus have been weakend last two years and the alleged use of chemical weapons by the Syrian government against its Q-Critically examine the causes behind the subjects amounted to violations of international religious divide and tension between Sunni and laws that prohibit use of chemical Shia sects of Islam in many parts of the world. weapons.Further,the speculations were testified

by UN inspectors who confirmed the usage of The Sunni and Shia represents the two ideologies in Islam. The fight between the two sects is with sarin gas against the civilians.he US infuriated by respect to the true inheritor of Prophet this development planned a retaliatory military Mohammed. While the Shia believes that Shiat attack on Syria in order to demolish its army Ali the son in law of Prohpet should succeed him bases,which could have triggered regional war while the Sunni believe that merit and not family with ripple effects on Iran,Iraq,Israel. lineage should decide the inheritor of Prophet. Due to this conflict a bloody war took place at However,Russia,a Syrian ally played the karbala where Ali was defeated and killed. This diplomatic card and asked Syria to submit its led to the divide and tension between the two chemical weapons through its accession to sects of Islam. Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) that The division between the two sects means that would outlaw production and use of chemical while there interpretation of Kuran differs which results in difference between birth to death weapons.Syria too acceded to the demand and ceremonies politically both agree for the creation agreed to submit an inventory of stockpile of of a true Islamic State which would be governed chemical weapons and destroy the arsenal by the according to their interpretation of Islam. mid of next year.

It was primarily Russia that brokered the peace- Shia people also worship great sufi saints and also developed Music as a medium to connect to deal and allowed the war situation to take sprituality which is haram according to sunni backseat.The US too agreed to desist from any sect. military intervention. Sunni‘s are more fundamental and want the rigid interpretation of Quran to be followed. They are against any such worldly worship of tombs of sufi saints. The major cause of rift was lack a clear cut succession rule in the Muslim community for Explain how a regional war in Syria was averted which it was divided greatly and suffers to this in the last minute? Who were the key players date and what was their role? (250 Words) • The Syrian Civil war is a conflict between its In the present context the ISIS a Sunni terrorist long-serving government and those seeking to group is fighting against a Shia majority boot it out of office. The Assad family has held government in Iraq to get control of Iraq and power in Syria since 1971. First it was Hafez al- parts of Syria. In this endevour due to religious Assad, then Bashar al-Assad. The public is reasons while the Shia majority Iran is supporting outraged over the lack of development and this the government of Iraq the Sunni majority Saudi led to civil war. Arabia is believed to be funding and arming the • Syrian opposition is a motley of various groups terrorist group. containing various rebels, chieftains and now even extremists, fighting under Free Syrian Army [FSA]. FSA received support from Sunni states http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 186

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 like Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey and also ruled by a Shia governement doesnot go well from USA, UK, France. Syrian government is with Saudi Arabia (Sunni dominant) and its supported by Iran and Hezbollah and to a limited extent Russia and China. followers lke that of Qatar. • A Middle East question has always been an The extremist elements scattered around the arab international question due to the regions oil countries have found solace in the Syrian crisis. resources. USA was threatening to strike directly by a coalition force when use of chemical This comes to help them to establish a regime as weapons was discovered. Since UN refused to per its mandate. Presense of such elements have support USA‘s action due to paucity of evidence, not dithered the west from supplying arms to the it contemplated of going on with its allies. Russia opposition. Such high are the stakes in the region. and China opposed USA‘s unilateral decision and begin negotiations. John Kerry, US secy of state The recent Arab spring has provided a window and Sergei Lavrov, Russia‘s foreign minister for all the elements, concerns being legitimate decided mutually that Syria should destroy it‘s ones or not, to fight for a change in the chemical weapons under the aegis of UN. It government. The timely use of Diplomacy of should also sign the Chemical Weapons Russia and perhaps China also has thwarted the Convention. They were thus able to avert war in emergence of another Iraq. Inspite of that the the last minute. sufferings of the Syrian are far from resolved. • Syrian government should be credited as was open to a diplomatic solution and to address Q-For the establishment of full diplomatic international concerns. The credit also goes to relationship between USA and Iran, apart from both USA and Russia as they decided to negotiate their mutual mistrust, there are other external on Syrian issue. USA is also concerned about the forces within the region which are acting as role of extremist elements in the FSA and the growing international criticism due to it‘s role of roadblock.” Comment. (200 Words) world‘s policeman. Saudi Arabia realised that a After over three decades, the Presidents of US stable Syria free from extremist elements is in and Iran had a telephonic conversation. Though their interests. the duration was small, it nonetheless counts as a • All the stakeholders have committed to follow diplomatic process at least for the time being. The thaw in their relationships. However, it does not onus now lies on Syrian government to comply imply that suddenly the relations between Iran with these requests and also start negotiating and US will improve. with rebels. Domestic opposition in Iran and US against

restoration of ties is a major hurdle that needs to Q-The crisis in Syria is more the result of be overcome. This opposition is, in part, due to external factors than internal ones.” Critically comment. the mutual mistrust that has developed over the years. Both sides will need to budge from their The Syrian crisis, that has repercussions through original stand if they want to see some progress. out the middle-east, might look to be caused by For Iran, this would mean meeting the concerns its internal problems but the role of external ones of the West regarding its nuclear programme and cannot be ruled out. for US, this would mean loosening the grip of economic sanctions and assurances against Several countries have stakes in the Syrian crisis. regime change efforts in Iran. US needs a government there that toes along with Both Saudi Arabia and Israel are also concerned it. A country with rich oil reserves does attract the about the renewing of ties between US and Iran eye of many countries. In an area dominated by and would do everything to maintain the status Sunni muslims, a Sunni majority country to be quo. Both are concerned that if relations improve, http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 187

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Iran may head towards developing a nuclear community has also stepped in after accusations bomb which will be detrimental to the safety of of chemical weapons use in this war. the West Asian region in general and Saudi The Syrian civil war has received significant Arabia and Israel in particular. international attention, and both the Syrian ===Suspicious nuclear projects of Iran if left government and the opposition have received unchecked may prove detrimental to the safety of support, militarily and diplomatically, from some of the middle east countries i.e. Saudi Arabia and/or Israel for instance. foreign countries. The major parties supporting the Syrian Q-Do you agree with the view that if Iran Government are Iran and Hezbollah. Both of develops nuclear bomb, it would bring peace these are involved in the war politically and and avert future wars in the region? Critically logistically by providing military equipment, comment. (200 Words) training and battle troops. The Syrian Iranian appetite of nuclear enrichment and its government has also received arms and political reluctance to bring Fordow nuclear complex support from Russia. under IAEA scanner is a serious frictional force The main Syrian opposition body – the Syrian on which the global agreements on non proliferation slides.Iran,in this sense is a coalition – receives political, logistic and military proliferator.One cannot put blanket on its ulterior support from the US, Britain and France.The motives by just saying that such moves are for Syrian coalition also receives logistic and political civil developments.Nuclear bombs have never support from major Sunni states in the Middle brought peace and it has always made situation to go more turbulent.However,with the East, most notably Turkey, Qatar and Saudi leadership change in Iran,there are signs of thaws Arabia; all the three major supporting states on its stance on nuclear talks.The new incumbent however have not contributed any troops for is far more open than it predecessor.It may be due direct involvement in the war, though Turkey to the Iranian concerns of the sanctions‘ effects on was involved in a number of border incidents the people and economy but whatever may be the reality it is really a great move that will do a with Syrian Army. pacification of the so called volatile situations developed over the last 6-8 months.Every war Q-Write a note on the Kurdish movement with ends with a truce or some sort of ceasefire special reference to its present status in the agreement.Regional powers must repudiate wars region. and instead they must exchange words on tables  Kurds are an ethnic group of people living in to find a consensual solution to let the dove of the adjacent regions of Iraq, Iran, Turkey and peace fly high Syria. They are fighting successive govt. in Iran Q- “The Syrian situation has been called a proxy and Iraq for nationhood, since at least last war involving many players.” Comment. (200 century. Words)  Their ethnic identity supersedes current national identities and they have wanted to crystallize it into a nation-state – Kurdistan – The violence in Syria started in 2011 between the for a long time now. The crux of the problem is Bashar Al-Assad‘s regime and various groups of that Kurd are predominantly Sunni, but Iraq rebel fighters.The International Red Cross and Iran are predominantly Shi‘ite. Iraqi formally declared it a civil war.The international Kurdistan has oil, Iranian part is expected to http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 188

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bear oil. Due to these reasons Iran and Iraq are leading to its development.And then will not take hostile to the Idea of Kurdistan. much time for the waves of stability and  As of now, the Iraqi Kurdistan has declared development to spread in the region and bring independence. Iraq is obviously hostile. Iran is prosperity to everyone. alarmed that its own Kurd would want to join their brothers. Turkey has a small number of Q-Critically analyse India‟s stand towards not very reactionary Kurd and is a strong state; various developments that are taking place in so, it has lent its support. The western powers the Arab world. are rooting for a united Iraq.

Any Kurdistan will be a land-locked country, India and the Arab world share historical, cultural, whatever its borders. It will have two large, religious and civilisational linkages. The west Asian hostile neighbors. US opposition means no region is part of our extended neighborhood. India nationhood, which means no oil revenue. So, it has sought to increase its engagement with the arab would be better for the new state to seek a world through its Look West policy. confederation, and settle for a federation with Baghdad. The Arab world is important for our national interests

Q-Critically analyze the role of the Istanbul due to many reasons. process in bringing about stability and *Energy security-most of our oil and gas imports development to the Heart of Asia region. (200 come from the MANA region. Words) *Huge diaspora-large number of Indian immigrants working in gulf countries; very The Heart of Asia meet called the Istanbul Process is important source of remittances. an important component of the ongoing international *Our large Muslim population-it has spiritual and effort to assist Afghanistan with political and religious linkages with the Arab world. economic reconstruction.It has brought together *Geopolitically unstable region-the Arab world countries in Afghanistan‘s immediate and extended has suffered from perpetual instability and neighbourhood facing common threats, including conflict. Extremism, sectarian conflicts or religious counterterrorism, counternarcotics, and extremism fundamentalism in the region have negative The instanbul process will help afganisthan in repercussions for our security and development. preparing security arrangements for the Since the outbreak of the Arab spring, India has presidential election in april 2014. The main threat followed a policy of non-interference in the to the election process are the extremist groups internal affairs of these nations while evacuating which undermine security and deny Afghans the Indian immigrants from conflict ridden regions. In right to freely vote. the recent israel-palestine conflict, India has High Peace Council will try to bring reconciliation remained reluctant to criticize Israel. Israel being of armed opposition groups that have shown a an important supplier for our defense willingness to give up terror and abide by the requirements as well as a source for intelligence Afghan Constitution. cooperation and advanced agricultural technologies, narrow short term interests seem to This will give some political stabilty to afganisthan be guiding out foreign policy. which in turn would reduce security Similarly in case of Syria and iraq, India has not implications.Once afganisthan is freed from done much to help the region regain peace and extremism investment would invariably increase stability. India needs to make use of its increased political and economic clout to engage with the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 189

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governments of crises ridden west Asian Asia has been negligible. Iraq is an important oil countries. It can pressurize Iraq to form inclusive supplier and Israel is an important arms supplier. government with genuine autonomy for ethnic In this way they serve our national interest. But minority dominated regions. We can suspend one of the important objectives of our foreign arms import from Israel for the time being to bring policy is to ensure international peace and it to the negotiating table with the palestine. Peace security. and stability in our extended neighborhood is very Indian leadership in the BRICS bloc will require crucial for our own security and continued growth far more than sanctimonious (and often empty) process. statements. It will require the use of new coalitions to pressure states on behalf of peace and justice, the main elements of the United Nations Charter. ―It will require the use of new coalitions to The Indian people‘s role in this is to push their pressure states on behalf of peace and justice, the government on issues where Indian leverage is main elements of the United Nations Charter.‖ In meaningful. the light of India‘s participation in many regional and global groupings and the ongoing conflict in Q- Is Arab Spring a failure? Comment. (250 the West Asian region, critically analyse India‘s Words) actions and role in ensuring peace in unstable The jasmine revolution, which had the ambitious regions of the world, especially vis a vis Arab aim of overthrowing the authoritarian region. government, which aspired for greater equality and liberty of individual, which thrived on the shared grievances on social networking sites, The middle east is a geopolitically unstable region. seems to die indeed. But its achievements have left It has remained a constantly erupting volcano. In a distinct mark on the Arab world with the aftermath of the Arab spring many political repercussions seen around the whole world. regimes were uprooted but stability is yet to return People‘s Movement – The Arab spring was a to this region. people‘s movement, demanding liberty and In recent times, conflicts in Syria ,advance of ISIS freedom from autocratic rule. Though certain in Iraq, Israel-Palestine conflict etc are leading to battles like that in Libya and maybe Syria were loss of thousands of lives. won with external aid, chiefly the local outrage The 21st century world has been shifting to over the government could not be denied. multipolarity. The BRICS nations have started Ideological Achievements- The movement shook wielding huge economic clout and political power the foundations of monarchy and authoritarianism in the global arena. They have been active in the Middle East. Though weak but democracy contributors to the UN peace keeping efforts. has been established in Tunisia, Jordan and is been However due to the use of veto by some ardently trying to establish itself in Libya. permanent members in the security council, UN However, the situation in Egypt, Syria and failure has been by and large unable to bring peace and in Saudi Arabia is a setback to the revolution cited stability to the West Asian region. as proof to the failure of the revolution but the The BRICS needs to be more aggressive defenders ideological awareness can‘t be denied. of international law.They can pressurize Israel to Power of people- The movement was successful in come to the negotiating table by restricting demonstrating the power of a globalized civil purchase of Israeli weapons. society. Started with ideological outbursts over India‘s role in ameliorating current crisis in west social networking sites and social media it forced http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 190

