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Rethinking Public Diplomacy: a Study of China Exerting Its Influence on Taiwan

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Rethinking Public Diplomacy: a Study of China Exerting Its Influence on Taiwan Rethinking Public Diplomacy: A Study of China Exerting its Influence on Taiwan by Tzu-Chieh Hung to A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Scholl of Asian-Pacific Studies of Waseda University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctors of Philosophy September 2017 Abstract The thesis aims to discover nature of China’s public diplomacy by using the case study of China’s influence on Taiwan; the thesis also intends to facilitate modifications to notions of public diplomacy by seeking the patterns from the case study. China’s public diplomacy may contain inconsistency—the perceptions of China’s public diplomacy and what China promote in practice. The inconsistency reveals deficiency to the notion of public diplomacy. The thesis first conceptualizes public diplomacy, and argues that modern public diplomacy does not deviate from its primitive purpose—to influence foreign publics to gain national interest. It also argues that the over-emphasizing of modern public diplomacy on soft power has created bias. By examining the concepts and history of China’s public diplomacy, the thesis depicts missing elements in China’s public diplomacy that can be verified through case studies. Then, the thesis introduces comprehensive public diplomacy and PD assets that derived from case studies to provide a clear framework of how China exerts influence on Taiwan. Through the case study, the thesis unveils the inconsistencies in China’s public diplomacy. China’s public diplomacy contains elements of mutual communication while combining propaganda and opaque interest- related exchanges. The thesis thus argues that it needs to modify China’s public diplomacy, and to rethink public diplomacy as well. Comprehensive public diplomacy can compensate the realm where soft power cannot; PD assets helps to narrow down the scope of public diplomacy. It also helps to explain why the private sectors are able to affect the effectiveness of public diplomacy. The thesis provides a modification to public diplomacy and reveals how China could exert influence by using multiple channels, particularly China’s proxy agent framework. i Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my wife Hsin-Jong Chiang, my Sons Yu-Chien Hung and Yu- Chen Hung, who have been with me in joy and sorrow. This thesis is also dedicated to my father Chao-Nan Hung and my mother Yun-Ju Chang, who are my lifelong supporters. ii Acknowledgements I sincerely thank the members of my committee, Dr. Satoshi Amako, Dr. Rumi Aoyama, Dr. Seio Nakejima and Dr. Sachiko Hirawaka, for their valuable input to this thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to my mentor Dr. Amako Satoshi for encouraging me to pursue an academic journey that has culminated in this thesis. Special thanks to Dr. Tzu-Wei Hung for his guidance and suggestions. I also appreciate Dr. Szu-Chien Hsu, Dr. Hsin-Huang Hsiao, Dr. Jieh-Min Wu, and Dr. Te-Yuan Huang of their considerate guidance on this thesis. I would also like to thank Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan) for the full scholarship, which made this thesis possible. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 MOTIVE AND RESEARCH PURPOSE .............................................................................. 2 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 5 1.3 METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................ 12 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE AND DELIMITATIONS .......................................................................... 13 1.5 ORGANIZATION......................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER II CONCEPTUALIZING PUBLIC DIPLOMACY ...................................... 18 2.1 THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY .......................................... 19 2.2 THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN OTHER COUNTRIES .................................... 22 2.2.1 The United States ................................................................................................ 23 2.2.2 The United Kingdom ........................................................................................... 28 2.2.3 Japan ................................................................................................................... 30 2.2.4 Norway and Canada ............................................................................................ 33 2.3 DEBATES ON PUBLIC DIPLOMACY ............................................................................. 37 2.3.1 Two different kinds of thinking in public diplomacy ........................................... 37 2.3.2 Public diplomacy and propaganda ..................................................................... 39 2.3.3 Public diplomacy and strategic communication ................................................. 43 2.3.4 Soft power and public diplomacy ........................................................................ 45 2.3.5 Smart power and public diplomacy ..................................................................... 48 2.4 CHINA’S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY.................................................................................... 51 2.4.1 Public diplomacy the context of CCP and Beijing government .......................... 51 2.4.2 China’s public diplomacy in the academics ........................................................ 55 2.4.3 The history of China’s public diplomacy ............................................................ 58 2.4.4 Reviewing China’s public diplomacy .................................................................. 63 2.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER III INTRODUCING COMPREHENSIVE PUBLIC DIPLOMACY............ 76 3.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PUBLIC DIPLOMACY............................... 76 3.2 THE FRAMEWORK OF COMPREHENSIVE PUBLIC DIPLOMACY ..................................... 77 3.3 FINDINGS FROM CASE STUDY: THE CONCEPT OF THE “PD ASSETS” AND ITS IMPLICATION ......................................................................................................................... 82 3.3.1 What is “PD assets” and what can it do ............................................................. 83 3.3.2 How do PD assets help the study of public diplomacy? ..................................... 89 3.3.3 PD assets and soft power .................................................................................... 91 iv 3.4 DEFINING COMPREHENSIVE PUBLIC DIPLOMACY ...................................................... 91 3.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER IV CHINA’S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY TOWARD TAIWAN ......................... 99 4.1 STRUCTURE AND THE CRITERIA OF CASE SELECTION ................................................. 99 4.2 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF CURRENT CROSS-STRAIT RELATIONS ............................ 101 4.3 CHINA’S GOAL, ITS CHALLENGES AND ITS STRATEGY TOWARD TAIWAN ................ 103 4.4 CASE OF CHINA’S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY TOWARD TAIWAN (PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AS CONVENTIONALLY ASSUMED) ............................................................................................. 106 4.4.1 The interaction between CCP and KMT ........................................................... 107 4.4.2 Visiting of Chinese officials to Taiwan ............................................................... 113 4.5 CASES OF CHINA’S AGGRESSIVE IMPLEMENTING ON TAIWAN .................................. 115 4.5.1 Want Want China Times Group .......................................................................... 116 4.5.2 Media operating in the case of Kenya fraud (reactive public diplomacy) ........ 121 4.5.3 China’s lobbying of Taiwanese Veterans ........................................................... 125 4.5.4 China’s “subsidies” to Taiwanese political elites ............................................ 127 4.5.5 Elections and the discount flight tickets ............................................................ 130 4.6 PUBLIC DIPLOMACY THROUGH THREAT, MANIPULATIONS AND AMATEUR SPIES ....... 132 4.6.1 Victims of Investment in China Association ...................................................... 133 4.6.2 Amateur spies targeting a human-rights lawyer ............................................... 134 4.6.3 A Buddhist group as China’s proxy ................................................................... 137 4.6.4 Activities of Pro-CCP groups ............................................................................ 139 4.7 EVALUATING THE CASE STUDY AND DISCUSSING PUBLIC DIPLOMACY ..................... 143 4.7.1 Booming interactions across Taiwan Strait: a split society in Taiwan ............. 144 4.7.2 The proxy-agent framework and its impact on Taiwan politics ........................ 146 4.7.3 Threat, manipulation and its backfire ............................................................... 151 4.7.4 The effectiveness of China’s work in Taiwan .................................................... 154 4.7.5 Rethinking public diplomacy ............................................................................. 158 4.8 DISCUSSION: UTILITY OF THE CONCEPT OF COMPREHENSIVE PUBLIC DIPLOMACY .. 162 4.8.1 Can retaliation be part of comprehensive public diplomacy?
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