Feminist Social Thought:

A Reader

Edited by Diana Tietj ens Meyers

Roudedge New York and London Contents

Acknowledgments / xi Feminist Social Thought: A Reader Editor's Introduction I 1

PARTI: CONSTRUCTIONS OF GENDER 1. Gender, Relation, and Difference in Psychoanalytic Perspective / 7 Nancy Julia Chodorow 2. Is Male Gender Identity the Cause of Male Domination? / 21 Iris Marion Young 3. On Conceiving Motherhood and Sexuality: A Feminist Materialist Approach / 38 Ann Ferguson 4. Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: An Agenda for Theory / 64 Catharine MacKinnon 5. Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power / 92 Sandra Lee Bartky 6. Excerpt from Gender Trouble I 112 Judith Butler

PART 2: THEORIZING DIVERSITY—GENDER, RACE, CLASS, AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION 7. Social Criticism without Philosophy: An Encounter between Feminism and Postmodernism / 131 Nancy Fraser and Linda J. Nicholson CONTENTS

8. Playfulness, "World"-Travelling, and Loving Perception / 147 Maria Lugones 9. Woman: The One and the Many / 160 Elizabeth V. Spelman 10. Race, Class, and Psychoanalysis? Opening Questions / 180 Elizabeth Abel 11. Separating Lesbian Theory from Feminist Theory / 199 Cheshire Calhoun 12. Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology / 219 Deborah K. King

PART 3: FIGURATIONS OF WOMEN/WOMAN AS FIGURATION 13. Beyond Racism and Misogyny: Black Feminism and 2 Live Crew / 245 Kimberli Williams Crenshaw 14. Woman as Metaphor / 264 Eva Feder Kittay 15. Maleness, Metaphor, and the "Crisis" of Reason / 286 Genevieve Lloyd 16. Stabat Mater / 302 Julia Kristeva 17. And the One Doesn't Stir Without the Other / 320 Luce Irigaray

PART 4: SUBJECTIVITY, AGENCY, AND FEMINIST CRITIQUE 18. Mirrors and Windows: An Essay on Empty Signs, Pregnant Meanings, and Women's Power / 331 Patricia J. Williams 19. Though This Be Method, Yet There Is Madness in It: Paranoia and Liberal Epistemology / 341 Naomi Scheman 20. Feminism and Objective Interests: The Role of Transformation Experiences in Rational Deliberation / 368 Susan E. Babbitt 21. Love and Knowledge: Emotion in Feminist Epistemology / 384 Alison M. Jaggar 22. Some Reflections on Separatism and Power / 406 Marilyn Frye CONTENTS

23. Glancing at Pornography: Recognizing Men / 415 Patricia S. Mann 24. The Family Romance: A Fin-de-Siecle Tragedy / 440 Diana Tietjens Meyers

PART 5: SOCIAL IDENTITY, SOLIDARITY, AND POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT 25. The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for a Specifically Feminist Historical Materialism / 461 Nancy C. M. Hartsock 26. Sisterhood: Political Solidarity between Women / 484 bell hooks 27. A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s / 501 Donna Haraway 28. Feminism, Citizenship, and Radical Democratic Politics / 532 ChantalMouffe

PART 6: CARE AND ITS CRITICS 29. In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of Self and Morality / 547 Carol Gilligan 30. Maternal Thinking / 583 Sara Ruddick 31. Trust and Antitrust / 604 Annette Baier 32. Feminism and Moral Theory / 630 Virginia Held 33. Gender and Moral Luck / 646 Claudia Card 34. Beyond Caring: The De-Moralization of Gender / 664 Marilyn Friedman 35. Gender and the Complexity of Moral Voices / 680 Michele M. Moody-Adams

PART 7: WOMEN, EQUALITY, AND JUSTICE 36. The Equality Crisis: Some Reflections on Culture, Courts, and Feminism / 695 Wendy W. Williams CONTENTS

37. Reconstructing Sexual Equality / 714 Christine A. Littleton 38. The Generalized and the Concrete Other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan Controversy and Moral Theory / 735 Seyla Benhabib 39. Deconstructing Equality-Versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism / 757 Joan W. Scott Permissions Acknowledgments / 771