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the governments to reorient their views on a well Destablisation of this region has spread to Africa aware and demanding crowd. and and new outfits like Boko Haram, Al-Nushra Repercussions- The movement caused a spike in and others have developed and travel continents in case of any destablisation. Evn South-West global oil prices adding to the woes of global China, Chechanya parts of Ukarain too have depression. It effectively ruined the parent fallen to such extremism. Counties like India country‘s economy. The violent clashes added to which were already infested with terrorism are the miseries of the poor. There was a mass exodus facing indegenous outfits like Indian Mujahidin of skilled labour. and Pakistan which once was the heaven to Maybe the fact that ‗the night is darkest before the terrorists itself has fallen vitim to their acts/. dawn‘ is pertinent to the situation. But one thing Thus a complete new form of global hazard has taken birth which threatens to destablise the can be mentioned safely, that things will never whole world. This is just not resisting changes remain the same. towards betterment in fact is pulling the countries towards war and terror. And without a Q--Critically discuss how recent developments coordinated effort from global governments, post-Arab Spring in the West Asian countries people and other stake holders the path to peace have given rise to new terrorist outfits and the and stablisation could not be reached. dangers they pose to the security of the region and beyond. Q-Critically analyze the latest developments that have taken place since Arab Spring Arab Spring which as a movement starting from revolutions. (200 Words) Tunisia aimed at eliminating the monarchy and establishing democracy/liberal regimes is going Arab Spring revolutions which started in Tunisia through a tragic phase. The uprooting of in 2010, slowly but surely captured the government through revolutionary acts left imagination of neighbouring Arab Countries like power vaccum which was occupied by hardliners Egypt, Syria, Algeria, Jordon, Oman, Sudan etc. It and have now put the whole region in a state of civil war and has rsulted into germination of new also spilled over to countries like UAE, Kuwait forms of terrorism.Arab Spring promised a great etc but with little impact. The aim was to get rid many changes but the political power was of rulers and establish democractic states where occupied by hardliners the citizens have equal rights and equitable representation. This has given a boost to terrorism acts. Conflicts It is called Arab spring because of it‘s have been further fanned by international armament corporations to sale their arms. These revolutionary way of demonstrations and unstable countries have turned into battle ground protests , both violent and non-violent. But other and other countries like Russia and USA are than Sudan, Algeria and to certain extent in fighting over them. This has resulted into gross Jordon, Arab Spring has not brought desired human rights violations, killings, bombing etc. results. In fact in Egypt, it acted as an veil, which These acts have led to propagation of orthodox military used to upstage democratic government. ideas and the communities globally are getting attracted to help their communities. And this was revealed when two Syrian fighters were found to Though Arab spring was historic moment for be hailing from India.Simultaneously the terrorist middle east, it‘s long term impact remains organisations have become become franchises unpredictable. These demonstrations, most of the and money is being poused from various corners the time peaceful, are initiated and fuelled by of the world. public anger and sentiments against monarchy,

unruly rulers and dictators. But later it takes the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 191

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 shape of violent armed conflict , mostly not to mention the sad fact that 40 per cent of the sponsored with vested interest. population are illiterate.

These revolutions are justified because of years of But the military generals don‘t really care if people suppression, oppression and human rights have read the revised constitution. The latest draft violation suffered by the citizens. But due to lack of the constitution is not very different from the of leaders, it takes undesirable shape and 2012 version rushed through by the constitutional threatens global peace and harmony. This puts committee appointed by Morsi. This version onus on the International community to act in the improves the language in some references to proactive manner. UN, in particular, can play a women and minorities, but it still discriminates vital role by playing a mediator for peace and talk against those from the non-Abrahamic religions process. and still says that Egypt follows Islamic law. Newspaper Extract:- The main change in this version is a cementing of Egypt‘s vote on the constitution was meant to military and police autonomy and authority. legitimise the military coup. Military budgets and expenditures are now constitutionally off-limits for inquiry or criticism. Egyptians were asked, yet again, to vote on a There are estimates that the military holds 20 to 40 constitution, but it was really about legitimising a per cent of the Egyptian economy, which produces military coup d‘etat. Since the military overthrew everything from washing machines and macaroni the democratically elected president, Mohamed to arms. Now, the armed forces‘ infiltration into Morsi, last summer, it has maintained that it was the already poor economy is protected from any acting on the will of the people. Led by General legal oversight. Further, the latest draft imposes Abdel Fatah al-Sisi, the Egyptian military has been heavy penalties for anyone who insults or trying to dodge international criticism for undermines the military, its personnel and its overthrowing a democratically elected installations. government. With the military controlling a large part of the The censure of Egypt has included the United economy and where many of its installations are States suspending valuable military and economic unknown or operate in the shadow of the real aid, to the tune of $1.3 billion. While the Egyptian economy, what prevents a military factory military had gone to great lengths to show the producing macaroni from arresting a competitor- international community that it had some 30 manufacturer for questioning its pricing policies? million people pour into the streets on June 30 to Sadly, the military regime has already proven support the coup, the question of how many really itself capable of and willing to cast a wide net on supported it remains unknown. those whom it deems to be enemies of the state.

In many ways, the referendum on the constitution Today, political prisoners in Egypt include not is about getting the electorate to show its support only the upper echelons of the Muslim for the coup and its disdain for the Muslim Brotherhood, but also youth groups, journalists, Brotherhood‘s tenure in office. The referendum civil society actors and others who have has had little to do with the substance of the questioned the military regime and its policies. constitution. After all, the majority of Egyptians Many of the youth leaders who had organised have not read the latest draft of the constitution, movements to overthrow the Hosni Mubarak regime are also imprisoned now for ―undermining http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 192

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the state‖ by questioning the coup and its gag diaspora, stability in the middle-east is important order on civil society. for Russia.

Egypt is now one of the deadliest places for Military: journalists to operate in — even worse than Somalia, according to media freedom watch Russian naval base in Syria is Russia‘s only groups. One political party, which tried to gateway to the Mediterranean sea. After Asia- campaign with posters in favour of voting ―no‖ in Pacific region, middle-east constitutes second the referendum, found some of its staff arrested as largest arms exports from Russia, which is on the well. Liberal activists and former members of surge. Bulk of Russian military exports constitutes parliament not aligned with the Brotherhood but Fighter jets, anti-aircraft missiles and tanks. critical of the military regime coup are also barred from travelling outside Egypt and are under gag Energy: orders. Russia is the world‘s largest producer of oil and This is the climate of censorship prevailing in natural gas. Middle east is an important market for Egypt, and unfortunately, many Egyptians Russia, after European union, in oil trade. support their military for restoring order and removing an embarrassing dispensation like the Geo-strategic: Morsi regime. According to the referendum Sunni-majority Saudi Arabia, other gulf countries results, the draft constitution has won the support and Israel are upset due to lifting of Iranian of a large majority. sanctions by US. Russia aims to capitalize on this But then, those who would have voted against the opportunity to explore new relations in middle constitution were unlikely to participate in the east. polls, in any case. What is worrying for the process Trade: of democratisation in Egypt is that there is electoral support for the coup and its military UAE,Turkey, Israel, Egypt, Syria are some of the backers — much to the detriment of Egypt‘s countries with deep ties in trade with Russia in political development. The referendum on the middle-east region. So a stable middle east is a constitution is a sideshow for the real threat facing prerequisite for its economic growth. Egypt: political repression and censorship of liberal thought. Given these factors, it is no wonder that Russia is proactive in its diplomacy of Middle-east. Russia‘s proactive intervention to prevent war in

Syria and its close ties with middle east nations have the following national interests: Q-Critically analyze the implications of thawing Diaspora: relations between Iran and USA on the geopolitics of West Asia. (200 Words) Syria has an estimated 30000 people of Russian The improvement in the U.S.-Iran relations, diaspora. Other countries with significant Russian particularly on the issue of negotiations about diaspora in the middle-east are Israel, Turkey, Iran‘s nuclear program, is great achievement of UAE, Lebanon and Jordan. To safeguard its Hassan Rowhani tenure. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 193

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The crippling economic sanctions over decade fraught situation in the Gulf. U.S.-Iran caused significant fall in Iranian oil exports had rapprochement could prepare the ground for an harmed Iran‘s energy and economic interests. unprecedented diplomatic initiative led by the principal Asian countries — China, Japan, Korea Even though Iran has geographical space across and India. the Gulf and Central Asia, this longstanding near- isolated status excluded it from playing a Q-Compare and contrast how Russian economy meaningful role in the regional geopolitical grew since the inception of communism and its scenario. subsequent fall later.

The success of UN supported project, the World Russian economy grew at rates outpacing the Against Violence and Extremism — WAVE could capitalist west through the 1950s and 60s, matched them in 1970s and then started to lag reconstruct Iran‘s global position and transform behind, reaching a nadir in 2000 by when the the landscape of Middle East. economy had shrunk by half since soviet collapse.The economy had a resurgence since then, growing at 7% pa. But it again slipped to 3- In the American point of view, the pervasive war- 4% and is now virtually zero. weariness and the military solutions as attempted in Afghanistan and Iraq, had left a legacy of The initial high growth was due to the bitterness and significant losses to the U.S. transitioning of economy from an agrarian one to an industrial one. The public enthusiasm in the treasury. communist economic model was high and the bureaucracy was new and committed. Being a Moreover the military actions could hardly curb closed economy it was insulated from the ripple Iran‘s nuclear ambitions. The security challenges effects of the great depression and the economic of the Middle East cannot be permanently solved effects of the world wars. through the use of military power. Diplomacy is By the 70s the enthusiasm had waned, and the the only way to achieve long-lasting resolution. lack of profit motive and private entrepreneurship hit the economy hard. Revenue So both ways the improved relationship is expenditure and spending on public goods – esp beneficial. military – became untenable. The ‗Red Mafia‘ and Iran being oil rich country having influence in black-money grew rapidly and hurt the economy this war torn West Asian region includes Syria, bad. Lebanon, Jordan, Bahrain. Russia or the erstwhile USSR happens to be the The improvement in a multilateral framework first state to adopt state economy. It adopted between the two countries may also contribute to communism after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Owing to its huge petroleum and natural the Syrian crisis and brings stability to the region. gas reserves and huge industrial base, its Above all, the stable West Asia would facilitate economy saw huge surge in first few decades. the shift of US strategic pivot to the Asia-Pacific, The great economic crisis of 1930s impacted particularly Northeast Asia. western market economies badly followed by the Israeli opposition could place serious obstacles in crisis after second world war. However Russia the path of U.S.-Iran ties. USA long time ally survived the impact and faced only a little blow. In 1950s and 1960s Russia outpaced all the Saudi Arabia disappointed by the closer relation capitalist economies of the world and matched between USA and Iran. But in the long run this their pace in 1970s. may resolve because progress in Saudi-Iran The growth rate in Russia however started relations would certainly serve to stabilise the declining in 1980s . Since all the resources were http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 194

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 owned by the state and people did not get fruits of their hard work and innovation, it worked as a disincentive for them. The huge expenditure in Q-What are the possible national interests at the production of defence equipments due to the play in Russia‟s pursuance of proactive cold war neglected health, education and other diplomacy in the middle East region? Comment. sectors. The inefficient government policies (200 Words) exacerbated the situation and resulted in the Russia‘s proactive intervention to prevent war in Syria discontent among the people. and its close ties with middle east nations have the Russia finally had to resort to market economy and privatisation post 1990s due to the disaster following national interests: witnessed by its economy and polity in the form 1.Diaspora: of disintegration. This led to creation of many Syria has an estimated 30000 people of Russian oligarchies there. However again its vast natural diaspora. Other countries with significant Russian resources and technical expertise came to the diaspora in the middle-east are Israel, Turkey, UAE, rescue and the economy revived. Its economy has Lebanon and Jordan. To safeguard its diaspora, witnessed many ups and downs in the last decade. Of late Russia is feeling the heat due to stability in the middle-east is important for Russia. the dispute with EU and USA because of Ukraine Military: crisis. However Russian economy is robust now Russian naval base in Tartus in Syria is Russia‘s only and more prepared to survive a blow. gateway to the Mediterranean sea. After Asia-Pacific region, middle-east constitutes second largest arms exports from Russia, which is on the surge. Bulk of

Russian military exports constitutes Fighter jets, anti- Russia after revolution of 1917 entered into a phase of dictatorship to finally communism. aircraft missiles and tanks. But after 1950 things started to change and Russia Energy: was on a path of high growth even outpacing Russia is the world‘s largest producer of oil and more established western partners. This was due natural gas. Middle east is an important market for to modernization, setting up up of modern Russia, after European union, in oil trade. Recently, industries and its natural resources base proved post lifting of sanctions, Russia concluded deal with adequate to carry high growth. Iran for import of Crude oil for exchange of Russian But as we know communism has certain inherent drawbacks i.e lack of motivation to carry hard equipment and goods. Russia has built Bushehr work as people were not allowed its fruits, nuclear reactor project in Iran. With the discovery of suppression of personal freedom, press muzzling vast shale resources in US,it is predicted to be energy- etc. surplus by 2035. Russia aims to retain Middle east But above all Cold war changed the nature of market to prevent US monopoly in near-future. production in favour of military and in many Geo-strategic: cases even if it was uneconomical it was carried in the name of national prestige. So economy had Sunni-majority Saudi Arabia, other gulf countries and her way and a fall was noticed and subsequently Israel are upset due to lifting of Iranian sanctions by disintegration of soviet union. US. Russia aims to capitalize on this opportunity to Now Russia embraced market based economy explore new relations in middle east. and due to its abundance natural resources and Trade: technical know how it was back on path of UAE,Turkey, Israel, Egypt, Syria are some of the growth but Global economic meltdown and other countries with deep ties in trade with Russia in international realities and her involvement in disputes had putted back economy on downward middle-east region. Russia‘s trade is heavily trajectory. dependent on petroleum. So a stable middle east is a So Russsia had a Zig Zag growth path before prerequisite for its economic growth. communism and after its end. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 195

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Given these factors, it is no wonder that Russia is the fainting voices of European states. proactive in its diplomacy of Middle-east. It also led to growing sense of pan-Arab nationalism which united together in

Q-Write a critical note on the causes and dispute with Israel. consequences of the Suez Crisis of 1956.

