Tarnava Mare 2016 Biodiversity Survey Summary Report

Report editor: Dr Bruce Carlisle – Geography & Environment, Northumbria University.

Science team: Bryony Allen, Adele Brand, Silvia Cojocaru, Mihaela Ilie, Simon Lavell, Paul Leafe, James O’Neill, Huma Pearce, Ben Porter, Andrew Power, Peter Randerson, Johnny Wilson. Assisted by: Georgina Scott, Serban Tudor, Marcela Mann, Dragos Luntraru, Alin-Marius Nicula, Mihaela Hojbota, Bogdan Ciortan, Iolanda Ganea, Eduard Ghiorghiu. With thanks to all the staff at Fundatia ADEPT, all the dissertation students and volunteers.

Contents 1.0 Introduction...... 2 2.0 Methods ...... 3 2.1 Farmer interviews ...... 4 2.2 Land use ...... 4 2.3 Grassland plants ...... 4 2.4 Grassland butterflies ...... 5 2.5 Birds ...... 5 2.6 Small mammals ...... 6 2.7 Large mammals ...... 6 2.8 Bats ...... 6 2.9 Orthoptera ...... 6 3.0 Vital statistics ...... 7 4.0 Grassland plants ...... 13 5.0 Grassland butterflies ...... 19 6.0 Birds ...... 25 7.0 Small mammals ...... 36 8.0 Large Mammals ...... 37 8.1 Camera Trap Survey ...... 37 8.2 Observation of large mammal signs ...... 39 9.0 Orthoptera ...... 42 10.0 References ...... 43 Appendix 1 ...... 44

Page 1 1.0 Introduction This report summarises the data gathered by Operation Wallacea’s Transylvania project during the summer of 2016. This was the fourth year of the project, based on an annual survey in the Tarnava Mare Natura 2000 site to assess the effectiveness of maintaining the traditional agricultural practices in protecting this outstanding landscape and its species. The Operation Wallacea surveys provide annual data on a range of biodiversity and farming criteria. These data can then be used by Fundatia ADEPT, a Romania-based NGO, to help guide their farming and conservation initiatives.

The report gives a snapshot of the 2016 situation in terms of agriculture and biodiversity. Data from previous years are shown for comparison where appropriate. Changes in the data over a period of several years can be used to reveal how the biodiversity of Tarnava Mare is changing, for example in response to changing agricultural practices. Caution must be used when comparing differences between 2016 and previous years, as there are a variety of factors which can cause the numbers to be different, including slight changes to the methodology (see section 2), differences in the dates of the surveys, differences in climate and weather and natural population fluctuations.

While it is still too early in the project to confidently investigate change over time, the data from the first four years can be used to give a first warning that significant changes may be occurring, or reassurance that the biodiversity is stable. Also the data can start to be used to investigate spatial variation. For example, biodiversity and land cover of the surveyed villages can be compared to investigate the influence of land cover (as a function of land use) on the composition and abundance of species.

Section 2 “Methods” outlines the fieldwork methods used. Section 3 “Vital Statistics” presents a few key indicator figures, to give a very brief overview of the data and to compare the surveyed villages. Sections 4 to 9 give a more detailed summary of the data gathered by each survey team.

KEY MESSAGES There are many substantial increases and decreases in a wide variety of taxa, as well as taxa that have not changed. Much of this will be natural fluctuation or “noise” in the data. Some changes could be early warning signs of important changes to biodiversity and need to be followed closely in coming years. The key messages after 4 years of survey are:  Signs of a general trend of declining indicator plant abundance  2016 was a good year for butterfly diversity, reversing some declines seen in 2015  Generally stable red-backed shrike abundance, and more bird species population increases than decreases  Small mammal population crash seen in 2015 has been reversed in 2016 So, the only clear cause for concern is with the indicator plants. The work on mapping land use could be useful in revealing potential causes of this change. Several species declines were identified as potential warning signs in the 2015 report. Most of these trends were reversed in 2016.

Page 2 2.0 Methods Some adjustments to methodologies were made in response to the experience gained during the first year of the project. See the 2014 summary report for further detail of these adjustments. Consequently 2013 data is not always directly comparable to data from subsequent years. The methods used in 2014 remained the same in 2015 and 2016 to a great extent. However, the order in which the villages were surveyed changed slightly in 2015 and 2016, with Apold and Malancrav being switched around in 2015 and Crit not being surveyed in 2016, for logistical reasons . The weather conditions vary from year to year. The start of the 2015 fieldwork season was cool and wet, particularly while surveying at Richis and Nou Sasesc. This had an impact on the number of surveys that could be undertaken, and also had an influence on vegetation phenology and the abundance and activity of wildlife, particularly small mammals. Weather in 2016 was more “normal”. Fieldwork was undertaken over a 7 week period from 23 June to 9 August 2015, in seven villages within the Tarnava Mare Natura 2000 site. In total, 42 days fieldwork were undertaken, with 6 days per village. Table 2.1 shows the villages and the respective survey dates for the four years. Note the shifts in the villages’ survey dates.

Much of the survey work was carried out along “the transects” which are 3 linear routes per village. Each route was selected with the aim of traversing land covers and land uses that are representative of the village’s surroundings. The routes are constrained by accessibility. The “central transect” is approximately 4km long and runs along the valley floor, upstream and downstream of the village. This transect runs through the village, usually alongside a road, near to the stream, and through more intensely farmed land. “West” and “east” transects are approximately 6km long and each takes a roughly semi-circular route from the valley floor up the valley sides, usually into less intensely farmed land, meadow grassland, pasture and woodland. There have been no significant changes to the transect locations over the four years.

There are seven main survey teams covering farmer interviews, grassland plants and land use mapping, grassland butterflies, birds, small mammals, large mammals and bats. An Orthoptera survey was also trialled this year. Further details of the methods of each team, and any notable alteration of methods, are given in the following sections.

Table 2.1. Survey schedules. June 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 2013 Crit 2014 Richis Nou Sasesc 2015 Richis Nou Sasesc 2016 Richis No July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2013 Mesendorf Viscri Malancrav 2014 Mesendorf Viscri 2015 Mesendorf Viscri 2016 Nou Sasesc Mesendorf Viscri July 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2013 Nou Sasesc Richis Crit Viscri 2014 Crit Daia Ma 2015 Crit Daia Apold 2016 Viscri Daia Malancrav August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2013 Vi Mesendorf 2014 Malancrav Apold 2015 Apold 2016 Malancrav Apold

Page 3 2.1 Farmer interviews The farm interviews were only very partially carried out in 2016. During the first week of surveys, the farm survey team leader was transferred to butterfly survey duties due to injury of that team leader. Some opportunistic interviewing and farm visits took place but the methods and results are not presented here as insufficient data were collected for any meaningful analysis.

2.2 Land use The land use survey was repeated in 2016 at the first four villages. The method followed that of 2013. The transect routes were walked and notes were taken of the land use types adjacent to the walked route, marking the transition points with GPS, using a fixed set of land use types. A high resolution satellite image (Worldview 2 imagery) was also consulted and annotated to help determine the extent of each land use and to survey areas not adjacent to the route if their land use type was discernible from a distance.

