Molecular Detection of Black Queen Cell Virus and Kashmir Bee Virus In
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Milićević et al. AMB Expr (2018) 8:128 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-018-0655-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Molecular detection of black queen cell virus and Kashmir bee virus in honey Vesna Milićević1* , Sonja Radojičić2, Jasna Kureljušić3, Milanko Šekler4, Ksenija Nešić3, Ljubiša Veljović3, Jelena Maksimović Zorić3 and Vladimir Radosavljević3 Abstract Considering the intensive trading nowadays, the honey from the local market was tested for the presence of the six most common bee viruses. To prove the suitability of honey as a sample for the bee viruses detection, the set of difer- ent sample types taken directly from the hives we comparatively tested. The study included 30 samples of domestic and 5 samples of imported honey. Additionally, we tested 40 sets of samples including live bees, dead bees, and the honey taken from four apiaries for the evaluation of honey suitability for the virus detection, Two out of the six most common bee viruses were detected in the samples of honey from the market. Black queen cell virus (BQCV) genome was found in 24 domestic honey samples and Kashmir bee virus (KBV) genome was detected in one sample of imported honey. The nucleotide sequences of 24 BQCV isolates showed the highest identity (86.4%) with strains from Europe at the polyprotein gene, whilst the Serbian isolates between each other showed 98.5% similarity. By compara- tive testing of the diferent type of samples, in three out of four apiaries BQCV genome was detected in both bees and honey. Evaluating the suitability of honey for the detection of the viral disease by simultaneous testing of live, dead bees, and honey from the same hive, it was shown that the honey can be successfully used for the detection of BQCV. Since, as of yet, there has been no evidence of KBV circulation in Serbia, after its detection in imported honey, there is a substantial risk of its introduction and consequently the need for its surveillance. Therefore, the programs of bee diseases screening should be included in the regular control procedures for the international trade. In addition to this beneft, honey gives an opportunity to beekeepers for continuous monitoring of bees’ health status. Keywords: Honey, RT-PCR, Honey bee viruses, Phylogenetic analysis Introduction to disease spreading into new regions and continents, Traditionally honey and other honeybee products are including non-zoonotic diseases. As an example, though considered as a healing food. International standards for Colony Collapse Disorder is not primarily an infectious the quality of honey, specifed in European Honey Direc- disease, it can be considered as a “human-borne” disease tive and in the Codex Alimentarius Standard for Honey, (Pettis et al. 2013). oblige regular laboratory control of essential composition Nevertheless, many bee viruses are very common and and quality factors (moisture content, sugars content, widespread. In general, bee viral infections are asympto- water-insoluble solids content), contaminants (heavy matic, often recognized only as a shortened lifespan, but metals, residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs) and under certain conditions, the viruses can cause severe hygiene. However, this investigation does not include and often fatal consequences (Berényi et al. 2006). tests for infectious diseases. Despite many preven- Tere are currently about 24 viruses (Gisder and tive measures, irresponsible human activities can lead Genersch 2015) identifed in honey bees, but acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Sacbrood virus (SBV), *Correspondence: [email protected] chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) and Kashmir bee 1 Virology Department, Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Vojvode Toze 14, Belgrade 11000, Serbia virus (KBV) are, with a worldwide distribution (Allen and Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Milićević et al. AMB Expr (2018) 8:128 Page 2 of 5 Ball 1995), considered to be able to cause severe disease were located in central Serbia region and had no visible in honeybees. disorders. Diagnosis of honeybee viral infections commonly relies on clinical symptoms, which, often, are not clearly mani- RNA isolation and RT‑PCR fested or are manifested only during the particular life To detect the viral genome of BQCV, KBV, DWV, ABPV, stages. It is also known that diferent viruses can produce SBV, and CBPV, we used conventional, multiplex RT- similar symptoms (e.g. paralysis) (Gupta and Reybroeck PCR. Prior to RT-PCR, viral RNA was isolated using 2014). Te symptom-based diagnosis