1. Origin of Suez-Canal Crisis of 1956 lies on Q. Critically comment on the recent political the backdrop of growing concerns in developments in Egypt. In your opinion, what America and Britain and other West allies these developments indicate about the nature of like France and Israel about Egypt‘s governance and institutions in Egypt? growing proximity to Soviet bloc. Egypt is under turmoil since the ousting of Mubarak‘s regime, and subsequent transition of 2. USA‘s denial to fund Aswan Dam power from the hands of Muslim Brother-hood to construction over River Nile which they interim government has led to scores of violence. had promised earlier, along with British withdrawal to sanction loan had upset The society of Egypt is fundamentally divided across the Islamic fundamentalists and liberal Egypt government under Nasser. To secularists. Reluctance to share power by counter the problem, Egypt decided to accommodating divergent interests, rigid & all nationalize private Suez Canal Company . powerful bureaucratic institutions that Profit earned from Suez canal was to be vehemently oppose any reforms, powerful army that always excludes itself from reforms- used to fund Aswan Dam. opposing attempts to reduce its influence in 3. As obvious, usurpation of Suez canal governance, economy in shambles, unrest among exacerbated British and French interest, as youth, attempts by ruling class to assume all powers, attempts to crush opposition, divided it was pivotal to their colonial interests. opinion on future course of the nation can be This was very important from the summarized as the reasons for the strife in Egypt. viewpoint of their crude oil exploration with Arab countries. The conflict in Egypt highlights the weakness in the political system of the country. The failure to 4. They planned military intervention with provide the basic services to the citizens created the help of Israel.They were successful in the resentment against the political institutions. combating Egypt. However, Egypt Despite multiple attempts to reform the political drowned some US Naval Vessels and then system in the country, the transitions did not lead restrain order came from US, threatening to strengthening the political institution. The consequences. There also grew fear of conflict between the bureaucracy and the political dispensation sabotaged any efforts at providing Soviet intervention on the issue. the basic services . The use of the coercive methods to quell the resentment and agitation 5. Consequently, they had to withdraw. from the citizens aggravated the conflict . The dismal state of the access to health, education and British and French colonial ambitions employment opportunities reduced the faith in were badly shattered. the governance. The failure to provide an US supremacy over European countries alternate political system which could reform the was more than sufficiently established. potential sectors such as security exacerbated the This was a big factor which led to the dismal state of affairs. creation of European Union to strengthen http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 196

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The sheen of the authoritarian leader to provide democratization process quixotic solution to the issues faced by the • Given Turkey‘s large and growing population, citizens helped in their rise to power. However, Turkey will have a correspondingly large the incompetent governance system and representation in the European Parliament. This ineffective bureaucratic efforts to implement the will give Turkey strong direct influence over EU reforms worsened the conditions. policies. • Membership in the EU will also increase Now, a new government under the leadership of Turkey‘s prestige regionally and internationally Al-Sisi has been formed which is again trying to reform the institutions. However, he also faces the same two dillemas. First, the youth who overthrew Muslim Brotherhood in 2013 are skeptical and fear return of the same repressive Q. Critically comment on the recent regime under Al-Sisi. Secondly, the bureaucracy developments in the polity and economy of which mans the institutions will resist reforms to Turkey. retain their strength. Hence the new regimen has to balance between reforms while also showing signs of good governance to the youth of Egypt.  Turkey occupies a centrestage to middle East geopolity as connecting West Asia to Europe.The developments in its poity- economy are linked and have been on an Q-Why Turkey is keen on joining EU? Explain upward trajectory since the beginning of The EU is a 28 member bloc of countries in this millennium.  Europe that share common policies such as free The coalition polity, fiscal deficit and ailing State owned enterprises were a movement of people, taxation and regulation. thing of past as the new strong AK party Turkey has been an associate member of the emerged in power in Turkey post 2000. .European community since 1964 and also part The political stability thus has ensued a of a customs union with the EU, which is established by the Ankara agreement, must decade of sustainable growth and apply the EU‘s common external tariff to third intensive engagement with foreign countries and has to adopt a large part of the EU economies and Turkey is now among the law. Turkey complies with the rules, yet has no fastest growing emerging economies in formal say in the law-making process. Turkey is G20. keen on joining EU as a permanent member by  However, the three major events, of late, which it can gain some benefits as follows, which as a privileged partner it can‘t. have shaped its distinct politico- • Can receive economic development aid similar economical structure: to what Greece, Spain,etc., and can increase  1. The Global financial crisis of 2008 has European foreign investment, further driving shrunk the US and EU markets for Turkey economic growth  2. The Arab spring and its consequent • Free movement of people across the EU will current hotbed Syria is next door give many Turkish people the opportunity to easily migrate to other parts of Europe in search neighbour to Turkey and hence it is of work, or a higher standard of living which vulnerable to the political overhaul will inevitably ease tensions in the country and notwithstanding its modernised Islam and the prospect of a better standard of living will democratic elected government. tend to cool separatist tendencies.  3. The anti-government protests in Gezi • The EU accession bid can stimulate Turkey‘s and subsequent repressive tactics by its political and legal reforms and intensify the http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 197

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President such as banning social media as made the world realize that oil is precious and in twitter etc may not go down well with alternative solutions to this form of energy must curtailing the fundamental rights and may be found out precipiate into mass agitations.

The protests and President;s strong stance In addition to the embargo creating a rift within however is irrespective of Turkey‘s strong NATO, Japan and some Europeans nations commitment to democracy as reflected in the disassociated themselves from the U.S. Middle recent municipal elections which are underway. East Policy. As long as the political machinery is strong, economy is in safe hands. This is also true of Turkey‘s relations with India as the recently signed Agreements in Science rechnology, Q-Critically comment on the outcome of Arab education and MSME‘s are an indication. Spring revolution. Further, Turkey is crucial for stability in Answer) Afghanistan post ISAF withdrawal and hence The uprisings taking place in the Middle East India is actively cooperating with Turkey for collectively known as the Arab Spring are the regional stability. most pressing issue on today‘s international

agenda, which undoubtedly will have Q. What were the reasons behind 1973 Arab oil ramifications for the global stability. embargo? What were its consequences? Examine

The Arab oil embargo of 1973 basically refers to On the local level, most of the authoritarian the state ban on oil supply to countries such UK, regimes have fallen or weaken. Japan, Netherland and US etc. It was primarily The possibility that democratic regimes will the reason of US intervention of the Arab-Israel emerge exists but it is not very likely. What war which prompted the Organization to Arab appears to be more likely at the moment is that Petroleum Exporting countries (OAPEC) to Islamic anti-western regimes in some form or proclaim the embargo. another and military regimes integrated with The year 1973 saw the united efforts of Arab Islamic elements will prevail. countries to launch military campaign against The rising power of radical elements is Israel to reclaim the land lost to Israel in 1967 challenging the overall international order. war. The US decided to help Israel by supplying arms and ammunitions. The Arab Oil embargo On the regional level, the possible struggle for was the retaliation of same. regional hegemony of the ―new‖ regional power, mainly Islam oriented, is expected to rock The embargo had deep impacts on the economy regional stability and to lead to international of the countries dependent upon the crude oil involvement due to negative implications for supply from Arab countries. The oil prices were global stability. raised to almost 10 times the existing price which On the global level, the competition among the had its cyclic effect on inflation in almost every superpowers over regional influence in the item. Though it increased the total income of Middle East has the potential to lead to global Arab countries which they used to provide instability through the expansion of this assistance to other underdeveloped countries, it competition to new areas. overall affected the world economy negatively. However, if Islamic forces seize the power in the However, the oil shock initiated energy efficiency region and violence continues the world will projects having long term ramifications. It led the change in many ways, creating the potential for first auto mileage standards and propelled the global instability. solar, wind and energy efficient industries. It http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 198

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movement after which the UN partitioned the

area in Israel and Palestine. Palestine under its Q-What are the geopolitical implications of normalization of ties between Iran and the dynamic leader Yasir Arafat formed People West? Analyze. (200 Words) Liberation Organization (PLO) to fight Israel but with Oslo accords, joins the election and became Answer) the first Palestine President accepting Israeli

sovereignty.  Sanction on Countries like India will be removed The movement took an ugly turn when Hamas, a  Oil imports to India and other developing rival faction of Fatah party (associated with PLO) nations will be back to normal.  Oil prices which surged up, will reduce. started fighting with Israel to liberate the Arabs.  Regional stability and peace. However, later it formed Hamas party and  International Trade will be smoothen. defeated Fatah and created a coalition  Due to these sanctions, India lost the government. The govt. however broken up with Farzad B oilfield recently. Lifting of these Gaza sanctions will also help the countries to negotiate on gas pipeline from Iran to captured by Hamas and West bank by Fatah. India. In the latest development, both Hamas and Fatah

again got together and formed Unity government. The Israel along with its western counterparts is Q-East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) (50 opposing this deal citing rise in terrorist activities. Words) The Palestine movement is loss to the concerned Answer) and adds to the already tough life of people at Gaza and west bank. With the loss of Egyptian The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) help, Hamas anyway did not have much option (also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP), but reconciliatory approach with Fatah party. is an Islamist extremist group based in China‘s Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region. ETIM is an ethnic Uygur separatist organization Q. Explain India‟s position vis a vis Israel- that aims to create an Islamist state in the Xinjiang Palestine conflict. In recent years India has province. (―Eastern Turkistan‖), Chinese grown closer to Israel because of commercial government calls it a violent separatist movement interests. Do you think India is right in having and often blames it for incidents in Xinjiang. After closer relations with Israel? Comment. the 9/11 attacks, ETIM was placed on the United States‘ Terrorist Exclusion List, which includes organizations conducting terrorist activities. ANSWER-

• India has been one of the earlier countries

that recognised Palestine as a ‗State‘. India along with Palestine championed Non-Alignment Q-Critically comment on the nature and form of Movement. Palestinian Movement with a note on latest • Till 1990s, India did not recognise Israel developments. and as earlier supported Palestine cause. But post

1990 reforms, India welcomed West for The Palestinian movement traces its root to the investments. India which imported defence Israeli occupation of Palestine area under Zionist http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 199

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 equipment maily from Russia diversified its multilateral discourse, cumulatively, turning it defence imports from other countries. It replaced into a crisis where it becomes hard to even some imports with that from Israel. identify the culprit and the victim, leave alone heal the divides. • Israel, has now become mostly due to national priorities, one of the major defence The crisis is escalated to greater levels recently under the pretext of killings of youths from both equipment supplier from India. All this led to sides. Both sides are using force to retaliate; the closer links between India and Israel. Yet, India is difference is of the degree not the kind. stuanch supporter of Palestine cause. But we have to see this recent crisis in the context • Israel maily depends on defence of new developments in the region. Hamas, equipment. So, major chunk of Indian defence which has been averse to political methods, came payments along with others go in for the Isreal‘s to reconcile with PLO and a joint government expansion in settlements. was formed under the leadership of PLO. This may be a response from Hamas not due to • . This complicates the solution to 2-state genuine change of heart but due to fund- theory. Further due to support from major starvation and regional isolation of it. But that is economic powers, despite several members quite insignificant in the view of opportunity this new development opened for Israel and west. But support for palestine cause, there have been no instead of seizing the opportunity and use it for sanctions on Israel for its aggreessive settlement genuine peace in the region, Israel thwarted the programme. process by isolating Gaza and starving it of basic amenities and administration. • However, the recent granting of non- observer status to Palestine is welcome move Hamas does pose a threat to Israel but the kind of towards resolution of conflict. brazen retaliation Israel has unleashed is sure to breed more hatred. Gross violation of human • India which championed cause of 3rd rights will further isolate Israel in the multilateral world countries against shackles of colonalism institutions. must take a firm stand in UN to push for sanctions. I am disagree with the analysis that Israel is facing existential threat and using force to thwart • This would also need UN democratisation this threat. Israel assault on Palestine cannot be reforms reducing weight of over-represented considered as a self-defense. Israel-Palestine conflict has a long history of fierce countries and increasing the representation of bloodshed from both the sides but never Palestine under-represented. looked as capable as of eliminating Israel from the world map.