The GPS points will be loaded into a GIS (Geographic Information System), displayed over the high resolution satellite image, and used as a template for digitising polygons depicting the land use around each transect. There is ongoing work to produce a land use map of the whole Tarnava Mare Natura 2000 site, using image processing of satellite imagery. Although a preliminary map has been produced and provided to Fundatia ADEPT, the mapping technique continues to need refinement. It is proving challenging to distinguish between several of the land use types from satellite imagery. Also, it can be difficult to ascertain some land uses in the field. For example, it can be difficult to tell whether an area of grassland continues to be mown, is used for occasional low intensity grazing, or is abandoned. Results of this analysis will be reported independently.

2.3 Grassland plants The plant team re-surveyed the sites from previous years, using the same methods. So, Apold, Crit and Daia have now been surveyed over three years, while the other 5 villages have 4 years of surveys. To decide on locations of sites in 2014 and 2013, grassland was visually partitioned into high, medium and low nature value (HNV, MNV, LNV) categories based on indicators such as the presence of farm weed species, evidence of current use, shrub encroachment. On each transect a minimum of six plot locations were identified with the target of 2 HNV, 2 MNV and 2 LNV plots. This was not always achieved due to the prevalence or absence of grassland categories.

Each grassland plant plot is 50m by 5m. The surveyors walk the length of the plot counting the number of individuals of 30 species defined as indicators of HNV dry grassland in Fundatia ADEPT’s guide “Indicator Plants of the High Nature Value Dry Grasslands of Transylvania” (Akeroyd and Badarau, 2012). Betony was also counted as, although it is an indicator for damp grasslands, it is relatively abundant and widespread on the surveyed grasslands.

The species in flower change as the fieldwork season progresses. Surveying a plot on a different date is likely to give different results. This is of particular relevance when comparing data from different years to assess change. Also, as the season progresses, the number of mown fields increases and the number of fields available for survey, with standing wild flowers, decreases. This could affect the representativeness of a village’s plant surveys, and could also affect comparisons between years if the survey date is not similar. In 2016 there were different surveyors for the first 4 and last 3 villages.

Page 4 2.4 Grassland butterflies The grassland plant plots are also used for the butterfly surveys, although they are extended to 50m by 10m. All butterflies seen in a 5 minute walk along the length of the plot are counted. The butterfly counts take place between 10am and 4pm, to avoid the cooler parts of the day. Butterfly counts do not take place if it is raining. However, there still remains wide variation in the abundance of butterflies due to weather conditions and time of day. The team aims to repeat the survey of each site two or three times (dependant on presence of suitable weather conditions) to reduce the impact of weather conditions on the data. The number of times plots were surveyed is summarised in Table 2.2. All plots except one were surveyd at least twice, which is an improvement on previous years when weather has prevented more surveys. Viscri had fewer surveys than other villages mainly due weather frequently being too windy. In previous years the recent mowing of plots has precluded several surveys. We now have a growing set of nearby and similar alternative plots to allow surveys even if the main site has been mowed. Each year the butterfly survey leader has changed.

Table 2.2. Summary of how many times plots were surveyed at each village. Village N sites Not surveyed Once 2 times 3 times N surveys Apold 12 - - 6 6 30 Daia 11 - - 6 6 27 Malancrav 12 - - 2 10 34 Mesendorf 12 - - 6 6 30 Nou Sasesc 12 - - 6 6 30 Richis 12 - - 6 6 30 Viscri 13 1 6 5 1 19

2.5 Birds Standing point counts were undertaken at 500m intervals along each of the three transects for each village, giving a target of 13 point counts per east and west transect, and 9 point counts per central transect. The point count locations were very similar to those of 2015. Some point counts from 2014 and 2013 were removed in 2015 due to proximity to a point on another transect. Each point count lasted 10 minutes and all individuals seen or heard were counted. The surveys began soon after dawn, between 0545 and 0615, and were usually completed before midday.

The time of year and amount of mown grass will affect the numbers and species of birds being recorded. Also as the morning progresses, there is a very noticeable decrease in the amount of bird song and activity. So, points further along a transect tend to have fewer birds. Most surveys were repeated, walking the transect in the opposite direction to compensate for the time of day effect. The Apold West, Daia Central, Nou Sasesc West and Viscri East transects were only surveyed once due to heavy rain. The 2016 survey leader was the same as in 2015. There were different surveyors in 2014 and 2013.

In addition to the point counts, the mist netting and ringing survey was continued. Three nets were set up from dawn until about 1100 in scrub areas adjacent to farmland, across bird movement corridors. In 2016 and 2015 the mist netting and ringing took place at all 8 villages, as opposed to just 5 in 2014.

A night-time corn crake survey was also continued. The approximate distance and direction of corn crake calls was recorded on linear walks through potential corn crake habitat. The survey was relatively late in the breeding season and so very few records were obtained, which does not give an accurate

Page 5 estimate of corn crake abundance. Data from the corn crake survey is not presented in this summary report.

2.6 Small mammals The small mammal survey methods were re-designed for 2014 and continued in 2015, following limited trapping success in 2013. Cheaper plastic traps were used instead of folding Sherman traps. The lower cost meant more traps could be bought, and replaced when stolen. Grids of 4 by 5 or single lines of 20 traps were laid out in different habitat types (low and high nature value (LNV and HNV) grassland, and scrub/woodland edge), dependent on characteristic and shape of the habitat type. In 2016, more expensive traps were used – but not as expensive as the 2013 Sherman traps – as they are better for animal welfare and hopefully more effective at trapping small mammals. The same basic trap grid layout was used as in the previous two years, but the locations of some trap grids were adjusted to reduce chances of trap damage or theft. Traps were set each evening and checked the following morning. The trap lines / grids were in place for at least 4 nights. Surveyors have changed each year.

2.7 Large mammals The large mammal surveys commenced in 2014 were continued in 2015 and 2016. Two survey techniques were used: camera traps and observation of signs such as scat and tracks.

Camera traps were set up in woodland locations. At Richis, 7 cameras were set up for 2 days. At Nou Sasesc, the camera traps were set up for 2 in one set of locations, then moved to a second set of locations for another 2 days. More cameras were acquired for the other villages, so between 8 and 12 cameras were set up for 4 days. The number of cameras varied due to malfuntioning and theft. The cameras were placed in strategically chosen woodland locations that seemed likely to experience frequent large mammal activity. Fewer cameras were stolen in 2016 and 2015 compared to 2014, partly due to attaching cameras with padlocked cables.

The survey of large mammal signs involved walking the east and west transects, recording sightings, scat, tracks, digging and any other signs of large mammal presence, and GPS coordinates of their location.

2.8 Bats In 2014 there was a more extensive and systematic survey of bats than in 2013. This was repeated in 2015 and 2016. Various methods were used at each village, including roost surveys, bat activity transect surveys, static detector surveys and mist netting.

A separate report on the 2016 bat survey is being produced.

2.9 Orthoptera Surveying of Orthoptera – grasshoppers and bush crickets –was trialled in 2016. The trial ran at Nou Sasesc and Mesendorf. The team tried different techniques to assess the diversity and abundance. A report on this trial is included in Appendix 1.

Page 6 3.0 Vital statistics

This section presents selected summary information to give a concise overview of the data. Remember that various factors can influence the data including natural fluctuations in wildlife populations, natural variation from year to year due to changing vegetation phenology, timing of the survey relative to the day of the year and time of day, surveyor knowledge and experience, and sample size. The methods described above have been designed to limit these issues, while allowing a relatively rapid biodiversity assessment across the Tarnava Mare.

