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DISCUSSIOI AID COICLUSIOI CHAPTER SEVEN Discussion and Conclusions

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DISCUSSIOI AID COICLUSIOI CHAPTER SEVEN Discussion and Conclusions P *„f *».*< V/4H DISCUSSIOI AID COICLUSIOI CHAPTER SEVEN Discussion and Conclusions 7.1. Discussion The present study has been aimed to carry out an assessment of landslides and zonation of landslide hazards in North Konkan region of Maharashtra State. It involves generation of database (landslide inventory) of slope failures, landslide hazard zonation and landslide risk assessment. Landslide inventory has been prepared using past records of slope failures from concerned government offices. The details of landslides such as location, site details and geometry parameters were confirmed during the field survey. Distribution analysis has been carried out for slope failures in the study area to study spatio-temporal patterns of distribution. The main focus of the study was to delineate landslide hazard zones using method developed by Bureau of hidian Standards (BIS, 1998) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based model. Landslide Hazard zonation at regional scale has been carried out and validation is done using appropriate method. In addition to this, qualitative landslide risk assessment was also done to delineate the risk areas associated with slope failures in North Konkan. 7.1.1. Identiflcation and mapping of landslide prone areas The first objective of the study was to identify and map landslide prone areas and prepare landslide inventory for the study area. The landslide database of 1072 slope failure events has been generated using records of past slope failures for the period of 11 years from 2004-2014 collected from concerned government offices. This has been supplemented with the field survey wherein details of 181 slope failure events have been recorded. Parameters including location, month and year of the occurrence of slope failure, scar geometry, damage details, corresponding rainfall amount, etc. have been considered for distribution analysis. On the basis of both primary and secondary data sources, landslide distribution map has been prepared and preliminary concentration zones of slope failures in the study area have been identified. The specific findings of the first objective are given below. • The temporal patterns of slope failures in the study area indicate that maximum frequency of slope failures is observed in the year 2005 (251) followed by year 2007 (221) and year 2010 (137) which are the years of annual rainfall above average. 188 All the slope failure events in the study area occurred during monsoon period (June to September) with the maximum number of slope failure events in the month of July (48.7% of total events) followed by August (29.7%) and June (13%). This clearly indicates that slope failures in North Konkan are triggered by intense monsoon rainfall. The distribution of slope failures in the North Konkan region is attributed to the Western slopes of Western Ghat escarpment, plateau margins of dissected Jawhar plateau located in the North East part and slopes of isolated denudational hills in the coastal plains. The characteristics of slope failures vary greatly in terms of the type of movement, material and processes operating on these slopes. Figure 7.1 illustrates characteristics of slope failures in different parts of the study area. Rock fall and wedge failures are generally observed at the elevation above 550 m which are due to the development of wedges caused by fractures and joints in the rocks. Deep rotational landslides are mainly observed at the foot slopes of Western Ghats of the study area. A typical example of deep seated slump is observed along Jawhar - Vavar road (SH - 28) which is dominated by coarse to fine material. Slope failures in Ambenali Ghat area are shallow translational debris slides with elongated scar shape where displaced material in the slope failure events of this area hardly covers the entire road width. On the other hand, the slope failure sites around Mahad town exhibit unique characteristics with development of hydrothermal anomalies as studied by Thigale and Umarikar (2007). Translatoinal debris slide is a conmion slope failure type in the study area. However, debris slumps are also observed at places along the foot hill slopes of the Western Ghat escarpment and isolated hillocks. Near the crest of the Western Ghat escarpment of the study area rock fall, rock slide and wedge failures are also observed along major communication roads (Malshej ghat, Bhor ghat, Mumbai - Pune Expressway in Khandala section and Varandh ghat area. Landslide geometry parameters (such as landslide scar width, length, run out distance, scar slope angle, etc.) greatly vary within the study area. Geometry based indices such as L-W ratio, shape factor, form factor are also calculated. 