Israel is one of the most advanced military Q--Do you agree with the analysis that Israel is powers in the world and organised many missile attacks on neighboring countries. facing existential threat and it is using Israel has a great military and financial support disproportionate force to thwart this threat? from USA and Western countries. Critically comment. In the name of existential threat, Israel killing innocent people and occupying more land. From Israel- Palestine protracted war has become a site 1948 on wards, Israel occupied many place like where all kind of global and local factors feed in. West bank, Golan heights, parts of Gaza stripe The local politics of middle east, the fractured and Jerusalem. leadership of Palestinians, an ambiguous global Existential fight is a wrong theory developed by response and erosion of human rights based Israel because it faced major war very long ago in http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 200

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1973 and have capacity to control its Arab neighbors. New Jewish establishments in Palestine area and unaccountable killings shows its expansionist Q---.Do you think Israel‟s violent actions mindset instead of existential fight. against Palestine and the subsequent reactions of the West are justified? Critically comment. Analysing through the timeline history of Israel and the present situation, it is evident Palestinians were displaced from their lands that Israel has grown from strength decades ago. Since then the region has remained to strength along these periods. The past embroiled in trouble. Israel which was created exercises from the unified Arab countries with a vision of Jew state limited Palestinians to including Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt the two areas of West Bank and Gaza Strip. The to topple Israel have been a failure, and living condition in these regions has suffered due never been a upperhand once, crediting to Israeli invasion, Jew settlement and frequent Israel strengths in mighty military, polity blockades. Forces were used by Israel to quell any and evergreen diplomatic policies to garner opposition it faced from the Palestinians. Over support at troubled times. Recent episodes the years it has received an open support from of the region, explicitly or implicitly does Western powers, most importantly USA. not support the views of their existence Weakness lies in absence of any constructive threat. negotiation. Or the only one that we had, the Oslo The existence threat can only be perceived, accord, which was never completely adhered to when there is a grave concern for the by the Israel. While Israel justifies its concept of Israelites in terms of pursuing their Jew state it fails to recognize the humanitarian constitutional rights, sovereignty threats by needs of Palestinians. Returning to pre 1968 neighbours leading to political instability, borders is a must to the solution. Support of West leading to exodus, decreased military power only goes on to embolden Israel in its unjustified and uncertainty of their future. However, and violent actions against here, Israel is nurturing since inception, by adopting to external or internal insecurities created by Palestine or Hamas or other factions and constantly and rapidly Q--Do you agree with the view that Israel is evolving to become dominant regional using extreme violence against Palestine in self- power, constant support by US and Europe defence? Critically comment. on its policies cannot be ignored here on the

world front. 70% of the people dies in recent bombings in On the recent episodes on using garza by Israel were civilians. 30% of them were disproportionate force,the motive lies in innocent children. These statistics clearly indicate exerting cohesive force to achieve its that it‘s much more than self defence for Israel. regional dominance, fulfill the hidden The issue started with the missing of 3 Israeli agendas which had become absolete youth. It was alleged that they have been through its soft policies approach oriented kidnapped by Hamas, a militant Islamic towards Palestinian‘s ,demonstrating Palestinian organisation. In retaliation, 3-4 military mights on the sole basis of ceasefire Palestinian youth were brutally killed. This ‗tit for violations to deter the opposition to realise tat‘ policy fruited the Hamas and they launched a their strengths and preparing for future to missile on Israel. The missile was launched in culminate such causes. It is also argued that such a way as to have minimum casualties and it Israel is open to end this menace by having did happen that way. This gave Israel to use this talks on ceasefire with PLO brokered by opportunity to launch a massive retaliatory attack Egypt, Israel approachs can be viewed as a in gaza. combination of both soft and the rigid measures which has kept world guessing. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 201

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There are several questions and issues which However changing relations between US and Iran arise here: are posing speculations regarding changes in 1) Everyday several Palestinian youth are relations in future. kidnapped, arrested, killed, torchered and it is assumed normal but the kind of atmosphere that was created with the abduction of just 3 Israeli youth shows the egoistic and dominating nature Q- Critically examine why peace talks have if Israel. Shouldn‘t the Palestinians react the same failed between Israel and Palestine over the way if their youth are abducted? years. What efforts were made by the 2) If the attacks were for self defence then shouldn‘t the target be militant groups rather international community to establish peace than civilians. Isn‘t Israels top notch intelligence between them? Explain. service unable to differentiate between civilian and military hideouts? 3) from Israelis point of view. The massive public The Israel-Palestine issue was the oldest long- support for the militant groups is the reason for standing issue of the modern world. The concept their sustenance and attacks on Israel. So by of ―The Promised Land‖ in The Bible made Jews launching an aggressive they are trying to isolate to occupy Palestine and make settlements. Two the militants. wars were fought since then-1948 and 1967, both Yes, there is need for Israel to create a deterrent in which Palestine lost its territories. by attacking but is self defence worth the cost of The concerns now were: hundreds of innocent Palestinians? -Israel‘s concern to be recognised as a Jewish Instead of isolating the militants it may infact state. Palestine opposed this because the Jews are increase sympathy for them. Thus there is a need in minority compared to Muslims to be called a to rethink Israels moves Jewish state. Moreoever a state formed on religious basis would bring ethnic tensions Q-Why does Israel and Iran have a strained around it especially when Israel is the only relations between them? Examine. (150 Words) nuclear state in the region. -Status of Jerusalem Answer) -West Bank and Gaza strip: They were annexed

by Israel during the wars which were very fertile. After defeat of Iran Iraq war the power Israel is building permanent structures there distribution took between Israel and Iran leaving pushing away Palestinians to less fertile areas. So, them rivals struggling for power in Middle East. it is not likely to give back these areas. Major disputes include Iran serving funds to -Protection of Israeli population from the Hamas, Hamas, jihads, and Hezbollah‘s to attack Israel, treated as terrorists world wide. Iran nuclear programme working mainly towards anti-Israel, and also anti-Zionist ideology.  Though US seems to be sympathetic towards Palestinian cause, it backs Israel Several times earlier Israel warned west to take due to its Jewish population (in the US). action against Iran nuclear proliferation. India also stressed to recongise Palestine Deliberately it worked to curb Iran‘s uranium as a sovereign state enrichment. The recent deal which happened between west and Iran is not conducive to Israel. The world is expecting a win-win solution to It opposed the deal saying it‘s a historical both countries this year as Palestine has the mistake. It struggled to stop materializing the natural right of statehood as was Israel important report after pressuring France. Israel and its allies to world economy and technology. offered many trade benefits to France as carrot. Much jewie community is residing in France. The Israel-Palestinian conflict has been one of the Straining Israel Iran relations are troubling each oldest regional conflicts since world war II.The other and their stability. peace process which has taken shape over the years has been marked with ongoing violence http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 202

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 which has hampered the efforts to bring a long approaching the UN for joining organizations lasting peace to the region. and treaties have exacerbated the conflict. The numerous issues which need to be resolved to achieve a lasting peace include borders and International efforts aimed at giving adequate division of land, strong emotions relating to importance to the concerns of both the sides conflict on both sides, Palestinian concerns over would aid in resolution of the conflict. Israeli settlements in the West Bank, Status of Jerusalem, Israeli safety concerns over safe borders, violence and terrorism Q) “The recent hostilities between Israel and Palestine are not rooted in only the immediate tensions between them; they are a product of recent changes that have taken place in the The international community has made efforts since the very beginning of the conflict to reach region.” Examine. an amicable settlement among both the sides. The UN Security Council resolution of 1967 was the The reasons for the recent tensions between Israel first such effort and called for withdrawal of and Palestine can be attributed to the following Israeli troops from Palestinian occupied territory factors: post Israel-Palestine war of 1967. Thereafter 1. Truce between Hamas and Fatah: Israel is not numerous accords and conferences were held comfortable of the association between Hamas between the two sides to mediate peace like and Fatah. Due to the militant record of Hamas Camp David Accord of 1978, The Madrid and its anti Israel activities, Israel does not trust it Conference of 1991, Arab Peace Agreement of and sees this event as a problem for Israel's 2002, Road Map 2003 , Washington 2010 to chalk security. out differences between the two sides but have 2. Iran-US peace: The successful talks between failed due to lack of will and failure of both Iran and P5+1 has also added to the insecurity of parties for mutual compromise. Israel, as Iran is one of the prominent economic supporter of Hamas. Thus the apprehension that the US may not in future remain uncritical 66 years have past since Israel was born. After a supporter of Israel's cause is also a source of long wars with Arab Countries and Palestine concern for Israel. since the day of its birth, it has concluded peace 3. Acceptance of the Palestine as an observer state treaties with most of its neighbours. For peace to by the UN: The move by UN to give the status of prevail, there must be continued efforts in observer state to Palestine has opened the direction of a negotiated settlement to the dispute platform for Palestine to take the Israel in with Palestine failing which peace could remain international court, and this has increased averse to the region. apprehension of Israel. All these factors have given impetus to already However, the success of Hamas faction distanced existing tension between the two countries and Israel from the peace process as the faction had are some what responsible for the present committed atrocities on the Israeli civilian situation in the Gaza strip. Though the population .The failure to grant right to return to apprehensions of Israel are not unwarranted but the Palestinian refugees and the atrocities on the it should understand that its paranoid behavior Palestinians by the Israeli forces has led to the will eventually do more harm than good to its hardening of Palestine`s stand. security concerns. Instead of distrusting each The middle east quartet comprising of US, UN , other, Israel and Palestine should give each Russia and EU has been official negotiation other a chance for peaceful settlement. The channel in the peace process. US has actively friendship between Hamas and Fatah can be aimed at resolution of the conflict. It has asked used to bring the extremist also on the Israel to give up certain territories for the peace . negotiation table, and Israel should view it as an The recent instance of the failure to release the opportunity rather a threat. Palestinian prisoners by Israel and the Palestine http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 203

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• Until both parties come to table for Q. Critically evaluate the efforts taken by the negotiations at a neutral venue like the United international community and Israel – Palestine Nations without any preconditions the themselves to resolve their differences since victimization and cyclical violence will continue. 2000.

Q-Analyze the efforts being made so far to ANSWER- broker a peace deal between Israel and Palestine. (200 Words) • Israel supported by the United States has The Palestine Israel negotiations have centered continued to defy U.N. Resolutions and peace around the issues of border, Jewish identity, talks arranged by nations like United States , refugees right of return, illegal israeli settlements • Egypt has been derailed by the continuing .They have often been informed by a debate about violence in the region. the respective political and strategic viabilities of the two state and one state solutions. • The two conflicting nations came close to a deal in Camp David in 2000 based on Oslo There are 3 main parties to the conflict-the accords , however the contentious issues of palestinians, israelis and the arabs with the west Jerusalem , occupation and building of led by US trying to be the main arbiter.the rogers settlements and Israel‘s insistence on referendum peace plan, the madrid talks, oslo accord, camp to close any deal proved to be deal breakers. david talks etc hv been major steps in this direction. • U.S. too busy with its war against Al- The intractable and emotional nature of issues Qaeda post 9/11 including its affiliates Hamas involved has often seen one side or the and Hezbollah recently took to shuttle diplomacy otherjumping the gun on patient negotiations and to resolve the issue.. In this case staunch stand of retaliatory violence by the opposite camp.The Israel to not release prisoners and continuing hamas fatah rivalry, involvement of external violence by Hamas and Islamic Jihad(supported powers like hizbollah, continuing presence of by Iran) led to the unravelling of peace process. illegal israeli settlements nd roadblocks are the • E.U. and other nations in recent times major source of hindrances to the success of have blocked loans for construction of houses in peacetalks. the contentious land but have continued trade with Israel . The 2002 roadmap for peace emphasised on a need to evolve a rapport between contending parties • The United Nations despite giving more contentious issues can be discussed.The shelf repeated warnings to Israel was not able to agreement arrived at by condoleeza rice and livni sanction action against them due to U.S. too stressed the need to disengage linkage protection and no recourse for Uniting for Peace between negotiations nd action on ground.The was adopted. The U.N was applauded for persistent direct talks since 2010, culminating in granting observer status to Palestine thereby 2013 John Kerry initiave has aimed at achieving opening avenue for legal enquiry into Israel‘s some convergence on core issues leading to an human rights violation. However their independent Palestinian state. suspension of food aid to gaza on the other hand show their apathy to the situation. Background story http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 204

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Originally Palestine was under the control of ―The Arab Christians are one of the main victims Ottoman empire and captured by British after of the volatile and unstable political situation in WWI.In interwar years Antisemitism was West Asia.‖ Discuss the history, contribution to increasing in Germany and Russia which led the the region and the problems being faced by the Zionism movement by Jews with aim to create a Arab Christians in the West Asian region. state for them within Palestine and opposed by native Arabs. Arab is the place where Christianity and Jesus After WWII British referred the matter to UN Christ born, it is the home of the world most ancient Christian denominations like Maronite Assembly to resolve the conflict . UN assembly Church, Greek Orthodox, Chaldean, Nastorian, passed resolution in 1948 according to which Syrian Orthodox etc. Mosul in Iraq is also the Palestine was to be divided into two states Israel birth place of Biblical prophet Johan. and Palestine(Gaza Strip,West bank).This The population was safe and prospering resolution was opposed by Arabs and led the Riots peacefully under the previous Saddam regime and civil wars between two.Arabs were supported and Syrian Regime. It had great literary, culture, by Arab nations such as egypt,Iraq,Syria,jordan. tradition, spiritual and historic heritage. However, the recent turbulent geo political During First Israel Arab war Egypt had control condition in Middle East have jeopardized the Gaza Strip and led to movement of Arabs from mere existence of this community. other regions of Palestine toward Gaza strip to The ISIS have passed the order for them to either save themselves from Riots but in 1967 Israel covert, pay the Jiziya (Religious tax) or perish. recaptured the Gaza strip. They have no option but leave their home and After that Egypt did not allow Arabs to enter into great culture and move as out to Kurdistan for their country and other Arab nations as it did not safety. This has led to ISIS destroying the cultural heritage in the region. consider Gaza Strip as part of their territory. Their situation in Syria and Israel are equally On the other side Israel did not allow them to go vulnerable and facing threat and assault from back their native home as result Arab refugees both sides. were struck at that place and since then live in Many of the Christian family is now moving to poverty and depend upon UN aid to fulfill their Europe leaving behind everything they had. Food requirements South Asia .To resolve this problem of Human right violation Q---Critically examine the changing role of and right to live with dignity. Many efforts has military in Pakistan‟s domestic and foreign been made for Peace agreement between two affairs in recent years. nations Madrid Peace Conference was held in 1991 Until around sometime in 2007, military in failed to achieve any breakthrough. Pakistan was the strongest institution. For six Oslo Talks in 1993 led to setting up Palestinian decades after Independence, Pakistan‘s military, authority but failed to resolve the issues like specifically its Army, has reigned supreme over return of Palestinian refugees, status of Jerusalem the political economy of Pakistan. etc. Camp David Summit also failed to reach a However, since 2007, military‘s hegemony has solution. been challenged by the Judiciary, Parliament and to some degree, until recently, the media. Again US Push the Peace agreement to solve the Signs of breaking of military hegemony Palestinian problem. • symbolic indictment of General Pervez If agreement failed again then Palestinian s are Musharraf himself. poised to seek recognition in in ICC and UN • The military in Pakistan is also responsible for bodies. its fall from grace, after having had to explain the presence of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 205