Figure 3.1 summarises the grassland plant data. For each survey site, a “3-way diversity” score has been calculated (see section 6 for details) and is summarised for each village in figure 3.1. All villages have a wide range of “3-way diversity” scores, although this is less so for Apold. No village has scores that are noticeably greater than other villages. At Crit and Mesendorf the median score is tending to increase year on year. At Daia and Nou Sasesc the median score is tending to decrease.

Figure 3.1. Site-level grassland plant survey “3-way diversity” scores, summarised for each village, for 2013 (white boxes), 2014 (light grey boxes), 2015 (medium grey boxes) and 2016 (dark grey boxes). Higher scores indicate higher diversity of indicator species. In each boxplot: the horizontal line represents the median value; the height of the box represents the inter-quartile range (IQR); the length of the whiskers represents whichever is shorter of the maximum/minimum value or 1.5 times the IQR; circles represent outliers (data points beyond the whisker range).

Figure 3.2 shows the total abundance of indicator plants across the years at each village, and all villages combined. Across all villages the abundance has decreased each year which is a potential cause for concern. However, Apold is the only individual village that also follows this pattern. Apold has notably fewer indicator plants than other villages. Crit has notably higher numbers – this is primarily caused by a very high amount of Betony at a few Crit sites.

Page 7 25000 2013 2014 2015 2016

20000

15000

10000

Indicator PlanthaAbundance per Indicator

5000

0

VI

RI

All

AP

DA NS

CR MA ME

Village

Figure 3.2. Total indicator plant abundance per ha for each village and overall, for each year.

Page 8 Figure 3.5 summarises the grassland butterfly diversity. There is a wide range of butterfly diversity levels at all of the villages, but less so at Viscri, Apold and Daia. All villages seem notably more diverse in 2016 compared to previous years, with the exception of Crit (not surveyed) and Mesendorf. In 2016 Malancrav has notably higher diversity indices than other villages. Viscri has a consistently lower median value every year. The consistent decline in butterfly diversity previously observed at Nou Sasesc (with 2015 data heavily influenced by very wet weather) has clearly reversed.

Figure 3.5. Plot-level butterfly diversity data, summarised per village, for 2013 (white boxes), 2014 (light grey boxes), 2015 (medium grey boxes) and 2016 (dark grey boxes). In each boxplot: the horizontal line represents the median value; the height of the box represents the inter-quartile range (IQR); the length of the whiskers represents whichever is shorter of the maximum/minimum value or 1.5 times the IQR; circles represent outliers (data points beyond the whisker range).

Page 9 Red-backed shrike abundance is summarised in figure 3.6. Daia continues to have noticeably higher numbers of red- backed shrike than the other villages. In all villages fewer red-backed shrike were seen in 2015 compared to 2014. In 2016 numbers decline further in 3 villages. This needs to be monitored closely in future years to check whether this is a more long-term change. The total recorded number of birds and the number of species varies from year to year, partly due to changes to surveying personnel. Section 7 includes bird data reported as a percentage of the total number of birds recorded in a year. This adjustment can compensate for a change in detection rate due to different surveyors. With this adjustment, only Crit shows a consistent declining trend in red-backed shrike numbers.

2013 2014 2015 4 2016

3

2

Abundance per point countpointAbundance per

1

0

VI

RI

AP

DA NS

CR MA ME

Village TOTAL Figure 3.6. Number of red-backed shrike per point count, per village, for 2013 to 2016.

Page 10 Figure 3.7 indicates that small mammal abundance has fluctuated markedly at all villages. The population crash in 2015 has been followed by recovery in numbers at all surveyed villages, although the recovery is less pronounced at Nou Sasesc. High fluctuation in abundance seems to be a normal pattern, as can often be the case with small mammals.

0.35 2013 2014 2015 2016 0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

Abundance per trap night trap Abundance per

0.10

0.05

0.00

VI

RI

AP

DA NS

CR MA ME

Village Figure 3.7. Small mammal abundance per trap night, per village, for 2013 to 2016.

Page 11 The large mammal signs of presence data summarised in Figure 3.9 show that most villages have more frequent signs in 2016, while only Viscri has fewer. Mesendorf has consistently more signs than other villages. Apold and Daia have increased to a high number of signs. Nou Sasesc, Richis and Viscri consistently have fewer signs than other villages.

10 2014 2015 2016

8

6

Signs per km Signs per 4

2

0

Crit

Daia

Viscri

Apold

Richis

Malancrav

Mesendorf

All.villages Nou.Sasesc Figure 3.9. Signs of large mammal presence per kilometre, per village, 2014, 2015 and 2016.

Page 12 4.0 Grassland plants

The indicator plant data for each site have been converted to three measures to characterise the indicator species diversity and abundance. These three measures have been combined into a single “3-way diversity” score, which is presented in Figure 3.4 of the summary statistics. The three measures are: A. Richness: Species richness, the number of indicator species B. Evenness: 1 – Berger Parker dominance index C. Abundance: Total number of individuals of each indicator species The “3-way diversity” score is calculated as: A + 10B + C/100. This re-scales the three measures to similar ranges of values, and then adds them together.

Figures 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 show the richness, evenness and abundance measures for each village, and for all 4 survey years. There is a wide range in the values of the measures across the sites at each village. There is some variation between years. This may be due partly to difference in the date of survey in 2013 compared to the other three years. There will also be natural fluctuation. Annual plant species change their location from year to year, and can change from lying within a 50m by 5m plot to outside from year to year. Year on year changes must be interpreted with caution, and longer term trends over several years will be more reliable. The only potentially consistent trends revealed in figures 4.1 to 4.3 are Mesendorf richness increasing, Daia and Richis evenness decreasing and Viscri evenness increasing, Apold abundance decreasing and Mesendorf abundance increasing.

Figure 4.1. Site-level plant indicator species richness measure, summarised for each village, for 2013 (white boxes), 2014 (light grey boxes), 2015 (medium grey boxes) and 2016 (dark grey boxes). In each boxplot: the horizontal line represents the median value; the height of the box represents the inter- quartile range (IQR); the length of the whiskers represents whichever is shorter of the maximum/minimum value or 1.5 times the IQR; circles represent outliers (data points beyond the whisker range).

Page 13

Figure 4.2. Site-level plant indicator species evenness measure, summarised for each village, 2013 (white boxes), 2014 (light grey boxes) and 2015 (medium grey boxes) and 2016 (dark grey boxes). See figure 4.1 for boxplot specifications.

Figure 4.3. Site-level plant indicator species abundance measure, summarised for each village, 2013 (white boxes), 2014 (light grey boxes) and 2015 (medium grey boxes) and 2016 (dark grey boxes). See figure 4.1 for boxplot specifications.

Table 4.1 presents data on the three measures and the “3-way diversity” score for each site, for all 4 years. Sites with a consistent change in the 3-way score have their name highlighted in the ‘Site’ column. A consistent change in 3-way score is deemed to be present if there is a greater than 95% significance to the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between the year and the 3-way score

Page 14 (Prho <= 0.05).There is a lot of fluctuation from one year to the next. 18 sites have consistent change – but 12 of these 18 sites do not have a full 4 years’ worth of data. The TOTAL 3-way score has consistently decreased over the four years. This illustrates that overall there is a general trend of decreasing plant diversity from 2013 to 2016. There is a lot of variability amongst the sites, and various factors could cause this overall trend, including weather conditions, scheduling of the surveys, and surveyors. However, there is evidence that the botanic biodiversity of the Tarnava Mare may be declining, and this needs to be monitored closely.

