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A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Politics, History and Personal Tragedies: The novels of Jonathan Coe in the British historical, political and literary context from the seventies to recent years Francesco Di Bernardo PhD in Modern and Contemporary Literature, Culture and Thought University of Sussex May 2014 I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature : UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX PhD in Modern and Contemporary Literature, Culture and Thought Francesco Di Bernardo Politics, History and Personal Tragedies: The novels of Jonathan Coe in the British historical, political and literary context from the seventies to recent years SUMMARY The thesis focuses on the representations of British political history in the last five decades in the works of Jonathan Coe in comparison with other contemporary British authors who deal with the same historical issues. Specifically I discuss how the transition from the post-war consensus politics and the welfare state to neoliberalism is represented, and how these transformations British society has undergone are the subject of political commentary and criticism in the works of Coe. I discuss the different stylistic approaches deployed by Coe to deal with history, framing my analysis in the context of a discussion around the genre of the historical novel. The comparative approach of my thesis serves the purpose of both providing a wider depiction of the historical period taken in consideration and provides a broader critical evaluation of recent trends in the genre of the historical novel. My thesis is divided in three chapters, each focusing on the representation of a specific historical period, namely: the 1970s and the erosion of the social structure of the welfare state, the 1980s and Thatcherism, and ultimately the 1990s, New Labours reformulation of neoliberalism, Cool Britannia, and the 2007-2008 financial crisis and the society of the precariat. My argument is theoretically is inscribed in the framework of the discourse around postmodernity. My interpretation of postmodernism relies heavily on Jamesons analysis of post-industrial, late-capitalist society from the 1970s onwards and is intended to contribute to recent arguments about neoliberalism and the novel. The definition of postmodernity is also drawn from Harvey, Lyotard, Eagleton, Baudrillard, Bauman, and Hutcheon. The theoretical discussion around neoliberal consumerist society is framed in the discourse of excess of desire production and constructed lack, and therefore I use the concept of schizophrenia as theorised by Deleuze and Guattari, drawn from the Lacanian tradition. ieks analysis of the last developments of the neoliberal soc iety also contributes to the theoretical and interpretative framework of my thesis. My exploration of Coes novels, The Rotters Club , What a Carve Up! , The House of Sleep , The Closed Circle and The Terrible Privacy of Maxwell Sim , in relation to other contemporary works by Amis, Hollinghurst, McEwan, Barnes, etc. reveals the ways in which Coes historical novels of the late 20 th /early 21 st century rework the realist novel tradition in light of a postmodern (or schizophrenic) late capitalist society. Contents Introduction: p.1 Chapter 1: p.18 1.1 The Rotters Club p. 18 1.1.1 Social Bildungsroman and the historical novel p. 20 1.1.2 Trade Unions and the Winter of Discontent p. 28 1.1.3 Nationalisms and Race p. 36 1.1.4 The Ideology and Social Formation of Thatcherism p. 43 1.2 Comparative Section p. 48 1.2.1 Union Street p. 52 1.2.2 The Ice Age p. 59 1.2.3 A Married Man p. 68 Chapter 2: p. 78 2.1 What a Carve Up! and The House of Sleep p. 78 2.1.1 Free Enterprise, Privatisations, Deregulations p. 82 2.1.2 The Issue of the NHS p. 103 2.1.3 Literary Forms and History p. 114 2.1.4 Politics and Postmodernism p. 126 2.2 Comparative Section p. 132 2.2.1 Money p. 137 2.2.2 The Child in Time p. 145 2.2.3 The Line of Beauty p. 153 Chapter 3: p. 161 3.1 The Closed Circle and The Terrible Privacy of Maxwell Sim p. 161 3.1.1 The Closed Circle and Cool Britannia p. 162 3.1.2 Liquid Society and Financial Crisis in The Terrible Privacy of p. 172 Maxwell Sim 3.2 Comparative Section p. 188 3.2.1 Cool Britannia as the Desert of the Real in England, England p. 189 3.2.2 Financial Crisis and post-Financial Society in Capital p. 197 Conclusion: p. 205 Bibliography: p. 220 Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to a number of individuals whose support has been fundamental for the completion of this work. Foremost, I would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisors, Dr. Pam Thurschwell and Mr. Martin Ryle, for their support during these years and for their precious advice and suggestions, which have helped me to deal with the topic of my thesis. I am also grateful to all the administrative staff of the School of English for practical support throughout my PhD, particularly to the Research Enterprise Coordinator: Mrs. Laura Vellacott. Heartfelt thanks to my mother for her love, encouragement and unwavering belief in me, and to all my relatives in Italy. I would like to thank my family in the UK: my best friend Fabio, his partner Sylvia and their piccolo Samuele, Giuseppe and Yasmeen, Elisa, my brothers Kenan and Boidurjo Rick; the friends who played in the band with me in these years and contributed to make this experience in Brighton unforgettable: Arash, Koji, David, Francisco, excellent musicians and fantastic friends; my great friends Laura, Takahiro, Pedro, Miguel Angel, Brenda Madeleine, Francesca and Anahit. I would like to express my thanks to Brenda for her support, for the long and inspiring chats and all the moments together. My gratitude goes also to my old friends in Italy: Fabiana, Salvatore, Emanuele, Antonio, Simone, Tommaso, Tania. I would like to dedicate this thesis to the memory of my father Giovanni Di Bernardo. 1 Introduction ‘The 1980s weren’t a good time for me, on the whole. I suppose they weren’t for a lot of people’ 1: this statement summarises What a Carve Up! ’s protagonist Michael Owen’s attitude toward Britain’s socio-political condition in the 1980s. The sentence is imbued with irony, as we know that the 1980s were so bad for Michael Owen that he was literally unable to leave his flat. It also expresses one of the core political messages of Coe’s novels. Most of Coe’s novelistic production, in fact, is centred on critique of neoliberalism and on the vexed relationship between the individual and the neoliberal society Coe represents. The 1980s are perceived as the moment when the shift from the welfare state to neoliberalism happened. The representation and critique of British history of the last four/five decades, the critique of neoliberalism, and the literary forms deployed by Coe to represent these issues in the forms of the historical novel are therefore the main focuses of my dissertation. In the last four/five decades Britain has undergone drastic social, economic and political changes. In socio-economic and cultural terms the change has been triggered by the transition from Fordist-structured society shaped on the model of industrial production to de-industrialisation and to the ‘flexible accumulation’ 2 typical of late capitalism. This change has occurred on a global scale and it has redesigned the panorama of contemporary life. The transition from modern Fordist industrialisation to the post-industrial era coincided in Britain with fundamental political turnarounds: the rupture with post-war consensus with the rise of Margaret Thatcher, the end of the welfare state conceived after the Second World War, and the entrenchment in the mid- 1990s of the neoliberal values Thatcherism firstly fostered. Whether Thatcherism was 1 Coe, J. (1994) What a Carve Up! . London: Penguin, p. 102. 2 Harvey, D. (1990) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change . Cambridge: Blackwell, p.141. 2 an ideology that made use of neoliberal precepts to implement the “modernisation” of Britain in late capitalist sense or, on the contrary, Thatcherism was a “tool” of a wider historical contingency that determined the rise of neoliberalism is a subject still largely debated 3. My interest here is rather to stress the importance of the change and the momentousness of the election of Margaret Thatcher as a turning point in British history. The nature of Thatcherism is in the domain of historians and political analysts and not at the core of this work. The historical issues as background of my analysis are related to the change brought about by the rise of neoliberalism in Britain and its most recent developments. The centrality of Thatcher to this process cannot be doubted. Louisa Hadley and Elizabeth Ho argue that Thatcher has been influencing British society politically and culturally uninterruptedly for the last four decades.