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America‘s night raid to kill him and numerous causing jihad groups and also lending economic insider attempts to attack Pakistan‘s military and cultural assistance to government and personnel. making it an ally. Second perspective, completely • There is also a sense that the narrative in negates the first perspective, by assisting Taliban Pakistan may have shifted towards democracy, and similar jihadi groups to serve the hidden away from military rule — at least for the Pakistan interests and hence forth controlling the moment. region and creating hostile situation for the Despite Pakistan military‘s denuded power, it neighbours. Contrasting perspectives have made still remains an influence in public policy and has it difficult at the world stage to get clarity on this the ability to conduct another coup. While doctrine. military-led governments in Pakistan have, The recent episodes of increased violence across ironically, benefitted India-Pakistan relations, the Durand line and in the Wazirstan region has they have been disastrous for Pakistan back fired the Pakistan policy and makes it One needs to be reminded that such transitions, relevant by basis of strategic doctrine concept. To where civilian institutions begin to dominate and serve its purpose of either empowering or when the military recedes, can take years. In destabilizing Afghanistan, it has to eliminate the countries where the military has ruled for so long anti Pakistan jihad groups, so is the accelerated it takes around a decade in losing its supreme military operations been carried out across power. In the case of Indonesia, for example, it Balochistan recently. The challenge with the took almost a decade before the military lost even military is to pursue the balancing acts with the its power to veto key civilian decisions. pro Pakistan and anti Pakistan jihadi groups and Conclusion related governmental intricacies. Eliminating Pakistan‘s civil and political dispensation need to jihad groups is faced with serious obstacles and speed up democratic transition by being more the lack of international support to reach assertive, efficient in delivering services and consensus in its military motive has been justice, and be a little less afraid. questioned.

Q-What are the main threats to democratic Q--Critically evaluate Pakistan military‟s processes in Maldives? Analyze in the light of „strategic depth‟ doctrine. Do you think it‟s last two year‟s developments in the island relevant in the light of recent developments in nation. (200 Words) the region? Examine. Maldives is a small island nation in the Indian Ocean. After three decades of dictatorship, real The strategic depth doctrine, a concept emerged democracy was instituted to the islands in 2008. in early 1980s in Pakistan, Mirza aslam beg , On assuming office in 2008, Nasheed had closed being the architect pursued to utilize Afghan the book on the past and decided not to prosecute territories at times of attack from neighbors such as India and Russia. In recent decades, concept key-figures from the old regime, including the has evolved significantly in multiple dimensions dreaded dictator, Maumoon Gayoom. and defeats the core objectives of it. In the midst of these developments, various jihadi groups of It was a decision that would come back to haunt the Balochistan, creating instability, devoiding Nasheed. On February 7, 2012, forces loyal to the Pakistan of pursuing its ill set of ideologies old dictatorship staged a mutiny and forced through this doctrine. Nasheed to resign and hand power to a This doctrine has emerged in to two set of Mohammed Waheed, a puppet of the former perspectives, first, the original concept of using regime. With the forced resignation of Nasheed, Afghan territories is defeated and replaced by , the historic march to democracy in the Maldives influencing ,Afghan territories by its military and non military interventions to enhance peace and had taken a drastic U-turn. security. This is achieved by fighting the trouble http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 206

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In the ensuing battle to regain democracy, the decrease in foreign investment has also helped. Maldivian judiciary has turned out to be a The realization or relatice opportunism by Pak particular big obstacle. According to a recent UN- army that it can serve its interests better from report, incompetence and corruption is backstage has given a boost to the elected widespread within the judiciary and it was government. therefore hardly a shock that the Supreme Court • The increase in violence can be related to the decided to annul the result of the first round of rampant underdevelopment with high inflation, the presidential elections on the basis of a far- shortages of food, effect of natural calamities like fetched complaint of election fraud by a losing flood and earthquakes, which have temporarily candidate By overruling the positive assessment boosted recruitment by sectarian and terrorist of the election by international election observers groups. American aid is decreasing and American and the independent Election Commission, the interference in internal affairs as well as the judges robbed the Maldivian people of their long Abbottabad raid violating Pak‘s sovereignty has awaited right to determine their own future and increased resentment among people. perpetrated their own de facto coup. Afghanistan‘s independence has led to an Frustration over politics has already brought increase in cross border influences. A faction- protesters onto the streets, along with strikes and ridden society witnessed further polarization due some violence. A longstanding anxiety is Islamist to the ongoing electoral process with religious extremism. The country, by law, is Muslim, and elements openly preaching. one longtime observer sees growing conservatism among believers, especially those who have lived • Such developments negatively affect in the Gulf or Pakistan. Instability could democracy. They threaten voters and prevent encourage more, though it is unclear what form it might take them from voting, political assassinations are carried out, government is unable to enforce its Q-On one hand Pakistan appears to be orders and development funds are diverted to the stabilizing because of stable transition of power charitable front of such organisations. Inability of in political and military circles, but on the other democratic government to carry out its mandate hand there is an increase in sectarian and further strengthens these negative developments terrorist violence undermining the democratic and weakens it ability. processes.” Reflect on the causes for this growing contradiction in Pakistani society. • Democratic government must tackle this • Pakistan nation recently witnessed a milestone menace by bringing army in its confidence as a when the first democratically elected government stable and prospering Pak is vital for the completed full term and transferred power to development of its neighbourhood as well as the another government by way of elections. This world. maturing od democracy has however been witnessed with the concomitant increase of Question - “It is in Pakistan‟s best interests to sectarian and terrorist violence across Pakistan. help stabilize the situation in Afghanistan.” Elaborate. (200 Words) • Political maturation can be attributed to the increasing demand for peace and stability from Answer - The drawdown of security forces in its citizens, which helped in ousting Musharraf. Afghanistan will be at its denouement in 2014 Pressure from international civil society like UN, GCC and nations like USA, China, EU as well as and the onus will be on Pakistan-a prominent US ally-to maintain peace and stability in the region. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 207

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However considering the concept of ―strategic • His orders were ignored and anti-democratic depth‖ elucidated in Pakistan‘s Defence doctrine forces teamed up with religious conservatives to that sees Afghanistan as a playground for organise mass protests against him. Last year he Pakistan‘s fight for Kashmir, the international resigned under controversial conditions and the vice-president Mohammad Waheed took over. community particularly India is wary of Pak‘s Nasheed claimed it was a coup détat while others machinations in Afghanistan post 2014. claimed against this. But security and stability in Afghanistan should be the priority of Pakistan. It is evident that • Fresh elections were organised and Nasheed Pakistan has been most vulnerable to terrorism. just fell short of majority, leading the election to their second stage, a run-off. But supreme Court Most of these terrorist groups active in Pakistan annulled these elections and it is not clear when have safe havens in the Af-Pak border. A stable fresh election will be held. and legitimate government in Afghanistan with necessary clout and power can coordinate with • The above political drama has occurred because Pakistan to obliterate the terrorist menace. of the transition of the country from dictatorship to democracy. The status-quoist forces are A stable Afghanistan augurs well for Pakistani seeking a return of Gayoom to further their economy which is presently in coma. Afghanistan interests. Tourism, the major industry, is used to with its proven trove of natural resources can be a state subsidies and is uncomfortable with vital source of raw materials for Pakistani democracy.Bureaucracy is as usual seeking its self industry. A peaceful Afghanistan can act as a interest and Army has joined in to keep existing conduit for energy (oil and gas) from Central perks and privileges. Asian countries, providing relief to Pakistan from its festering energy crisis. Also a developed and • The victim has been the common man which peaceful Afghanistan society can be a lively has twice voted for democracy. The struggle market for Pakistani exports. between bourgeoise and proletariat in manifested vividly in this scenario. With political So a peaceful and stable Afghanistan is the uncertainity, development process has virtually keystone for a prosperous Pakistan. It will be stopped. Tourism industry is witnessing foolish on Pakistan‘s part to cling to ―strategic downfall. Foreign investment in infrastructure depth‖ and forego this opportunity for peace and sector is dwindling. development. • Democracy has become a victim here and there Q-Maldives is experiencing a series of political is a chance of return of authoritarian rule. This uncertainties in its quest for strong democracy.” Comment.(200 Words) will be a negative development and against • Maldievs, a British protectorate till 1965, came global trends. It is imperative that the election under authoritarian rule of Maumoon Gayoom. process is to be followed in its entirety and The transition to democracy was made only in judiciary should restrain itself from unnecessary 2008 when Mohammad Naseed won elections. activism. However with Gayoom-era appointees present in bureaycracy, judiciary, police, military and even among businessmen, Nasheed faced an uphill task.

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Q-For meaningful devolution of powers and merely provides a framework for reconciliation. more autonomy to Tamil regions in North and The actual modalities has to be operationalized East Sri Lanka, the solution lies in the by political will. constitutional reform and political will from the Sri Lankan government and not in the 13th Q-“13th Amendment is like a vessel with a hole amendment alone.” Comment. (200 Words) and seems good for nothing,” Comment. (150 Words) The 13th amendment refers to the amendment of • Sri Lanka two largest ethnic group are Sinhalese the Srilankan Constituion. and Tamils. Tamils are mainly concentrated in north and east and have been given second grade Sri Lankan population consists of Sinhalese as treatment by the majority Sinhalese group which majority(residing in Southern part) and Tamilians dominates most of the country‘s politico- as minority(residing in the Northern part). economic as well as military institutions. It is being seen that Northern part of the Srilank • After defeating LTTE in 2011, there has been i.e Tamil dominated does not enjoy autonomy. So demand for granting more autonomy by the amendment deals with Tamil groups. 13th amendment was passed as per 1.Creation of the Northern provincial Indo-Sri Lanka accord to devolve powers to Council(NPC). Tamil provinces. It was subliminally understood to be devolution of land and law and order 2.Devolution of land and police rights to the related provisions. Northern part of the Srilanka.

• But successive governments have failed to Though the first point is achieved but still it adhere to 13 amendment. Supreme Court has suffers from several lacunae. nullified the previous understanding stating that the amendment was never related to devolution The northern part of the area is highly of powers. Semantics of law aside, the grievances militarized. Though NPC is created but of tamilians needs to be addressed properly. constitutionally is headed by governor who is a There regions are underdeveloped with severe military major.Also it has been seen that most of food shortages, widespread epidemics and they the northern people land is aquired by have no role in formulating policies at Colombo. military.Thus Tamilians does bot enjoy land rights. • Till the political brethren of both Sinhalese and Tamil activities work together, peace will not be Also the NPC is guarded by the Police who achieved by this region. 13 amendment does not reports to the centre or military. This clearly provide in toto solution. It has to be put in indicates that Srilankan government is fully perspective by way of either a constitutional capable to take this area back into its amendment or meaningful interpretation by the administration at any time.Also Srilankan executive converted into policy. The political government can make the NPC to act the way in strife is adversely affecting the capacity of both which it wants through the institution of the communities to march on the development governor. The stand of Srilankan government is path. that it did try to give the police powers to northern part in 1990s but that time by having • The reform process has to be undertaken by police powers Northern area declared involving stakeholders as the 13 amendment http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 209

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 independence. This bitter experience prohibits it like Jamat-i-Islami and one faction of the Jamiat from giving the complete autonomy. Ulema-e-Islam are supporter for sharia law and are trying to bring that through violence.Where Thus Srilanka without diluting its sovereignty as Pakistan government is appeasing TTP with a must also ensure the genuine demand of the hope that it will help them in longer run by Northern people.Thus closing the hole of the having access and influence in Afghanistan through their Taliban. vessel. This will not only be dangerous for Afghanistan but also may back fire on Pakistan as both Taliban and its offshoot are too adamant to give Q-Critically comment on Sri Lanka‟s policy up violence and gender equality .Although they towards its minority communities. are cultural,social and religious ideology needs to be respected but it has to be though

Democratic means,by people‘s driven Sri Lankan government‘s stance has not been Government with adequate protection for very appreciable in context to violence against women. minority communities. Recent attacks on Muslims Pakistan need to understand that any in southern Sri Lankan coast by extremist compromise with TTP and Taliban are to be Buddhist group. clearly laid out and legitimized by the people of Ethnic division both sides of Durand line.Till this is done India Few steps taken can be listed as: has to be proactive in terms of playing bigger • Infrastructural development- Rods, Electricity, role in Afghan politics ,economic investment Communication etc and as proponent of human rights but should • Taking help of India to build the houses and avoid complacency and keep north western other amenities. borders heavily guarded. • Politically giving minorities representation in the legislature Q- “South Asian unity is essential if we are to • Amendment 13 of the constitution is being deliver an improved quality of life to hundreds acted on the ground giving much freedom to the Sinhalese minority in north eastern region. of millions, through growth made possible by economic efficiencies and commerce.” Q- “The recent talks between Pakistan and the Comment. (200 Words) Taliban is driven by Pakistan‟s desire for Answer - In this inter-connected world, where influence in Afghanistan, plus the delusion that countries in different parts of the globe form it can somehow control the Taliban and other regional fora for mutual cooperation and militants on both sides of the Durand Line.” development, the South Asian region risks being Comment. (200 Words) left behind, unable to realize its potentials Answer - The recent talks between Pakistan and without much cooperation. the Taliban is driven by Pakistan‘s desire for influence in Afghanistan, plus the delusion that Not only history, culture and geography, but also it can somehow control the Taliban and other poor quality of life binds us all together. Along militants on both sides of the Durand Line.‖ with Africa, the South Asian region is one of the Comment. (200 Words) most backward regions of the world, with post 2014 when US forces are withdrawing from rampant poverty, illiteracy and poor health Afghanistan,the security equation of the region will be changing.Stake holders like conditions making life miserable for millions. Islamabad,TTP (theerek-e-taliban pakistan) and That should be reason enough to start regional Kabul,Taliban has failed to find common cooperation with a renewed emphasis. However, grounds till date making it potential Flash point. low level of mutual trust, spillover effects of the Pakistan is currently struggling with growing ethnic and religious conflicts and the magnitude fundamentalism,with TTP and its informal allies http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 210

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 of bilateral disputes in South Asia makes it strategic agenda in the region. The Karakoram unrealistic to believe that any substantial growth Highway passing through the region is of critical of regional cooperation is possible without easing significance as it gives China greater access to the political tensions. Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean.