Table 4.1. Indicator plant diversity and abundance measures for each site of each village. Dark green: >= 50% increase. Light green: >= 20% increase. Yellow: <= 20% decrease. Red: <= 50% decrease. Grey = not surveyed.

Richness Evenness Abundance 3way Label 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 GB_AP01 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.2 0.5 0.1 46.0 33.0 24.0 4.4 7.2 3.1 GB_AP02 2.0 5.0 4.0 0.1 0.7 0.4 34.0 78.0 45.0 3.8 12.7 8.7 GB_AP03 4.0 2.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 215.0 3.0 0.0 10.0 5.4 0.0 GB_AP04 4.0 6.0 4.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 161.0 329.0 115.0 10.8 13.5 9.4 GB_AP05 2.0 6.0 5.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 193.0 120.0 93.0 5.6 10.9 11.3

GB_AP06 4.0 5.0 5.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 70.0 194.0 223.0 9.1 12.8 9.8

Apold GB_AP07 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 GB_AP08 5.0 4.0 3.0 0.5 0.6 0.3 61.0 61.0 6.0 11.0 10.5 6.4 GB_AP09 4.0 5.0 6.0 0.6 0.4 0.4 53.0 98.0 189.0 10.9 10.4 11.9 GB_AP10 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 254.0 1.0 4.0 4.8 1.0 1.0 GB_AP11 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 148.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 GB_AP12 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 GB_CR01 4.0 0.0 2.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 31.0 0.0 17.0 9.5 0.0 2.8 GB_CR02 4.0 9.0 9.0 0.4 0.8 0.5 50.0 412.0 611.0 8.3 20.6 19.9 GB_CR03 4.0 8.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 57.0 63.0 0.0 7.4 15.5 0.0 GB_CR04 2.0 0.0 5.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 14.0 0.0 53.0 2.9 0.0 9.9 GB_CR05 7.0 8.0 8.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1210.0 388.0 848.0 24.4 16.7 21.0 GB_CR06 5.0 5.0 0.1 0.1 2124.0 936.0 27.0 15.6 0.0 GB_CR07 3.0 5.0 4.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 2354.0 1991.0 1174.0 28.1 25.9 16.6 GB_CR08 5.0 2.0 6.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 228.0 71.0 581.0 11.7 3.0 16.9

GB_CR09 5.0 0.0 8.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 548.0 0.0 945.0 14.5 0.0 23.6 Crit GB_CR10 0.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 58.0 6.0 0.0 8.7 3.7 GB_CR11 4.0 2.0 3.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 34.0 4.0 12.0 9.6 4.5 6.5 GB_CR12 4.0 4.0 2.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 49.0 75.0 15.0 7.3 7.0 6.8 GB_CR13 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.3 0.6 0.3 254.0 285.0 1041.0 10.5 14.1 18.5 GB_CR14 3.0 3.0 4.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 236.0 255.0 404.0 9.9 9.8 13.5 GB_CR15 1.0 0.0 68.0 1.7 GB_CR16 3.0 3.0 4.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1011.0 1589.0 1659.0 14.1 19.0 21.0 GB_CR17 3.0 3.0 0.4 0.0 411.0 687.0 11.2 9.9 GB_CR18 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1305.0 987.0 1999.0 17.1 13.0 23.1 GB_DA01 5.0 6.0 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 70.0 49.0 0.0 12.4 11.4 0.0 GB_DA02 6.0 6.0 6.0 0.4 0.6 0.5 29.0 32.0 26.0 10.4 12.6 10.9 GB_DA03 8.0 6.0 6.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 110.0 104.0 103.0 15.4 10.7 10.5 GB_DA04 3.0 5.0 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 86.0 99.0 96.0 5.5 8.4 2.0

GB_DA05 3.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 25.0 14.0 3.0 4.1 1.1 1.0 GB_DA06 5.0 3.0 4.0 0.5 0.3 0.6 49.0 6.0 19.0 10.2 6.4 10.0

Daia GB_DA07 8.0 9.0 4.0 0.7 0.5 0.6 62.0 101.0 19.0 15.9 15.4 10.5 GB_DA08 8.0 11.0 9.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 139.0 261.0 281.0 16.3 19.1 17.3 GB_DA09 9.0 11.0 8.0 0.5 0.7 0.8 355.0 450.0 339.0 17.5 23.0 19.0 GB_DA10 7.0 0.0 8.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 1176.0 0.0 524.0 22.5 0.0 16.6 GB_DA11 5.0 0.0 6.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 174.0 0.0 300.0 10.0 0.0 12.0 GB_MA01 12.0 8.0 8.0 11.0 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 419.0 299.0 74.0 296.0 22.3 15.8 16.0 19.4

GB_MA02 12.0 7.0 4.0 7.0 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.7 286.0 324.0 832.0 305.0 22.7 12.8 12.9 16.6 GB_MA03 7.0 6.0 0.0 8.0 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.6 133.0 170.0 0.0 287.0 16.1 13.2 0.0 16.7 GB_MA04 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 118.0 163.0 57.0 189.0 10.5 11.7 10.7 10.5

Malancrav GB_MA05 5.0 2.0 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 43.0 210.0 1.0 9.8 6.0 0.0 1.0 GB_MA06 5.0 0.0 5.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 270.0 0.0 101.0 9.1 0.0 0.0 11.3

Page 15

Richness Evenness Abundance 3way Label 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 GB_MA07 4.0 4.0 2.0 3.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 189.0 82.0 38.0 172.0 7.7 7.1 3.7 7.5 GB_MA08 4.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.3 173.0 39.0 0.0 147.0 9.5 10.3 0.0 8.2 GB_MA09 2.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 134.0 11.0 247.0 279.0 4.4 7.7 13.3 13.3 GB_MA10 0.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.0 24.0 9.0 9.0 0.0 5.7 7.5 4.3 GB_MA11 8.0 2.0 6.0 6.0 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.4 210.0 8.0 120.0 123.0 17.0 3.3 12.0 11.3 GB_MA12 8.0 9.0 0.5 0.7 772.0 383.0 20.8 20.3 GB_ME01 2.0 3.0 6.0 3.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 35.0 50.0 308.0 181.0 4.4 4.5 12.5 9.2 GB_ME02 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.3 2259.0 1198.0 406.0 570.0 30.0 19.5 13.7 12.5 GB_ME03 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 64.0 49.0 111.0 383.0 10.6 11.8 11.1 13.8 GB_ME04 3.0 0.5 42.0 8.9 GB_ME05 4.0 0.0 227.0 6.6 GB_ME06 5.0 4.0 7.0 6.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 526.0 283.0 423.0 433.0 15.4 9.4 13.7 15.8

GB_ME07 2.0 0.3 20.0 5.2 GB_ME08 6.0 7.0 6.0 8.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 167.0 211.0 598.0 459.0 12.0 14.7 14.9 18.5

