Huellas SOBRE EL CAMINO 7

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Huellas SOBRE EL CAMINO 7 (…) Caminante, son tus huellas el camino y nada más; caminante, no hay camino, se hace camino al andar. Caminante no hay camino sino estelas en la mar… Comienza una nueva etapa. La aventura se transforma en conquista y asentamiento permanente; la arribada de navegantes sedientos en procesos de dominación e interacción cultural; las misiones en nuevas formas de pensar y sentir; la búsqueda de riquezas en intercambios comerciales. 7.HUELLAS SOBRE Dos siglos y medio de un camino y unos barcos llenos de productos, armas y monedas, pero también de hombres, palabras e ideas que arraigan en sus EL CAMINO destinos y crean lazos de unión que aun hoy perviven. El tiempo traerá nuevos rumbos e inquietudes, pero las finas estelas que un día unieron dos océanos y tres continentes aún permanecen como ventanas en el espacio, recordándonos que un camino de ida y vuelta sobre la mar nos convirtió, a pesar de las distancias, en lo que hoy somos. Entre LA conquista, LA explotación Y EL respeto Antonio Sánchez de Mora, Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla La dura realidad de la conquista transformó las sociedades americanas y asiáticas e impuso un dominio que hirió las almas y acabó con la vida de muchos naturales, pero no vino sola. Algunas autoridades civiles y eclesiásticas alzaron sus voces contra los abusos y en pro de los derechos indígenas, a quienes se les consideraba hombres libres y súbditos de la Corona. Las denominadas Leyes de Burgos son el primer eslabón que, desde la oficialidad de la corte, sentaba las bases de un largo camino hacia la plenitud de derechos del hombre, hacia el respeto de unos y otros. Antecedente de las Leyes Nuevas o Leyes de Indias, intentaron regular el gobierno de los indígenas y, pese a su limitado cumpli- miento, supuso un marco de referencia legal y moral. Prueba de ello es, por ejemplo, la sentencia de 1565 que declara la libertad de un esclavo vendido a un vecino de Sevilla. Según quedó demostrado en el juicio visto ante el Consejo de Indias, el tribunal de máxima apelación para las Indias, había sido capturado en China sin que mediase ninguna de las circunstancias admitidas por las Leyes de Burgos y las posteriores Leyes de Indias. Éstas situaban a los indios de los territorios españoles bajo la protección de la Corona, siempre que aceptasen el cristianismo y no se rebelasen contra las autori- dades hispanas. Como quien hace la ley hace la trampa, los esclavos adquiridos en dominios portu- gueses quedaban ajenos a esta normativa, de ahí que en el caso que nos ocupa se intentase este ardid. De nada sirvió, pues quedó probado que este esclavo indio era en realidad un chino natural de Lingao, en Hainan, que había sido capturado y vendido a sabiendas y que, desde las Filipinas, había cruzado América y recabado en Sevilla. Leyes de Burgos u Ordenanzas Reales para el buen regimiento y tratamiento de los indios, En las tierras americanas muchos expedicionarios aplicaron el Requerimiento, por el promulgadas en Burgos el 12 de diciembre de que se hacían públicas a los atónitos indígenas las condiciones establecidas por los 1512. Valladolid, 27 de diciembre de 1512. españoles. Esta farsa solía preceder a la persecución y captura de muchos, aunque Copia facsimilar de la copia registral de la Cancillería Real Castellana, realizada por no faltaron decisiones enérgicas a favor de los indígenas y sentencias de resultado Testimonio Compañía Editorial, 1991. idéntico al expresado. Incluso se reclamó a los oficiales reales que liberasen a los Papel manuscrito. 14 hojas de 32×23 cm. esclavos de dudosa procedencia, pues había gran cantidad de indios que los han Archivo General de Simancas, vendido y tienen por esclavos no estando herrados con el hierro que lo deben estar, Valladolid, 1512, 12, 470. porque los han traído de otras tierras con engaños y como si fueran de naborías. 296 297 En esta ocasión se reclamó a la Audiencia de Panamá que analizase los hechos y que, si era como parecía, que los hagan poner en libertad y si quisieran volver a sus tierras den orden de que lo puedan hacer a costa de las personas que injustamente los sacaron de ellas.1 No hay que llevarse a engaño. La insistencia en cumplir con las leyes, la rotundidez de las denuncias e, incluso, la sordidez de casos como la concesión de derechos del yerro de los indios a particulares2 evidencian que la normativa admitía la esclavitud, sin olvidarnos que abría la posibilidad al sometimiento fáctico de los indígenas con el pretexto de evangelizarlos, gobernarlos y hacerlos súbditos de provecho. Sentencia del Consejo de Indias a favor de Diego, esclavo chino llegado a Sevilla, que reclamó su libertad. Madrid, 15 de julio de 1565. Cadena de esclavos. Siglo XVIII. Papel manuscrito. 