Given that political disputes take time to be The huge amount of PLA deployment across the resolved, it is mutual economic interdependence Indo-Pak LoC, issuing stapled visas to Indian laid on the bedrock of historical and cultural passport holders in J&K rather than stamped ones continuity that can build trust. The India-Sri is like putting diplomatic and military pressure Lanka Free Trade Agreement and open borders on India and contributing to further degradation with Nepal can be a lesson towards the need for of Indo-Pak relations. more cooperation. At the same time, more By increasing development projects and military cooperation is necessary among regions having involvement in the PoK and mainland Pakistan more commonality such as subunits of India and region China seems to be pursuing an aggressive adjacent countries, such as between the two engagement strategy in the region. However, the Punjabs and between Bangladesh and West hidden motive may be to achieve political, Bengal/North East, which can be in the field of territorial and economic supremacy of the East culture, cinema, sports, etc. in addition to Asian region economic interdependence.

Commercial meshing in the whole region Q-Do you think Taliban has become existential bringing together stakeholders from different threat to Pakistan? Comment on the evolution of countries is the need of the hour who will act as Taliban movement and its threat to world buffer in times of geopolitical turbulence, giving peace. (200 Words) backbone to the politicians who need to fight populism and make the tough decisions Answer) Taliban – A fundamentalist Muslim group Q-How would the proposed economic corridor controlled much of Afghanistan from 1995 until between China and Pakistan impact the region? U.S. military intervention in 2001. Examine. (200 Words) It imposed strict adherence to Islamic customs in Answer - China and Pakistan jointly envisage to areas it controlled and they were accused of build a economic corridor connecting Pakistan‘s various human rights and cultural abuses, in 2001 Gwadar Port to China‘s Xingjiang region. Road it destroyed the famous Bamiyan Buddha statues links, railway lines, energy pipelines etc are in central Afghanistan. planned to built in the region. Taliban has become existential threat to Pakistan as a major Pakistani group, Tehrik-e-Taliban China‘s increasing presence especially in the PoK Pakistan, TTP primarily challenges the region is raising alarms for India. It has already government of Pakistan supporting Taliban- implemented its ‗Strings of Pearl‘ policy to controlled areas on the Afghan side of the border. encircle India by building ports at various places All of the insurgent groups in Afghanistan in the Indian Ocean region. Through this move, it benefit, from narcotics trafficking. In recent years aims to gain both military and politico-diplomatic Pakistan has been tough with Taliban militants control over the region. carrying out attacks on its soil. At least three key leaders of the Pakistani Taliban As a part of the project the development activities have been killed in US drone strikes like Mullah taken up by the Chinese PLA members in the PoK Nazir, Waliur Rehman and Hakimullah Mehsud region point towards a expansionist Chinese geo- in 2013. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 211

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There is evidence that their influence in Karachi 5.―Afghan-led, Afghan owned peace process‖ is a has significantly increased. Most internationally sham. Pakistan wants a Taliban govt. in Afghanistan, criticized Taliban attacks took place in October for a ‗strategic back-yard‘. China wants to exploit the 2012, when schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai was mineral reserves. India wants democracy in Kabul, attacked on her way home in the town of because it wants to counter Pakistan, and wants a Mingora. share of resources. USA wants a stable democracy in In recent years the Taliban have also increasingly Kabul. All expect Pakistan is flexing their financial relied on roadside bombs as a means of fighting NATO and Afghan forces. muscle and influencing the process. To complicate things, the inter-relations between these powers is not Terrorism continues to pose a grave threat to only complex, but confusing and transient. international peace and security. Only through continued co-operation and recognition of the need to strengthen collaborative efforts will states be able to effectively counter terrorism.

Q-Critically examine the challenges that Q-What possible role can China, India and Afghanistan faces in its efforts towards Russia together play in Afghanistan once US achieving domestic stability. withdraws most of its troops? Comment. (200 Words) The said challenges are: The War in Afghanistan (2001–present) refers to 1. Taliban is gathering strength. Their brand of Islam the intervention by NATO and allied forces in the can‘t accommodate democracy, and today‘s ongoing Afghan civil war, following the terrorist Afghanistan is a democracy. They want to destabilize attacks of September 11, 2001, to dismantle the al- the govt. Qaeda terrorist organization and to remove from power the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban 2. Given the volatile internal security situation, the government, which at the time controlled 90% of central authority has to visibly assert power, so that Afghanistan). the people perceive that power. For that, a strong Once the NATO led forces will withdraw from the military is needed INSIDE own territory, which country, the regional stability alongwith the Afghanistan does not have. stability of the Afghanistan itself might be affected. So, it is important for the countries, 3. Afghanistan hasn‘t had a credible and long- especially, India, China, and Russia to work hard standing experience of democracy, which they can to bring peace, regional harmony and a kind of build on. Afghan politicians bring their tribal ethos to stability in the war torn country. India is democratic institutions; that doesn‘t work that way. committed to building economic and political links with Afghanistan both to prevent the re- 4. What the world sees as one country is actually a establishment of terrorist sanctuaries in the collection of de facto Tribal Republics. The infighting country and to gain trade and energy access to between the tribes is the major headache for Kabul. Central Asia. India has pledged nearly $2 billion in The crux of Afghanistan issue lies here: arming aid to Afghanistan, making it one of the top illiterate, uncivilized, semi-nomadic tribes with AK donors to the country, and is moving forward with 47s. major economic investments. President Karzai and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh completed a Strategic Partnership Agreement in http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 212

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2011 that allowed, among other things, Indian America has failed to root out the Taliban. training of Afghan security forces. Also, Since, Sharing a 2500 km porous border with Pakistan, because of Indo-Afghan border linkage, threat also the threat is both external and internal. emanates from Pakistan which can cause Talibani 2. Ruling various ethnic group: various areas of extremists to instigate terrorism in areas in Jammu Afghanistan are divided on ethnic lines like : and Kashmir. China and Russia, the major Tajik, pashtuns, Uzbeks etc. Post-2014 withdrawal competitors of India shall strive towards building of U.S, Afghan government will have an uphill a peaceful Afghanistan so that they can carry task to assimilate the aspirations of all the ethnic profitable trade with the country as also the groups into national discourse. country‘s democracy shall be strengthened. In this direction, the three countries recently hold 3. Women empowerment: The condition of trilateral consultations reiterated their support for women has improved since the ouster of Taliban. strong, united and prosperous Afghanistan. However, women do not enjoy the equal status. Earlier also, at Moscow, the three countries held Afghan government has to work towards similar consultations China too said that it was inclusion of women in mainstream. ready to work together with all relevant parties to take part in the peaceful reconstruction and The democratic institutions and internal security reconciliation in Afghanistan, so as to jointly of the country would be affected both by the maintain peace and stability. countries in the region and the internal factions.

China is not opposed to Afghanistan under

Shariah law and has been conducting talks with Taliban. China is interested in the mineral resource rather than preserving the democracy in

Afghanistan.Taliban would make efforts to gain the position that it held before the advent of the US forces. It may also get supported by the Pakistan who may want to weaken the democratic institutions in the country and control

it using the Taliban forces.Pakistan may not want Q. What are the main challenges that a stronger Afghanistan as it may lead to Afghanistan would face in coming days in its resurfacing of the demands of Pakhtoonistan . quest to become democracy and a stable Despite the presence of the US forces and the country? Analyze. military training by India, the ANSF may not be capable enough to counter the threats arising from Taliban. Answer- Therefore there are significant threats to Afghanistan concluded its presidential election in democracy in Afghanistan. India , which has fair and secured manner. However, other than made significant contributions to the passing test of election; there are certain other development of the country, will not want constraints which Afghanistan has to face to resurfacing of extremism. The resurgence of become a democracy and stable country: Taliban and undermining of the democracy may strengthen the Pakistan in creating security 1.The largest threat to Afghanistan is that of threats for India. The countries in the region need security. A decade long military campaign by http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 213

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 to cooperate and ensure the preservation of Q-“Once USA pulls out of Afghanistan, the new democracy in Afghanistan. great game in Afghanistan is going to be between India and Pakistan.” Do you agree with this view? Explain why. (200 Words)

Answer) Q-“Afghanistan faces war on many fronts, and Once USA pulls out of Afghanistan, the new the deadliest might be on the narcotics front.” great game in Afghanistan is going to be between Comment. (200 Words) India and Pakistan who are armed with nuclear Answer) weapons. Afghanistan is troubled by the adversities such as Pakistan has suffered immensely due to two long-running war and rampant corruption along Afghan wars as it provided refuge to Afghans with highest number of drug users. during the first war in the 1980s. Afghanistan has become one of the world‘s most The two countries are linked by ethnicity, culture addicted societies suffering with problems and religion; over 55,000 Afghans cross daily into including damage of liver and lungs and lethal Pakistan through the two crossing points illnesses such as AIDS and cancer besised having Torkham and Chaman, hundreds cross over the other long-term public health impacts. Durand Line as well. More than one lakh Drug abuse inflicts irretrievable social harms such Pakistanis stay in Afghanistan. as lack of etiquette, criminality, violence, A stable Afghanistan augurs well for Pakistani kidnapping and killing; even disease can spread economy which is presently in coma. Afghanistan out to other family members, including new born with its proven trove of natural resources can be a babies. vital source of raw materials for Pakistani industry. A peaceful Afghanistan can act as a According to a recent report from the Bureau of conduit for energy (oil and gas) from Central International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Asian countries, providing relief to Pakistan from Affairs it was found that nationwide, one in 10 its festering energy crisis. Also a developed and urban households has at least one drug user. peaceful Afghanistan society can be a lively Government funding for treatment and outreach market for Pakistani exports. is less than $4 million a year. There are less than 28,000 formal treatment slots India‘s search for influence in Afghanistan makes available nationwide and these programs rely Pakistan insecure, forcing Islamabad to support heavily on roughly $12 million a year in extra and seek to install proxy actors in Kabul to international funding for treatment. safeguard its interests which is one of the biggest obstacle to stability in that country. However the focus of the international community and the Afghan government has Its developmental assistance to Kabul now tops instead been on reducing opium production. $2 billion and it has undertaken infrastructure projects in Afghanistan as it could become India‘s The threat from drugs is as deadly as terrorism, economic gateway to Central Asia. chemical weapons or nuclear menaces devastating the human body and brain control Since 2005, Islamabad has alleged that Indian system ultimately jeopardizing the entire culture, consulates in Afghanistan, especially in Jalalabad economy and social life and Kandahar, which are close to the Pakistan- Afghan border, are a cover for anti-Pakistan activities. It alleges that Afghanistan is where India arms and funds Baloch secessionists. Pakistan has emerged as a key player in facilitating talks with the Taliban and it does not mind speaking to http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 214

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 every other country with an interest in required capability to fight against non- Afghanistan, including Russia and China, it has state factors. Also, this will help in cold-shouldered India. maintaining the regional stability by The ideal method would be to go for trilateral diminishing the role of external factors in talks involving Kabul, Islamabad and New Delhi. influencing the internal matters of Before dealing with Afghanistan, Pakistan and India must improve their bilateral relations as Afghanistan through covert means. The Afghanistan is not just a piece of strategic real training being provided to Afghan forces estate but a sovereign country made up of real will also strengthen the security forces of people. Afghanistan and this will also promote Co-operation = good for regional stability and regional stability development = to check terrorism = TAPI pipeline = Energy security for both nations = Question - “At the end of 12 years of American Afghanistan is geopolitically important for occupation, Afghanistan has not emerged as a INDIA, Pakistan & China too (terrorism hit more secure place; nor has the U.S. had much of Xinjiang province, investment in Afghanistan) a success in nation-building.” Comment. (200 Words) (topic converges with India and its neighbours) Q- Why is there an opposition to the proposed