Mesendorf GB_ME09 6.0 6.0 4.0 6.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 613.0 118.0 331.0 233.0 18.4 13.4 12.9 15.0 GB_ME10 1.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.1 16.0 11.0 31.0 112.0 1.2 4.8 10.1 5.5 GB_ME11 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 154.0 250.0 164.0 466.0 9.6 15.2 12.5 15.4 GB_ME12 2.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 72.0 96.0 24.0 46.0 6.6 7.5 4.9 4.8 GB_ME13 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 655.0 829.0 209.0 455.0 16.9 19.1 14.5 15.4 GB_ME14 6.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 1030.0 644.0 485.0 948.0 22.6 15.8 16.1 19.6 GB_ME15 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 28.0 21.0 17.0 33.0 1.3 1.2 4.9 1.3 GB_NS01 5.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.4 260.0 13.0 12.0 67.0 12.9 4.4 9.0 9.7 GB_NS02 7.0 5.0 8.0 5.0 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 1105.0 255.0 379.0 428.0 20.2 12.4 14.9 12.7 GB_NS03 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.0 1.0 GB_NS04 2.0 3.0 0.0 3.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 35.0 230.0 0.0 21.0 6.6 5.5 0.0 5.6

GB_NS05 9.0 12.0 14.0 10.0 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 527.0 1367.0 693.0 783.0 21.2 29.3 28.0 24.4 GB_NS06 11.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 261.0 321.0 795.0 605.0 19.4 16.9 24.2 21.5 GB_NS07 10.0 9.0 7.0 8.0 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.6 705.0 340.0 291.0 265.0 24.1 16.5 16.0 16.9 Nou Nou Sasesc GB_NS08 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 32.0 9.0 19.0 23.0 3.9 4.3 7.4 9.4 GB_NS09 12.0 9.0 13.0 12.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.6 948.0 338.0 702.0 390.0 27.1 16.8 26.5 21.6 GB_NS10 10.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.2 692.0 127.0 73.0 207.0 23.3 14.2 11.3 10.5 GB_NS11 9.0 11.0 7.0 8.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 290.0 466.0 367.0 1135.0 16.7 18.4 14.7 23.6 GB_NS12 2.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 2.0 2.0 12.0 7.0 7.0 1.1 GB_RI01 5.0 8.0 6.0 3.0 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.4 204.0 279.0 73.0 158.0 9.0 17.5 13.6 9.0 GB_RI02 6.0 7.0 4.0 5.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 164.0 147.0 29.0 39.0 13.0 13.0 9.1 10.3 GB_RI03 9.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 284.0 521.0 123.0 407.0 18.0 17.7 16.2 18.7 GB_RI04 11.0 8.0 9.0 5.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 825.0 355.0 531.0 214.0 25.2 16.1 20.7 12.9 GB_RI05 6.0 9.0 4.0 4.0 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.3 248.0 348.0 166.0 410.0 14.0 19.0 7.8 11.1

GB_RI06 10.0 9.0 5.0 2.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.3 755.0 503.0 213.0 369.0 24.6 20.5 13.6 8.7

Richis GB_RI07 8.0 10.0 4.0 8.0 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 470.0 567.0 52.0 675.0 20.2 21.6 8.8 19.6 GB_RI08 1.0 8.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 2.0 184.0 21.0 0.0 1.0 16.9 3.6 0.0 GB_RI09 4.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 466.0 456.0 368.0 589.0 10.6 13.5 13.5 13.2 GB_RI10 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.3 8.0 215.0 11.0 22.0 6.8 4.7 4.8 5.4 GB_RI11 7.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.5 599.0 338.0 544.0 614.0 17.8 12.6 19.2 20.1 GB_RI12 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.6 793.0 287.0 73.0 42.0 13.6 7.3 9.7 11.6 GB_VI01 7.0 12.0 0.0 7.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.6 385.0 273.0 0.0 770.0 13.6 19.6 0.0 21.2 GB_VI02 5.0 6.0 6.0 0.3 0.5 0.6 199.0 111.0 148.0 9.6 12.0 13.6 GB_VI03 4.0 9.0 8.0 6.0 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.3 11.0 289.0 150.0 626.0 10.5 18.9 16.9 15.4 GB_VI04 6.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 403.0 254.0 242.0 486.0 13.6 14.8 10.2 17.2 GB_VI05 2.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 5.0 274.0 89.0 193.0 4.1 8.4 5.9 9.8

GB_VI06 4.0 8.0 6.0 7.0 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.5 210.0 172.0 100.0 1020.0 8.0 14.4 14.0 22.3 GB_VI07 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 854.0 1120.0 384.0 365.0 18.9 19.7 17.3 15.6

Viscri GB_VI08 7.0 6.0 9.0 7.0 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.2 475.0 582.0 979.0 801.0 18.4 14.0 22.4 17.2 GB_VI09 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 22.0 43.0 12.0 10.0 1.2 4.3 1.1 1.1 GB_VI10 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 21.0 57.0 51.0 24.0 3.6 5.0 5.9 3.9 GB_VI11 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 9.0 18.0 7.0 21.0 1.1 1.2 3.5 2.7 GB_VI12 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 73.0 12.0 13.0 1.0 3.6 3.0 2.9 GB_VI13 0.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 20.0 60.0 36.0 0.0 4.7 7.4 4.7 TOTAL 20.0 24.0 21.0 21.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 31331.0 26688.0 25122.0 20849.0 339.6 297.7 278.6 237.8

Page 16

Table 4.3 shows the abundance of each indicator species that was surveyed, totalled for each village. This could potentially mask the within-site natural fluctuations in abundance and reveal more systematic trends. However, the differences in survey date remains an influencing factor. Table 4.3 contains a real mixture of colours, indicating variation between years, between species and between villages. Overall, there are 195 dark and light green cells compared to 184 red and orange cells – suggesting a slight predominance of increasing abundances. Species that experienced a consistent decline or increase over the 3 or 4 years are listed in Table 4.2. In terms of total abundance across all indicator species (the bottom row of Table 4.3), only Apold has a consistent trend (declining) across all years. However, the TOTAL abundance for all villages combined has consistently decreased over the 4 years. This aligns with the TOTAL 3-way score in table 4.1, and provides additional evidence that there may be an overall downward trend in botanical biodiversity. Monitoring will continue, and with each year there can be greater certainty as to whether this is a genuine decline in wildflower abundance, or natural variation, or due to surveying artefacts such as change in survey date or surveying staff.

Table 4.2. Species with consistent change over four years at a village or all villages combined. Bold indicates an additional trend added since the 2015 report. The lower half of the table lists species where consistent change had been identified in the 2015 report, but 2016 data do not continue that trend. Species showing consistent decline Species showing consistent increase  Jurinea – Malancrav, Nou Sasesc  Large speedwell – Crit, Nou Sasesc  Sainfoin – Apold  Greater milkwort – Nou Sasesc  Lady’s bedstraw – Daia, All  Siberian bellflower – Malancrav  Crown vetch – Apold,  White dwarf broom – Richis  Yellow scabious –Richis  Charterhouse pink – Daia  Greater selfheal – Daia  Squinancywort – Daia, Mesendorf  Dorycnium – Crit, Daia  Yellow scabious –Viscri  Sword-leaved fleabane – Crit  Sword-leaved fleabane – Nou Sasesc,  Deptford pink – Daia Viscri  TOTAL – Apold, All  Betony – Crit Species no longer showing consistent decline Species no longer showing consistent increase  Jurinea –All  Greater milkwort – All  Sainfoin –Malancrav, Richis  White dwarf broom –All  Lady’s bedstraw –Malancrav  Charterhouse pink –Nou Sasesc  Crown vetch –Viscri, All  Mountain clover – Mesendorf  Yellow scabious – Mesendorf  Yellow scabious – Malancrav  Dorycnium – Malancrav, Viscri  Greater self-heal – Nou Sasesc  Wild thyme – Mesendorf, Nou Sasesc  Deptford pink – Crit  Deptford pink – All  Betony – Mesendorf, Richis

