The Five Guiding Ethical Stars System CILECT PROJECT HOW SHOULD HUMANS BEST LIVE? Aristotle (384–322 BC) 0

The Ethics Lab A Global Educational Research Project

The Five Guiding Ethical Stars System https://www.theethicslab.com CILECT PROJECT HOW SHOULD HUMANS BEST LIVE? Aristotle (384–322 BC) 0

In a way that fulfills their potential and goal (t e l o s ) to achieve happiness The Theory of Virtue 0 By what m e a n s should humans strive ? 0

Phrónêsis = Prudence = Practical Wisdom = the mother of all virtues 0 IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE W H AT ? What does it take for an individual human being 0 to be a GOOD PERSON? Eudaimonía = Living a fulfilled life according to reason = the final goal of all actions HOW SHOULD HUMANS BEST LIVE? Aristotle (384–322 BC) 0

In a way that fulfills their potential and goal (t e l o s ) to achieve happiness The Theory of Virtue 0 By what m e a n s should humans strive ? 0

Finding the balance between Excess and Deficiency Urmson 1988, 32 Moral Virtue - ARÊTE - Excellence

Finding the balance between Excess and Deficiency Urmson 1988, 32 Courage (Rashness – Cowardice) Sincerity (Ironical depreciation– Boastfulness)

Temperance (Self-indulgence– Insensitivity) Generosity (Stinginess – Wastefulness) Friendly Civility Magnanimity (Vanity– Pusillanmity) (Surliness – Obsequiousness) Right Ambition (Want of ambition – Over ambition) Good Temper (Spiritedness – Irascibility)

Liberality(Illiberality– Prodigality) Modesty (Shamelesness – Boastfulness)

Just Resentment (Callousness – Spitefulness) Wittiness (Boorishness – Buffoonery) Courage (Rashness – Cowardice) Sincerity (Ironical depreciation– Boastfulness)

Liberality(Illiberality– Prodigality) Modesty (Shamelesness – Boastfulness)

Just Resentment (Callousness – Spitefulness) Wittiness (Boorishness – Buffoonery) Nothing can possibly be conceived in this world or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will. Intelligence, wit, judgment, and the other talents of the mind, however they may be named, or courage, resolution, perseverance, as qualities of temperament, are undoubtedly good and desirable in many respects; but these gifts of nature may also become extremely bad and mischievous if the will which is to make use of them, and which therefor, constitutes what is called character, is not good… thus a good will appears to The only thing that is good without qualification is the constitute the indispensable condition even of being worthy of

happiness. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Nothing can possibly be conceived in this world or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will. Intelligence, wit, judgment, and the other talents of the mind, however they may be named, or courage, resolution, perseverance, as qualities of temperament, are undoubtedly good and desirable in many respects; but these gifts of nature may also become extremely bad and mischievous if the will which is to make use of them, and which therefor, constitutes what is called character, is not good… thus a good will appears to The only thing that is good without qualification is the constitute the indispensable condition even of being worthy of

happiness. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals.

“Act only according to that “Act in such a way that you treat maxim whereby you can at the humanity, whether in your own person same time will that it should or in the person of any other, never become a universal law” merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.”

Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals.

“ Thus the third practical principle follows [from the first two] as the ultimate condition of their harmony with “Act according to maxims of a practical reason: the idea of the will of every rational universally legislating member of being as a universally legislating will.” a merely possible kingdom of ends.”

Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals.

Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. • Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think: every effort we can make to throw off our subjection, will serve but to demonstrate and confirm it. In words a man may pretend to abjure their empire: but in reality he will remain Epicurus (341-270) Bentham (1748-1832) J.S.Mill (1806-1873) subject to it all the while. The principle of utility recognises this subjection, and assumes it for the foundation of that system, the object of which is to rear the There is one thing, and one thing only, that is intrinsically fabric of felicity by the hands of reason and of law. (1970, 11) desirable, namely PLEASURE.

1970, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed. J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart. THE THEORY OF OUTCOME • Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think: every effort we can make to throw off our subjection, will serve but to demonstrate and confirm it. In words a man may pretend to abjure their empire: but in reality he will remain Epicurus (341-270) Bentham (1748-1832) J.S.Mill (1806-1873) subject to it all the while. The principle of utility recognises this subjection, and assumes it for the foundation of that system, the object of which is to rear the There is one thing, and one thing only, that is intrinsically fabric of felicity by the hands of reason and of law. (1970, 11) desirable, namely PLEASURE.