Bilateral Security Agreement (BSA) between The American occupation of Afghanistan begin Kabul and Washington? Examine highlighting post 9/11 incident in pretext of countering global the implications of such an agreement to the terrorism. regional security.(200 Words) Today, the Afghan society remains an ehtnically fragmented and regionally divided society. The 1. The Bilateral Security Agreement major ethnic tribes Pashto, Tajiks, Hazara, Turks between charts out the future roadmap for & Uzbeks fight amongst themselves and with defence co-operation between the United other minor tribes. There is Shia-Sunni strife. States and Afghanistan. According to this Taliban and Mujahideen continue to target each agreement, US will retain some of its there and security personnel. Further, the indigenous security structure and troops in Afghanistan after its 2014 exit for personnel are grossly inadequate. There are the purpose of assisting the Afghan forces. already rising incidences of ―green on blue 2. This agreements envisages that the US attacks‖, situation of Armed forces will decline when US led coalition forces leave the country. Defence forces and its civilian components The US led occupation has resulted in decline of in Afghanistan will not be subjected to illicit opium trade and arms trade in Afghanistan, Afghan Civil and Criminal Laws and they but there traditional occupations like Animal will be under United States jurisdiction Husbandry and Agriculture has declined. Neither only. This clause is a bone of contention there has been any significant contribution by US to tap vast mineral resources of the country or set between the two states. Also this up Industries, Education or Employment agreement does not include Afghanistan‘s opportunities. demand that in case of any external The lack of above facilities have lacked the aggression on Afghanistan, United States growth of Human Resource in the country, thus will protect it. the youth turning towards militant outfits and extremist ways, posing further challenge to This agreement will help to provide security and nation building. stability in Afghanistan after the exit of US The US Af-Pak policy failed to notice multiple forces since Afghanistan does not have the dimensions of security and social structure in Afghanistan. It only relied on Pakistan not http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 215

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 involving other strong regional countries as preserve the quota, at 20 per cent instead of 25. stakeholders during 12 years of occupation. Another proposal allows a father to arrange child Finally, US has failed to install a Constitution based on truly secular and democratic principles marriages, giving fathers guardianship rights which will be inclusive of Afghan society. The over children that trump those of mothers and the current condition is of near anarchy outside courts. A third proposal would prohibit the certain core areas. nation‘s courts from hearing testimony of one Hence, the situation of Afghanistan from nation family member against another, making it almost building and security is real challenge as it was utilized by the US its hegemonic ends in Western impossible to prosecute domestic violence and and Central Asian geopolitics. abuse cases. In this tough time, India and other SAARC Q- Critically comment on the plight of women countries have a greater role to play ranging from in Afghanistan and possible threats they might security and military cooperation to ensuring the face once US withdraws its troops from there. human rights and to keep control the Taliban (200 Words) (this question has also an ethical insurgency in the region. Upcoming SAARC face) foreign ministers meet in Maldives and SAARC

summit in Nepal should focus on the opportunity As the time of departure of U.S. and other for the regional block to enhance cooperation international security forces and aid agencies is with Afghanistan in a crucial time of US coming near, fear for women‘s rights and security withdrawal of its troops from the country and in Afghanistan is increasing within the country. sensitive presidential election Women activist groups and Help groups are fearful from the Taliban insurgency which have mounted a string of violent attacks on female officials and the government which is about to approve some legislations that would strip away crucial legal protections. South East Asia The international agencies have been by far the strongest proponents for women here; their Q--Critically comment on Sri Lanka‟s efforts of departure may provide the way to Taliban reconstruction in its Northern and Eastern insurgency again. The other threat is that many of regions post 2009 war on LTTE. the 11 candidates for President in incoming election are dominated by warlords and Though the civil war in Sri Lanka ended the LTTE and reduced the disturbances , fundamentalists who share the Taliban‘s view Concerns have been raised for the political that women should never be allowed out of their devolution of powers and ensuring homes. accountability of the attacks, little has been done for the social and economic Parliament of Afghanistan is on the way to reconstruction. approve some anti-women laws under some The disruption in the region had reduced pressure. One of the proposed laws would have production potential and capital repealed a requirement that one-quarter of the accumulation. The lack of investment in the seats on provincial councils be reserved for region for the development of industries has aggravated the economic concerns. The women. After intense lobbying, activists capital infusion for reconstruction has been managed to get the bill amended to partly http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 216

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utilized by the private contractors and meager support from the government. external labours. Consequently, they are committing suicides. Little has been done on the fisherman Women, low castes and poor people are the concerns on Indian trawlers. The lack of worst affected section. People are starving safety net against the vagaries of nature has for the basic facilities but four complete increased the vulnerability of the years has been passed and rate of agricultural sector. reconstruction is very low. Though there has been an increase in the infrastructure, connectivity and banking Q--Critically comment on Rohingya related services , little has been done for the controversy in Myanmar reconstruction recognizing the social and economic concerns. Rising indebtness of the Rohingya muslims in Mynmmar are one of the people has driven them to middle east world‘s most persecuted minorities. This ethnic countries for employment. This has community is going through an identity crisis; increased the vulnerability of the women their citizenship and civil rights are trampled by subject to abuse and violence. Mynmmar authorities. While all the historical It should be realized that the reconstruction records confirm that Mynammer always had a recognizing the social and economic significant muslims population, they are labelled concerns is as essential as ensuring political as Bangladeshi immigrants in Buddhist accountability. India should complement its dominated Mynammer. Mynammr is still largely infrastructure construction by providing a military junta and because their is no active civil technical and capital assistance for greater society or media, the government is getting away employment opportunities.Efforts should be with its unconscionable acts like ethnic cleansing. undertaken to promote the growth of Due to this identity crisis in their homeland, cooperatives and small scale industries in Rohingya muslims are fleeing to neighboring the effected region to engage the labour in areas of Bangladesh and India. And this is constructive employment . resulting into ethnic clashes in those areas too. This is an account of people who are alienated from their land and identity.  some positive aspects post 2009, like global Violence in Myanmar is not purely an ethnic concern of Human rights violations and conflict but ethnic cleansing. It is not a case in thus UN resolution, President‘s of Sri which two factions clash with each other purely Lanka‘s vocal commitment to bring back the because of differences between them but a case in left out Tamils into mainstream political and which, state actions provoke violence and there economic stream. exists overt support by the same to one group. The ethnic tensions between the Buddhist dominated Myanmar and Rohingya Muslim minority are ever present and boil into violence in no time. Three decades long civil war between Sri Lankan Government & LTTE came to an The discrimination of the minority group by the end in 2009 and reconstruction program for state is the cause of the latest series of violent the redevelopment & making up to the par incidents. The Rohingya are not recognized as was started but it is not upto the mark. citizens and cannot exercise many basic rights The northern & eastern regions are suffering which essential for leading a dignified life. Infact, from different kind of basic problems like UN considers them as the most persecuted electrification, transport facilities & specially minorities. The absence of basic medical care and food availability. inhuman treatment in relief camps, rather Even most of the citizens are suffering from concentration camps, are testimonial to the indebtedness, poverty, insecurity due to http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 217

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 degree of state persecution. The opposition demands reform before elections; the government the reverse.Protesters need to The ruling junta over the years has been involved accept that the views of a majority as expressed at in systematic cleansing of the minority group the ballot box cannot systematically be through oppression and mass expulsions without overturned by the minority. The government, its any fear or opposition. They got away because of supporters and Thaksin need to accept that long- the military rule and absence of free expression. term stability requires that their opponents‘ Myanmar after years of military rule is taking concerns be addressed. baby steps towards democracy, thanks to the international pressure for several decades now. But, no democracy can justify unfair treatment of Q-The current crisis in Thailand is an extension minorities let alone their persecution. It is of the same partisan deadlock that has imperative for the international community to characterised the country‟s politics for years.” pressurize the ruling government to end this Elaborate. genocide and work for the establishment of a Thailand, the late kingdom of Siam was a peaceful and harmonious society. Only then will kingdom till 1932. In the year 1932 a ‗democratic Myanmar become a true democracy and the international community rest. revolution‘ was started by the westernized intellectuals who wanted democracy in Thailand. The country officially became under a constitutional monarchy with a prime minister as Q--Write a critical note on the recent political the head of government. But what followed till crisis in Thailand. today has left the country with a oscillating

government and military rule. Immediately in The current crisis in Thailand began in late 2013 1933 there was an attempt by military to outs the triggered by a government amnesty bill. Critics claimed that it could allow PM‘s exiled brother democratic government. Thaksin Shinawatra, who was ousted by a coup in 2006, to return. Street protests blockaded key junctions and demanded people‟s council in place of the government. In response the prime After the 1992 Bloody May incident People‘s minister Yingluck Shinawatra downgraded her Constitution was successfully promulgated in 1997 government to a caretaker and called for early till it was again revoked when military generals election in February. The protesters known as the lead a coupe, removing Thaksin Shinawatra and Yellow shirts, and the Democrats wanted the elections to be annulled and boycotted the polls. establishing a junta government. Again in 2007 a A Constitutional Court‘s controversial ruling new constitution was issued. The election which recently ousted Yingluck and that has infuriated followed elected Yingluck Shinawatra as the PM. her supporters, known as the Red Shirts, for what But again from nov 2013 there has been revolt they say was a politically motivated verdict. The going on again the incumbent PM. People‘s Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC) appoint an unelected prime minister. The Red Till date Thailand has had seventeen charters and Shirts responded by calling their own rally in support of democracy on the outskirts of constitutions, reflecting a high degree of political Bangkok. The meltdown threatens to take the instability and political deadlocks. form of a civil war. Another danger would be the splitting of the army itself. Now, the stand-off threatens to further The crisis is severely affecting the country‘s undermine democratic governance in a country economy specifically the tourism sector the where military coups have been all too mainstay of Thai economy. commonplace, and where parties have rarely accepted defeat peacefully. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 218

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Ukraine. Trilateral discussions between Russia-Ukraine-EU are a good option for the three nations. Mutual Europe signing of agreements in economic, military and political fields, beneficial for all three may serve the cause. Both Russia and EU could mutually Q-Do you think the European Parliament is divide among them, sectors of interest in Ukraine truly a democratic institution? Critically which both would like to develop jointly. evaluate its success as a representative Ukraine currently suffers from a number of internal problems such as a demographic institution of diverse European citizens. imbalance where there is shortage of men, racial

discrimination against ethnic Russians and so on. European Parliament is formed by Member of These social problems if rooted out can bring European Parliament elected from countries about a more stable economy and polity which across European Union. The recent election, in could later focus on neighbourhood and which European Peoples Party (EPP) claims international relations in a better way. victory reflects the shortcomings of the system. In As per my opinion there is no immediate solution these elections EPP won highest number of seats to the problem as all three countries have mutual however S&D , which came second, had highest economic, political and military interests that are percentage of voters‘ share. The problem lies in so important to each one that none of the three the size of constituency that MEPs‘ are can look to compromise on any front. representing. The population for each However, on a long term basis, stable internal constituency is much smaller in countries like governance in Ukraine, solving its internal Luxemburg, 26,000 compared to countries like problems, effective trilateral talks among the Italy, 370,000. Due to this one voter one vote three are few solutions which could turn out to be principle does not hold good for EP. Individual fruitful. voter of larger countries counts less compared to that of smaller countries. Due to above distortion there cannot be equal representation across the countries. Also there is no pan-European political party, but Q- Why is anti-immigration a hot political issue loose alliances of different national parties. This in many EU and non-EU countries in Europe? makes democratic process at EP level subject to Explain. (200 Words) back-room dealing of national parties and their leaders. Middle Many European countries including UK,

Q- What possible options are there between EU Switzerland etc are facing calls for stringent anti- and Russia to resolve the crisis in Ukraine? In immigration law to prohibit illegal immigrants to your opinion what should be a plausible enter in the country.This will affect both formal solution to end the crisis? Comment. (200 and informal sector in these countries which was Words) hugely dependent on immigrants for these services. Currently both EU and Russia seem to be at loggerheads over Ukraine which occupies a The blame for current situation goes on these strategic position on both economic and countries itself. Their colonial past flourished on geopolitical fronts in the region. Russia cannot the expenses of slavery system. Even in modern lose it because it harbours valuable steel and era, these countries benefitted by employing agriculture related industries which are of cheap and skilled labour available. Immigrants significant importance to Russia‘s economy. On the other hand 80% of EU‘s gas transits to http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 219

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 workers formed essential part of the industrial the reason of discrimination against U.S. exports. To resolve these issues, several joint trade forums growth of Europe. such as U.S.-India SME Forum, U.S.-India However, the changing economic waves have put Strategic Dialogue, Trade Policy Forum, Indo-US the onus on the european governments. The large bilateral investment protection agreement (BIPA) are formed. unemployed youth population is demanding for In spite of these all issues, India is the fastest equal job opportunities. Till now immigrants growing sources of inward investment into the used to cut into their share of job due to less wage U.S. and supporting thousands of U.S. jobs. U.S. demand and high quality work. Also the exports to India (machinery, organic chemicals, incidents of involvements of immigrants with and aircrafts) increased to $22 billion, while India‘s exports (gems and jewelry, engineering terrorism is coming into light. goods, IT and agricultural products) grew to $41 The government is justified in taking anti- billion, resulted overall trade to $100 billion. immigration stand to an extent. But stringent Trade brings people together, creates jobs and new opportunities. So India-US should resolve polices will hinder exchange of culture and these issues not only for the benefits of them but intellect withing european countries and outside also to promote stability, democracy, prosperity world, a hallmark of rich heritage of Europe. and peace across the world.