Page 17 Table 4.3. Abundance of each indicator species at each village. Grey: no record for two consecutive years. Dark green: >= 50% increase. Light green: >= 20% increase. Yellow: <= 20% decrease. Red: <= 50% decrease. Note: Six indicator species (Adonis vernalis, Viola hirta, Orchis militaris, Dictamnus albus, Echium maculatum, Gentianopis ciliate) were not present in any site in any year, and so are not included in this table. Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Three-toothed Orchid Orchis tridentata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nodding Sage Salvia nutans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 0 1043 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 135 0 0 Jurinea Jurinea mollis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 177 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 31 4 0 2 Large Speedwell Veronica austriaca 0 0 0 36 169 301 4 27 0 0 4 0 0 12 4 7 0 0 0 10 11 160 0 0 30 92 31 30 73 50 26 47 16 Greater Milkwort Polygala major 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 204 15 117 0 115 27 0 87 60 97 113 197 623 782 13 267 60 20 0 0 30 0 41 81 137 134 Purple Viper's Grass Scorzonera purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 Hairy Flax Linum hirsutum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 243 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 Siberian Bellflower Campanula sibirica 0 0 173 0 0 0 0 0 73 0 7 35 110 2 0 17 0 7 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 6 1 6 51 Yellow Flax Linum flavum 130 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 117 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 215 467 3 183 723 0 0 0 0 97 17 23 134 White Dwarf-Broom Chamaecytisus albus 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 377 167 0 77 347 363 0 0 0 0 0 10 90 81 Kidney Vetch Anthyllis vulneraria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 23 0 3 617 50 127 0 0 0 0 1 81 9 18 Sainfoin Onobrychis viciifolia 210 160 143 1300 169 523 40 427 400 1187 735 305 627 821 538 1697 507 2327 367 880 1535 2150 1417 977 1300 908 3332 2530 3930 1449 851 937 1206 Charterhouse Pink Dianthus carthusianorum 47 0 3 1198 92 539 69 76 116 617 76 720 107 864 720 1010 173 293 413 1443 1360 193 27 357 270 0 12 0 0 527 182 518 290 Squinancywort Asperula cynanchica 187 1124 763 193 323 320 356 782 811 63 0 5 117 287 331 513 720 373 200 323 124 1207 140 147 70 538 458 1470 2140 444 249 586 678 Mountain Clover Trifolium montanum 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 23 0 5 0 7 47 93 27 20 3907 513 11 0 2193 97 150 0 0 0 0 9 768 89 27 Lady's Bedstraw Galium verum 110 204 157 3649 2406 3832 2560 1507 1247 1133 378 155 1057 2694 3229 2353 850 1313 1807 1890 1225 860 683 1037 2003 465 837 877 787 1686 1501 1482 1047 Crown Vetch Coronilla verum 513 468 217 473 649 573 233 542 447 700 491 425 687 1155 600 620 2050 1943 1163 1027 2076 1090 1287 193 680 1837 963 590 1610 1200 737 555 1110 Yellow Scabious Scabiosa ochroleuca 1353 1388 807 67 89 67 167 133 636 287 1000 6585 907 24 7 0 23 313 0 17 84 1147 17 0 0 25 40 97 947 310 334 1036 486 Wall Germander Teucrium chamaedrys 0 0 0 0 71 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 970 793 573 829 207 1407 877 1623 0 148 77 313 196 302 193 405 Greater Self-heal Prunella grandiflora 1617 0 0 0 126 16 753 44 4 0 764 40 1157 0 0 0 20 3 80 193 160 3 0 20 17 0 905 83 230 1 530 50 227 Dorycnium Dorycnium pentaphyllum 7 236 0 462 222 157 764 631 4 317 51 35 440 774 996 1120 1023 2710 1797 1787 3356 5827 1250 2307 1810 4102 3120 1590 4470 2365 1026 983 1586 Sword-leaved Fleabane Inula ensifolia 0 88 0 40 3 3 22 53 51 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 120 0 0 30 33 1613 0 7 17 0 28 53 0 276 7 39 31 Wild Thyme Thymus glabrescens 7 0 20 0 0 0 105 31 47 993 480 2105 1480 438 262 80 1240 860 167 50 775 650 3190 390 1260 0 25 0 30 490 529 332 693 Deptford Pink Dianthus armeria 0 0 0 0 15 27 127 31 4 570 775 45 230 0 124 97 63 437 7 43 44 257 43 223 1243 0 206 0 10 211 162 58 228 Betony Stachys officinalis 0 0 13 14764 17554 20429 2975 467 2364 557 55 95 630 8351 6545 2690 7483 4527 580 1340 1487 197 97 40 73 6 6 20 10 4734 3476 3135 1723 TOTAL 4180 3668 2330 22187 21889 26805 8273 4960 6218 6857 4836 10745 7640 15428 13491 10357 14397 16220 11563 11143 14273 16060 14000 7347 11797 7985 10111 7447 14550 14123 11043 10309 10172 Page 18 5.0 Grassland butterflies

Table 5.2 shows the abundance of each observed butterfly species summed per village. Notable changes between years have been highlighted. These should be interpreted with caution due to natural variability, the influence of weather during the survey period, and changes in surveying staff.

The total number of butterflies recorded at each village should be less influenced by surveyor bias. In 2014 three villages showed notable decreases in abundance. In 2015 butterfly abundance recovered by more than 20% in two of those villages – Richis and Viscri. But Nou Sasesc showed a further decline. In 2016, there was a notable increase in total butterfly numbers at all villages, except Mesendorf which experienced a 22% decrease.

Five species were recorded on the surveys for the first time in 2016. These are Wall brown (Lasiommata megera), Duke of Burgundy fritillary (Hamearis lucina), Cardinal (Argynnis pandora), Green hairstreak (Callophrys rubi ) and Large tortoiseshell (Nymphalis polychloros).

Table 5.1 shows the species that have consistently decreased or increased over the 4 years (3 years for Apold, Crit and Daia). 35 species show a total of 76 incidents of consistent increase, while 13 species show a total of 19 incidents of consistent decrease. So there are many more incidents of increase rather than decline, and more than were identified in the 2015 report. The widespread decline in Nou Sasesc butterflies that was identified in the 2015 report has not continued. Some of the consistent changes are for species with a low number of records, and therefore a difference of just a few butterflies can appear to be a notable change. Differences in surveyor can have an influence in such cases. Changes for the more abundant butterflies are more reliable. Of the species with more than 50 individuals per hectare in a single year (those underlined in table 5.1), 12 species have 29 incidences of consistent increase, while 5 species have 10 incidences of consistent decrease.

Butterfly biodiversity in all the surveyed villages appears to be in good health. The survey data gives no causes for concern.

