1 Growth Machine or Pluralism? Referenda Politics at the Local Level Richard A. Keiser (
[email protected]) Department of Political Science Carleton College, Minnesota, USA Paper Presented at the 2016 Western Political Science Association meetings, San Diego, CA, ABSTRACT Within the policy arena of economic development policy, Growth Machine Theory posits “the domination of a disorganized majority by an organized minority” (Harding 36). This elitist theory of urban politics takes as a given what scholars know as the paradox of collective action, i.e., that minorities will be more successful in mobilizing for their interests than majorities because minorities are better funded and better organized. Some state and local arenas in the United States offer an institution that can provide a mechanism for transforming policy regimes that were skewed against the majority. This article will demonstrate that at the local level, the direct democracy institutions of the initiative and referendum are resources that inadequately organized majorities can use to create pluralist competition against all too typically dominant minority factions. In the urban arena where growth-oriented coalitions are so frequently dominant, these institutions can aggregate and mobilize the countervailing power of an otherwise latent majority. This article will use case studies of sports stadia politics to demonstrate this argument, that direct democracy institutions are an intervening variable that can transform growth machine politics into pluralist politics. ************** Within the policy arena of economic development policy, Growth Machine Theory posits “the domination of a disorganized majority by an organized minority” (Harding 36). Coalitions of real estate entrepreneurs, bankers, corporate leaders, politicians and the media create growth policies that benefit their narrow interests but employ a value-free growth ideology to suggest that the entire city receives distributed benefits from growth (Logan and Molotch).