1970, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed. J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart. THE THEORY OF OUTCOME “ ” Mill (1868, 6) Mill (1868, 7) “ ” Mill (1868, 6) Mill (1868, 7) “The pleasures of intellect, of the feelings The more valuable and pleasures are those which imagination, employ “higher faculties” and of the Simone de Beauvoir …the best human life (“manner moral of existence”) is one in which sentiments” the higher faculties play an adequate part. THE THEORY OF OUTCOME The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) “The pleasures of intellect, of the feelings The more valuable and pleasures are those which imagination, employ “higher faculties” and of the Simone de Beauvoir …the best human life (“manner moral of existence”) is one in which sentiments” the higher faculties play an adequate part. THE THEORY OF OUTCOME The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) The Ethics of Ambiguity A free man is one whose end is the Simone de Beauvoir Simone de Beauvoir liberation of himself and others. . The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) The Ethics of Ambiguity A free man is one whose end is the Simone de Beauvoir Simone de Beauvoir liberation of himself and others. . The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) Simone de Beauvoir

Simone de Beauvoir

The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) Simone de Beauvoir

Simone de Beauvoir

The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) RELATIONS in place of IDEAS Ethics of Care Socio-emotional sensitivity Compassion Altruism Retreat of the self in the face of the other

Concern and care for all

Carol Gilligan Nel Noddings Virginia Held Annette Baier Solidarity Empathy for the weakness of the other Ethics of Care RELATIONS in place of IDEAS Ethics of Care Socio-emotional sensitivity Compassion Altruism Retreat of the self in the face of the other

Concern and care for all

Carol Gilligan Nel Noddings Virginia Held Annette Baier Solidarity Empathy for the weakness of the other Ethics of Care “While an ethics of justice proceeds 1. Note and meet the needs of those we are responsible for from the premise of equality – that 2. Value emotions everyone should be treated the same – 3. Relationships prior to universal principles Carol Gilligan an ethics of care rests on the premise In a Different Voice, 1982 The Ethics of Care, 2006 of nonviolence –that no one should be 4. Break down barriers between public and private hurt” Ethics of Care 5. View persons as both relational and inter dependent Ethics of Care “While an ethics of justice proceeds 1. Note and meet the needs of those we are responsible for from the premise of equality – that 2. Value emotions everyone should be treated the same – 3. Relationships prior to universal principles Carol Gilligan an ethics of care rests on the premise In a Different Voice, 1982 The Ethics of Care, 2006 of nonviolence –that no one should be 4. Break down barriers between public and private hurt” Ethics of Care 5. View persons as both relational and inter dependent Ethics of Care Baier credits Hume, Hegel, and Mill with properly emphasizing some forms of intimate relationship, “Any mode of thought that lays out complete and final answers to and she also recognizes the profound importance of great existential questions is liable to dogmatism. A great attraction justice and rights in protecting vulnerable groups. of care ethics, I think, is its refusal to encode or construct a catalogue Nel Noddings Unlike communitarians, she is not out to obliterate liberal individualism, but to complement it with a of principles and rules. One who cares must meet the cared-for just more holist-feminist perspective. In short, it is less as he or she is, as a whole human being with individual needs and for error than overemphasis that she faults interests. [...] At most, it directs us to attend, to listen, and to respond traditional ethical theory. Annette Baier as positively as possible. [...] it recognizes that virtually all human A key message is that moral philosophy should broaden its beings desire not to be hurt, and this gives us something close to an scope to consider virtues of caring, loving, trusting, absolute: We should not inflict deliberate hurt or pain. Even when we gentleness, and the like, while deemphasizing the reigning must fight to save our children, we must not inflict unnecessary or Kantian framework of autonomy, duty, law, universalizability, deliberate pain.” rule, rationality, and impartiality. Peace education, 2011 Ethics of Care Baier credits Hume, Hegel, and Mill with properly emphasizing some forms of intimate relationship, “Any mode of thought that lays out complete and final answers to and she also recognizes the profound importance of great existential questions is liable to dogmatism. A great attraction justice and rights in protecting vulnerable groups. of care ethics, I think, is its refusal to encode or construct a catalogue Nel Noddings Unlike communitarians, she is not out to obliterate liberal individualism, but to complement it with a of principles and rules. One who cares must meet the cared-for just more holist-feminist perspective. In short, it is less as he or she is, as a whole human being with individual needs and for error than overemphasis that she faults interests. [...] At most, it directs us to attend, to listen, and to respond traditional ethical theory. Annette Baier as positively as possible. [...] it recognizes that virtually all human A key message is that moral philosophy should broaden its beings desire not to be hurt, and this gives us something close to an scope to consider virtues of caring, loving, trusting, absolute: We should not inflict deliberate hurt or pain. Even when we gentleness, and the like, while deemphasizing the reigning must fight to save our children, we must not inflict unnecessary or Kantian framework of autonomy, duty, law, universalizability, deliberate pain.” rule, rationality, and impartiality. Peace education, 2011 Ethics of Care T h e E t h i c s L a b A G l o b a l E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h

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