Table 5.1. Species with consistent change over four years at a village or all villages combined. Underlined species had 50 or more individuals in a single year – and are more reliable trends than species with few individuals observed. Bold indicates an additional trend added since the 2015 report. The lower half of the table lists species where consistent change had been identified in the 2015 report, but 2016 data do not continue that trend. Species in red are used in the European Butterfly Indicator for Grassland Species (Van Swaay et al., 2016) SPECIES SHOWING CONSISTENT DECLINE  Marbled white – Apold, Nou Sasesc  Bath white – All  Meadow brown – Apold  Meleager’s blue – Malancrav, Mesendorf,  Silver washed fritillary –Nou Sasesc Richis, All  Heath fritillary – Crit, Nou Sasesc, All  Silver-studded blue - Apold  Essex skipper - Daia  Reverdin blue – Richis  Silver spotted skipper – Crit  Holly blue –Viscri  Fenton’s wood white – All  Red admiral - Mesendorf

Page 19 Table 5.1. cont…. SPECIES SHOWING CONSISTENT INCREASE  Marbled white – Crit  Brimstone – Crit, Richis, All  Meadow brown – Crit  Ringlet – Apold, Crit, Daia, Viscri  High brown fritillary – Richis  All blues – Daia  Dark green fritillary – Crit, Mesendorf  Silver studded blue – Viscri  Weaver’s fritillary – Mesendorf, Nou  Mazarine blue – Mesendorf, All Sasesc, Viscri, All  Idas blue – Crit  Small pearl bordered fritillary – Apold,  Common blue – Crit, Daia, Richis, Viscri Daia, Malancrav, All  Chapman’s blue – All  Nickerls fritillary –Richis, All  Green underside blue – Richis, All  Essex skipper - Richis  Eastern short-tailed blue – Daia, Viscri,  Grizzled skipper – Daia, All All  Dingy skipper – Apold, Crit, Viscri  Short tailed blue – Apold, Daia,  Large chequered skipper – Richis Malancrav, All  Small white - Daia  Adonis blue – Richis  Wood white – Daia, Malancrav, Nou  Osiris blue – Daia, Viscri Sasesc, Richis, Viscri, All  Blue sp. – Apold, Viscri, All  Small heath – Apold, Daia, All  Sooty copper - All  Chestnut heath –Richis  Large copper – Daia, All  Pearly heath – Mesendorf, Nou Sasesc,  Scarce swallowtail - Apold All  Common glider – Malancrav  Pale clouded yellow – Crit, Daia, Nou Sasesc Species no longer showing consistent decline Species no longer showing consistent increase  Marbled white – Malancrav  Marbled white – Mesendorf, Viscri  Silver washed fritillary – Mesendorf, All  Meadow brown – Viscri  Large skipper –Mesendorf, Nou Sasesc,  Dark green fritillary –All All  Nickerls fritillary – Mesendorf  Small white – Nou Sasesc  Twin spot fritillary – Mesendorf  Small heath – Mesendorf, Nou Sasesc  Wood white –Mesendorf  Dryad – Mesendorf  Small heath –Malancrav  Clouded yellow – Nou Sasesc  Chestnut heath – Malancrav, Nou Sasesc,  Ringlet – Nou Sasesc All  All blues – Nou Sasesc  Pale clouded yellow –Viscri, All  Holly blue –Nou Sasesc  Chalk hill blue – Malancrav, All  Common blue – Nou Sasesc  Baton blue – Nou Sasesc  Idas blue – All  Common blue – Mesendorf, All  Short tailed blue –Mesendorf, Nou Sasesc  Brown argus – Malancrav, All

Page 20 Table 5.2. Grassland butterfly abundance (numbers per hectare) at each village. Grey: no sighting two years running. Dark green: >= 50% increase. Light green: >= 20% increase. Yellow: <= 20% decrease. Red: <= 50% decrease. Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All villages 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Marbled white Melanariga galathea 5 2 2 42 113 164 46 71 17 181 22 5 65 42 216 279 124 121 104 97 85 46 44 43 73 23 121 196 43 76 86 112 59 Meadow brown Maniola jurtina 238 204 162 145 297 458 167 213 98 174 196 114 215 214 414 354 177 195 168 171 151 98 98 117 99 46 189 269 173 145 223 247 153 Wall brown Lasiommata megera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Silver-washed fritillary Argynnis paphia 18 2 4 4 1 9 3 0 4 2 4 2 4 31 8 2 13 7 5 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 8 5 2 4 High brown fritillary Argynnis adipe 9 2 5 0 8 1 2 5 3 0 2 0 0 0 29 18 5 2 20 14 3 1 1 8 8 0 2 0 0 0 9 6 4 Marbled fritillary Brenthis daphne 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 7 2 4 0 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Assman's fritillary Melitaea britomartis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Knapweed fritillary Melitaea phoebe 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Lesser marbled fritillary Brenthis ino 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Queen of Spain fritillary Issoria lathonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Dark green fritillary Argynnis aglaja 0 1 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 Weaver's fritillary Boloria dia 0 0 7 0 6 6 1 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 8 8 15 0 0 3 13 1 0 2 7 0 0 1 2 0 2 3 6 Small pearl-bordered fritillary Boloria selene 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 2 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Pallas fritillary Argynnis laodice 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pearl-bordered fritillary Clossiana euphrosyne 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spotted fritillary Melitaea didyma 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 12 0 1 0 9 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 Heath fritillary Mellicta athalia 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 Marsh fritillary Eurodryas aurinia 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Little fritillary Melitaea asteria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Nickerls fritillary Melitaea aurelia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 3 0 4 3 6 0 3 5 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 Niobe fritillary Argynnis niobe 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Twin-spot fritillary Brenthis hecate 0 0 0 0 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 Spotted fritillary Melitaea didyma 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 Fritillary sp. 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Duke of Burgundy fritillary Hamearis lucina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Page 21 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All villages 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Cardinal Argynnis pandora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small skipper Pyrgus sylvestris 0 0 0 10 2 4 3 2 2 20 0 0 4 10 4 6 32 10 1 21 21 1 0 4 23 4 0 3 3 9 1 5 12 Essex skipper Thymelicus lineola 0 0 0 0 41 15 10 2 0 0 5 0 16 0 55 33 52 0 24 13 71 0 0 1 21 0 21 11 5 0 20 10 24 Large skipper Ochlodes venatu 1 1 0 5 0 0 1 0 4 8 0 0 11 9 5 0 8 5 3 1 2 0 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 6 1 0 3 Grizzled skipper Pyrgus malvae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 Dingy skipper Erynnis tages 3 7 9 2 3 13 6 3 18 4 8 5 35 2 0 0 5 17 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 2 4 16 5 3 4 12 Silver-spotted skipper Hesperia comma 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Safflower skipper Pyrgus carthami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Large chequered skipper Heteropterus morpheus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 6 3 17 0 0 3 17 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 Chequered skipper Carterocephalus palaemon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small white Artogeia rapae 11 2 29 7 1 3 1 1 23 12 26 29 21 8 1 3 0 9 2 1 18 8 1 1 13 3 4 1 2 8 6 5 15 Large white Pieris brassicae 0 5 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Green-veined white Pieris napi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Wood white Leptidea sinapis 2 1 18 0 8 6 1 3 9 0 1 10 17 0 11 22 14 0 3 6 18 0 1 6 21 0 0 1 2 0 3 7 14 Fenton's wood white Leptidea mersei 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Bath white Pontia daplidice 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small heath Coenonympha pamphilus 32 33 45 13 15 10 11 27 28 2 19 54 33 30 26 17 27 10 7 5 10 4 7 3 10 21 24 12 15 13 18 21 24 Chestnut heath Coenonympha glycerion 3 0 11 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 2 20 0 0 2 1 0 0 3 4 0 0 2 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 Pearly heath Coenonympha arcania 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 10 0 4 4 12 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 Dryad Hipparchia dryas 17 49 29 19 39 18 41 79 40 23 35 26 53 8 1 0 19 87 0 0 3 36 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 29 17 18 21 Clouded yellow Colias crocea 3 0 15 3 0 0 0 0 4 13 0 0 13 5 0 3 5 10 1 0 2 7 0 0 9 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 7 Danube clouded yellow Colias myrmidone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pale clouded yellow Colias hyale 14 18 11 1 13 20 11 12 15 0 11 9 26 2 3 2 10 0 0 2 5 3 0 1 3 0 16 27 5 1 9 12 11 Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus 3 10 18 1 1 10 5 5 22 17 8 10 65 0 4 2 35 13 4 0 75 5 1 1 3 0 0 1 5 6 3 5 32