1 hoja de 22×31 cm. Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla, ESCRIBANÍA, 952, fol. 845. 1 Real Cédula a los oidores de la Audiencia de Tierra Firme. Talavera, 31 de mayo de 1541. AGI, PANAMÁ, 235, L. 7, fol.198 rº. 2 Merced del oficio y derechos del yerro de los indios para el secretario Lope Conchillos. 28 de julio de 1513. Archivo General de Simancas, RGS, 1513, 07, 147. 298 299 Al Extremo Oriente llegó por dos vías, la portuguesa y la española, pues fueron los Bajo el signo de la cruz lusitanos los que apoyaron la predicación jesuita en sus dominios coloniales asiáticos. Francisco Javier alcanzó Indonesia de la mano de los portugueses y por esta vía llegó La fe cristiana alcanzó las costas del Pacífico de la mano de los conquistadores. No a los padres de la Orden la carta del rey o daimyo de Firando que en 1555 solicitaba en vano la evangelización era la justificación legal y moral de la conquista americana, misioneros para el Japón. impuesta con vehemencia, sí, pero desde la convicción de que se estaba guiando a los indígenas hacia la salvación de sus almas. De hecho, la misma fe que enarbolaban Poco después, los barcos españoles traerían la misma fe cruzando el océa- los más abyectos opresores era la que alentaba las voces críticas. no Pacífico, hasta el punto de convertirse en razón de peso para justifi- car la permanencia en las Filipinas o la ilusoria conquista de China, que Esta fe caló hondo en las nuevas sociedades, aceptando elementos autóctonos en nunca se llevó a cabo. un sincretismo que buscaba cierta conciliación y acercamiento a las costumbres y sentimientos indígenas. Cruz de madera con incrustaciones en nácar. Parroquia Mayor de Santa Cruz, Écija, Sevilla. Escultura de la Virgen María, talla hispano- filipina que fue propiedad del arzobispo de México fray Payo Enríquez de Ribera, quien la trajo a Sevilla. Último tercio del siglo XVII. Marfil. 50×24×12 cm. Colección Ramón M. Serrera. Atril portátil estilo ‘namban’. Anónimo japonés, fines del siglo XVI. Madera lacada y nácar. 3×31,5×50 cm. Parroquia Mayor de Santa Cruz, Écija, Sevilla. 300 301 De nuevo fueron trazados puentes entre Asia y América, como la devoción a Santa La virgen hispano-filipina es otra pieza que nos habla de la difusión de la fe en Asia. Rosa de Lima, mujer hispanoamericana que se convirtió en patrona del Nuevo Mundo Estas estatuillas surcaron los océanos, y ésta en concreto pasó por Nueva España an- y de todas las posesiones españolas en Ultramar. Pronto se fundaron conventos con tes de acabar en manos de un eclesiástico sevillano. Algo parecido le ocurrió al atril su nombre a ambos lados del Océano y aún hoy se le rinde culto en todo el Mundo, portátil de estilo namban o al cáliz que se expone, aunque en esta ocasión circuló en aunque su progenitor lo vio de otro modo: Nuestro Señor… me dio una hija de tanta sentido inverso, pues fue hecho en Acapulco y terminado en Manila, para finalmente virtud… que por los muchos milagros que hizo en vida y muerte… el arçobispo de esta regresar hacia Nueva España y acabar donado a una parroquia sevillana. ciudad y los cabildos despachan a Su Santidad las provanças suplicando que la bea- tifique. Bastamente me ha premiado Dios el zelo que he tenido de servir a Vuestra No fue un camino de rosas. Si unos sufrieron la opresión, la incomprensión y la Majestad con dejarme ver retratada en estas yglesias por Santa a una hija y que el imposición de una fe extraña, otros le abrieron sus corazones pese al rechazo de sus día de su muerte fuesse el día de mi alegría, viéndola con tanto honor y premio.1 compatriotas. De hecho muchos misioneros aceptaron con abnegación el cáliz por el que debieron de pasar para difundir la religión que profesaban y en la que creían y por la que algunos —europeos, americanos o asiáticos— dieron sus vidas. A.S.de M. Breve de Clemente IX declarando a Santa Rosa de Lima patrona de todo el reino del Perú. Roma, 2 de enero de 1669. Copia certificada. Papel Cáliz realizado en impreso. 1 hoja de Acapulco y renovado 42,5×31 cm. Archivo en Manila, donado General de Indias, Sevilla, a la parroquia de LIMA, 33.3 Mairena del Alcor por Ángel Carmona y sus compañeros. 1787. Plata labrada, cincelada y repujada. 23×15 cm. Iglesia de Ntra. Sra. de la Asunción, Mairena del Alcor, Sevilla. Carta del rey de Firando sobre la conversión al cristianismo de gentes de sus dominios. 6 de octubre de 1555. Papel, 1 hoja de 29,5×20 cm. Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid, CLERO, JESUITAS, leg. 270, N. 52. 1 Carta del padre de Santa Rosa al Rey.
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