For more information contact the Parks Victoria Information Centre on 13 1963, or visit www.parkweb.vic.gov.au Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary
Management Plan April 2007 This Management Plan for Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary is approved for implementation. Its purpose is to direct all aspects of management in the sanctuary until the plan is reviewed.
A Draft Management Plan for the sanctuary was published in May 2006. Twelve submissions were received and have been considered in developing this approved Management Plan.
Information For further information about this plan, please contact:
Chief Ranger, Port Phillip District PO Box 543 Newport VIC 3015 Phone: (03) 9393 9222
Copies This plan may be downloaded from the Parks Victoria website www.parkweb.vic.gov.au. Copies of the plan may be purchased for $8.80 (including GST) from:
Parks Victoria Information Centre Level 10, 535 Bourke Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Phone: 13 1963
Parks Victoria Queenscliff Office Larkin Parade Queenscliff VIC 3225 Phone: (03) 5258 4030
BARWON BLUFF MARINE SANCTUARY
MANAGEMENT PLAN
April 2007
Published in April 2007 by Parks Victoria Level 10, 535 Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000
Parks Victoria, 2007, Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Management Plan, Parks Victoria
Cover: Kelp Forest, Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary (Photo: Travis Lee)
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary management plan:
Bibliography. ISBN 9780731183678. 1. Marine parks and reserves – Victoria - Management. 2. Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary (Vic.). I. Parks Victoria.
333.916416
Acknowledgements: Acknowledgement of Country — In their rich culture, Indigenous Australians are intrinsically connected to the continent, including the area now known as Victoria. Parks Victoria recognises that the sanctuary is part of Country of the Wathaurong people.
Parks Victoria is grateful to all those organisations and individuals who have contributed to this Final Management Plan. Special thanks go to members of the Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Management Plan Advisory Group, Warren Chapman, Rhonda Coffey, Tara Ellard, Adam Ford, Alex Giannuzzi, Bob Jordon, Robert Kuebler, Dianne Moore, Alan Ray and Mark Rodrigue.
Note: Technical terms used in this plan are explained in the Glossary at the end of the plan. Disclaimers: This plan is prepared without prejudice to any negotiated or litigated outcome of any native title determination applications covering land or waters within the plan’s area. It is acknowledged that any future outcomes of native title determination applications may necessitate amendment of this plan; and the implementation of this plan may require further notifications under the procedures in Division 3 of Part 2 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cwlth). The plan is also prepared without prejudice to any future negotiated outcomes between the Government/s and Victorian Indigenous communities. It is acknowledged that such negotiated outcomes may necessitate amendment of this plan. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this plan is accurate. Parks Victoria does not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence that may arise from you relying on any information in the publication.
Printed on 100% recycled paper to help save our natural environment
FOREWORD
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary protects a The care of Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary is system of intertidal and subtidal reefs and not a task for the government alone, nor only beach areas extending from the base of The for those who live on the coast. It is a task for Bluff where the Barwon River meets Bass the whole Victorian community. This Strait. Management Plan sets out the ways in which we can work together to learn about, protect The sanctuary supports an abundance of fish and sustain an important part of our marine and invertebrates, a colourful and diverse environment. range of algae, and visiting marine mammals. The beaches and intertidal platforms provide I thank the Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary habitat for migratory and threatened seabirds Management Plan Advisory Group for their and shorebirds. valuable contribution to the plan, and also those individuals and organisations who made The sanctuary is valued by the community and submissions on the draft plan, and I look has long been used by schools and other forward to the community’s ongoing support groups for marine education. The spectacular for the management of Barwon Bluff Marine subtidal reefs provide a scenic location for Sanctuary. snorkelling and diving.
JOHN THWAITES MP Minister for Environment, Water and Climate Change
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary iii
APPROVED MANAGEMENT PLAN
This Management Plan has been prepared The plan provides the basis for the future under section 17D of the National Parks Act management of Barwon Bluff Marine 1975 (Vic.) and is approved for Sanctuary. It was finalised following implementation. consideration of the 12 submissions received on the Draft Management Plan.
PETER HARRIS MARK STONE Secretary to the Chief Executive Department of Sustainability and Environment Parks Victoria
iv Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary
INTRODUCTION TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Victorians are custodians of some of the most land — are almost absent. The dominant remarkable, diverse, and culturally important vertebrates are fish, although mammals and marine environments on Earth. These include reptiles also inhabit the marine environment deep open water, shallow embayments, rocky and many birds inhabit both realms. reefs, canyons, seagrass meadows, tidal Although they are very different physically sandflats and mudflats, and estuaries, and they and biologically, the land, atmosphere and support more than 12 000 known species. marine environments are interconnected. Around 90% of these marine species are found Water and gases are transferred between only in the waters of southern Australia. oceans and the atmosphere. There are animals Broadly speaking, Victoria has responsibility with both marine and freshwater life stages, for the waters which extend offshore to three and some species breed in estuaries where nautical miles and cover around 70 000 square fresh water from the land mixes with oceanic kilometres. Marine National Parks and Marine salt water. Fresh water and sediments from Sanctuaries make up about 5% of this area, but catchments far inland are dispersed into coastal protect a range of significant species and waters, bringing with them nutrients needed to important habitats, as well as maritime maintain inshore marine ecosystems but also artefacts and evidence of past Indigenous pollution from human activities. occupation and use. The sea interconnects marine habitats over The vast three-dimensional marine great distances. Tides and currents move environment has characteristics that are very sediments, plankton and organic matter into different from those of the land and and through habitats, along with flotsam, atmosphere. The fundamental physical jetsam, ballast water and oils from catchments properties — pressure, temperature, salinity, or inshore waters, released from ships on the density and availability of nutrients and gases open seas or washed from the shores of other — are all very different. There are also great countries. Many marine animals migrate long differences in the types of substrates, and the distances, passing freely into and out of physical and biological processes that occur, Victorian waters and spending much of their such as tides, currents, light penetration, lives in the open ocean. erosion, sedimentation, oxygen uptake, life cycles and even the food chains. A vision for Victoria’s system of Marine National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries The organisms that occupy the marine environment are different as well. On land ‘A world-class system of Marine National vascular plants dominate, but in marine Parks and Marine Sanctuaries that conserves habitats they are much less common. In most the diversity of Victoria’s marine marine environments their ecological roles in environments, protected and enjoyed by photosynthesis and oxygen production are Victorians and visitors, forever.’ undertaken by algae, which range in size from This vision is detailed in the Victoria’s System giant kelps to minute single-celled species. of Marine National Parks and Marine Other single-celled organisms such as diatoms, Sanctuaries, Management Strategy 2003–2010 cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and forams, (Parks Victoria 2003a). It is described in the together with invertebrate larvae and marine following extract: fungi, make up most of the abundant marine plankton that is the basis of all marine food ‘The vision for Victoria’s system of Marine chains. National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries is to maintain marine ecosystems in their natural As on land, invertebrates, including molluscs state, enjoyed by visitors and protected from (e.g. octopuses, abalones, snails), crustaceans the effects of inappropriate activities. The (e.g. crabs, lobsters, tiny amphipods) and system will safeguard representative examples echinoderms (e.g. sea cucumbers, sea stars and of undisturbed natural marine habitats, respect sea urchins), dominate the marine fauna, but cultural heritage values, and be a place of insects — the most abundant invertebrates on inspiration, enjoyment and renewal for all
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary v Introduction to the marine environment people. The system will complement our Like the atmosphere, but in contrast to land, world-class national parks system on land. the marine environment is a common resource which is rarely in private ownership, and there This vision aims to preserve the diversity of are few natural or artificial barriers to our marine environment, its flora and fauna, its movement. Many of the strategies used to natural beauty, and the diversity of activities concentrate the impacts of recreational that may be enjoyed there. It is a vision that activities in terrestrial parks (e.g. the creation invites all Victorians to become involved, to of walking tracks and picnic areas) are not take pride in our Marine National Parks and feasible in the marine context. Marine Sanctuaries, and to share in their stewardship.’ Conserving historic and cultural places and objects is also a challenge because it is Contribution of Barwon Bluff Marine difficult to identify an underwater place or Sanctuary to the statewide system monitor activities that take place on the open Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary is significant sea or under water. Sea Country, and cultural in the statewide system for its valuable association to, or past use of, underwater contribution to marine education. places which were exposed before the sea level rose, must also be considered. Implications for management The long-term protection of the Marine The differences and connections in the marine National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries relies environment mean that Victoria’s Marine on the support and goodwill of the community, National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries must together with the help of coastal managers and be managed somewhat differently from land government agencies. This plan seeks to foster environments. Natural, recreational and a strong sense of custodianship of Barwon cultural values may be affected by the use of Bluff Marine Sanctuary and to strengthen its both land and marine areas some distance protection while respecting cultural and away, over which sanctuary managers have no community associations with the area. direct control. Impacts on one marine habitat can quickly affect another, and human activities and natural events on land and in the atmosphere can have widespread consequences for the marine environment. Boundaries in the ocean can be difficult to define, and the effects of human activities can be hidden from view.
vi Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary
SUMMARY
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary (17 ha) is • recognition of Indigenous cultural heritage located at Barwon Heads, where the Barwon for the sanctuary, and respect for the views River enters Bass Strait. The sanctuary protects of the Traditional Owners and cultural a system of intertidal and subtidal reefs and obligations of Indigenous peoples beach areas at the foot of the Barwon Heads Bluff. • reflection and integration of Indigenous knowledge, interests and rights in the land The reef system at the base of The Bluff forks and aspirations for the sanctuary, in all east and west. The eastern reef is basalt, planning and management formed by a lava flow from Mount Dunned, near Geelong, around 1– 2 million years ago. • respect for Indigenous knowledge relating The western reef is sandstone that extends 10 to Country, and promotion and metres into the subtidal zone. interpretation in accordance with the views of the Traditional Owners The sanctuary’s waters protect numerous fish and invertebrate species, a colourful and • research and monitoring to improve the diverse range of algae, and visiting marine scientific basis for management mammals. The beaches and intertidal • maintenance and promotion of platforms provide roosting, feeding and opportunities for marine education breeding areas for migratory and threatened seabirds and shorebirds. • promotion of opportunities for communities, groups, individuals and The intertidal area has long been used and agencies to learn about the values of the valued by schools and other groups for marine sanctuary and to work together and with education. The accessibility of the subtidal Parks Victoria to achieve common goals reefs from the shore provides opportunities for for the sanctuary snorkelling and diving. • management of sustainable recreational Indigenous tradition indicates that Barwon and educational activities within the Bluff Marine Sanctuary is part of Country of sanctuary, with minimal impact on the the Wathaurong people, who continue to have sanctuary’s values a close relationship with the sanctuary. • interpretation and promotion of the The former Environment Conservation sanctuary’s values and its recreational and Council recommended that the sanctuary be tourism opportunities, and the fostering of included into Victoria’s system of Marine community appreciation and awareness National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries for its values for marine education. • support and encouragement of Friends and volunteer groups, and the promotion of Key elements of the plan include: opportunities for the community to work • protection of natural processes, together and with Parks Victoria to achieve biodiversity and ecological communities common goals for the sanctuary • protection of Indigenous places and • collaboration with agencies, the objects community and other stakeholders to enhance the sanctuary’s management.
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary vii
CONTENTS
FOREWORD iii
APPROVED MANAGEMENT PLAN iv
INTRODUCTION TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT v
SUMMARY vii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Location and planning area 1 1.2 Creation of the sanctuary 1 1.3 Plan development 1
2 BASIS 2
2.1 Regional context 2 2.2 Sanctuary significance and values 2 2.3 Evidence of past use 3 2.4 The sanctuary visitor 3 2.5 Legislation and ECC recommendations 4 2.6 Policies and guidelines 5
3 STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS 6
3.1 Sanctuary vision 6 3.2 Zoning 6 3.3 Management directions 6
4 STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL VALUES CONSERVATION 10
4.1 Geological and geomorphological features 10 4.2 Catchment and water quality 11 4.3 Hydrodynamics 12 4.4 Habitats and communities 13 4.5 Landscape and seascape 16 4.6 Marine pests 17
5 STRATEGIES FOR CULTURAL VALUES CONSERVATION 20
5.1 Indigenous cultural heritage 20 5.2 Maritime and other cultural heritage 21
6 STRATEGIES FOR VISITORS 23
6.1 Information, education and interpretation 23 6.2 Access 25 6.3 Shore-based activities and swimming 26 6.4 Recreational boating and surface water sports 27 6.5 Diving and snorkelling 28 6.6 Dog walking and horse riding 30 6.7 Tourism services 31 6.8 Public safety 32
viii Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Contents
7 STRATEGIES FOR AUTHORISED AND ADJACENT USES 34
7.1 Authorised uses 34 7.2 Boundaries and adjacent uses 34
8 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND INVOLVEMENT 36
8.1 Community awareness 36 8.2 Community participation 37 8.3 Agency partnerships 38
9 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 41
9.1 Delivery and reporting 41 9.2 Plan amendment 41 9.3 Evaluation and review 42
REFERENCES 43
GLOSSARY 46
APPENDICES
1 Management objectives for marine sanctuaries 49 2 Submissions on the Draft Management Plan 50
TABLE
1 Summary of recreational opportunities 8
FIGURES
1 Location End of plan 2 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary "
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary ix
x Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary
1 INTRODUCTION
research findings that relate to the sanctuary 1.1 Location and planning area and is informed and supported by a range of Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary (17 ha) is best practice management systems. located at Barwon Heads, approximately 100 The strategies outlined in this plan have been kilometres south-west of Melbourne (figure 1). guided by the statewide Victoria’s System of The sanctuary incorporates the rocky shores Marine National Parks and Marine around the base of the headland at the mouth Sanctuaries, Management Strategy 2003–2010 of the Barwon River, including a small section (Parks Victoria 2003a). of riverbank beach, basalt and sandstone reefs at the base of ‘The Bluff’, 400 metres of beach The plan is a strategic guide for future fronting Bass Strait, and the waters extending management of the sanctuary. As a public 400 metres to the east and south (section 7.2). document, the plan establishes how Parks Victoria will protect the natural and cultural ‘The Bluff’ is the local name for the coastal values of the sanctuary, and describes the Crown land incorporating the headland services and facilities that will be provided to abutting the sanctuary. The highest point is help visitors to enjoy, appreciate and known as Mount Colite. The eastern tip of The understand the sanctuary in ways that are Bluff is known as Point Flinders (figure 2). consistent with this. The plan also serves to 1.2 Creation of the sanctuary inform and encourage cooperative land management and participation in community- Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary forms part of based programs between Parks Victoria and the system of 13 Marine National Parks and 11 the managers of areas adjacent to the Marine Sanctuaries in Victorian waters. The sanctuary. selection of these areas was based on more than 10 years of research, investigation and As a working document for the sanctuary, the community consultation by the former Land plan informs Parks Victoria’s development of Conservation Council (LCC) and Environment Corporate Plans, serves as a framework for Conservation Council (ECC), summarised in subsequent detailed planning and governs the Marine, Coastal and Estuarine management activities. Investigation Final Report (ECC 2000). The This plan was published as a draft plan for recommendations of the ECC accepted by public comment in 2006, and 12 submissions government (Government of Victoria 2002) were received (appendix 2). Where necessary, included reservation of the sanctuary under the further consultation with the community and National Parks Act 1975 (Vic.). Barwon Bluff stakeholders was undertaken. Marine Sanctuary was included on Schedule 8 Key changes made to the Draft Plan in of the National Parks Act on 16 November preparing this Final Management Plan 2002 (appendix 1). included the detection of marine pests as part When created, much stronger penalties were of community monitoring programs and applied to all forms of fishing, including friends group activities, and stronger shellfish collection, in Marine National Parks mechanisms to better manage visits by school or Marine Sanctuaries than apply for taking or groups and monitor trampling impacts. damaging fauna, plants or objects from these This final management plan will direct future areas. management of the Barwon Bluff Marine 1.3 Plan development Sanctuary, until reviewed. This first management plan for the sanctuary was prepared by Parks Victoria, with significant input from the Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Management Plan Advisory Group and other stakeholders. It takes into account existing information, reports and
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 1
2 BASIS
