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Linguistic Vojvodina: Embordered Frontiers1 Linguistic Vojvodina: Embordered Frontiers1 Bojan Belić pevaj pijano racki, mađarski, totski, vlaški, makedonski i lički, preko dalekih njiva, Vojvodina, Miroslav Antić 1. Introduction Article 1. of the Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (hereafter SAPV) defines Vojvodina in part as “a region in which multi- culturalism, multiconfessionalism, as well as other European principles and values are promoted [and] an inalienable part of the Republic of Ser- bia.”2 As such, Vojvodina is but a portion of “[t]he European landscape [which] features a great many discontinuities, places of transition – fron- tiers.”3 In an attempt to explain the exact nature of Vojvodina, Kseni- ja Djordjević raises various questions: is Vojvodina yet another Balkan region, a forgotten or just unimportant region, an exception; has Vojvo- 1 I would like to thank Motoki Nomachi as well as two anonymous referees for all their comments. They all helped make this paper better. I, however, take full responsibility for all of its shortcomings. 2 Statut Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine [Statute of the Autonomous Prov- ince of Vojvodina], Web, February 12, 2011. <http://www.vojvodina.gov.rs/index. php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=133&Itemid=70>. In this pa- per, all translations are mine unless specified otherwise. 3 Joep Leerssen, “Europe as a Set of Borders,” in J. Th. Leerssen and M. van Montfrans, eds., Borders and Territories. Yearbook of European Studies 6 (Am- sterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1993), p. 14. - 1 - Bojan Belić dina been manipulated with superficial language planning; is Vojvodina a model region.4 None of the questions, which Djordjević perceives as both confusing and inescapable, are answered definitively. In this paper I examine Vojvodina’s multilingual nature, notably the declared coexistence of six (which turn out to be more) different lan- guages and two (and possibly more) different alphabets in the official use (SAPV, Article 26) within the borders of the province. I offer the view that the languages, that is to say – their speakers, are demarcated by frontiers, “transitional zones, with mixtures and minorities – grey ar- eas rather than black lines,”5 though with a tendency – indeed – toward becoming, if not quite black lines, then certainly dark-grey areas. In the section that follows, section 2, I sketch the geopolitical shape of Vojvo- dina. In section 3 I discuss the multicultural and multiethnic nature of the province. I present the multilingual nature of Vojvodina in section 4, which I then interpret using theoretical constructs of borderlands studies, in section 5. Finally, in section 6, I conclude my examination of what I refer to as linguistic Vojvodina. 2. Geopolitical Vojvodina According to the State Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Ser- bia,6 the area of its Autonomous Province of Vojvodina is 21,506 square kilometers, or approximately 8,303.5 square miles. As such, Vojvodina is slightly larger than the Japanese island of Shikoku (18,792 square kilo- meters);7 the province is also slightly larger than the state of New Jersey in the United States of America (7,417.34 square miles).8 The area of 4 Ksenija Djordjević, Configuration sociolinguisticque, nationalisme et politique linguistique. Le cas de la Voïvodine, hier et aujourd’hui (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2004), p. 212. 5 Leerssen, “Europe as a Set of Borders,” p. 14. 6 Republički zavod za statistiku [State Bureau of Statistics], Web, February 12, 2011. <http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/index.php>, Municipal Indicators. 7 The Statistics Bureau and the Director-General for Policy Planning of Ja- pan, Web, February 12, 2011. <http://www.stat.go.jp/english/index.htm>, Sta- tistical Handbook of Japan. 8 U. S. Census Bureau, Web, February 12, 2011. < http://www.census.gov/>, New Jersey. - 2 - Linguistic VojVodina Vojvodina is almost one quarter of the area of Serbia (24.3%, to be ex- act). This, however, reflects the official view of the Republic of Serbia, also outlined on the official website of the Government of Vojvodina,9 according to which Serbia has two autonomous provinces, 1) Vojvodina and 2) Kosovo and Metohija, an issue beyond the scope of the present paper. Of Serbia’s 29 counties, 7 are found in Vojvodina; these sev- en comprise 45, out of Serbia’s 194 municipalities.10 The autonomous province of Vojvodina has its own parliament, which has adopted the province’s statute as its highest legal document.11 Vojvodina lies in the north of Serbia, bordering Bosnia and Her- zegovina (south-west), Croatia (west), Hungary (north), and Romania (east). In fact, Vojvodina’s borders with Croatia and Hungary are Ser- bia’s sole borders with those two countries. In the south, Vojvodina borders the part of Serbia commonly referred to as Central Serbia. Of the four countries that border Vojvodina, three (Croatia, Hungary, and Romania) are members of the European Union (EU), while one country (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is