189 The IVW ratio shows that most of the slope failures do not exceed 2. It means after the slope failure, many times, displaced material does not cover the entire road width hence partially blocks the road traffic. This information can effectively be used in prioritizing the landslide mitigation measures. Estimated area and volume of the displaced material shows variation within the study area. Most of the slope failures have volume of displaced material even less than 1000 m whereas maximum volume is about 0.55 million m at Dasgaon landslide site. 190 9i, (1> 3 3 ^ {/3 _o 2 J.^3^ o iJ -o 03 o < CQ 3 ca O XI en < Ui 12 rt c/l T3 Cu! u -s2 3 •5? In X! CC "^ O <Ti > -^ x; en CO a ^1^) ,^—V X &0 •^-> -o 150 c c c3 _o ^ "rt iT a. T3 H "OT 3 -a CO C , 3 CO H > 3 CO — CO •:;3 i> a. w to c .2 E Q ^ 7.1.2. Preliminary Landslide Prone Zones The second objective of the study was to identify and map potential landslide zones. To achieve this objective, the information about slope failures in the study area using past records from concerned government offices and field investigation has been mapped to delineate preliminary landslide prone zones. The specific findings related to the second objective are given below. • Slope failures in the North Konkan region are concentrated in five major preliminary zones namely, Jawhar plateau area, Malshej ghat zone, Matheran hill complex, Parsik hills and Mahad - Poladpur circle (Fig. 4.2). • The slope failures in the North Konkan are observed in small isolated pockets and are concentrated in the Western slopes of Western Ghat escarpment, plateau margins of dissected Jawhar plateau located in the North East part of the study area and slopes of isolated hillocks in the central uplands (Fig. 4.2). 7.1.3. Delineation of Landslide Hazard and Landslide Risk Mapping The third objective of the study was to delineate Landslide Hazard Zones and to map Landslide Risk prone areas in North Konkan region. To achieve this objective, two LHZ methods namely BIS based LHEF rating scheme (modified) and Analytic Hierarchy Process based LHZ model have been adopted to delineate landslide hazard zones. Ten input parameters including slope angle, slope aspect, elevation, lithology, structural discontinuities, land use and land cover, distance from drainage, distance from roads, NDVI and rainfall have been used for LHZ mapping. The LHZ maps prepared for both BIS based LHEF (modified) method and AHP based Multi - Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach have been evaluated and validated using thematic data layer of actual slope failures. The second part of this objective was to delineate landslide risk prone areas in North Konkan region. The qualitative landslide risk assessment has been carried out using three elements at risk namely, population density, built up areas and road traffic density combined with LH zones. All the thematic data layers have been integrated by multiplying hazard with vulnerability to each element of risk (R = H*V). Specific findings related to this objective are given below. • The LHZ methodology developed by Bureau of India Standards (1998) is more applicable to Himalayan conditions. Modifications in the LHEF rating 192 scheme is required for deriving more reliable results in the unique geo- environment of North Konkan region. Therefore, modified form of LHEF rating scheme is used for LHZ in the study area. The LHZ map for North Konkan region derived from modified BIS based LHEF rating scheme shows that 26.55% of the total geographical area of the study area falls m high to very high hazard zones followed by 26.74% and 46.71% area under moderate and low to very low hazard zones respectively. The distribution of areas with high to very high hazard zones is confined to the dissected Jawhar plateau in the North East comer of the study area, western slopes of Western Ghats escarpment and rugged topography in the South East part of Raigad District. Besides this, few isolated hillocks in Palghar and Thane Districts also fall in high to very hazard zone(Fig. 5.14). The LHZ map based on AHP is produced by using Multi-Criteria Decision Model (MCDM). This method is developed by Saaty (1980). Analytic Hierarchy Process based LHZ map portray areas with varying degree of susceptibility to slope failures in North Konkan. The AHP based LHZ map shows that 15.34% of the total geographical area of North Konkan falls in high to very high hazard zone followed by 26.77% and 57.89% in Moderate to low hazard classes (Fig. 5.26). The distribution of LH zones delineated using AHP method shows concentration of high to very high hazard in plateau margins of Jawhar plateau area, Matheran hill complex, Kamala fort area, isolated hills in Vasai and Palghar tehsils, Parsik hill area, rugged terrain around Mahad and western slopes of Western Ghat escarpment throughout the study area. The dissected topography in the south and east part of Raigad District have been identified as moderate landslide hazard zone whereas major parts of the Thane and Palghar Districts are characterized by stable slopes except few isolated hills therein.
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