The sanctuary is adjacent to Barwon Heads 2.1 Regional context Park, which includes The Bluff, the abutting Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary forms part of coastal and river estuary beaches and dunes, a a representative system of 13 Marine National caravan park and ovals. The Park is Crown Parks and 11 Marine Sanctuaries in Victoria, land managed by the Barwon Coast Committee established within the broader context of a of Management (BCCM). National Representative System of Marine Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary protects 610 Protected Areas (NRSMPA). The metres of the coastline surrounding The Bluff establishment of an NRSMPA contributes to and is complemented by a number of other the establishment of a global representative nearby parks, including: system of marine protected areas (ANZECC TFMPA 1999). • Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park, Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary is one of eight comprising separate areas at Point Marine National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries Lonsdale, Mud Islands, Swan Bay, Popes in the Central Victoria marine bioregion, as Eye, Portsea Hole and Point Nepean. identified by the Interim Marine and Coastal • Lake Connewarre State Game Reserve, on Regionalisation for Australia (IMCRA). This the lower reaches of the Barwon River, regionalisation identified 60 marine which is part of the Port Phillip (Western bioregions, five of which apply to Victorian Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar waters (IMCRA Technical Group 1998). Site. The Reserve contains one of the Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary protects largest estuaries in Victoria and is listed on approximately 0.004% of the Central Victoria the Register of the National Estate for its marine bioregion. wetland values. The Central Victoria bioregion encompasses • Lake Victoria – Lonsdale Lakes Wildlife the open coastline from Cape Otway to Cape Reserve on the Bellarine Peninsula, which Liptrap, west of Wilsons Promontory. The contains a system of wetlands and dunes bioregion is relatively exposed to swells and with remnant vegetation that provides weather from the south-west and is significant habitat for migratory and characterised by shallow nearshore reefs and resident birds. sandy beaches along with large areas of sand and patchy, low profile reefs offshore. The Sanctuary waters are within the local port of marine flora and fauna are a diverse mixture of Barwon Heads. species from the adjacent biogeographical The sanctuary is within Tourism Victoria’s provinces in addition to cosmopolitan southern Melbourne’s Bays and Peninsulas product Australian species (Parks Victoria 2003a). region. Camping and accommodation areas Indigenous tradition indicates that the close to the sanctuary include caravan parks, sanctuary is part of Country of the Wathaurong bed & breakfast and holiday house people (section 5.1), who maintain a accommodation at Barwon Heads and Ocean relationship with the area and seek Grove. Melbourne’s Bays and Peninsulas opportunities to fully restore their relationship product region receives 16% of all tourist visits with it. to Victoria, including 2.2 million domestic overnight visitors, 6.7 million domestic day The sanctuary is within the Barwon Basin of visitors and 53 000 international overnight the Corangamite Catchment Region, which is visitors (Tourism Victoria 2003a). the Corangamite Catchment Management Authority’s area of responsibility. Land use 2.2 Sanctuary significance and within the basin is predominantly agricultural, values although urban development is rapidly expanding. Because it is at the mouth of the Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary makes a Barwon River, the sanctuary is influenced by valuable contribution to Victoria’s parks and activities within the basin. reserves system, which aims to protect viable
2 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Basis representative samples of the State’s natural Recreational and tourism values marine and terrestrial environments. The parks • Opportunities for underwater recreation, and reserves system also provides including visits to subtidal communities opportunities for visitors to enjoy and that are easily accessible from the shore. appreciate natural and cultural values, and many make important contributions to tourism. • Outstanding coastal vistas, seascapes and underwater scenery. Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary is assigned the International Union for the Conservation of Cultural values Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Category III (National Monument) of the • An important landmark and area for United Nation’s List of National Parks and gathering fish and shellfish for the Protected Areas. Category III areas are Wathaurong people. managed primarily for conservation of specific • A strong historic and ongoing connection natural features. with marine education. The area included in the sanctuary is • Remnants from the Earl of Charlemont, a significant to many people in the community, heritage-listed shipwreck. especially the Wathaurong people. A number of community groups and individuals, 2.3 Evidence of past use particularly among residents of Barwon Heads township, and the education and research The coast adjoining the sanctuary contains communities, have strong historical middens and artefacts which provide evidence associations with the sanctuary area. Parks of the extensive history of use of the area by Victoria respects the community’s traditional the Wathaurong people (section 5.1). and historical associations with the sanctuary The waters around the sanctuary have been area. used since European settlement as a passage to Important values for the sanctuary are listed the entrance to Port Phillip. below. Barwon Heads was a productive fishing port from the 1920s onwards, supporting abalone, Natural values Rock Lobster and Barracouta fisheries. • Intertidal reef platforms with a high The strong association of educational diversity of invertebrate fauna and flora. institutions with the sanctuary is evidence of • Subtidal reefs that support diverse and its long history of use as a venue for marine abundant flora, including kelps, other education and interpretation. brown algae, and green and red algae. 2.4 The sanctuary visitor • Calcarenite and basalt reefs extending from The Bluff that are of regional Visitors to the sanctuary enjoy a variety of geological significance. recreational activities, including sightseeing, beach walking, intertidal exploration, bird • Intertidal habitats that support resident and watching, swimming, snorkelling, diving and migratory shorebirds, including threatened surfing. species. Visitor numbers for the sanctuary are not • Subtidal habitats that support sedentary known, but are likely to be high. Other marine fish and are also used by migratory fish national parks and marine sanctuaries in and marine mammals. Victoria are estimated to receive a total of between 185 000 and 450 000 visits per year • Marine habitats and species that are of (Parks Victoria 2005a). scientific interest and valuable for marine education. Many visitors come to the sanctuary from Melbourne and central Victoria during the summer and Easter holiday periods. A significant number of these visitors are drawn by the natural and cultural values and
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 3 Basis recreational opportunities in and around management of Barwon Bluff Marine Barwon Heads, including the beaches, Sanctuary (appendix 1). Specific legislation riverbanks, surf and cafes. and ECC recommendations accepted by government also govern particular aspects of Outside holiday periods, there are fewer the management of the sanctuary, as described visitors, and they are mostly residents of below and in subsequent sections of the plan. Barwon Heads, Ocean Grove, and other parts of the Bellarine Peninsula and Geelong. A The Coastal Management Act 1995 (Vic.) large percentage of residents in these areas applies to the use and any development of the regularly visit the sanctuary. whole of the sanctuary. School groups, either self-guided or led by The Archaeological and Aboriginal Relics licensed tour operators, are a major source of Preservation Act 1972 (Vic.) and the visitors to the sanctuary. A large percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage schools are repeat visitors to the sanctuary. Protection Act 1984 (Cwlth) apply to the sanctuary and protect all Aboriginal cultural The forecast residential population growth for heritage values, including places and objects the Barwon coastal region (until 2031) is (section 5.1). 1.05% (DSE 2004a). Because the sanctuary is less than two kilometres from Barwon Heads, The Environment Protection and Biodiversity which has one of the highest forecast growths Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) applies to the in the region, it is likely that visitation to the whole of the sanctuary with respect to actions sanctuary will increase with the population that have, will have, or are likely to have a growth of Barwon Heads. significant impact on matters of national environmental significance, including listed 2.5 Legislation and ECC threatened species and communities and listed recommendations migratory species in the sanctuary. The Native Title Act 1993 (Cwlth) applies to Legislation the management of the sanctuary. Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary is reserved and managed under the provisions of the The Parks Victoria Act 1998 (Vic.) enables National Parks Act. The Act requires the management services for Barwon Bluff Marine Secretary to the Department of Sustainability Sanctuary to be provided by Parks Victoria on and Environment (DSE) to preserve and behalf of the Secretary to DSE. protect the natural condition of the sanctuary Other legislation, and policies and guidelines and its natural and other features and, subject (section 2.6) at both the Commonwealth and to this, to provide for the use of the sanctuary State levels apply to management of the by the public for enjoyment, recreation and sanctuary and specific activities and uses. education. Appropriate research activities are also provided for under the Act. The National ECC recommendations Parks (Park) Regulations 2003 apply to the The former Environment Conservation sanctuary. Council (ECC), in its Marine, Coastal and All forms of extraction, including recreational Estuarine Investigation Final Report (ECC and commercial fishing and shellfish collection 2000), recommended the creation of Barwon are prohibited within the sanctuary under the Bluff Marine Sanctuary for its values for National Parks Act. A Statewide Compliance marine education. Strategy (Parks Victoria 2002b) and a The ECC also made a number of Regional Compliance Plan (Parks Victoria recommendations that relate to the sanctuary. 2003d) have been developed in partnership The recommendations included: with the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) – Fisheries Victoria to manage B6 Use of Barwon Bluff Marine compliance with the no-fishing provisions Sanctuary in accordance with the within the sanctuary (section 8.3). general recommendations for Marine Sanctuaries. The objects and provisions of the National Parks Act set the framework for the
4 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Basis
R3 Planning and management relating to • Indigenous Partnership Strategy and traditional interests and uses in coastal Action Plan (Parks Victoria 2005b) marine areas to be based on recognition and respect for the • Guidelines for Working with Aboriginal traditional relationship of Aboriginal Communities and Protection of Cultural people with the land and sea. Sites (Parks Victoria 2002a) R13 Further research to be undertaken on • Victoria’s Biodiversity Strategy (NRE biological community composition and 1997a) structure, both within and external to • National Strategy for the Conservation of marine protected areas, with an Australia’s Biological Diversity (ANZECC emphasis on assessing the impacts of 2001) harvesting marine fauna. • Heritage Management Strategy (Parks R14 Assessments to be made and strategies Victoria 2003b) developed for protection of vulnerable or threatened marine species and • Victoria’s Heritage – Strengthening our communities, using the provisions of Communities (Heritage Victoria 2006) the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act • National Strategy for Ecologically 1988 (Vic.) as appropriate. Sustainable Development (COAG 1992). R18 Measures to be implemented by The sanctuary is also managed within a responsible agencies to reduce the risk broader context of a number of other plans and of marine pest species arriving in strategies, including: Victoria, and to ensure a rapid and effective response in the event of an • Corangamite Regional Catchment Strategy introduction. (CCMA 2003) R26 Public land and waters continue to be • Lake Connewarre State Game Reserve available for a wide range of tourism Management Plan (DCNR 1993) and recreational uses. Development • Nature Based Tourism — Directions and should not preclude public access to Opportunities for Victoria 2000–2003 foreshore and offshore areas, other (Tourism Victoria 2003b) than to meet safety and security requirements that cannot be achieved • Victorian Coastal Strategy (VCC 2002) in other ways. • State Environment Protection Policy All of these recommendations were accepted (Waters of Victoria) by the State Government in 2002 (Government of Victoria 2002). • Policy for Sustainable Recreation and Tourism on Victoria’s Public Land (NRE 2.6 Policies and guidelines 2002) The sanctuary is managed in accordance with • The Bluff Conservation Management Plan Parks Victoria’s operational policies and, as (BCCM 1997) (under review) appropriate, with other relevant policies and • The Port of Barwon Heads Safety and guidelines, including: Environmental Management Plan (BCCM • Victoria’s System of Marine National in prep.). Parks and Marine Sanctuaries Management Strategy 2003–2010 (Parks Victoria 2003a)
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 5
3 STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS
Sanctuaries because the management aims for 3.1 Sanctuary vision these areas are clearly outlined in the National A future visitor to Barwon Bluff Marine Parks Act and are consistent across all Marine Sanctuary finds a flourishing community of National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries diverse and abundant marine life representative (section 2.5 and appendix 1). of the Central Victoria bioregion. The rugged cliffs that form The Bluff are a sentinel below 3.3 Management directions which the sandstone and basalt reefs form Major management directions for the sanctuary intricate habitats. are outlined below. An abundance of marine algal species thrive, including Giant and Bull Kelp forests in deep Natural values conservation water and carpets of Neptune’s Necklace in the • Natural processes, including competition, shallows. Visitors come and go with the tides; predation, recruitment and disturbance, beach walkers and surfers enjoy the tranquil will be protected to ensure an overall sunrise, snorkellers and divers explore the benefit to the biodiversity and variety of kaleidoscope below the waves, children are marine ecological communities in the guided to the discovery of nature, artists are sanctuary. inspired and walkers are invigorated by the ocean’s energy. • Identified threats to the sanctuary will be minimised through addressing the Well-defined access unobtrusively outcomes of ongoing monitoring, risk incorporates warnings to visitors of the quickly assessment and, where feasible, changeable nature of ocean conditions. complementary adjacent, coastal and The sanctuary makes a valuable contribution to catchment management. the community throughout the region and • The beach and intertidal reefs will be beyond by engaging it in learning about marine managed to enable seabirds and shorebirds conservation in a setting increasingly valued to feed, roost and breed. for that purpose. • Compliance with legislated provisions that Natural communities respond to natural events prohibit extractive activities, including and cycles, fully protected from damaging and fishing and shellfish collection, will be extractive activities. ensured though education, information, Partnerships between the local community and community support, and improved management agencies support broad and surveillance and enforcement. frequent dialogue that develops ongoing Impacts of changes to water quality will be effective responses and solutions to threats to • minimised through cooperation with the sanctuary. catchment managers and other relevant As the base of the important landmark of The agencies. Bluff, the sanctuary continues its important role in Indigenous culture and is interpreted, • Research and monitoring to improve the respected and conserved. The evidence of the scientific basis for management, including treacherous risks to shipping within the baseline data collection, marine habitat sanctuary’s boundaries is used to successfully mapping and threat assessment, will be interpret maritime heritage. undertaken as outlined in the statewide Management Strategy (Parks Victoria 3.2 Zoning 2003a) and through collaborative research links. A park management zoning scheme is normally used to define areas where various • Impacts on coastal vistas, seascapes and types and levels of use are appropriate. underwater scenery will be minimised However, management zones do not need to be through the application of minimal-impact defined in Marine National Parks and Marine guidelines within the sanctuary and
6 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategic directions
cooperation with adjacent coastal land • Visitors will be guided through managers in relation to planning and information, interpretation and education developments outside the sanctuary. to adopt minimal-impact behaviours. • Visitors, including tour operators, will be Cultural values conservation encouraged to adopt minimal impact • Indigenous places and objects will be techniques and to adhere to industry- protected from interference or damaging developed standards appropriate to their activities. activity. • The Traditional Owners’ knowledge, • Visitors will have opportunities to observe interests and rights in the waters and land, marine life, enjoy water sports and and aspirations for Country, will be participate in other recreational activities reflected in the sanctuary’s management, that are compatible with management in accordance with legislation and policies. objectives (appendix 1). • Indigenous cultural obligations relating to Country will be respected, and the Community awareness and involvement Traditional Owners’ knowledge will be • Friends, volunteers and other interest promoted and interpreted in accordance groups will be encouraged to develop an with their views. understanding and appreciation of the sanctuary’s values and the rich and diverse • Research into the Indigenous and historic knowledge and aspirations of the cultural heritage of the sanctuary will be Traditional Owners. encouraged and supported as appropriate, in consultation with the Indigenous and • An awareness and understanding of the wider communities. sanctuary and its management, and a sense of custodianship, will be encouraged • Historic relics and places will be among local communities and visitors. conserved by protecting them from damaging or inappropriate activities. • Strong relationships will be developed and maintained with people, groups and The sanctuary visit communities with strong relationships • Visitor management will focus on with, or interests in, the sanctuary, as a facilitating education and interpretation basis for encouraging their participation in into the sanctuary’s natural and cultural its management. values, particularly raising visitors’ • Strong collaborative partnerships will be awareness of the sanctuary’s special values developed with the Traditional Owners to and the wider importance of the facilitate the reflection of their knowledge, conservation of Victoria’s marine rights, and interests and aspirations in the environment. sanctuary’s planning and management. • Visitor understanding and appreciation • Collaborative partnerships will be will be enhanced by a range of information established with relevant agencies to services and interpretation and education progress areas of mutual interest which programs. strengthen the protection of the sanctuary. • An increased understanding of visitor • Ongoing opportunities will be provided for numbers, interests, needs and activities communities, groups, individuals and other will be sought. agencies to share their interests and • Recreation opportunities will be provided concerns relating to the sanctuary with the in accordance with table 1. sanctuary’s management.
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 7 Strategic directions
TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
ACTIVITY SANCTUARY
Aircraft landing/launching (including hang-gliding and paragliding) N Beachcombing (no collecting) Y Bait collection N Bird watching Y Boating (section 6.4) Kite-boarding / wind-surfing Y Motorised boating Y Non-motorised boating (canoe, kayak, surf-ski) Y Personal Watercraft (PWC) Y Sailing Y Wake boarding / water skiing (section 6.3) Y Boat operation (sections 6.2 & 6.4) Anchoring Y Landing Y Launching motorised vessels (no facilities) N Launching non-motorised vessels (no facilities, no Y trailers) Mooring (private) N Camping N Collection of animals, seaweed, shells and driftwood N Cycling N Diving and snorkelling (sections 6.2 & 6.5) Y Dog walking (section 6.6) N Driving on beaches N Educational/guided activities (sections 6.1, 6.3 & 6.7) Y Feeding wildlife N Filming & photography Y Fires on beaches N Fishing (all forms) N Fossil / artefact collection N Horse riding N Licensed tours (section 6.7) Y Nature photography, painting, Y Picnicking Y Prospecting and metal detecting N Rock-climbing / abseiling N Rock-pool rambling (section 6.3) Y Scenic viewing Y Shell collecting N
8 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategic directions
Table 1 (cont’d)
ACTIVITY SANCTUARY
Surfing / boogie boarding (section 6.3) Y Swimming (sections 6.3 and 6.8) Y Walking (intertidal zone – soft) Y Walking (intertidal zone – rocky) Y Whale / dolphin / seal watching (section 4.4) Y
Note: The use of chainsaws and generators is prohibited within the sanctuary. Key: Y Yes, subject to overlay prescriptions and conditions prescribed by legislation, permits or elsewhere in the plan as indicated. N Not permitted.