a potential candidate country for the EU.12 Serbia, at the moment, is a candidate country for the European Union whose “status is conferred by the European Council on the basis of an opinion from the European Commission.”13 Based on the census of 2002,14 the population of Vojvodina was 2,031,992, which is slightly smaller than the Japanese city of Nagoya (approximately 2,215,000)15 or the city of Houston, Texas, USA (2006 estimate – 2,144,491).16 It is worth noting, however, that, according to 9 Vlada Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine [Government of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina], Web, February 12, 2011. <http://www.vojvodina.gov.rs/ index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1>, Get Acquainted with Vojvodina. 10 Republički zavod za statistiku. 11 Vlada Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine. 12 European Union, Web, February 12, 2011. < http://europa.eu/index_en.htm>, The Member Countries of the European Union. 13 European Union, Glossary. 14 Republički zavod za statistiku. 15 The Statistics Bureau and the Director-General. 16 U. S. Census Bureau, Houston (city), Texas. - 3 - Bojan Belić Golubović and Marković-Krstić,17 the overall crude birth rate in Vojvo- dina, for the period of 1996–2002, was 10.2‰, while the overall crude death rate for the same period was 14.4‰, thus resulting in a negative natural population growth rate of –4.2‰, six times higher than for the period of 1986–1990 (when it was –0.7‰). In the year 2003, a negative natural population growth rate was recorded in all 45 municipalities in Vojvodina. Golubović and Marković-Krstić explain that “the average population age in Vojvodina ..., according to the 2002 census, was 39.8 years, a 9.2 year increase over a period of fifty years, which suggests that the population of Vojvodina is in the stage of demographic old age. ... [O] ut of 45 municipalities, the population of 18 municipalities is in the fifth stage of demographic old age, and the population of 27 municipalities is in the sixth stage of demographic old age – the stage of deep demograph- ic old age.”18 3. Multiethnic and Multicultural Vojvodina Golubović and Marković-Krstić claim that, when it comes to eth- nicity, “Vojvodina is still one of the most heterogeneous regions in the Balkans.”19 Similarly, the official website of the Government of Vojvo- dina suggests that “the national makeup of the population of Vojvodina is very heterogeneous.”20 Raduški describes Vojvodina as “a multiethnic, multiconfessional, and multicultural territory ... [,which,] ethnicity-wise, has a very heterogeneous population structure of the bi-modal type since, even though many ethnic communities live in this territory, two nation- alities dominate – Serbs and Hungarians.”21 The results of the 2002 census in Vojvodina, out of 41 available dif- ferent nationalities,22 list 22 nationalities (in this particular order: Serbs – 17 Petar Golubović and Suzana Marković-Krstić, “Kretanje stanovništva Vo- jvodine tokom XX i početkom XXI veka,” Zbornik Matice srpske za društvene nauke 121 (2006), pp. 39–48. 18 Ibid., p. 44. 19 Ibid. 20 Vlada Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine. 21 Nada Raduški, “Etnička slika Srbije – popis 2002. godine,” Migracijske i etničke teme 19:2–3 (2003), p. 260. 22 Republički zavod za statistiku [State Bureau of Statistics], Census 2002. - 4 - Linguistic VojVodina 65.05%, Montenegrins – 1.75%, Yugoslavs – 2.45%, Albanians – 0.08%, Bosniaks – 0.02%, Bulgarians – 0.08%, Bunjevci – 0.97%, Vlachs – 0.00%, Gorani – 0.03%, Hungarians – 14.28%, Macedonians – 0.58%, Muslims – 0.18%, Germans – 0.16%, Romani – 1.43%, Romanians – 1.50%, Russians – 0.05%, Ruthenians – 0.77%, Slovaks – 2.79%, Slove- nians – 0.10%, Ukrainians – 0.23%, Croats – 2.78%, Czechs – 0.08%), as well as four additional categories, notably, 1) others (0.26%), 2) unde- clared and undecided (2.71%), 3) regional allegiance (0.50%), and 4) un- known (1.17%).23 Of the 22 nationalities, “the increase in the number of inhabitants happened only with Serbs and Romani.”24 All other nation- alities, including Yugoslavs, who, according to Raduški,25 have always exhibited high percentages in Vojvodina, were on the decrease – the number of those declaring themselves as Yugoslavs being down by 70%. This is surely a reflection of the fact that the political entity, bearing the term Yugoslavia as a part of its name, notably the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, changed its name to that of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. Since that time, therefore, the term Yugoslavia itself became a term of the past. What is even more stunning is the tenfold increase in the number of those who were undeclared and undecided.26 Unlike the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, which claims precedence over the Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, and which declares Serbia to be “the state of the Serbian people and all citizens who live in it,”27 the Vojvodina Statute declares Vojvodina to be 23 All percentages are given based on Raduški, “Etnička slika Srbije,” p.
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