is robust, simple, commercial Isolate RNA Mini Kit, Bioline, UK. fast and cheap and for some diseases accurate, but it is As, according to our knowledge, there is no available often too late for proper action or not reliable (Gupta protocol for RNA isolation from honey, we have prepared and Reybroeck 2014). Nowadays, for routine laboratory the samples as 1:2, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions of honey diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most in PBS and applied the protocol for RNA isolation from widely used method providing the virus detection even cell cultures. Each dilution was used as a starting material if the virus is not viable or the ribonucleic acid (RNA) for RNA extraction. has been degraded by endogenous ribonucleases. Many From each hive, 10 bees were homogenized by mortar protocols for either individual or multiplex detection of and pestle in 5 ml sterile phosphate-bufered saline (PBS). specifc honeybee viruses have been described whereas After homogenization, the samples were centrifuged for live or dead bees are considered as the most reliable and 10 min at 2000 rpm. Te supernatant was used for RNA suitable samples for laboratory investigations (Chen et al. extraction. 2004). However, honey is commonly used for some bac- RT-PCR was carried out using Verso 1-Step RT-PCR kit terial diseases detection such as American foulbrood ReddyMix (Termo Scientifc). Reactions of 25 µl were (Lauro et al. 2003), composed of 5 µl template RNA, 12.5 µl 2 × 1-Step PCR Recent losses of honeybee colonies at the global level ReddyMix, 1.25 µl RT Enhancer, 0.5 µl Verso Enzyme have led to the increased interest and intensive investi- Mix and 0.5 µl of each of 12 primers (10 µM) previ- gation of any threats to honeybee health in our country. ously published (Stoltz et al. 1995; Benjeddou et al. 2001; Terefore, the objective of this study was to investigate Ribiere et al. 2002; Tentcheva et al. 2004, 2005). the presence, to characterize the bee viruses in the honey Amplifcations were accomplished throughout incuba- from the market, and to assess the risk it carries. As there tion step at 50 °C for 30 min, 40 cycles of incubations at are no studies, according to our knowledge, which uses 94 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 2 min, and honey as the sample for viral diseases detection, to prove single step of fnal extension at 72 °C for 7 min. the suitability of honey for this purpose, the set of difer- Te amplifed products were electrophoresed on 2% ent samples from the hives were comparatively tested. agarose gel containing ethidium bromide, and visualized Additionally, the aim of this study was to recommend by UV transillumination. Termo Scientifc Gene Ruler the hive honey testing for routine health control of bees, 100 bp was used for sizing of PCR products on the gel. since beekeepers are not always capable to recognize pathological processes in hives, particularly during the Nucleotide sequencing and computer analysis asymptomatic phases. Te specifc amplicons were sequenced in Macrogen Europe, Te Netherlands. Te sequences were compiled Materials and methods and aligned using MUSCLE. Te phylogenetic tree was Samples constructed in MEGA6 software, using the Maximum For simultaneous PCR detection of six major bee viruses, Parsimony method and applying bootstrap resampling 35 honey samples, packed and stored in 1 kg glass jars (30 of 1000 replicates, in order to prove the stability of the samples originating from 12 diferent regions in central trees. Tajima Nei model was used to compute the dis- and northern Serbia and 5 imported), from the local mar- tance matrices. kets were used. Te honey was sampled during the 2015 and 2016. Results Also, for the evaluation of honey suitability for detec- In examined honey samples from the market, the pres- tion of bee viral diseases, samples of both honey, and live ence of two (BQCV and KBV) out of the six examined and dead bees were collected at the same time from same bee viruses was detected. All 25 samples tested positive hives. In total, 40 samples of bees and honey from four at the dilutions from 1:2 to 1:10, but only 21 were positive apiaries (15 samples from apiary I, 5 from apiary II, 13 at 1:100 dilution of the honey sample. samples from apiary III and 7 samples from apiary IV) Te BQCV genome was found in 24 honey sam- were examined. Te apiaries, in a range of 10 km radius, ples (80%) originating from Serbia. KBV genome was Milićević et al. AMB Expr (2018) 8:128 Page 3 of 5 detected in one sample (20%) of imported honey. Te KX5915780/Serbia/2015/Sibnica BQCV sequences were submitted to GenBank database EF517515.1/Hungary KX591591/Serbia/2015/Kaludjerica under accession numbers KX591576–KX591599.