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 9
4 STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL VALUES CONSERVATION
outcrops on the shore and forms reefs off the 4.1 Geological and mouth of Barwon River (Buckley 1993). geomorphological features On rocky coasts such as those bordering Bass Geological and geomorphological processes, Strait, coastal erosion can result in dramatic including tectonic movement, lava flows, dune rock formations in areas of the coastline that accretion and erosion and deposition from the contain rocks with different resistances to Barwon River, have shaped the sanctuary’s erosion. The softer areas erode much faster environment (Bird 1993). than the harder ones, which can result in Located at the southern point of the Bellarine interesting landforms such as tunnels, caves, Peninsula, the sanctuary shares and exhibits bridges and columns. Natural processes such the region’s complex geology that can be as waves, winds, rain and tides constantly traced back to the Cretaceous period (65 erode the cliff face of The Bluff into the sea million to 146 million years ago) when (section 6.8 and 7.2). Large storm-generated Australia split from Antarctica. During this waves may permanently remove sediment and period, a rift valley formed between the two rocks, or temporarily redistribute coastal continents and was filled by sediments from sediments. Disturbance from human activities fast-flowing river systems. These sandstone can also cause or accelerate coastal erosion. and mudstone sediments underlie the entire According to Indigenous tradition, Bellarine Peninsula. geomorphological features of the landscape In the mid-Miocene (7 million to 23 million result from the activities of ancestral spirits in years ago), rising sea inundated the entire the Dreamtime. peninsula, and the coastline. As the sea receded during the Pliocene (1.8 million to 7 Aims million years ago) it left behind a deposit of • Protect the geological and sand that now covers much of the Bellarine geomorphological features of the sanctuary Peninsula. from the impacts of human activity. In the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene (about • Increase knowledge of the geological and 1.8 million years ago), southerly lava flows geomorphological significance of the from eruptions at Mount Dunned progressed sanctuary. toward The Bluff, forming the basalt reefs and boulders in the sanctuary’s east. Management strategies The shore platforms of the sanctuary and the • Encourage research to identify landforms beach and dune formations in and around the of special significance to Traditional sanctuary are indicative of the sea level Owners, and protect them from damaging fluctuations from the mid-Miocene onwards. or inappropriate activities (sections 5.1 The flatter sandstone platform and reef in the and 8.2). west of the sanctuary overlie the basalt and slope gently into the subtidal region. A • Allow natural geological and protected bay lies between the basalt boulders geomorphological processes to continue to the east and the sandstone on the western without human interference. side of Point Flinders. During periods of lower • Manage visitor activities to protect unique sea level, high winds formed the dunes behind geomorphological features from damage the sanctuary. The aeolian calcarenite capping (sections 6.1, 7.2 and 8.2). of The Bluff resulted from the high calcium carbonate content of the sands. • Include information on the unique geology and geomorphology of the sanctuary in The calcarenite coastal bluff within and interpretation services. outside the sanctuary is of regional / local significance for its visible sections of • Consider the significance of landforms to Pleistocene dune calcarenite with interbedded Traditional Owners in interpreting the palaeosols, resting upon basalt. The calcarenite planning area and implementing
10 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for natural values conservation
management programs (sections 4.5, 5.1, Victoria is responsible for the management of 6.1 and 8.2). Reedy Lake and Lake Connewarre. Stormwater drains discharging into the Barwon 4.2 Catchment and water quality River around Geelong and its surrounding The sanctuary is within the Barwon Basin of suburbs do not have gross pollutant traps the Corangamite catchment (365 000 ha) for installed, allowing pollutants and litter to enter which the Corangamite Catchment the river. Stormwater also discharges into Management Authority (CMA) is responsible Barwon River at five sites in and around the for overall land management coordination. town of Barwon Heads, upstream of the Agriculture occurs over 73% of the catchment sanctuary. There are no direct stormwater and urban development is expanding rapidly, discharge points into the sanctuary. The City but there are still areas with remnant natural of Greater Geelong is responsible for and semi-natural vegetation scattered through stormwater management and the development the catchment (CCMA 2003). The catchment of a stormwater quality management plan to has a population of 325 000 people and has minimise the impacts of stormwater on the received approximately 600–800 mm rainfall receiving environment in the municipality annually, draining predominantly into the (CoGG 2002). Barwon River which in turn discharges into the Sanctuary water quality could also be reduced ocean adjacent to the sanctuary. by marine chemical pollution or litter from Water quality in the sanctuary is dominated by recreational or commercial boats or land-based the waters of Bass Strait and the Southern visitors in or near the sanctuary. The waters of Ocean. However, an ecological risk assessment the sanctuary are protected by The State of the sanctuary (section 4.4) has identified Environment Protection Policy (Waters of potential increases in nutrients from the Victoria) gazetted under the Environment Barwon River as threatening processes to the Protection Act 1970 (Vic.), which provides a water quality within the sanctuary that are coordinated approach for the protection and, likely to result in changes to its ecological where necessary, rehabilitation of the health of processes. The impact of the discharge of Victoria’s water environments. Under the waste water from the Black Rock Ocean policy, vessels must have on-board Outfall near Breamlea which is managed by containment facilities that prevent the Barwon Water is considered to be minimal and discharge of wastes or sewage into water will continue to be monitored. (section 6.3). The sanctuary is at risk of marine The Barwon River carries waterway and pollution incidents from ships passing along agricultural run off as well as stormwater from the western seaboard to access Port Phillip. Geelong and its surrounding suburbs through Responses to marine pollution incidents often Reedy Lake and Lake Connewarre into Bass require a diverse range of skills and resources Strait at the eastern side of the sanctuary. involving coordination between different Streams in the water supply catchment areas of agencies (section 8.3). As the manager of 70% the Barwon Basin are in excellent or good of Victoria’s coastal areas, Parks Victoria condition, however most streams in the lower plays a significant support role in the response Barwon Basin are in marginal to poor to marine pollution incidents. The condition (CCMA 2003). responsibilities for responding to emergency Reedy Lake and Lake Connewarre act as a incidents in Victoria and Victorian waters are filtration system capturing nutrients and outlined in the Emergency Management Act sediments. High flow events may contribute to 1986 (Vic.). In Victorian waters, the Victorian litter, fine sediments and nutrients being Marine Pollution Contingency Plan washed down stream into the Barwon Estuary (VICPLAN) (MSV 2002) outlines broad which may decrease water quality and provide response arrangements to a potential oil or conditions conducive to algal blooms. chemical spill (section 8.3). The Corangamite CMA is responsible for the Litter in the sanctuary may be derived from management of the Barwon River. Parks urban areas and transported through stormwater systems, rivers and waterways, discarded from vessels within in or near the
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 11 Strategies for natural values conservation sanctuary, or discarded by visitors to the and safety or as part of an emergency sanctuary, from nearby piers and adjacent response such as to oil or chemical spills areas. Under the Environment Protection Act (section 7.1). 1970 (Vic.), littering and the discharge of • Incorporate water quality and catchment wastes from vessels is illegal. More issues in interpretation and education information about the sources of litter is programs and liaise with relevant agencies required to develop targeted preventative to communicate benefits to the sanctuary programs. Litter on shorelines may injure in wider community education programs people and animals, especially birds (section (section 6.1 and 8.3). 4.4), and lead to the recirculation of litter into the marine environment. • Respond to marine incidents within the sanctuary in accordance with the Aims Emergency Management Act and the • Protect and maintain water quality within Victorian Marine Pollution Contingency the sanctuary to ensure that sanctuary Plan (VICPLAN) (MSV 2002). values are protected. 4.3 Hydrodynamics • Minimise the impact of threatening processes from catchment-derived East of Point Flinders, the sanctuary’s shores activities. within the Barwon River are relatively calm, influenced predominantly by tidal currents and Management strategies the flow of water from Barwon River (figure 2). The entrance to the Barwon River is unique • Regularly observe and record significant as it is the only river in Victoria which flows river flow events and other potential unbarred into the ocean. West of Point Flinders sources of pollution that may affect water the intertidal platforms and beach are exposed quality in the sanctuary, including to persistent high-energy south-westerly swells incidents of marine pollution. in Bass Strait, with an average wave height of • Liaise with the Corangamite CMA, CoGG 1.7 metres (Short 1996). and other relevant organisations on the The sanctuary is predominantly intertidal, with management of Barwon River, Reedy a tidal variation of approximately 2.1 metres Lake, Lake Connewarre and other during spring tides and 0.7 metres in neap catchment issues as necessary to minimise tides. The waters of the sanctuary are shallow threats to water quality in the sanctuary. and extend to a depth of 10 metres. Average • Liaise with CoGG to seek the installation surface water temperatures are 13.5 °C in of gross pollutant traps on stormwater winter and 17.5 °C in summer. drains entering Barwon River. Wind and wave action influence the beaches, • Remove accumulated litter from accessible affecting grain size, deposition and erosion. intertidal areas within the sanctuary where Natural hydrodynamic events such as storm necessary to ensure public safety and surges displace seaweed and kelp protect sanctuary values. communities, erode beaches and deposit sand over the reefs. However, human-induced • Investigate sources of litter within the changes to local hydrodynamic processes sanctuary and liaise with BCCM and could affect the values of the sanctuary. River CoGG to minimise litter within the retaining walls have already been built at the sanctuary. base of the primary dune north of the sanctuary • Encourage the participation of community to minimise undercutting of The Bluff. groups in litter investigation and Other potentially threatening processes to the collection programs in the sanctuary, hydrodynamics of the sanctuary include sea- subject to safety considerations. level rise and altered current flows. Because human-induced changes to local hydrodynamic • Permit mechanical beach-cleaning processes could affect the values of the activities below the high water mark only sanctuary, any proposals for new where necessary to ensure public health infrastructure, including artificial reefs, will
12 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for natural values conservation generally be inappropriate in Marine National common. Around mid-tide levels, tubeworms Parks or Marine Sanctuaries. form encrusting calcareous masses that provide microhabitats for other invertebrates such as Aim crabs, worms and amphipods. In the low • Minimise the impacts on sanctuary values intertidal levels, and in rock-pools that retain from human-induced changes to local water at low tide, limpets are still common hydrodynamic processes. along with other gastropods including Elephant Snails, Warreners and dog whelks. Rock-pools Management strategies also contain anemones such as the beautiful Waratah Anemone, and seastars and crabs. At • Do not permit the construction of very low tide levels there is a rim of Sea infrastructure that could interfere with Squirts (Cunjevoi). hydrodynamics within the sanctuary. The range of habitats in areas dominated by • Provide advice on planning applications basalt boulders creates excellent environments for developments that could affect for crabs, seastars and sessile animals. The sanctuary hydrodynamic processes, where sandy patches between basalt boulders support appropriate (section 7.2). a diverse assemblage of worms and numerous • Encourage research into natural and crustaceans such as the Soldier Crab and the unnatural hydrodynamic processes to Bass Yabbie. increase knowledge and understanding Intertidal rock-pools may also contain fish that will help guide the future management species, predominantly the Tasmanian Blenny of the sanctuary. and Southern Crested Weedfish, and trapped juvenile Sweep and other reef species. 4.4 Habitats and communities The moderately sheltered subtidal bay between Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary covers only the sandstone and basalt reefs is dominated by 17 ha yet supports a large diversity of marine a forest of Giant String Kelp with patches of habitats and species, particularly in intertidal Bull Kelp around the fringes. Outer sections of areas. The diversity of habitats results from the both the basalt and sandstone reefs are fringed unique geology of both basalt and sandstone at moderate depth by thick stands of Bull Kelp. shore platforms in the sanctuary (section 4.1) Many of the algae of the lower intertidal and the presence of arches, gutters and region extend into the subtidal zone. corridors in the subtidal areas (section 4.5). There are also extensive sandflats between Subtidal fauna include, prominently the Black- basalt boulders on the eastern reef. lip Abalone, sponges and sea tulips, and there is wide range of seastars, including the Eleven- The intertidal flora is dominated by the brown armed Seastar. The Maori Octopus inhabits alga, Neptune’s Necklace, which forms a crevices in the reef and is often seen around complete carpet in some areas. Foliose the rock-pools at low tide in the evening. coralline algae are present between and beneath the Neptune’s Necklace. The red turf There are many species of reef fish among the alga, Gelidum pusillum, is common, and Sea Giant Kelp and other subtidal flora, including Lettuce is also present. Sweep, Wrasses, Herring Cale, Scaly Fin, and several species of leatherjackets. Eagle Rays Most intertidal invertebrates occur in both and Cat and Swell Sharks are also often seen in basalt and sandstone habitats, although some the deeper sections of the sanctuary. species such as the Black Nerite snail appear to prefer the basalt. The water column of the sanctuary has both planktonic and free-swimming species. The intertidal invertebrate fauna includes many Planktonic species are poor swimmers and are gastropods, including grazers such as limpets largely dependent on currents for movement, (e.g. Cellana tramoserica), top shells and nutrients and food. Plankton primarily consists conniwinks as well as carnivores such as dog of microscopic animals, such as copepods, and whelks and scavengers such as Cominella plants, such as diatoms. Larger animals, such lineolata. Close to high-tide levels, Blue as jellyfish and ctenophores, also form part of Periwinkles, mussels and barnacles are the plankton. Many organisms spend the early
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 13 Strategies for natural values conservation stage of their life in the plankton before to the sanctuary reflect the important cultural returning as recruits to the adult habitat. values of the area. Common free-swimming animals observed in All species recorded within the sanctuary that the sanctuary, including squid, sharks, and are listed as threatened or protected by bony fish such as whiting, garfish and international agreements or other legislation Australian Salmon. (e.g. JAMBA, CAMBA) are either birds or Marine mammals that may pass through the large marine mammals such as the Australian sanctuary include Dolphins, Killer Whales and Fur Seal. This reflects the current vertebrate the threatened Australian Fur Seal, Humpback focus of threatened species management. Whale and Southern Right Whale. All whales Management of marine ecological and dolphins are protected under the Wildlife communities within the sanctuary, rather than Act 1975 (Vic.) and the Wildlife (Whale) threatened species, is more likely to lead to a Regulations 1998 (Vic.). Under this legislation higher level of success in protecting and the minimum approach distances for whales enhancing threatened species populations. and dolphins are 30 m for swimmers and Whole-of-habitat management may also result divers, 50 m for surfers and 100 m for in the protection of species not yet identified recreational and commercial vessels, including because of their rarity, cryptic nature, or lack personal water craft and motorised swimming of search effort. aids. All forms of extraction, including recreational The Victorian Cetacean Contingency Plan and commercial fishing, are prohibited within (NRE 1999c) specifies arrangements for the sanctuary. The feeding of animals, dealing with marine mammals that become including fish and birds, is not permitted in stranded, entrapped, entangled or wounded. Marine National Parks or Marine Sanctuaries. The Wildlife Response Plan for Oil Spills An ecological risk assessment, conducted by (NRE 1997b) guides the rescue and treatment the University of Melbourne and involving of injured or oiled wildlife. Parks Victoria staff, members of the Barwon The sanctuary’s beaches and rocky shores Bluff Marine Sanctuary Management Plan provide valuable habitat for shorebirds and Advisory Group and others from the seabirds. Thirteen threatened species have community with special knowledge of the been recorded in and around the sanctuary, sanctuary, identified the key threatening including the Caspian Tern and Great Egret. processes to habitats and communities, as Hooded Plovers nest near the sanctuary follows: (Plummer et. al. 2003). • trampling and other activities of visitors, Birds are threatened by predation by foxes and particularly organised education groups cats, and vulnerable to annoyance from dogs and water-based activities, which can and disturbance from human activities result in changes in species composition including boating activities (section 6.6), and loss of abundance and diversity of littering (section 4.2) and rock-pool rambling organisms (section 6.3). Disturbance to birds can result in species no longer visiting a site, a decline in • illegal harvesting, which reduces species species numbers and low body weight in abundance migratory birds. The exclusion of dogs from • knowledge gaps, particularly a lack of the sanctuary would reduce the level of accurate baseline data, which hinders disturbance to birds and may assist in appropriate management and protection of maintaining or increasing their abundance natural values. within the sanctuary (section 6.6). The high and increasing levels of trampling on The diversity and abundance of aquatic species the sanctuary’s intertidal areas associated with and seabirds and shorebirds in the sanctuary shore-based activities (section 6.3) could result provided an important seasonal food source of in irreversible damage to intertidal habitat and traditional significance to the Wathaurong declines in flora and fauna diversity and people. The extensive shell middens adjacent abundance (Povey & Keogh 1991). Local residents and educators who visit the sanctuary
14 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for natural values conservation regularly have expressed concerns about the in population abundances, community sustainability of the increase in visitors to the structure and ecological processes in the life of sanctuary’s intertidal environment. this plan. Long-term intertidal and subtidal reef monitoring sites have been established within It is common on particular days during the first the sanctuary (Edmunds et al. 2004). To school term for several large groups of understand the sanctuary within a broader students to mass on the sanctuary’s shore context, monitoring compares these with sites platforms. Such levels of shore-based activities outside the sanctuary boundaries. This work affect not only the vigour of the intertidal flora will assist in identifying indicator species and and fauna but also visitors’ experience of the habitats. The results, available on Parks sanctuary and the marine environment. Victoria’s website, will enable an assessment Impacts of visitor activities are most evident of the ecological condition of the sanctuary to on frequently exposed sections of the intertidal be made. platform and after peak visitor periods. For example, at the end of summer the mats of Aims Neptune’s Necklace are distinctly worn around • Protect marine ecological communities and large accessible platforms, along through- indigenous flora and fauna, and allow traffic ‘pathways’ and around large rock-pools. natural processes to continue. Current levels of snorkelling and diving are not • Improve knowledge of marine ecological known to be causing unacceptable impacts on communities, flora and fauna and the sanctuary. threatening processes to improve the Changes to water quality will affect the management, protection and appreciation relative abundance of flora in intertidal areas of the sanctuary. and have the potential to modify subtidal reefs of the sanctuary (section 4.2). Management strategies Little quantitative data on the habitats and • Manage shore-based activities, to communities of the sanctuary is available, minimise impacts on flora and fauna and despite the sanctuary’s popularity as a site for communities, and maintain seabird and education. The Marine Discovery Centre at shorebird roosting and feeding habitat. Queenscliff has undertaken the most extensive Pay particular attention to non- survey of the reefs. Monitoring locations in the compliance with no-take provisions, sandstone intertidal areas were established in education and other group activities, and 2001 as part of the ‘Rocky Shores’ project other activities involving trampling (section 6.1). The data collected by students (sections 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, and 8.3). participating in the project is provided on-line • Continue to implement the Victorian as an aid to learning about the diversity of the Government’s Intertidal Reef monitoring sanctuary and the improvement of students’ program in and around the sanctuary. field skills in biology. Information on habitats and communities gathered by Friends of The • Map habitats at scales suitable for Bluff’s ‘Living on the Edge’ project is management purposes, in accordance with provided on-line to the community (sections statewide habitat mapping programs. 6.1 and 8.2). Community monitoring programs • Ensure sightings of marine flora and fauna such as Reefwatch and Sea Search can also are recorded on the Parks Victoria provide information about the flora and fauna Environmental Information System and, of the sanctuary and make a valuable DSE statewide databases (section 8.3). contribution to the monitoring of the sanctuary and other management programs (section 8.2). • Work with seabird and shorebird conservation organisations to support bird Current research and ongoing monitoring is monitoring programs within the sanctuary. directed by the Statewide Strategy (Parks Victoria 2003a) and is targeted at collecting • Promote and support opportunities for baseline biological information for the community participation in monitoring sanctuary that will be used to build knowledge, programs within the sanctuary (section identify threats, understand long-term changes 8.2).