Question - Examine the key trade issues between

USA and India. (200 Words) (can also come in

Indian economy) Question - Why is there a demand for revision Answer - Since the opening up of Indian of certain treaties of the European Union? economy in 1991, India-US Trade and investment relationship grew healthy. But various trade Examine. (200 Words) issues such as compulsory licensing, patent Answer- Currently Germany had raised demands protection, preferential market access, to reform the treaties to strengthen joint economic immigration bill and FDI in defence and financial governance in the bloc following the euro‘s debt services also influenced relations between both countries. crisis while France and other important U.S. companies suffered a host of IP issues in stakeholders like Britain are opposing any kind of renewable energy and bio-pharmaceuticals. Their reforms. appeals to revoke patents are denied by Indian courts. Furthermore, the issuing of compulsory Corruption is the biggest concern to Germany license (CL) by Indian government caused and other well performing nations of the EU as concern because innovation and the protection of their share of funds to EU are misused and they IP are significant driving engines of the U.S. are unable to reap any privileges proportional to economy. their contribution. Across the European Union‘s Several states in US banned outsourcing to India had impacted both business and visa procedures. 28 countries costs about €120 billion ($162 billion) India expressed its discomfort over the per year — a sum equal to the EU‘s entire annual immigration bill of US. sDual use of high budget. Corruption is draining the legal economy technology transfers, High tariff rates on imports of resources and is a breeding ground for and Non-tariff barriers on US exports have organised crime. European Union has been always posed a problem. US policy of ―trade enforcement action‖ is another area of tension in economically stagnant for the better part of a the bilateral relationship. decade. Per capita incomes in the EU are Recently US took disputes under GATT and essentially unchanged since 2006 and the TRIM to WTO, pertaining to India‘s National unemployment figures are staggering. Levels of Solar Mission and Food Security Bill and stating sovereign and private debt across EU are still too http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 220

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 high. Serious problems in Spain such as countries like Norway and Finland unemployment and problems of weak corporate impacting the production and demand. balance sheets persist. Britain was identified as The Eurozone crisis has origins in over welfare having high private sector debt, while attitude and negligence on the part of members; Luxembourg was cited for problems including a over dependence on US market. The member loss of export market share in its important countries like PIGS, France has overspend a lot on financial services sector. pension and unemployment allowance. Amidst all these problems EU members are Consequently, they run into deficits. Instead of expressing mixed opinion to revision of cutting down spending, countries like Greece important treaties. tampered the national accounts and continued the deficit finacing to dangerous levels.

The countries expected rising demand will Q-What are the strengths and weaknesses of generate income for their government . However, Eurozone? What were the causes of recent the sub-prime crisis in US decreases demand. Eurozone crisis? Analyze. (200 Words) Consequently, the production was hit in the zone.  Eurozone is home for large market of The unemployment increased and demand unified production and demand, which decreased in the domestic economy. The encourages investment. bankruptcy of few members further accentuated  The members of the zone are politically the crisis. well-established without any territorial disputes, unlike other regions. Its currency Euro is recognized for international Q-Post- Eurozone crisis, analyze how the denomination, within short time of measures of austerity had an effect on the introduction. economies of Greece and other PIIGS countries?  Payments for overseas trade, thus, Do you think austerity measures yielded the doesn‘t require any other denomination desired results? Comment. (200 Words) currency like USD. The population are The PIIGS(Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, Spain) literate and high consumption nature countries‘s insolvency, post the euro sovereign prevails. Large demand is generated for debt crisis left them with no option but to new products, making their introduction undertake belt-tightening austerity measures. less risky. Effects of these measures on the economy are:  However, the work for achieving a single Massive cuts in spending on welfare benefits and market consciousness isn‘t completed. salaries of Govt employees and drastic cuts in Despite single currency, the policies of employment to reign on fiscal deficits. As these ECB, European Central Bank and countries lost credibility amongst the foreign individual member countries doesn‘t lenders they were forced to borrow from official converge easily. organizations like IMF and the European stability  There is dissatisfaction in countries like mechanism(ESM) and consequently accept their Germany over bail out packages to PIGS. conditions for structural reforms. Due to austerity The austerity measures suggested by ECB and adjunct factors like structural reforms labour are opposed in few member countries. The costs have come down. This has made exports demographic profile is regressive in attractive resulting in surplus CAD. This http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 221

Insights Secure Q&A Compilation General Studies Paper-2 eventually will help these countries pay off their Q- Orange Revolution external debt. However tensions have prevailed The Orange Revolution was a series of protests in these countries due to the frustrations and political events that took place in Ukraine associated with jobless growth envisioned by the from late November 2004 to January 2005, in the austerity measures. immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election which was Although Debt/GDP ratio have declined due to claimed to be marred by massive corruption, the shrinking GDP resulting from the fiscal cuts, voter intimidation and direct electoral fraud. the overall solvency of these economies have Kiev, the Ukrainian capital, was the focal point of improved. Solvency depends on future growth prospects and not debt/GDP ratio. The structural the movement‘s campaign of civil resistance, with reforms have ensured brighter growth prospects. thousands of protesters demonstrating daily. Austerity involves huge social costs. But the external fundamentals of the PIIGs economy have Q-“The escalating political crisis in Ukraine has drastically improved. Thus austerity has indeed cast a deep shadow over Russia‟s relations with served the purpose it was intended to do. Europe.” Comment. (200 Words)

• Post Eurozone crisis, most of the European Ethno-linguistic division of the Ukraine was always economies were bailed out by way of bonds. They there but the dividing line between the two division of in return, were asked to adopt austerity measures Ukraine ,southeast region polarized toward Russia so as to restore their financial health. whereas northwest toward EU, is going deep with the • The austerity measures success has to be recent President Viktor Yanukovych‘s decision to evaluated from their potential to reduce the reject a deal for closer integration with the European negative effect caused by crisis and by their Union which will bring the country closer to Russia ability to induce growth. While in Portugal, Greece they have been able to reduce the Protest against this decision is mostly in the areas downward slide, growth is yet to come by. The where people are inclined toward EU. this political government has reduced welfare expenditure, conflict is due to long lasting unresolved identity crisis reduces salaries and is planning to increase taxes. of Ukraine. As the conflict is at its most basic level is Due to these measures, the recession phase of the over whether the country will lean toward Europe or crisis is now over. toward Russia has become a bone of contention • However growth process has not yet started. between Russia-Europe relations.in a blunt display of Italy is slated to grow at a negative growth rate of this irritation European leaders have curtailed their 0.2%. Other PIIGS economies can only manage in summit scheduled with President Vladimir Putin. the range of 0.2-0.5%. One reason for this is the both the countries are blaming each other for the crisis low inflation in the economy. Austerity measures of Ukraine. have reduced the supply of cash. As such inflation is low and it is unable to provide the Q-What‟s happening in Ukraine is also about much needed vitality for economic rejuvenation. Yanukovych‟s failures to fix the economy and • As such austerity measures have failed to his draconian restrictions against basic induce growth. It is the need of the hour that freedoms. but its more prominent identity crisis export agreements be made and money should be conflicts are creating a rift between Europe and Russia. released in productive sectors so as to return to post crisis phase of the economy. http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 222

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Russia used economic pressure to block the EU‘s trade speculated and Russia, an alley of Ukraine has openly agreements with Ukraine and Armenia. offered its military services.

Russia and the EU have blamed each other for the The Ukraine protests started with purely the crisis in Ukraine, triggered by the decision of economic reasons might transform into a major war ground involving many nations owing to President Viktor Yanukovych to ditch an EU free trade external helps being received both by the ruling and association pact last November in favour of party as well as the opposition building closer ties with Russia. Q-What is the significance of local elections Russia provides approximately a quarter of the held in Kosovo? Briefly explain the causes of natural gas consumed in the European Union; tension between Serbia and Kosovo approximately 80% of those exports travel through Answer) pipelines across Ukrainian soil prior to arriving in the Recently under the April accord agreement, EU Serbia agreed to recognize the authority of Kosovo‘s government over the police and the A serious dispute began in March 2005 over the courts in the ethnically divided north of the price of natural gas supplied and the cost of country in return for greater autonomy for transit. During this conflict, Russia claimed Kosovo‘s Serbs in the north. Ukraine was not paying for gas, but diverting it The government in Belgrade put pressure on intended to be exported to the EU from the Kosovo‘s Serb population to take part in the pipelines. municipal elections. The change was down to a

new agreement between Serbia and Kosovo to Q-What are the reasons behind protests against normalize relations, as Serbia seeks membership the government in Ukraine? Comment on the of the European Union. external factors in causing the protests. (200 It is the first time that voters in all of Kosovo will Words) choose local Councillors and Mayors since the country seceded from Serbia in 2008. Ukraine has been struggling with protests from Serbia rejects Kosovo‘s independence, as do many opposition parties since November 2013 on account of Kosovo Serbs. The United States and majority of its president‘s refusal to sign the Free Trade the EU countries have recognized the new state. Agreement with European Union (EU) and instead chose to receive the bailout package from Russia. The tension between Serbia and Kosovo was due to territorial and border demarcation disputes Ukraine has been facing problems at economic front that brought diverse challenges to republics and which is affecting its growth, employment and provinces funded after dissolution of SFR development. Yugoslavia. Underdevelopment is the biggest challenge of not signing the far reaching impactful agreement with Kosovars who state that society is divided along EU and turn to Russia for Loans (in terms of Bailout ethnic lines and other problems are non- package) and cheap gas. recognition of degrees awarded in Kosovo, the prolonged presence of armed forces in this region and lack of freedom of movement for the people Although the protests seems to be internal where living here. political rivals of the state are fighting for more powers and demands to be met, the possibility of external support to the protestors are also being http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 223

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Q-Comment on important issues that decided economic cooperation , in view of the diplomatic and the outcome of recently held elections to the the geopolitical reliance. The two have recently European Parliament. decided to boost the economic cooperation in the fields of aircraft manufacturing , biotechnology, The European Parliament is the only elected body nanotechnology, computer sciences and medicine. under EU which has the responsibility of passing They have decided the use of their national currencies laws and supervising the commissioners under instead of the US Dollar for the bilateral trade between European Commission. Its election thus has great significance on how the laws applicable to all 28 them.With the EU arms embargo on China , China EU members will be placed and what would be became a reliable client of Russian military export, their implications on world relations. accounting for the 20-50% of the foreign military sales. The European parliament elections conducted this year heavily got tilted to Eurosceptic parties 1) Collaboration between two on Syria and Iran Issue. who got a bigger vote share and seats on the 2) Shanghai Cooperation Organization. account of protest vote by the citizen of all EU 3) How these 2 are collaborating to counter USA countries against the damaging post recession economic policies of their own national hegemony. government and of EU. 4) Lessons China is learning from USSR failure to Another major issue in this election was sustain Communism and its eventual disintegration. immigration and hence the anti-EU and anti- immigration party won in UK. The other places World, especially India watches this with a lot of have also seen similar sentiments in surging the anticipation with little mix of cynicism as well. anti-EU votes. It was highly debated that the free labour markets in EU has resulted into many For China, road to west goes through Russia. Even emigrants who are taking away the job from current Russia is no where near erstwhile USSR as far natives. as power and prodigy is concerned, but nonetheless it The current EU parliament elections though has is no less significant even now. Russia also needed to shown the sentiments of concerned citizen, it is a look beyond India to strengthen it‘s position in Asia. serious concern if the anti-EU and anti- immigration parties get their dominance in EU Indo-Russia relation was never of two equals. parliament. They may then affect the law making China – Russia relations are predominantly focused process and blocking many progressive on energy and defence cooperation. Other economic legislations concerning trade, employment and relations are include cooperation in aircraft free market. manufacturing, technology, medicine, bio-technology, etc. Due to manufacturing industry boom, China has Q-As two Communist states, what has been the become one of the biggest consumer of petroleum. relationship between China and Russia since Russia being petroleum export centric nation and the break-up of USSR. Examine. (200 Words) geographical proximity to China was a clear candidate

for cooperation in this front. Relations between Russia and China improved after Recently Russia -China has started joint naval war the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The two games in the Mediterranean sea. It follows joint demarcated their land borders in 1991. China became venture in sea of Japan last year. Strategically it is the petroleum importer . The large energy viewed as an act of muscle flexing in the foreign consumption of china forced it to import large waters and an attempt to balance the influence caused volumes of petroleum and natural gas. US and it‘s western allies.

The two signed the treaty of good neighborliness and friendship in 2001 to promote peaceful existence and http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 224

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India should view Russia-China relations with enthusiasm. Russia being it‘s oldest and most trusted ally might help it iron out geo-political issues with China

Russia Q-Critically comment on the recent assertive and independent foreign policy stance of Russia in its sphere of influence. (200 Words)

• With the declining influence of USA, increasing assertiveness of China, Russia has started aggressively pursuing its interests in the global arena. This bodes well with its economic revival and rise in nationalism. • Russia has managed to find a diplomatic solution to Syrian crisis. It urged Iran to forgo nuclear path and in return promised to provide nuclear technology for peaceful purpose. It has solved its border dispute with China and has increased economic cooperation. It plays a major role in SCO and is planning to open military base in Belarus, Fergana valley and in Black sea. Russia has already embarked aggressively in Artic and has increased cooperation with Japan and Korea. • However Russian intervention in Moldova and Georgia, where it threatened by military force shows that it has not shed its cold war mentality. There should be more cooperation in the global policy arena and such unilateral action be avoided, • Russia‘s resurgence should be seen as a positive development due to the balance it provides in a single power dominated world, be it USA or China. This will lead to more discussion oriented approach in global arena and will increase the efficacy of UN

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