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 15 Strategies for natural values conservation
• Encourage research into key threatening The sanctuary and its surrounds offer excellent processes, in particular: landscape and seascape views, which range from broad vistas to detailed views. y trampling, its relationship with the information, interpretation and The shoreline views vary as the sanctuary is education services provided, and an approached from the west, from vast surf appropriate carrying capacity for the beach and ocean waters to gentle sandstone intertidal area platforms (which appear to change with the tides and seasons) and then basalt boulders that y the extent and impact of illegal extend into the sea half way around The Bluff. harvesting on populations. From a distance, the reefs of The Bluff • Undertake regular risk assessments to resemble a pair of pincers, one of sandstone assess the major threats to the sanctuary, and one of basalt (Parks Victoria 2003c) and review management programs where (figure 2). Between them is a colourful scene necessary to arrest any observed declines formed by the complex geomorphology of in flora or fauna populations relating to sandstone gutters and arches and the human activities. invertebrates and algae that occur there. From • Encourage research to identify Indigenous a boat, The Bluff appears as a sentinel which knowledge relating to communities and merges with the natural vegetation that now species (sections 5.1 and 8.2). dominates the adjacent coastal reserve. • Reflect Indigenous knowledge of Key visual features of the landscape and communities and species in management seascape include: practices as appropriate. • the entrance to Port Phillip • Respect the cultural obligations of • the Barwon estuary and Lake Murtnagurt Traditional Owners in relation to plants and animals and reflect their significance • Cape Schanck to the east and Point Addis in all management and visitor activities. and Cape Otway to the west (Bird 1993) • Ensure all visitors comply with the Wildlife • sandy spits and long sandy beaches Act, Fisheries Act and Wildlife (Whale) • distinctive combination of tones and Regulations when observing marine life, textures in intertidal areas, such as particularly compliance with no-fishing sandstone seasonally carpeted with provisions (section 8.3). Neptune’s Necklace alongside dramatic • Respond to cetacean incidents in black basalt boulders accordance with the Victorian Cetacean • ocean swells rolling and breaking on reefs, Contingency Plan (section 8.3). platforms and beaches 4.5 Landscape and seascape • a kaleidoscope of underwater colour. For many people, views of the sanctuary evoke The scenery can be enjoyed from various an emotional or spiritual response. Local vantage points, including: residents, holidaymakers and educators have a • The Bluff circuit walk north of the strong affinity with the sanctuary’s land and sanctuary seascapes. Walkers, snorkellers and divers treasure the ready access to views of the • the shoreline, intertidal platforms or boats diverse marine life. on the water The Bluff and Barwon River are significant • below the waterline in the sanctuary. landmarks, meeting places and harvest grounds for the Wathaurong people. The landscape and The landscape of the coastal setting including seascape are intrinsic elements of Country for the sanctuary is sensitive to developments the Wathaurong people and are significant for around the Barwon Heads township. Visual Indigenous communities. intrusions in the low coastal vegetation are highly visible over long distances. The cliff warning signage around the base of The Bluff
16 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for natural values conservation creates a visual intrusion, as can boundary education programs (sections 4.1, 5.1, 6.1 markers and water safety and other regulatory and 8.2). signage. • Seek improvements to access facilities, Landscape character types are used to broadly particularly the rationalisation of signage characterise different landscape types (DSE at access points, to minimise their impacts 2006). The sanctuary is within Bellarine on the coastal landscape and visitor Peninsula Landscape Character Type 3 Coastal experience (sections 6.1 and 6.2). Cliffs and Dunes of regional significance (DSE 2006). Further details about landscape • Where appropriate, provide advice on management objectives and guidelines are planning applications for developments provided in the Municipal Reference that could affect the landscapes and Document for the area. seascapes of the sanctuary (section 7.2). The City of Greater Geelong’s planning 4.6 Marine pests scheme (CoGG 2000) provides the framework Over 100 exotic marine species are known to for assessing developments proposed for the have become established in Victorian marine municipality. The coastal land abutting the waters (Hewitt et al. 1999). Some have become sanctuary is zoned Public Conservation and marine pests. Resource. An environmental significance overlay and a design and development overlay There are no known records of introduced also apply to this area. They provide additional marine pests in Barwon Bluff Marine controls to the underlying zone for the Sanctuary. A number of introduced marine protection of landscape from inappropriate pests have the potential to colonise within the developments. sanctuary, both from waters within Port Phillip Bay and the ocean waters of Bass Strait (figure The Victorian Coastal Council’s Siting and 2). Marine pests can be transported into the Design Guidelines for the Victorian Coast sanctuary on contaminated vessels, through (VCC 1998) provide guidelines to assist in the ballast water and on diving and snorkelling protection of coastal landscape values (section equipment. 7.2). Marine pests can have a devastating impact on The cooperation of all agencies with Marine National Parks and Marine responsibility for planning and management of Sanctuaries. The introduction of marine pests the sanctuary and its geographical setting will into Victorian waters is listed as a potentially help to protect landscape values (section 8.3). threatening process on Schedule 3 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act. Victoria’s Aims management priorities in relation to marine • Protect landscape and seascape values pests are set out in an Action Statement within the sanctuary, including the natural prepared under the Act (NRE 1999a). beauty and character. Preventing marine pest invasions is the most • Minimise visual impacts on the seascape effective management option. Prevention and landscape from management activities involves reducing the risk that a pest will be and any future developments. introduced to the sanctuary. In a very limited number of cases, with specific criteria, control Management strategies measures may be attempted for established • Ensure that external agencies whose pest populations, generally as part of a activities could affect landscape and coordinated regional or national response. seascape values consider the importance However, experience elsewhere has shown that of those values in planning and managing proposals to control established marine pests their activities (section 7.2). need to consider fully their likely effectiveness. • Consider and respect the significance of landscape to the Traditional Owners in The interconnectedness of the marine planning and implementing management environment and the ability of many marine activities, including interpretation and pests to migrate over long distances mean that
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 17 Strategies for natural values conservation control measures may be feasible only in • Establish arrangements for the detection of limited circumstances. For example, using new incursions within the sanctuary in techniques that are successful on land, such as support of Victorian marine pest physical removal by hand, might make the management arrangements. situation worse, as some marine pests regenerate fully from fragments dislodged • Implement national or Victoria-wide during removal. Where implemented, control control arrangements as they relate to the measures will meet national guidelines for sanctuary. managing marine pests. Because of the possibility of misidentifications or Management strategies exacerbation of the pest problem, control • Support DSE in educating Parks Victoria measures will need to be part of authorised and Fisheries Victoria staff and the programs. In some cases, further nationally community to identify marine pests and coordinated research is required into control methods of preventing their spread. measures. • Encourage and support Friends and Victorian marine pest emergency management community groups such as Sea Search and arrangements (Interim Victorian Protocol for Reef Watch, researchers, regular users, Managing Exotic Marine Organism Incursions licensed tour operators and contractors to (NRE 1999b) will form the basis for integrate the identification of marine pests responding to new introductions and existing into their activities and to monitor for and incursions of marine pests. The adoption of the report marine pests in the sanctuary. Waste Management Policy (Ships’ Ballast • Ensure that the detection of marine pests is Water) (EPA 2004) policy for Victorian waters reported in accordance with Victorian pest will help reduce the risk of marine pest management arrangements and recorded incursions from ships’ ballast water. on Parks Victoria’s Environmental Emergency responses to marine pest outbreaks Information System and other relevant in Victoria are managed as part of agreed databases. national arrangements for marine pest emergencies. The Consultative Committee for • Manage all pest incursions in accordance Introduced Marine Pest Emergencies provides with the Interim Victorian Protocol (NRE national oversight. Parks Victoria actively 1999b) (section 8.3). supports the protocol, by adopting best practice within the organisation and educating and • Establish an ongoing program to minimise informing the community about prevention the risk of marine pest introductions and measures. subsequent spread that addresses improving the understanding of the Vessel cleaning and maintenance guidelines to potential means of introduction and spread help prevent the spread of marine pests (DSE and formalising arrangements for 2004b) aim to reduce the risk of spreading prevention, reporting, monitoring and marine introduced pests by providing practical response. solutions for cleaning gear and hulls. Supporting initiatives include Cleaner • Undertake pest programs only where Marinas: EPA Guidelines for Protecting research indicates that control or Victoria’s Marinas (EPA 1998). eradication is feasible and likely to be effective or as part of a coordinated Parks Victoria Rangers, Fisheries Victoria regional or national response. Fisheries Officers, community-based organisations (e.g. dive clubs), and visitors • Avoid translocation or new introductions play an important role in the monitoring and by promoting boat-cleaning protocols for early detection of marine introduced pests. all recreational boats and contractors (section 6.3) in accordance with the DSE Aims brochure ‘Aquatic Pests: Treat ’em mean – keep your boat clean’. • Minimise the risk of introduction of marine pests by human activities, and their • Ensure that management vessels operating subsequent establishment in the sanctuary. in the sanctuary are maintained according
18 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for natural values conservation
to Victorian Government boat-cleaning • Encourage the use of clean diving protocols (DSE 2004). practices to prevent the spread of marine pests, including washing equipment and • Include boat-cleaning protocols in vessels in fresh water and removing any contracts, licences or permits of materials from equipment and vessels contracted vessels, research vessels and (section 6.5). licensed tour operator vessels operating in the sanctuary. • Ensure that any new marine infrastructure within the sanctuary is treated to remove any marine pests.
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 19
5 STRATEGIES FOR CULTURAL VALUES CONSERVATION
5.1 Indigenous cultural heritage Aims Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary is part of • Protect Indigenous places and objects from Country of the Wathaurong people, who are interference or damaging activities. one of the five language groups of the Kulin • Support the views of the Traditional people of central Victoria. Country of the Owners in managing the sanctuary. Wathaurong people includes the coastal areas between Werribee River and Lorne, inland to Management strategies Colac, Cressy and Ballarat. Wathaurong people have an ongoing relationship with their • Protect Indigenous places and objects Country. from disturbance and damage, in partnership with the Traditional Owners The Bengalat balug, one of 27 clans that make and in cooperation with Wathaurong up the Wathaurong language group, are most Aboriginal Cooperative and AAV (section closely related to the sanctuary area. They 8.3), in accordance with: congregated seasonally in and around the sanctuary and feasted on the abundant fish y relevant legislation including the speared in the river and ocean, shellfish Archaeological and Aboriginal Relics gathered from rock-platforms and birds hunted Preservation Act and Aboriginal and along the beach and abutting coastal lands. Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act The importance of Barwon Heads as an Aboriginal place is demonstrated by the y Parks Victoria’s Guidelines for middens and artefacts found throughout The Working with Aboriginal Communities Bluff. There are no registered Aboriginal sites and Protection of Cultural Sites (Parks within the sanctuary. Victoria 2002a). All Indigenous places and objects are protected • Ensure that all management actions are in under the Archaeological and Aboriginal accordance with the Native Title Act. Relics Preservation Act and the Aboriginal and • Respect the views of the Traditional Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act. Owners and the cultural obligations of It is an offence to damage, interfere with or Indigenous communities. endanger an Aboriginal site, place or object without obtaining prior written consent from • Reflect the Traditional Owners’ the scheduled Aboriginal community. knowledge, interests, rights and aspirations for Country in all planning and Issues relating to the protection of cultural management of the sanctuary, in heritage and the involvement of the scheduled consultation with the Traditional Owners Aboriginal community are approached in and the Wathaurong Aboriginal accordance with these Acts. Under the Cooperative and in accordance with Parks Commonwealth Act, the Wathaurong Victoria’s operational policies (sections Aboriginal Cooperative is the scheduled 4.1, 4.4, 4.5, 6.1, 7.1 and 8.2). Aboriginal community. • Assess annual sanctuary programs to Issues relating to native title are dealt with integrate relevant Indigenous practices according to the Native Title Act (section 2.5). and minimise the potential for impacts Parks Victoria respects the views of the from management activities on Indigenous Traditional Owners and seeks to reflect their cultural heritage, in consultation with the knowledge, interests, rights and aspirations for Traditional Owners, and the Wathaurong Country in planning and management of the Aboriginal Cooperative. sanctuary (Parks Victoria 2005b). • Maintain confidentiality concerning Indigenous cultural obligations, knowledge, places, objects and aspirations, in accordance with the views
20 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for cultural values conservation
of the Traditional Owners (sections 6.1 (now known as Charlemont Reef) and was and 8.2). carried onto the reef platforms of The Bluff close to the eastern boundary during the night • Where appropriate, encourage research of Saturday 18 June 1853 (Latter 2002). The into the Indigenous cultural heritage passengers and crew were landed safely on relating to the sanctuary in collaboration The Bluff. Descendants of passengers from the with the relevant Indigenous communities Earl of Charlemont still live in the Barwon and in liaison with AAV (section 8.3). Use Heads area. results to target protection and other management activities (sections 6.1, 6.2, The wreck site is subject to sanding, but 7.1 and 7.2). sometimes artefacts, including chain, pieces of iron and other small metal objects, can be seen. • Work with the Traditional Owners to For most of the year the wreck lies sanded, and assess and identify Indigenous cultural is difficult to access due to breaking surf, heritage suitable for promotion and although artefacts scattered from the wreck interpretation (sections 6.1 and 8.2). may be seen in the sanctuary (Anderson & Cahir 2003). 5.2 Maritime and other cultural heritage The South Milton also struck Charlemont Reef but lies in an area west of sanctuary. The 607 William Buckley is the first European known ton barque struck the reef, before swinging to have visited Barwon Heads, in 1803. He is into deepwater and sinking on the 10 April reported to have swum across the Barwon 1886, while on a voyage from Cardiff to River near the coast en route from Point Melbourne with a cargo of sugar. The SS Lonsdale to Kaaraf (Bream Creek) after Orungal was wrecked in the area east of escaping from Sullivans Bay (Sorrento) penal sanctuary in 1940. Its boilers can still be seen compound (BCCM 2002). at low tide. The first official European land exploration of A ship graveyard was established in the waters the Barwon Coast was led by John Helder south-west of the sanctuary in the early 1900s. Wedge in 1835. Wedge was accompanied by A number of vessels, including the Hygeia, William Buckley, Alexander Thompson, and Julia Percy and Lady Loch were scuttled there three Aboriginal men whose names are not (Pescott & City of South Barwon 1985). known. Barwon Heads township was surveyed in 1870 but did not develop into a village until Heritage Victoria has primary responsibility the 1890s when agricultural land was sold and for the management of shipwrecks and other subdivided along the Barwon River. maritime artefacts within the sanctuary. Parks Victoria has established a memorandum of The Barwon Heads Park (The Bluff) was understanding with Heritage Victoria which reserved for public purposes in 1880 and the identifies respective roles and responsibilities Barwon Heads riverbank and beaches became with regard to protection, compliance and popular for swimming and sunbathing. The interpretation of shipwrecks, shipwreck area now has high social and cultural value as artefacts and other archaeological sites within a place for passive recreation and the the boundaries of Marine National Parks and educational opportunities it provides. Marine Sanctuaries. The sanctuary has been used for marine education for many years, and its values for Aims marine education were central to the ECC’s • Conserve and protect places and values of recommendation for its inclusion in Victoria’s historic and cultural significance. system of Marine National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries in 2000 (ECC 2000). • Encourage learning and understanding about maritime and other historic heritage The wreck of the Earl of Charlemont is located of the sanctuary. around the eastern boundary of the sanctuary. The ship left Liverpool, England, carrying 366 Management strategies passengers and 37 crew on 13 March 1853. It struck the reef south-west of the sanctuary • Manage places and values of historic and cultural significance in accordance with
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 21 Strategies for cultural values conservation
the Burra Charter of Australia ICOMOS, • Report concerns about shipwreck or relic the provisions of the Heritage Act 1995 damage, whether by the environment or (Vic.) and the Historic Shipwrecks Act human activity, to Heritage Victoria's 1976 (Cwlth), Parks Victoria’s Heritage Maritime Heritage Unit. Management Strategy (Parks Victoria 2003b). • Support dive clubs in locating, photographing and reporting the condition • Encourage documentation of the history of of historic shipwrecks, and record this and past use and activity in the sanctuary and other information about heritage values in adjoining coastal area by local historical Parks Victoria’s Asset Management groups, and protect any historic places System to help monitor shipwrecks. and objects that may be discovered from damaging or inappropriate activities. • Include historic heritage information in education, information and interpretation • Protect remnants of the wreck of the Earl programs for the sanctuary (section 6.1). of Charlemont, and other historic relics that may be discovered, from damaging or • Support continued use of the sanctuary for inappropriate activities. maritime education. • In accordance with the memorandum of understanding, monitor shipwrecks and support Heritage Victoria’s maritime heritage protection and research programs. Consult Heritage Victoria about management activities that might affect known wrecks.
22 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary
6 STRATEGIES FOR VISITORS
Parks Victoria website 6.1 Information, education and (www.parkweb.vic.gov.au). interpretation Signage, including boundary markers (section Providing information, interpretation and 7.2) and totems, and information panels, education can help orientate and inform inform visitors of sanctuary boundaries and visitors, increase visitor enjoyment and regulations, and are important in achieving satisfaction, foster an understanding and compliance. appreciation of the sanctuary’s special natural and cultural values, build understanding of Information and interpretive panels that management activities, and help visitors incorporate information on the sanctuary’s experience the sanctuary in a safe and location and boundaries, natural values, appropriate manner. Parks Victoria delivers recreational opportunities, visitor safety and information, interpretation and education to compliance are located at the major access visitors by various means, including its points to the sanctuary (section 6.2). There are website, ranger patrols, Park Notes, signage, opportunities to provide site-specific displays, tourism brochures and other information on the values of and threats to the publications. These services may be developed sanctuary at the access points to the sanctuary and provided in collaboration with licensed below the emergency access markers 27W and tour operators, the local community and other 28W, and at the viewing platform west of agencies. 28W. Signs can detract from the landscape and seascape values of the sanctuary and surrounds Having a representative system of Marine (section 4.5). National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries in Victoria presents wonderful opportunities to The BBCM has planned a self-guided communicate the features and benefits of a interpretive trail for The Bluff, which includes statewide system of marine protected areas to interpretive themes that relate to the sanctuary visitors and the broader community. Barwon and could assist in raising visitor awareness of Bluff Marine Sanctuary presents opportunities sanctuary values. to raise awareness about the importance and The development and implementation of an significance of Marine Sanctuaries to marine integrated signage, information and conservation across the bioregion and the interpretation strategy for the Barwon Bluff State. The sanctuary was recommended for area with the Barwon Coast Committee of inclusion into Victoria’s system of Marine Management (BCCM) could optimise the National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries efficiency of delivery of information and because of its value to marine education. The interpretation to visitors, while minimising the intertidal areas are used extensively for impact on the landscape and seascape (section interpretation and education, particularly by 7.2). schools. The Friends of The Bluff (section 8.2) have Pre-visit information is supplied to visitors developed ‘Living on the Edge’, an interactive before they enter the sanctuary, primarily to inventory CD and website that interprets the inform them of the purpose of the sanctuary, natural and cultural values of the sanctuary. its location and boundaries, and to familiarise ‘Living on the Edge’ is recognised as an them with safe, legal and appropriate outstanding communication tool, and Friends behaviour within the sanctuary. A Park Note of The Bluff won the 2005 Banksia containing pre-visit information about the Environmental Award for Leadership in sanctuary is available at the Parks Victoria Protecting Coastal and Marine Environments office at Queenscliff, the Queenscliff Visitor for the production of the CD and website. Information Centre, the Marine Discovery ‘Living on the Edge’ was designed to inspire Centre, Barwon Heads and Riverview Family and educate visitors and the wider community Caravan Park offices, and the Barwon Estuary to protect and conserve the biodiversity of the Heritage Centre (Lobster Pot), and on the
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 23 Strategies for visitors sanctuary and to enable the sanctuary to be group visits. Prior notification will allow interpreted with no impact on its values. teachers to obtain relevant education materials and advice on suitable sites, and will enable The Marine Discovery Centre at Queenscliff Parks Victoria to monitor the number and provides face-to-face interpretation for timing of visits. approximately 8000 students annually and also runs school holiday programs in partnership with Parks Victoria and Coast Action / Aims Coastcare. On request and where possible, • Promote and encourage visitors’ Parks Victoria also provides interpretive walks discovery, enjoyment and appreciation of in the sanctuary for groups. the sanctuary’s natural and cultural values in a safe and sustainable manner through The sanctuary is renowned, and has a long information, interpretation and education. history, as an education venue because of its diverse geology, flora and fauna and proximity • Encourage public support for the sanctuary to Barwon Heads, Geelong, Melbourne and and sanctuary management practices. other major coastal towns. Marine education for school groups in the sanctuary is Management strategies undertaken either as a structured process • Provide and support the provision of high- within a school curriculum or as an ad hoc quality opportunities for a range of user excursion. An understanding of the context of groups to discover, experience and education activities in the sanctuary is understand the sanctuary’s natural and important for effectively minimising the cultural values. impacts of education activities on the sanctuary’s natural and cultural values, which • Target visitors across the range of user are the basis of its attraction for education. groups through a range of tourism, Balancing conservation and the provision of information, interpretation and education education and interpretation is an ongoing media. challenge for Parks Victoria in managing the • Continue to provide opportunities for sanctuary. sustainable educational use of the Educating divers and snorkellers about sanctuary by school and community minimal impact practices, particularly people groups. new to these activities, will help minimise • Assist marine information, interpretation impacts and assist with sanctuary management. and education service providers to obtain Barwon Coast Committee of Management, and deliver accurate and appropriate which manages the Barwon Estuary Heritage information. Centre and the Barwon Heads Caravan Park, • Develop and deliver interpretation, has the capacity to inform and educate large information and education related to the numbers of sanctuary visitors before they following themes for the sanctuary: reach the sanctuary. The Heritage Centre displays interpretive material on a range of y significance of geology (section 4.1) themes relevant to the Barwon Heads area, y migratory shorebirds, diversity of including marine conservation and diversity. habitats, and marine flora and fauna Trampling has the potential to threaten (section 4.4) sensitive intertidal communities if visitor y sensitivity of values and importance of numbers and activities are not carefully minimising impacts (section 4.4 and managed (section 4.4 and 6.3). Parks Victoria 6.3) has developed minimal impact guidelines (available on the Parks Victoria website, y Indigenous cultural heritage and www.parkweb.vic.gov.au) in partnership with maritime heritage (section 5.1 and 5.2) providers of education to help manage these y interaction between the catchment and activities, and works with the Department of the marine environment (section 4.2). Education to encourage schools to notify Parks Victoria (on 13 1963) of any intended school • Inform visitors of the sensitive sanctuary values and the particular vulnerability of
24 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for visitors
intertidal values, and promote greater • Provide appropriate opportunities and appreciation of intertidal marine encourage and support Indigenous organisms, before they enter the communities to participate in the sanctuary. Integrate minimal impact interpretation of Indigenous cultural messages for intertidal areas into existing heritage relating to the sanctuary, with the information, interpretation and education agreement of the Traditional Owners information and programs (section 4.4). (section 8.2). • Promote the need for schools to notify • Use Indigenous language for natural Parks Victoria (on 13 1963) of any features, plants and animals in interpretive intended school group visits. material and signs. • Introduce a trial voluntary booking system • Work in partnership with BCCM and for educational institutions and other managers of other information outlets to organised groups to maximise visitor make information available about the safety and satisfaction and protect the sanctuary, particularly at local caravan natural values of the sanctuary. parks and the Barwon Estuary Heritage Centre. • Encourage organisations that carry out research, education or recreation • Regularly evaluate information and activities that do not rely on the special interpretive services and facilities related values of the sanctuary to use suitable to the sanctuary, and update information locations elsewhere. as appropriate. • Encourage the use of the ‘Living on the 6.2 Access Edge’ CD developed by the Friends of The Bluff (section 8.2) and other interactive The sanctuary can be visited on a day trip from databases such as the Surveying Southern Melbourne and is an easy drive from Geelong Shores project to raise visitor awareness and towns on the Bellarine Peninsula. Visitors prior to visiting the sanctuary and, where access the sanctuary mainly from the shore appropriate, enable off-site interpretation. through the Barwon Heads township via Hitchcock Avenue, Ewing Blyth Drive and • Promote the sanctuary as a destination for Bluff Road (figure 2). nature-based underwater recreation (section 6.5). Access to the eastern section of the sanctuary is via the promenade along the riverbank, Jetty • Encourage the adoption of diving and Road, or Barwon Heads Caravan Park. The snorkelling associations’ codes, guidelines stairway at the 27W emergency access marker and standards (section 6.5). provides access to the riverbank near the • Collaborate with BBCM to integrate the eastern boundary. The closest vehicle access is signage, information, and interpretive from car parks on Bluff Road (via Ewing Blyth facilities and services relating to The Bluff Drive). Access to the western section of the and sanctuary, and their access routes. If sanctuary is along Bluff Road where a car park requested, give the BBCM appropriate and lookout are located above the 28W assistance in developing interpretation emergency access marker. These facilities services at The Bluff. position visitors above the sanctuary, and a stairway provides access to the beach and the • Promote greater public understanding and sanctuary (figure 2). The cliff edges may be appreciation of, and respect for, unstable and at risk of collapse and visitors Indigenous culture by incorporating accessing the sanctuary via The Bluff should information about Indigenous culture, use designated tracks and stay away from cliff places and objects in information, edges (sections 6.8 and 7.2). The access interpretation and education programs, in facilities are above the high water mark, and collaboration and accordance with the are managed by BCCM (sections 7.2 and 8.3). views of the Traditional Owners (sections 5.1 and 8.2). At low tide with calm seas the sanctuary’s rock-platforms are accessible by walking, and visitors can walk the length of the sanctuary’s
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 25 Strategies for visitors shoreline, around the tip of The Bluff. • Monitor visitor numbers and work with Otherwise, this walk is not possible. Visitors BCCM to analyse visitor access patterns to need to check tides, wind and swell conditions the sanctuary. before proceeding to avoid disappointment or being stranded (section 6.8). Better data on the • Investigate the potential to combine and or numbers of visitors using access facilities rationalise signage developed by BCCM would assist Parks Victoria and BCCM to and Parks Victoria at access points to better manage the delivery of information improve their presentation and minimise about The Bluff and sanctuary to visitors. their impact on landscape values and visitor experience (section 7.2). Although the sanctuary is accessible by boat, few people visit the sanctuary this way. The • Liaise with the managers of local boat- shallow waters and subtidal reef systems limit launching facilities to ensure appropriate access for vessels (section 6.4). Boat launching access to the sanctuary. within the sanctuary is not encouraged because unpredictable open ocean conditions and the 6.3 Shore-based activities and shallow rocky intertidal shoreline and reef swimming systems make landing and launching vessels The sanctuary attracts school groups, hazardous, and disembarking visitors would organised tour groups and individual residents disturb shorebirds. The nearest boat launching and tourists. Visitors are attracted to the facilities are the boat ramps on the Barwon sanctuary by its diversity of marine life and the River at Ocean Grove (City of Greater ease of access to its intertidal platforms at low Geelong) and at Pelican Court and Minah tide (sections 6.1 and 6.5). Street in Barwon Heads (Parks Victoria). The The sanctuary’s beach and intertidal platforms Minah Street boat ramp is most suited to small offer excellent opportunities for marine craft. education and discovery. For this purpose, thousands visit annually, and sometimes large Aim numbers of students visit the sanctuary on • Facilitate access to the sanctuary while particular days in the first school term (section minimising the impact on the natural and 4.4). cultural values of the sanctuary and abutting natural areas. The high and increasing levels of trampling and fossicking on intertidal areas associated Management strategies with shore-based activities could lead to significant damage to fauna and flora and, at • Promote the use of designated tracks by some sites, a reduction in biodiversity and reef visitors entering the sanctuary from the habitats (Povey & Keogh 1991) (section 4.4). shore (section 6.1). Visitors to the intertidal reefs could disturb • Encourage canoeists and sea kayakers to roosting and feeding seabirds and shorebirds launch and or land on sandy beach areas (section 4.4). within the sanctuary or outside the Swimming and surfing are not major activities sanctuary to minimise impacts to reef within the sanctuary. The shores of the Barwon areas. River directly east of the sanctuary offer good • Encourage vessel operators to launch swimming, and there are excellent surfing vessels, including canoes, outside the opportunities at nearby Thirteenth Beach sanctuary at the boat launching ramps at (figure 2). Visitors to the intertidal area of the Ocean Grove or at Pelican Court and sanctuary should be aware of the danger from Minah Street in Barwon Heads. potential rock-falls from the cliffs abutting the sanctuary (section 6.8). • Liaise with BCCM in the management of access points and nearby car parking All visitors should adopt minimal impact areas to integrate access, present practices while in the sanctuary. Minimal consistent messages, and minimise the impact guidelines developed by Parks Victoria impact of access on the natural and (available on its website) provide information cultural values of the sanctuary. on minimal impact practices for visitors and
26 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for visitors school groups. Better data on visitor numbers y the size of school groups engaged in and their use of the sanctuary’s intertidal areas education is limited to 30, and other would improve Parks Victoria’s capacity to groups to 25 manage the impacts of visitors on the y sanctuary locations used by groups sanctuary and facilitate high-quality are varied appropriately, especially experiences for all visitors (section 6.1). during high use periods The intertidal collection of living or dead y tour operators meet permit conditions organisms and natural driftwood is prohibited (section 6.7). within the sanctuary (section 4.4). • Undertake regular patrols during popular The lighting of fires within Marine National periods and times and during low tides to Parks and Marine Sanctuaries, including any encourage appropriate visitor use. beaches or islands, is not permitted except on board a vessel that is seaward of the mean high • Undertake standardised monitoring of water mark. impacts of trampling on intertidal areas from educational use and review the Aim effectiveness of management measures. If • Encourage exploration and enjoyment of impacts increase, work with users to intertidal platform habitats within the develop an appropriate carrying capacity sanctuary while minimising impacts on for the reefs and consider limiting or natural and cultural values. reducing annual visitation numbers. • Encourage research into the impacts of Management strategies trampling on intertidal communities with a • Permit shore-based intertidal activities in view to determining an appropriate accordance with table 2. carrying capacity for the site. • Permit swimming and surfing within the • Minimise disturbance to seabirds and sanctuary, but encourage swimming west shorebirds by encouraging visitors to of the sanctuary at the patrolled beach at avoid seabird and shorebird roosting and Thirteenth Beach. feeding habitats.
• Inform visitors about sensitive natural 6.4 Recreational boating and values and the vulnerability of intertidal surface water sports values, and promote greater appreciation of intertidal marine organisms before they The sanctuary’s waters are used for some enter the sanctuary (section 6.1). boating activities, predominantly non- motorised boating such as sea kayaking and • Manage shore-based activities to reduce canoeing. Its shallow waters and subtidal reef impacts on the intertidal natural values systems limit access for vessels. Fishing occurs and minimise damage associated with in the waters outside the sanctuary and fishing trampling (section 4.4). boats pass through the sanctuary en route to • Continue to allow sustainable use by fishing locations. Personal watercraft (PWCs) schools, community groups and licensed are commonly used in areas outside the tour groups in accordance with sanctuary, including the river mouth and the management objectives for the sanctuary waters around Port Phillip Heads, and (appendix 1). Manage group activities to sometimes pass through the sanctuary en route ensure that: to these areas. Divers and snorkellers who use the sanctuary most commonly access from the y school and licensed tour groups adopt shore, accordingly the use of boating for diver Parks Victoria’s minimal impact and snorkellers access within the sanctuary is guidelines (section 6.1) minimal (sections 6.2 and 6.5). y group leaders adequately supervise the Boat launching and landing within the activities of the participants sanctuary is not encouraged, as the shoreline is predominantly rocky or environmentally sensitive and conditions are unpredictable
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 27 Strategies for visitors
(section 6.2). The use of motorised boats in the facilities at marinas, ports and other suitable sanctuary can conflict with other users, sites (section 4.2). including swimmers (section 6.3), snorkellers Park Rangers, Victoria Police and Fisheries and divers (section 6.8). Officers undertake regular patrols by boat and Marine Safety Victoria determines boating have contact with recreational boat users. safety rules to establish speed limits, operating Patrols offer an opportunity for boat users to zones and conditions which are gazetted in the learn about the sanctuary. ‘Vessel Operating and Zoning Rules for Victorian Waters’. All boating activities, Aim including kayaking and canoeing, are subject • Provide for boating and water sports while to the Marine Act. As in all Victorian coastal minimising impacts on the sanctuary’s waters, a speed limit of 5 knots applies in natural values. specified circumstances in the sanctuary (MSV 2005). Although conditions in the sanctuary Management strategies are suitable for some boating activities, they can change quickly and create a safety hazard • Permit boating and surface water sports in (section 6.8). BCCM is responsible for the the sanctuary in accordance with table 2 management of port infrastructure and and the 5 knot speed restriction within: recreational boating, including navigational y 50 m of a swimmer aids in the Port of Barwon Heads, under the Port Services Act 1995 (Vic.) (section 8.3). y 100 m of a vessel or buoy with a diver below signal Where conditions are suitable for boating, vessels generally have minimal impact on the y 200 m of the shoreline sanctuary’s values, but vessels operated in y 300 m of a whale or dolphin. shallow areas, particularly around shallow reefs, can damage the reefs and the associated • Encourage vessel operators to use areas flora and fauna. Anchoring can damage reefs, outside the sanctuary, to increase vessel so vessel operators should avoid anchoring operator safety and protect the natural over reefs to minimise damage to these areas. values of the sanctuary. The landing of boats, including sea kayaks or • Permit anchoring within the sanctuary, but canoes, and launching of kite boards and wind encourage vessel operators to anchor in surfers, can threaten sensitive areas such as sand or outside the sanctuary to minimise seagrass through trampling. Private moorings damage to reef areas. will not be permitted within the sanctuary. • Monitor impacts on natural values from Both powered and unpowered vessels anchoring and if necessary take (including wind surfers and kite boards) can appropriate action to reduce impacts. disturb roosting and feeding birds and marine mammals (section 4.4) through excessive • Do not provide moorings in the sanctuary. vessel noise and fast movement. • Monitor the effects of boating on sensitive Boats can introduce marine pests if boat- values such as birds, mammals and reef cleaning protocols are not followed (section flora and fauna, to ensure that there are 4.6), and fuel leaks, oil spills and the disposal no adverse impacts on those values. If of wastes or sewage could have a significant necessary manage boating to minimise impact on water quality (section 4.2) and flora impacts. and fauna (section 4.4). State Environment • Liaise with recreational vessel operators Protection Policies prohibit vessel operators to promote safe and sustainable use of the from discharging sewage, oil, garbage, sanctuary and to raise awareness of boat- sediment, litter or other wastes to surface cleaning protocols (section 4.6). waters in Victorian waters. While the EPA Victoria has primary responsibility for 6.5 Diving and snorkelling pollution management, Parks Victoria supports the provision of waste-receiving and pump-out During calm conditions the sanctuary provides excellent opportunities for underwater
28 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for visitors recreation around subtidal reefs, and intertidal The risk of introducing marine pests into the reefs (at high tide), which are easily accessed sanctuary can be reduced if diving and from the shore. The activities can also be snorkelling equipment is cleaned after use and undertaken with a licensed tour operator dried prior to being used in the sanctuary. (section 6.7). Access to the sanctuary’s waters Divers and snorkellers need to be aware of the is generally safest from the sandy areas. no-fishing provisions in the sanctuary, and can Snorkelling and scuba diving enable visitors to assist in preventing the spread of and early experience underwater environments and view detection of marine pests (sections 4.6 and species and habitats that are difficult to see 8.2), and the detection of unrecorded cultural from above the surface, such as colourful places and objects. Senator Wrasse, Maori Octopus, rays, sponges, corals and a vast array of marine algae. Two Aim shipwrecks, the Earl of Charlemont and South • Encourage snorkelling and diving Milton, are located on and around the activities that have minimal impact on boundaries of the sanctuary. The wrecks lie natural or cultural values. sanded up for most of the year and difficult to access due to breaking surf, however artefacts Management strategies scattered from the wrecks may be seen in the sanctuary. • Encourage recreational and educational diving and snorkelling in the sanctuary in The provision of off-site information can guide accordance with table 2. and enhance this experience (section 6.1). • Liaise with diving and snorkelling groups, The potential for repetitive long-term damage licensed tour operators and individuals to to sensitive natural values makes the sanctuary encourage appropriate access to and use an unsuitable site for development of an of the sanctuary. Encourage access to underwater diving or snorkelling trail. subtidal areas from the sandy area Current levels of snorkelling and diving are not between the sandstone and basalt reefs. known to be causing unacceptable impacts on • Support community groups, including the sanctuary. The potential for damage to the Reefwatch and Sea Search to report any reefs’ natural and cultural values will be impacts from diving in the sanctuary. minimised if snorkellers and divers are well informed about the sanctuary’s natural and • Encourage the adoption of minimal impact cultural values and have a clear understanding practices and promote compliance with the of the impacts their activities may have on relevant codes of practice and Adventure values, particularly over time (section 6.2). Activity Standards (section 6.1). Potential impacts from diving include intertidal • Encourage divers and snorkellers to trampling, wildlife disturbance and illegal become involved in Reefwatch and Sea removal of flora and fauna, and anchor damage Search in the sanctuary. (section 6.3). Educating divers and snorkellers • Provide off-site information, including a about minimal impact practices and link to the Friends of The Bluff website, to encouraging compliance with codes of practice guide divers and snorkellers to suitable will minimise adverse impacts and assist with areas and underwater routes in the sanctuary management. sanctuary. Divers and snorkellers need to be aware of • Do not install fixed structures that define potential dangers, particularly from vessels an underwater trail within the sanctuary. passing through the sanctuary near dive sites (section 6.8). To ensure diver safety, divers • Support dive clubs and industry should refer to the Scuba Divers Federation of representatives to develop a code of Victoria’s codes of practice for recreational practice that promotes environmentally scuba diving and related activities (SDFV responsible diving practices. 2005).
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 29 Strategies for visitors
6.6 Dog walking and horse riding The sanctuary is reserved and managed under the National Parks Act (section 2.5). Under the Prior to the proclamation of the sanctuary in Act and National Park (Park) Regulations 2002, a declaration made by the City of 2003, a person must not bring a dog or a horse Greater Geelong under the Domestic (Feral into a marine sanctuary or allow them to and Nuisance) Animal Act 1994 (Vic.) remain (except when confined to a vessel). In prohibited dogs from beaches in the area accordance with the Act and regulations, dogs between 18 December and 31 January, but are prohibited from the 610-metre section of otherwise permitted them as follows: beach within the sanctuary (figure 2). It is also • 1–17 December and 1 February – 30 April an offence for a dog to harass or injure people — on the beach on leash or wildlife under the Domestic (Feral and Nuisance) Animals Act 1994 (Vic.) and the • 1 May – 30 November — on the beach Wildlife Act 1975 (Vic.). under effective control. Alternative opportunities for dog walking in Dog walking is a popular activity along the the area include the beach east of the sanctuary Barwon River promenade and beach where it to the jetty (figure 2) and beach west of the is permitted, subject to certain conditions. It is sanctuary to the emergency access marker also permitted, subject to conditions, on the 30W. Under a plan prepared by BCCM, a walk ocean beach abutting the sanctuary, on walking linking the emergency access sites 27W and tracks linking the estuary and ocean beaches in 29W will make it possible for dogs to be Barwon Heads Park, and in the nearby Barwon exercised on the beaches either side of the Heads village. A minority of dogs are walked sanctuary and along a walking track linking the beyond the river promenade into the sanctuary beaches across the Bluff. The manager of these area. areas, the City of Greater Geelong, requires Dog owners have not always demonstrated that dogs in these areas are under effective awareness of their responsibility to adequately control at all times. control their dogs on beaches around and The beaches within the sanctuary have had an within the sanctuary area; nor have they historically low level of use by horse riders always demonstrated a willingness to comply. and trainers. Horses could damage and degrade There have been several reported instances of intertidal areas by trampling flora and fauna, dogs chasing shorebirds from their roosts on destabilising sand and disturbing or trampling the beaches that are now within the sanctuary, birds. The presence of horses and horse and of visitors walking dogs off-leash when manure can also reduce the quality of visitors’ the regulations required that they be leashed. experience of the sanctuary. The sanctuary includes important feeding, roosting and nesting sites for shorebirds and Aim seabirds that complement those within the • Protect the sanctuary’s natural values and nearby Barwon River Estuary and Lake visitor experiences from impacts of dogs Connewarre — parts of the Port Phillip Bay and horses. (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar site. Management strategies The beaches within the sanctuary are used as • Do not permit dogs or horses in the feeding areas by threatened shorebirds and sanctuary unless they are confined to a seabirds, including the Hooded Plover. vessel. Dogs conflict with nature conservation by • Develop and implement an ongoing disturbing and preying on birds and seals, and communication strategy in consultation through faecal pollution. Dogs can also with BCCM and City of Greater Geelong frighten children engaged in nature discovery to educate visitors about the opportunities and compromise the effectiveness of and responsibilities for dog walking conservation messages delivered by rangers around the sanctuary. In the strategy, and other interpreters. The presence of dogs include: and dog excrement in the sanctuary may be a source of distress to visitors.
30 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for visitors
y reasons for dog exclusion in the Commercial Providers of Recreational sanctuary, including the impacts of Snorkelling & Scuba Diving Services in dogs on sanctuary values and visitor Victoria (DIVA 2004) and that snorkelling experiences groups comply with the Snorkelling, Scuba Diving, and Wildlife Swims – Adventure y information about alternative Activity Standards (ORC 2004) (section 6.5). locations where dogs can be exercised on the beach Parks Victoria works collaboratively with Tourism Alliance Victoria in administering the y provision of information at access tour operator licensing system across points about why dogs are not allowed Victoria’s public land estate, including the in the sanctuary. sanctuary. Tourism Alliance Victoria is a • Support BCCM in its promotion and membership-based industry association management of a dog walking route across providing a representative and professional The Bluff. development role for tourism businesses. • If required, develop a communication Aim strategy to educate horse riders and trainers about the reasons for excluding • Provide opportunities for and encourage horses from the sanctuary. provision of licensed tourism services while minimising impacts on natural and 6.7 Tourism services cultural values of the sanctuary.
Many visitors welcome opportunities to obtain Management strategies guidance and support that enhances the experiences they have in visiting natural areas. • Ensure all tour operators using the sanctuary: Licensed tour operators play a key role in nature-based tourism in Victoria by offering y are licensed and comply with permit guided park tours and supported recreational conditions activities, and information that promote park y properly supervise tour groups values and appropriate use. y adopt the Parks Victoria minimal Currently three licensed tour operators provide impact guidelines and Adventure a range of activities in and around the Activity Standards and encourage tour sanctuary, including coastal walking, canoeing, participants to do so. snorkelling, diving and kayaking. Tour operators are required to hold a tour operator • Encourage licensed tour operators to licence, including conditions aimed at ensuring develop and deliver a range of appropriate that particular tour group activities are in guided visitor activities for an appropriate accordance with the National Parks Act and number of visitors at appropriate sites that the Policy for Sustainable Recreation and enhance the experiences of sanctuary Tourism on Public Land (NRE 2002). visitors (sections 6.1 and 8.2). The sanctuary’s intertidal natural values are at • Encourage licensed tour operators, risk from the impacts of intertidal trampling particularly Indigenous tour operators, to (sections 4.4 and 6.3) and it is necessary to develop and deliver interpretive and minimise this risk to the values. educational tours that relate to Indigenous history and culture, and are in accordance There are opportunities for licensed tour with the views of the Traditional Owners. operators to provide additional services for visitors in the sanctuary, especially in • Do not encourage licensed tourism Indigenous interpretation and underwater activities that have the potential to impact recreation and interpretation. on intertidal areas and do not rely on the sanctuary’s special values (section 4.4). It is important for the safety of tour groups that licensed tour operators who provide diving • Continue to work with licensed tour activities are familiar with, and ensure that tour operators and the tourism industry to groups comply with, the Code of Practice for
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 31 Strategies for visitors
assist with the delivery of appropriate Victoria during summer and most fatalities are sanctuary information. associated with recreational vessels of less than 8 metres in length (Bugeja 2003). All • Monitor the effectiveness of tourism powered recreational vessel operators services in contributing to objects of the operating in State waters are required to have a National Parks Act. current licence. • Promote the use of licensed tours to Marine Safety Victoria conducts safety and enhance and maintain visitor safety. awareness programs for recreational boat users, and the Victorian Recreational Boating 6.8 Public safety Safety Handbook (MSV 2005) contains All activities undertaken in the sanctuary, necessary safety information, and outlines the including beach walking, rock-rambling, bird requirements for operating a recreational watching, swimming, snorkelling, diving and vessel in Victoria (section 6.4). boating, can involve inherent risks that are Public information and education programs greater for those who are not aware of them. involving the presentation of safety messages The beaches within the sanctuary are rated as through signs, Park Notes and ranger patrols moderately safe, measured on a scale of ratings can be an effective way to promote safety of safe, moderate safe, low safety and least (section 6.1). Extensive warning signage safe, according to a survey of Victorian around cliffs adjacent to the sanctuary, and beaches (Short 1996). Beach and intertidal area information boards at major access points to hazards include slippery and sharp rocks, the sanctuary, alert visitors to the dangers of unstable cliffs, venomous animals, and tidal land slips (sections 4.1 and 7.2). variations which can trap the unwary. Beaches Visitors need to access this information before in the sanctuary are not patrolled; the closest embarking on recreational activities in the patrolled beach is Thirteenth Beach, sanctuary or obtain the guidance of licensed approximately 3 km west of the sanctuary tour operators who have local knowledge and (figure 2). experience. Hazards for visitors and staff undertaking The responsibilities for responding to activities on or under water include strong emergency incidents in Victoria and Victorian currents, entanglement in kelp, marine waters are outlined in the Emergency animals, entrapment under ledges and crevices Management Act 1986 (Vic.). Parks Victoria is and exposure to cold. Large waves and strong not the lead agency for most emergency rips and currents can be a hazard above and response situations. Instead, it supports other below the tideline in the areas directly exposed agencies, including the Department of to Bass Strait. Sustainability and Environment, Marine Safety Visitors need to be aware of hazards and Victoria, the Country Fire Authority, the State monitor the unpredictable changes to weather Emergency Service and Victoria Police, in and associated marine conditions to enjoy a emergency incidents where required. safe visit. This is particularly important for Agencies, including Parks Victoria during those not familiar with local conditions. Shore- normal operating hours, respond to incidents based visitors need to wear appropriate within the sanctuary in accordance with the footwear and ensure adequate protection from Bellarine Peninsula Emergency Management the sun and wind. Rock falls from the cliffs Plan (Parks Victoria 2005c). can pose a danger to visitors to the sanctuary. Visitors should stay away from cliff edges and Under the Port Services Act 1995 (Vic.), the bases (sections 6.3 and 7.2). BCCM is the local port manager, and it manages the safety and environment of the Snorkellers, divers and swimmers need to Barwon Heads port consistent with the port’s undertake activities within their capabilities Safety and Environment Management Plan and under appropriate conditions. Vessel (SEMP) (BCCM in prep). operators need to be aware of swimmers, snorkellers and divers in the water. Recreational boating accidents are highest in
32 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for visitors
Aims • Cooperate with and support responsible • Promote visitor safety and awareness of agencies in emergency response. safety issues and risks associated with • Ensure that Parks Victoria staff have access and use of the sanctuary. adequate levels of training in emergency • Promote and observe safe practices, and procedures. cooperate with emergency services. • Liaise with the City of Greater Geelong to ensure that the Municipal Emergency Management strategies Response Plan makes adequate provision • Increase visitors’ awareness of safety for likely incidents in the sanctuary. issues and potential hazards in the sanctuary, and encourage and model safe • Provide annual risk and emergency practices and cooperation with emergency response briefings to volunteer groups services, through Park Notes, Parks operating within the sanctuary. Victoria’s website and signs (section 6.1). • Ensure licensed tour operators are made • In coordination with BCCM, provide and aware of the Bellarine Peninsula maintain safety information and signage Emergency Management Plan, including for the sanctuary on designated access the provisions relating to the sanctuary. tracks (section 6.1). • Support BCCM in the maintenance of emergency access markers 27W and 28W, and safety fencing and warning signs, along the cliffs of the Bluff.
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 33
7 STRATEGIES FOR AUTHORISED AND ADJACENT USES
7.1 Authorised uses Aim A number of uses and activities may be • Manage authorised uses in accordance permitted in the sanctuary, subject to specified with the National Parks Act and minimise conditions to minimise impacts. their impact on sanctuary values. All research and monitoring planned in a Management strategies Marine National Park or Marine Sanctuary by external organisations or individuals requires a • Review all uses of the sanctuary that do research permit under the National Parks Act, not conform with the objectives of the issued by the Department of Sustainability and National Parks Act. Allow uses to continue Environment. only in accordance with authorisations that are consistent with legislation, and Parks Victoria recognises the significant role include conditions that effectively minimise that the filming and photography industry the impacts of uses on the sanctuary. plays in the social and economic well-being of the community and, in providing for these • Monitor authorised activities to ensure activities, seeks to ensure the protection of the that conditions of authorisations are met. natural and cultural values of the planning Assess the effectiveness of conditions of area. This is achieved through a permit system authorisations in protecting the sanctuary for all filming and photography conducted as and, if necessary, review authorisations to part of a trade or a business. Amateur arrest impacts. photographers or people taking film or video • Permit Defence Force adventure training for personal or hobby interest do not require a or field navigation exercises in the permit. sanctuary in accordance with Parks Protected areas are generally avoided as Victoria’s operational policies and locations for Defence Force training exercises, relevant permit conditions. although they occasionally host search and rescue, field navigation and incident response 7.2 Boundaries and adjacent uses activities. Activities are subject to a permit The shore boundary of the sanctuary is the with conditions to ensure that values of the mean high water mark. In the river mouth the sanctuary are protected. shore boundary of the sanctuary is indicated by Petroleum extraction, exploratory drilling, a single yellow boundary marker at the mean mineral exploration and mining, and invasive high water mark on the riverbank. This searching for or extraction of stone and other boundary marker can be lined up with a materials, are prohibited in the sanctuary under regulatory totem located on the beach to form the National Parks Act. Petroleum exploration, a line of sight along the north boundary that such as seismic survey from an aircraft or from runs east–west (figure 2). The line of the a vessel, that is carried out in a manner which southern boundary (perpendicular to the ocean does not detrimentally affect the seabed or any beach) is indicated by two yellow triangular flora or fauna of the sanctuary may be allowed markers on the dune to the north of the with the consent of the Minister. However, the sanctuary, one above the other, visible from Government has announced that it will not the sea. release any further areas in Victoria that The location of the offshore boundary would contain Marine National Parks or Marine be easier to identify and regulate if it were Sanctuaries for petroleum exploration. The marked (section 6.1). However, buoys or pile construction of pipelines or seafloor cables is markers placed in the sea are likely to be prohibited in any part of the sanctuary. dislodged in strong seas with high swell and wave energy, and become hazards to boating and shipping.
34 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for authorised and adjacent uses
State waters and the underlying sea bed Commercial and recreational fishing of Rock adjoining the sanctuary are currently Lobster and Abalone occur on reefs and waters unreserved Crown land. The Government has adjacent to the sanctuary but are prohibited in accepted the ECC’s recommendation that a the sanctuary (section 2.5). Coastal Waters Reserve be established under the Crown Land (Reserves) Act (1978 (Vic.) Aims for the major portion of Victoria’s marine area • Effectively communicate the location of not otherwise designated for a particular the sanctuary boundaries. purpose, to provide for a diverse range of activities that are compatible with long-term • Minimise impacts on sanctuary values sustainable use (ECC 2000). from adjacent uses and developments. The areas above the high water mark around Management strategies the sanctuary, including the foreshores, dunes, cliffs, a caravan park and sports oval, are • Maintain and if necessary improve within the Barwon Heads Park (‘The Bluff’), boundary markers, signs and information which is managed by the Barwon Coast about sanctuary boundaries to increase Committee of Management (BCCM) (figure the visibility and knowledge of the 2). The cliffs within the park are slowly boundaries. eroding naturally (section 4.1), and rock-falls • Seek to coordinate the management of the may present a danger to visitors to the area. sanctuary and the Barwon Heads Park and The BCCM maintains the safety fencing and the Port of Barwon through liaison with warning signs along the cliffs of The Bluff BBCM (section 8.3). (section 6.1, 6.3 and 6.8). The Barwon River Estuary Heritage Centre is also operated by • Seek to ensure that the sanctuary’s values BCCM (section 6.1). The management are protected from impacts from objectives for both the sanctuary and the developments or uses in nearby areas, by Barwon Heads Park would be more easily liaising with the proponents and assisting achieved if management of the areas were DSE to comment to the City of Greater coordinated. Geelong on planning applications that could impact on the sanctuary (section All local areas extending to 100 metres 8.3). seaward of the high water mark are within the boundaries of the City of Greater Geelong • Regularly observe and record any impacts Planning Scheme (CoGG 2000). The scheme from adjacent land uses and take action to provides a statutory framework for managing minimise the impacts as appropriate. proposals and developments and uses. Under the scheme the sanctuary area within 100 metres of the shore and the abutting section of Barwon Heads Park are zoned Public Conservation and Resource.
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 35
8 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND INVOLVEMENT
8.1 Community awareness • Build a sense of shared ownership and custodianship for the sanctuary in Raising the community’s awareness of the community groups and individuals. sanctuary’s values is an essential step in developing a sense of custodianship for the Management strategies sanctuary and engagement in the area’s • Increase community awareness of management. The community is more likely to significant sanctuary values and develop a sense of custodianship for the management issues and strategies by sanctuary if its views and values are respected reporting through local media on and sanctuary-related social networks are significant wildlife activity, research encouraged and supported. A strong programs, Friends of The Bluff activities, connection with the sanctuary among visitors, Reef Watch and Sea Search days. and in the local and wider community, assists in broader public education, raising awareness • Promote opportunities for community and reaching others in the community. members to improve sanctuary management by taking shared Networks among visitors, and the local responsibility and becoming directly community with strong relationships to the involved. sanctuary, have potential as distribution channels for information and thus a means of • Promote the personal benefits of assisting raising awareness of the sanctuary in the wider in sanctuary programs to community community. Because of the diversity of marine groups, in line with Healthy Parks Healthy values in the sanctuary and its wide appeal, People objectives. visitor networks among the research and nature observation communities are particularly wide. • Host regular ‘Sanctuary Information’ sessions to inform interested groups from Education and interpretation programs (section the local community on annual work 6.1) play an important role in raising the programs, progress in implementing the awareness of the sanctuary in the wider management plan and the results of community. Parks Victoria aims to monitoring, and celebrate the communicate the benefits of a healthy parks achievements of Friends of The Bluff and system and its contribution to the health of other groups participating in the individuals and society through the ‘Healthy sanctuary’s management. Parks Healthy People’ program. • Actively support and promote Sea Search Each year in March, the Barwon Heads and Reef Watch programs and activities in community celebrates National Sea Week with the sanctuary. a festival focusing on their local marine and coastal environment, called ‘Festival of the • Cooperate with the City of Greater Sea’. The Festival of the Sea aims to raise Geelong and BCCM to raise community awareness and appreciation of the town’s understanding of the benefits of excluding unique marine and coastal environment. dogs from the beaches and intertidal areas of the sanctuary. The community needs to be aware of the potential impacts of dogs on the natural values • Support Department of Sustainability and of the sanctuary’s sandy beaches and intertidal Environment programs that encourage platforms (section 6.6). community cooperation in avoiding the translocation of marine pests at the local Aims level (section 4.6). • Increase the community’s awareness and • Support and participate in awareness- understanding of the sanctuary’s values raising activities including Festival of the and management activities. Sea.
36 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for community awareness and involvement
8.2 Community participation community organisations to help protect, monitor, manage and restore coastal and The participation of community groups and marine environments. Coast Action / Coastcare individuals in the sanctuary’s management is also conducts education, training and pivotal for the effective long-term planning, interpretive programs. use and care of the sanctuary’s values. The Traditional Owners have considerable Volunteers and community groups make interest in and aspirations for the sanctuary as valuable contributions to sanctuary part of Country. They are an important management projects. They bring diverse and potential source of traditional knowledge about valuable information, knowledge, skills and the area that has yet to be documented. A experience to the sanctuary that may otherwise strong working relationship with Traditional not be available to the sanctuary’s managers. Owners will be essential to the reflection of Volunteers also bring great enthusiasm and can their views in the sanctuary’s planning and add valuable resources to assist with the care management and reconciliation of their of the sanctuary. interests and aspirations with those of other The interests of community groups in the members of the community. sanctuary often overlap and may not be complementary. There can be considerable Aims mutual benefits where such groups work • Encourage and support the active together and with Parks Victoria to achieve participation of community groups and common goals. volunteers, particularly Traditional The Friends of The Bluff have made an Owners, in projects that contribute to or outstanding contribution to raising community complement sanctuary programs. awareness of the sanctuary through the • Inform, enrich and strengthen the production of the ‘Living on the Edge’ CD and sanctuary’s management with the website (section 6.1). community’s tradition, knowledge, Sea Search is a monitoring program whereby experience, skills and enthusiasm, volunteers undertake systematic surveys in the particularly that of the Traditional Owners. sanctuary’s intertidal environment in accordance with standard approved Management strategies methodology as part of the Victorian Intertidal • Seek to maintain and strengthen Reef Monitoring Program. The first Sea Search relationships with Friends of The Bluff, activity in the sanctuary was undertaken in Marine Discovery Centre, Reef Watch and November 2005 and is expected to become a Sea Search participants and volunteers regular local community activity. The results and other community groups that use or of Sea Search monitoring will provide have a particular interest in the sanctuary. information on the condition of the flora and Promote their activities and support such fauna in the sanctuary and how it changes over groups to work with each other and Parks time. Victoria to achieve shared goals for the Reef Watch is a non-profit project developed sanctuary. by the Australian Marine Conservation Society • Encourage and support Coast Action / and the Marine and Coastal Community Coastcare programs within the sanctuary, Network and funded by the Federal and State particularly focusing on community Governments through Coast Action / interpretation and education. Coastcare. The project calls on the voluntary assistance of Victorian divers to help describe • Lead and support Sea Search activities in and monitor marine life in a variety of habitats. the sanctuary and report results of Opportunities exist for Friends and volunteers monitoring in local media and through to participate in Reef Watch programs in the community information sessions. sanctuary. • Support and encourage community Other Coast Action / Coastcare programs work involvement in Reef Watch monitoring and with a variety of volunteer groups and
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 37 Strategies for community awareness and involvement
recording programs and other programs • Provide opportunities for tertiary students using standard methods. to undertake volunteer work experience and research activities that assist • Continue to build a strong relationship sanctuary management and are consistent with the Wathaurong people, and explore with the management plan, and provide ways to involve and work with them in them with encouragement and support. reflecting their knowledge, interests and rights in the waters and land, and 8.3 Agency partnerships aspirations for Country, in the management of the sanctuary (section 5.1). Although Parks Victoria is responsible for overall management of the sanctuary, other • Liaise and cooperate as appropriate with agencies are responsible for planning, the Wathaurong people in dealing with managing or regulating certain activities in the Indigenous cultural issues that relate to sanctuary. the sanctuary. All activities relating to the sanctuary that are • Promote opportunities for community carried out by Parks Victoria or other agencies groups to assist Parks Victoria in the need to accord with all legislation and sanctuary’s management. government policy and, as far as practicable, • Encourage, support and promote the be consistent with agencies’ policies and activities of the Friends of The Bluff in guidelines. To ensure this occurs, park staff supporting and assisting the sanctuary’s must work closely with staff of relevant management. agencies and collaborate in implementing activities where appropriate. • Encourage visitors to assist with compliance management by: The Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) establishes parks, oversees y reporting illegal fishing to the the management of land and resources of Fisheries Victoria offence reporting Victoria's coastal Crown land and waters, and hotline provides strategic direction and policy advice y reporting other offences against the for the management of the sanctuary, including National Parks Act to the Queenscliff marine flora and fauna values and threatening Parks Victoria office. processes. Parks Victoria is a support agency for responses to oiled wildlife (section 4.4) and • Promote opportunities among interested cetacean stranding or entanglement (section community groups and Parks Victoria’s 4.4), operating at the direction of DSE. staff for sharing knowledge and increasing understanding and appreciation of each As part of agreed service delivery other’s aspirations and goals for the arrangements, Fisheries Victoria – Department sanctuary. of Primary Industries has primary responsibility for enforcement to ensure • Support initiatives for building the compliance with the fishing prohibitions under capacity of volunteers to contribute to care the National Parks Act. Parks Victoria will of the sanctuary through appropriate continue to collaborate with Fisheries Victoria training and support. and Victoria Police in activities such as • Encourage and support Friends and other cooperative Ranger and Fisheries officer interest groups and volunteers to develop patrols and support arrangements in an understanding and appreciation of the accordance with the Statewide Compliance sanctuary’s diverse values, including the Strategy (Parks Victoria 2002b) and the rich Indigenous culture relating to the Regional Compliance Plan (Parks Victoria sanctuary. 2003d). • Encourage and support groups interested The Central Coastal Board provides direction in undertaking related projects in the and policy advice to facilitate sustainable sanctuary to pursue funding jointly, development of the central coast of Victoria including Parks Victoria grants. through the implementation of the Victorian Coastal Strategy (VCC 2002).
38 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Strategies for community awareness and involvement
The Corangamite Catchment Management Inventory. It supports the Heritage Council Authority is responsible for overall through research, recommends additions to the coordination of land management within the Register and issues permits for alterations to Corangamite catchment to ensure the heritage places. sustainable development of land, vegetation Tourism Victoria is the State government and water resources within the region. This authority responsible for developing and includes the preparation of a regional marketing Victoria to Australian and catchment strategy (section 4.2). international travellers. The Environment Protection Authority (EPA Victorian agencies work cooperatively with the Victoria) has the primary responsibility for Commonwealth Department of the environment protection of all waters in Environment and Water Resources on the Victoria and is responsible for administering management of regional ecosystem and enforcing the Environment Protection Act, conservation issues. including all activities relating to the discharge of litter and waste to the environment (section The Marine Discovery Centre (MDC) at 4.2). EPA Victoria also develops State Queenscliff is the marine educational unit of Environment Protection Policies for state the Department of Primary Industries research waters (section 4.2). and development arm, Primary Industries Research, Victoria (PIRVic). MDC is licensed The Barwon Coast Committee of Management under Parks Victoria’s licensed tour operator manages Barwon Heads Park. The park program to provide education services within includes the infrastructure that provides access the sanctuary. The education programs to the sanctuary, including the circuit walk and provided by MDC in the sanctuary make a staircases at emergency access markers 27W valuable contribution to raising awareness of and 28W (figure 2). BCCM works closely with the sanctuary’s natural values and of the Parks Victoria in the interests of the park and diversity and significance of Victoria’s marine sanctuary. As the local authority under the environment, particularly among school-aged Marine Act and the local port authority, visitors. BCCM is responsible for implementing marine safety and pollution initiatives (sections 4.2, Aim 6.4 and 6.8). • Enhance sanctuary management by Marine Safety Victoria is responsible at a collaborating with other agencies to ensure statewide and regional level for responding to that they give appropriate consideration to marine pollution incidents. Parks Victoria is a sanctuary values in planning and support agency, contributing on-site response implementing activities that relate to the and incident management as well as technical sanctuary. advice. The City of Greater Geelong is the responsible Management strategies authority for the City of Greater Geelong • Work collaboratively with all agencies to Planning Scheme, which covers the section of ensure their activities accord with the aims the sanctuary from the high water mark to for the sanctuary and the plan. In 100 m seaward of the high water mark, and the particular, work with: abutting coastal areas (section 7.2). y DSE regarding future planning and Through Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (AAV), management, including protection of the Secretary to the Department for Victorian marine flora and fauna from Communities (DVC) has responsibility for potentially threatening processes administering legislation protecting cultural heritage (sections 2.5 and 5.1) and advising y Fisheries Victoria to implement the Parks Victoria on Indigenous matters. fishing prohibition and the Regional Compliance Plan Heritage Victoria (DSE) is the central government agency that provides information y BCCM to enable effective management and advice about places listed on the Victorian of the sanctuary interface with Barwon Heritage Register and Archaeological Heads Park, and the planning and
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 39 Strategies for community awareness and involvement
implementation of marine safety y Marine Safety Victoria to help initiatives within the sanctuary and maximise visitor safety and adjacent waters compliance with boating and other associated regulations y the Central Coastal Board on any future plans and strategies that relate y the City of Greater Geelong regarding to the sanctuary the administration of the planning scheme, including input into adjacent y Corangamite CMA to reduce the or nearby developments that may impacts of land use and management impact on the sanctuary (section 7.2) of the catchment on the sanctuary and and management of stormwater development of appropriate actions in (section 4.2) the Regional Catchment Strategy y the Commonwealth Department of the y EPA Victoria to minimise impacts Environment and Water Resources on associated with discharge of waste the management of regional ecosystem into the environment, particularly from conservation issues the Black Rock Water Reclamation Plant ocean outfall and Barwon River y the Marine Discovery Centre to support the provision of educational y AAV on compliance with the relevant services. cultural heritage legislation and on issues relating to Indigenous affairs • Update contingency plans for marine y Heritage Victoria on heritage pollution incidents, such as oil and management and compliance with the chemical spills, and cetacean / wildlife Heritage Act incidents as required, and communicate arrangements to staff, relevant agencies y State and regional tourism authorities and interested parties. to promote the sanctuary appropriately in regional visitor information centres and in regional tourism strategies
40 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary
9 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
that the future condition of values is 9.1 Delivery and reporting considered in identifying threats and A range of approaches will be used to developing actions to ameliorate them. Over implement strategies in this plan. Some will be time, the success of actions is reviewed against undertaken as part of routine management set objectives to ensure ongoing learning and activities such as ranger visits; others will be refinement of management. The selection of addressed as part of regional programs actions and treatments of threats are guided by undertaken across the State each year. the precautionary principle. Management A priority list of all of the strategies in the plan options are evaluated on the basis of least will be used to guide routine management and impact on the environment. Treatment of identify detailed actions in annual regional threats with a potential for serious damage that programs. Priorities for regional programs vary is not addressed in the plan will not be from year to year, depending on available postponed for lack of information. resources and government priorities. Parks Victoria will use a variety of means to At the end of each year, progress towards report to the community about the progress of implementing strategies in the plan will be implementation of the plan. The primary reviewed and the priority list updated. Staff means will be through routine liaison between report internally against ‘on time and within Parks Victoria, interested groups and budget’ delivery of regional programs and individuals from the local community and whether the completed strategy has achieved relevant government agencies. In addition to the objective. Parks Victoria reports annually giving regular updates, there will be to government on the overall delivery of opportunities for input by interested members regional and divisional programs. This broader of the community into annual priority setting reporting on management performance is and feedback on management performance. available in annual reports prepared on the Events such as Sanctuary open days and National Parks Act and Parks Victoria. community and volunteer forums will offer similar opportunities for reporting and During implementation of the plan, Parks discussions about annual programs. Victoria will work in partnership with the Traditional Owners and the scheduled The results of monitoring and research work Aboriginal community. Ongoing collaborative will continue to be available to the community activities with the relevant Indigenous as technical reports available on Parks communities, interested members of the Victoria’s website (www.parkweb.vic.gov.au). community, scientists and agencies in realising Parks Victoria will also report on evaluation of the vision and management directions for the the plan (section 9.3) at the start of the new or sanctuary will be especially important, as revised plan, through routine liaison and outlined in previous sections of the plan. community forums and in the subsequent draft Implementation of the plan will be consistent plan. with Parks Victoria’s commitment to Future reporting on the Statewide Strategy sustainable practices, which involves the (Parks Victoria 2003a) and State of the Parks delivery of operations, services and facilities in reports, which will be available on Parks an ecologically and socially responsible Victoria’s website, will also include manner with minimal use of expendable information on management performance in resources and minimal generation of waste. the sanctuary. In implementing the plan, management will 9.2 Plan amendment respond to monitoring and research information as it emerges. Parks Victoria’s During the 10-year life of the plan, environmental management framework makes amendments to the plan may only be made by this possible. Based on the International the Secretary to DSE, following an authorised Standard for Environmental Management process which includes community Systems (ISO 14001), the framework ensures consultation.
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 41 Plan implementation
Circumstances that might lead to amendment Protecting cultural values of the plan include: • Progress towards working with Traditional • the results of monitoring or research, Owners in managing the sanctuary and in management experience or new protecting and interpreting Indigenous information (such as greater understanding cultural heritage. of new threatening processes) which • Timely management intervention to avoid indicate the need for a change in damaging activities and threats. management direction • significant changes in visitation or use Managing recreation and visitor use • Managing impact from visitors, including • a change in policy that calls into question individuals and school and tour groups. plan objectives • Meeting community expectations in • new legislation (such as significant relation to Parks Victoria’s management of boundary changes). the sanctuary. The plan may also be amended if an activity, • Improved community and visitor development or use which conflicts with the awareness. provisions of the plan is approved by government (such as native title outcomes). Providing for research and promoting understanding 9.3 Evaluation and review • Improving understanding of the Periodically through the life of the plan, Parks composition and distribution of habitats Victoria will assess overall progress towards and ecological processes. implementing the strategies in the plan and also assess progress towards achieving the plan • Ongoing Traditional Owners and other vision and directions. These evaluations will community participation. inform a decision about whether a new or • Clear identification of major knowledge revised plan is required. The achievements of gaps and threats. the plan will be assessed by considering performance areas such as the following. • Methods for evaluating the benefits of the plan are likely to be refined over time. Protecting natural values Parks Victoria partners external research • Overall benefit to biodiversity. agencies in establishing benchmarks and indicators for major communities and • Compliance with no-fishing provisions and habitats. Through sound monitoring and sanctuary regulations. assessment methods, this monitoring and research work will strengthen the basis for • Timely management intervention to comparing management performance over minimise threats. time. • Minimal impact of permitted uses.
42 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary
REFERENCES
Anderson, R. & Cahir, A. 2003, Surf Coast Ecologically Sustainable Development Wrecks, Heritage Victoria, Melbourne. Steering Committee. ANZECC TFMPA 1999, Strategic Plan of CCMA 2003, Corangamite Regional Action for the National Representative Catchment Strategy 2003–2008, System of Marine Protected Areas: A Guide Corangamite Catchment Management for Action by Australian Governments, Authority, Colac. Australian and New Zealand Environment DCNR 1993, Lake Connewarre State Game and Conservation Council Task Force on Reserve Management Plan, Department of Marine Protected Areas, Environment Conservation and Natural Resources, East Australia, Canberra. Melbourne. ANZECC 2001, National Strategy for the DIVA 2004, Code of Practice for Commercial Conservation of Australia's Biological Providers of Recreational Snorkelling & Diversity, Australia and New Zealand Scuba Diving Services in Victoria. Dive Environment and Conservation Council, Industry Victoria Association, Melbourne. Environment Australia, Canberra. DSE 2004a, Victoria in Future – 2004 BCCM 1997, The Bluff Conservation Population Projections, Department of Management Plan 1997, Barwon Coast Sustainability and Environment, East Committee of Management. Melbourne. BCCM 2002, The Pleasure Grounds of the DSE 2004b, Aquatic Pests: Treat ‘em Mean – Barwon Coast: A History, Dr David Rowe Keep Your Boat Clean, Department of for Barwon Coast Committee of Sustainability and Environment, East Management, Barwon Heads, Victoria. Melbourne. BCCM in prep, The Port of Barwon Heads DSE 2006, Coastal Spaces Landscape Safety and Environmental Management Assessment Study, Protection and Plan, Barwon Coast Committee of Management of Victoria’s Coastal Management. Landscapes, State Overview Report, Bird, E.C.F.1993, The Coast of Victoria: The September 2006, Department of Shaping of Scenery, Melbourne University Sustainability and Environment, East Press, Carlton. Melbourne. Buckley, R.W. 1993, Sites of Geological and ECC 2000, Marine, Coastal and Estuarine Geomorphological Significance along the Investigation: Final Report, Environment Victorian Coast, Geological Survey of Conservation Council, East Melbourne. Victoria. Edmunds, M., Hart, S., Elias, J. & Power, B. Bugeja, L. 2003, Recreational Vessel 2004, Victorian Intertidal Reef Monitoring Fatalities in Victoria: 1999-2002, State Program: The Reef Biota in Central Coroner's Office, Department of Human Victoria and Port Philip Bay Marine Services and Marine Safety Victoria, Sanctuaries, Parks Victoria Technical Melbourne. Series No. 11, Parks Victoria, Melbourne. CoGG 2000, City of Greater Geelong Planning EPA 1998, Cleaner Marinas: EPA Guidelines Scheme, City of Greater Geelong, Geelong. for protecting Victoria’s marinas, EPA Publication No. 624, Environment CoGG 2002, City of Greater Geelong Protection Authority Victoria, Southbank. Stormwater Management Plan, Volume II Final Report, City of Greater Geelong, EPA 2004, Waste Management Policy (Ships’ Geelong. Ballast Water), Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Southbank. COAG 1992, National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, Government of Victoria 2002, Government Council of Australian Governments, Response to the Environment Conservation
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 43 References
Councils Marine, Coastal and Estuarine NRE 1999c, The Victorian Cetacean Investigation Final Recommendations, Contingency Plan, Department of Natural State Government of Victoria, Melbourne. Resources and Environment, East Melbourne. Heritage Victoria 2006, Victoria’s Heritage – Strengthening our Communities, Heritage NRE 2002, Policy for Sustainable Recreation Victoria, Department of Sustainability and and Tourism on Victoria’s Public Land, Environment, East Melbourne. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, East Melbourne. Hewitt, C.L., Campbell, M.L., Thresher, R.E. & Martin, R.B. 1999, Marine Biological ORC 2004, Snorkelling, SCUBA Diving and Invasions of Port Phillip Bay, CRIMP Wildlife Swims Adventure Activities Technical Report Number 20, CSIRO Standards, Outdoor Recreation Centre, Marine Research. Melbourne. IMCRA Technical Group 1998, Interim Parks Victoria 2002a, Guidelines for Working Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for with Aboriginal Communities and Australia: an ecosystem based Protection of Cultural Sites, Parks Victoria, classification for marine and coastal Melbourne (unpublished). environments, Interim Marine and Coastal Parks Victoria 2002b, Statewide Compliance Regionalisation for Australia Technical Strategy, Parks Victoria, Melbourne Group, Version 3.3, Environment Australia, (unpublished). Commonwealth Department of the Environment, Canberra. Parks Victoria 2003a, Victoria’s System of Marine National Parks and Marine Latter B. 2002, Breakers Ahead – Wreck of the Sanctuaries, Management Strategy 2003 – Earl of Charlemont, Brian Latter, Leopold, 2010, Parks Victoria, Melbourne. Victoria. Parks Victoria 2003b, Heritage Management MSV 2002, Victorian Marine Pollution Strategy, Parks Victoria, Melbourne. Contingency Plan (VICPLAN), Victorian (National Plan) Marine Pollution Parks Victoria 2003c, Barwon Bluff Marine Committee, Marine Safety Victoria, Sanctuary Park Note, Parks Victoria, Melbourne. Melbourne. MSV 2005, Victorian Recreational Safety Parks Victoria 2003d, City and Bays Regional Boating Guide, Marine Safety Victoria, Compliance Plan, Parks Victoria, Melbourne. Melbourne (unpublished). NRE 1997a, Victoria’s Biodiversity Strategy: Parks Victoria 2005a, Marine National Parks Directions in Management, Department of and Marine Sanctuaries Visitor Services Natural Resources and Environment, East Strategy, Parks Victoria, Melbourne Melbourne. (unpublished). NRE 1997b, A Wildlife Response Plan for Oil Parks Victoria 2005b, Indigenous Partnership Spills, Department of Natural Resources Strategy and Action Plan, Parks Victoria, and Environment, East Melbourne. Melbourne. NRE 1999a, Introduction of Exotic Organisms Parks Victoria 2005c, Bellarine Peninsula into Victorian Marine Waters, FFG Action Emergency Management Plan, Parks Statement No. 100, Department of Natural Victoria, Queenscliff. Resources and Environment, East Pescott, J. & City of South Barwon 1985, Melbourne. South Barwon 1857–1985, Neptune Press, NRE 1999b, Interim Victorian Protocol for South Barwon. Managing Exotic Marine Organisms Plummer, A., Morris, L., Blake, S. & Ball, D. Incursions, Department of Natural 2003, Marine Natural Values Study Resources and Environment, East Victorian Marine National Parks and Melbourne. Sanctuaries. Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 1, Parks Victoria, Melbourne.
44 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary References
Povey, A. and Keogh, M. 1991, Effects of Tourism Victoria 2003b, Nature Based trampling on plant and animal populations Tourism – Directions and opportunities for on rocky shores, OIKOS 61: 355–368. Victoria 2000 – 2003, Tourism Victoria, Melbourne. SDFV 2005, Codes of Practice: General Operating Guidelines for Recreational VCC 1998, Siting and Design Guidelines for Scuba Diving and Related Activities, Scuba Structures on the Victorian Coast, Divers Federation of Victoria, Melbourne. Victorian Coastal Council, State Government of Victoria, Melbourne. Short, D. 1996, Beaches of the Victorian Coast and Port Phillip Bay; A guide to their VCC 2002, Victorian Coastal Strategy 2002, nature, characteristics, surf and safety, Surf Victorian Coastal Council, State Life Saving Australia and School of Government of Victoria. Geosciences, University of Sydney,
Sydney. Tourism Victoria 2003a, National Visitors Survey, Year Ending June 2003, Bureau of Tourism Research, Melbourne.
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 45
GLOSSARY
Aeolian calcarenite – rock sediment with a Dreaming – the primordial creative world of the hardened sandy texture composed largely of spirit ancestors and the continuing reality for their calcium carbonate that is formed with influence by totem ancestors. the wind. Ecologically sustainable development (ESD) – Algae (seaweed) – plant-like organisms that use development that improves the total quality of life light energy to create food. Unlike plants, algae are both now and in the future, in a way that maintains not differentiated into roots, stems and leaves. the ecological processes on which life depends. Ballast water – water carried in a ship’s tanks for Ecosystem – a dynamic complex of interacting stability. Normally discharged to the sea when the organisms and their associated non-living ship is loaded, and can be contaminated with environment. pollution or exotic organisms. Effluent – a liquid, partially or completely treated Biodiversity – the natural diversity of all life: the or in its natural state, released into the environment sum of all native species of flora and fauna, the from a water or sewage treatment plant. genetic variation within them, their habitats and the Endemic – unique to a particular area, and not ecosystems of which they are an integral part. found naturally anywhere else. Bioregion – an area with unique underlying Estuary – an inlet or river mouth that is influenced environmental and ecological features. by tides and freshwater inputs from the catchment. Bivalve – a type of mollusc with a pair of hinged Exotic marine organism / species – refer to Pest. shells (e.g. scallop, mussel). Flotsam – In maritime law, applies to wreckage or Canopy – a structural overstorey (e.g. of kelp). cargo left floating on the sea after a shipwreck. The Catchment – the area of land that drains to a common phrase flotsam and jetsam is now used watercourse or estuary. loosely to describe any objects found floating or washed (respectively) ashore. See also Jetsam. Coast – in broad terms, the sea and the seabed to the State limit (three nautical miles or 5.5 Foreshore – generally, the land between a coastal kilometres offshore) and the land and inland waters road and the low water mark. within the coastal catchment. Geomorphology – the scientific study of landforms Coastline – generally, the line along which the land and geological formations and the processes that meets the sea. shape them. Committee of Management – a committee Habitat – the preferred location or ‘home’ of an appointed under the Crown Land (Reserves) Act organism. 1978 to manage reserved Crown land on behalf of Heritage – a place, activity, cultural way of life, the Minister. For coastal land, committees are either structure or group of structures that has aesthetic, an agency (e.g. the local municipality, Parks historic, scientific or social value for past, present Victoria) or a committee appointed through an or future generations. expression of interest process. High water mark – the landward boundary of high Coralline algae – algae that contain calcified water mark is the average of the highest tides components. Can take a variety of forms. (spring and neap). Country – in Indigenous usage, all of nature, Indigenous cultural heritage – all aspects of culture and spirituality relating to an area. contemporary and traditional culture, and places Crown land – land belonging to the State. and objects of significance to Indigenous people in accordance with tradition. Customs – observances and practices of people (including land management and resource use) in Indigenous people – people who are descendants accordance with tradition. of Aboriginal Australians. Delta – The flat area at the mouth of some rivers Indigenous species – species that occur naturally in where the main stream splits up into several a region. See also endemic. branches. Infrastructure – physical structures that facilitate Diatom – A microscopic unicellular alga. the human use of an area (e.g. roads, paths, toilet blocks).
46 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Glossary
Intertidal – the area between low and high tide Pest – exotic organisms (plants, animals or levels, which is subject to daily changes in physical pathogens) that, if introduced outside their natural and biological conditions from tide movements. or previous distribution, they cause significant changes to habitats, food chains, ecosystems or Invertebrate – an animal without a backbone (e.g. human health by feeding on or competing with worms, sponges). native species. Can refer to either terrestrial or Jetsam – In maritime law, applies to cargo or marine species. equipment thrown overboard from a ship in distress Photosynthesis – the process by which organic and either sunk or washed ashore. The common molecules are made from carbon dioxide and water, phrase flotsam and jetsam is now used loosely to using light energy. This process is essential for the describe any objects found floating or washed growth and survival of plants and algae. (respectively) ashore. See also Flotsam. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands – an Marine National Park – in Victoria, highly international agreement created in Ramsar, Iran, in protected areas reserved and managed under the 1971 to recognise wetlands of international National Parks Act that represent the range of importance. marine environments in Victoria, and in which no fishing, extractive or damaging activities are Relevant Indigenous communities – includes the allowed. Traditional Owners and the scheduled Aboriginal community. Marine protected area – a marine area that has some form of protection and is managed for Remnant vegetation – remaining natural conservation objectives. vegetation. Marine Sanctuary – in Victoria, a small, highly Scheduled Aboriginal community – body or protected area reserved and managed under the bodies scheduled as the Local Aboriginal National Parks Act to protect special values, and in community under the Aboriginal and Torres Strait which no fishing, extractive or damaging activities Islander Heritage Protection Act for the sanctuary, are allowed. These areas complement Marine Sediment – insoluble material carried in water, National Parks. consisting mainly of particles derived from rock, Matters of national environmental significance – soil and organic material; such material that has defined by the Environment Protection and settled out of the water, onto the seabed. Biodiversity Conservation Act to include: World Sedimentation – the deposition of sediment on a Heritage Properties; Ramsar wetlands; nationally surface. threatened species and communities; migratory species protected under international agreements; Sewage – household or commercial waste water the Commonwealth marine environment; and, including human and industrial wastes. nuclear actions. Sewerage – the system that facilitates the Microhabitat – a small area with distinct collection, transport, treatment and discharge of environmental features within a broad habitat type, sewage. e.g. rock-pool in an intertidal platform. Sponge – multicellular, filter-feeding animals with Midden – a mound or deposit containing the a variety of forms. Sponges are the simplest form of remains of shellfish eaten by Indigenous people. invertebrate life. Coastal shell middens can consist of the shells and other remains from a single meal or many different Spring tides – occur twice every month at new and full moon and are the highest tides. meals eaten in the same location over many years. Middens can also contain other cultural items such Stakeholder – an individual or group that has a as stone and bone artefacts. vested interest in, or may be affected by, a project or process. Mollusc – broad group of animals including snails, sea slugs, squids, octopuses, cuttlefish and mussels. Stormwater – runoff from land during and Nature-based tourism – tourism that provides a following rain. Stormwater carries accumulated range of experiences associated with the natural material, which may include litter, soil, nutrients, environment, generally related to outdoor activity. pathogens, chemicals, pesticides, oils and grease. Threatening process – a source of potential harm Neap tides – tide occurring twice every month between spring tides, but slightly lower. or a situation with a potential to cause loss. Outfall – the place where sewage is discharged to Tradition – the body of knowledge, belief and customs that is passed from generation to the ocean. generation.
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 47 Glossary
Traditional Owners – communities of Indigenous Abbreviations people that reasonably assert a relationship with the AAV – Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. sanctuary based on direct descent from the original Indigenous custodians of Country, in accordance ANZECC – former Australian and New Zealand with Indigenous tradition. Environment and Conservation Council. Translocation – the transfer of pests from one area BCCM – Barwon Coast Committee of to a new area. Management. Values – natural and cultural assets (e.g. historic CCMA – Corangamite Catchment Management artefacts, features, species, communities) that have Authority. been given worth or are considered to be desirable. CoGG – City of Greater Geelong. Water column – water habitat extending between the surface and the seabed. CRIMP – Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests. Wrack – organic matter washed up on beaches. CSIRO – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. DPI – Department of Primary Industries. DSE – Department of Sustainability and Environment. ECC – former Environment Conservation Council. EPA – Environment Protection Authority Victoria. IUCN – World Conservation Union (formerly International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). NRSMPA – National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas. PIRVic – Primary Industries Research Victoria.
48 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Appendices
APPENDIX 1 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES FOR MARINE SANCTUARIES
Management objectives for marine national parks and marine sanctuaries included on 17D Marine national parks and marine sanctuaries Schedule 7 or Schedule 8 of the National Parks Act are in Sections 4 and 17D as listed below. (3)(a) The Secretary, subject to this Act will For an up-to-date copy of the National Parks ensure that each marine national park and Act 1975 (Vic.), refer to Victorian Acts on the marine sanctuary is controlled and managed in Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary accordance with the objects of this Act in a Documents website manner that will – (www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au). (i) preserve and protect the natural environment and indigenous flora and 4. Objects of the Act fauna of the park and any features of the The objects of this Act are – park which are of geological, geomorphological, ecological, scenic, (a) to make provision, in respect of national archaeological, historic or other scientific parks, State parks, marine national parks and interest; and marine sanctuaries – (ii) promote the prevention of the introduction (i) for the preservation and protection of the of exotic flora and fauna into the park; natural environment including wilderness and areas and remote and natural areas in those parks; (iii) provide for the eradication or control of exotic flora and fauna found in the park; (ii) for the protection and preservation of and indigenous flora and fauna and of features of scenic or archaeological, ecological, (b) subject to paragraph (a) – geological, historic or other scientific (i) provide for the use, enjoyment and interest in those parks; and understanding of Marine National Parks (iii) for the study of ecology, geology, botany, and Marine Sanctuaries by the public; and zoology and other sciences relating to the (ii) promote an understanding of the purpose conservation of the natural environment in and significance of Marine National Parks those parks; and and Marine Sanctuaries; and (iv) for the responsible management of the (c) prepare a plan of management in respect of land in those parks; each marine national park and each marine (c) to make provision in accordance with the sanctuary. foregoing for the use of parks by the public for the purposes of enjoyment, recreation or education, and for the encouragement and control of that use.
Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 49 Appendices
APPENDIX 2 SUBMISSIONS ON THE DRAFT MANAGEMENT PLAN
A total of twelve submissions were received on the draft plan, comprising eleven from organisations (one of which was marked confidential) and one from individual.
ORGANISATION / GROUP SUBMISSION NO.
Submissions from organisations Total 11 Australian Marine Conservation Society 5 Barwon Coast Committee of Management 12 Department for Victorian Communities – Aboriginal Affairs Victoria 7 Department of Primary Industries – Fisheries Victoria 4 EPA Victoria 11 Field Naturalist Club of Victoria 9 Geelong Environment Council 10 Scuba Divers Federation of Victoria 8 Victorian Wader Study Group 2 Wathaurong Aboriginal Cooperative 3 Confidential submission 6 Submissions from individuals Total 1 Jean and Jock Smith 1
50 Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary M1
PRINCES
FREEWAY PORT
PHILLIP Corio BAY
PRINCES
Portarlington
Geelong
BELLARINE
Barwon
Wallington Reedy Lake Lake Connewarre B110 Port Phillip Heads HIGHWAY Marine National Park
HIGHWAY
River Swan Island Ocean Grove Queenscliff Lake Barwon Victoria Heads Port Phillip Heads Point Nepean Marine National Park BARWON National Park SURFCOAST BLUFF Port Phillip Heads MARINE Marine National Park SANCTUARY Portsea
Torquay Sorrento
Point Danger Mornington Marine Sanctuary Peninsula National Park
BASS STRAIT
Figure 1 0 2.5 5 7.5
LOCATION KILOMETRES N Cartography by Spatial Vision 2007 BARWON BLUFF MARINE SANCTUARY M/7364 Freeway/Highway Major sealed road Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary MELBOURNE Marine National Park & Marine Sanctuary l Other Parks Waterbody To Ocean Grove Barwon Heads C129 Bridge BRIDGE C121 RD Ocean Grove BARWON HEADS Foreshore OCEAN GROVE Reserve Fixed Barwon River RD Office HGreen
Barwon
DRIVE Estuary Heritage Jetty Centre H Line of sight (Lobster 26W Flashing Pot) White
BELL H STREET Barwon Flashing Heads Red Caravan Park
Barwon H Flashing Heads Red Oval (Lead Golf Marker) Club
EWING BLYTH
BARWON HEADS PARK 27W BLUFF To Thirteenth ROAD s Beach Y Y s Point Flinders 30W The Bluff 29W sY 28W l Mt Colite
Earl OF Charlemont
BASS STRAIT
10
BARWON BLUFF 0100200
MARINE SANCTUARY METRES N Cartography by Spatial Vision 2007 Figure 2 M/7364 Recreation Facilities Sealed road Barwon Bluff Barbecue Marine Sanctuary Unsealed road Caravan Park Crown Land Reserve Walking track Carpark Camping & recreation area 10 Depth contour Dogs permitted Barwon Heads Golf Course (Summer Restrictions Apply) MELBOURNE Intertidal Reef / Platform l Y Shore boundary marker Lookout 27W - 29W Link Walk s (Colour indicated by letter) H Toilets 28W Emergency Access H Navigational Light Marker No Dogs Shipwreck No Fishing