All blues 404 440 425 149 20 56 89 226 311 33 286 342 207 179 28 68 27 129 74 60 64 178 34 70 58 269 11 42 236 156 114 153 188

Page 22 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All villages 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Chalk-hill blue Lysandra coridon 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Meleager's blue Meleageria daphnis 1 0 0 139 0 0 1 0 0 15 1 0 0 174 4 0 0 95 0 0 0 128 1 0 0 265 0 0 0 136 1 0 0 Silver-studded blue Plebejus argus 218 130 122 1 15 13 74 43 111 0 61 40 25 1 19 14 0 0 62 24 21 0 28 23 21 1 9 18 131 0 59 37 61 Mazarine blue Cyaniris semiargus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Iolas blue Iolana iolas 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alcon blue Phengaris alcon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baton blue Pseudophilotes baton 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Reverdin blue Lycaeides argyrognomon 19 0 3 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 5 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 4 0 1 Idas blue Lycaeides idas 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Holly blue Celastrina argiolus 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 23 2 0 7 42 0 1 3 3 1 0 0 15 0 1 1 Common blue Polyomattus icarus 144 154 80 0 1 8 12 86 90 3 207 186 44 0 2 9 5 7 3 2 7 1 3 7 8 0 0 7 37 2 44 52 38 Chapman's blue Polyommatus thersites 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 Large blue Maculinea arion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 5 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Green-underside blue Glaucopsyche alexis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Eastern short-tailed blue Everes decoloratus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 10 0 0 0 3 Short-tailed blue Cupido argiades 21 62 65 0 2 1 0 1 19 0 7 33 40 0 2 13 5 0 1 21 20 0 0 14 3 0 0 1 0 0 4 17 22 Adonis blue Polyommatus bellargus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Osiris blue Cupido osiris 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 4 0 20 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 4 Blue sp. Lyacaenidae 0 92 148 0 0 31 0 95 75 0 0 74 63 0 0 23 9 0 0 10 5 0 0 19 12 0 0 14 50 0 0 41 51 Brown argus Aricia agestis 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 Sooty cooper Lycaena tityrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Scarce copper Heodes virgaureae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 0 5 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Small copper Lycaena phlaeas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Purple-shot copper Lycaena alciphron 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brown hairstreak Thecla betulae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Green hairstreak Callophrys rubi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Page 23 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All villages 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Large copper Lycaena dispar 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Swallowtail Papilio machaon 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Scarce swallowtail Iphiclides podalirius 0 1 7 3 0 5 2 4 0 1 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 5 1 0 2 3 Painted lady Synthia carduii 3 0 12 2 10 3 2 0 4 0 0 0 37 5 9 0 0 1 3 0 2 0 2 1 8 1 2 0 2 1 4 1 9 Map Araschnia levana 20 5 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 Large tortoiseshell Nymphalis polychloros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Peacock Inachis io 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 Comma Polygonia c-album 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Red admiral Vaness ataanta 3 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 1 0 0 3 3 0 8 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 White admiral Limenitis camilla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Common glider Neptis sappho 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 791 793 1272 431 594 817 403 667 933 508 636 644 1086 569 841 847 658 643 462 415 681 402 205 273 493 382 398 572 761 489 541 632 836

Page 24 6.0 Birds

Table 6.2 shows the abundance of each bird species per point count at each village. The abundance as a percentage of the total number of birds throughout the season is also given. This latter figure partly compensates for differences due to change of surveyor each year. Overall, after a relatively low total number of birds per point count in 2015, many more birds were recorded in 2016 (see bottom row of Table 6.2). All villages apart from Viscri had a higher number of birds per point count than in 2015. Five species were added that had not previously been recorded during the point counts: bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula), gadwall (Anas strepera), marsh harrier (Circus circus), sand martin (Riparia riparia) and water rail (Rallus aquaticus).

The number of highlighted cells illustrates the fluctuations in species numbers between 2013 and 2016. This will partly be natural variation, but also change in surveying staff. For example, in 2014 there was a fall in the number of house sparrows and tree sparrows, but an increase in sparrow sp., with these trends reversed in 2015. This is very probably an artefact of the different surveyors. Likewise there is a fall in the number of middle spotted woodpecker in 2014, but rises in great spotted woodpecker, spotted woodpecker sp. and woodpecker sp. with the trends reversed in 2015. The same person led the point surveys in 2015 and 2016. So these effects should be reduced for those two years.

The species showing consistent decline or increase over the 4 years in certain villages or overall are shown in table 6.1. Of the species showing consistent decline, fifteen are associated with grassland, according to Birdlife International’s online species database. Abundance of these species should be monitored closely in the villages where they have declined. There are many more instances of a species showing a consistent increase (67) than a consistent decrease (32) at particular villages. Eighteen increasing species are associated with grassland. This is encouraging.

No village seems to stand out as having more prevalent bird population changes. All villages have both increasing and declining species.

Table 6.3 summarises the ringing surveys of 2014, 2015 and 2016. The mist netting and ringing only occurred at 5 of the villages in 2014. All eight were surveyed in 2015. Seven were surveyed in 2016. In 2016, the total number of birds ringed was slightly lower than in 2015. Most of the notable declines highlighted in red in table 6.3 are for species with less than 10 individuals caught in any year. Many factors can cause these numbers to fluctuate so not too much should be inferred from any increases or declines.

Page 25 Table 6.1. Species with consistent change over three years at a village or overall. Species in bold are associated with grassland according to Birdlife International’s online species database. Underlined species were recorded more than 50 times in any one year and therefore have more reliable trends than rarely recorded species. SPECIES SHOWING CONSISTENT DECLINE  Barn swallow –Daia, Malancrav  Lesser whitethroat – Apold  Bee-eater – Malancrav, Richis  Long-tailed tit – Apold, Malancrav  Black redstart - Daia  Magpie - Viscri  Chaffinch – Daia  Red-backed shrike - Crit  Collared dove – Crit, Daia  Spotted flycatcher – Apold, Nou Sasesc  Common whitethroat - Daia  Whinchat – Daia  Cuckoo – Crit, Viscri  White stork – Mesendorf  Goshawk - Mesendorf  Willow warbler – Apold  Grey heron – Apold  Wood warbler – Mesendorf  Hoopoe – Mesendorf, Viscri  Woodlark – Viscri  House martin - Daia  Wryneck – Richis  Lesser spotted eagle – Viscri  Yellow wagtail – Apold and Mesendorf SPECIES SHOWING CONSISTENT INCREASE  Barn swallow – Apold  Hoopoe - Apold  Bee-eater - Crit  Jay – Viscri  Black redstart – Crit, Malancrav, Nou Sasesc  Lesser whitethroat – Nou Sasesc  Black woodpecker – Crit, Daia, Viscri  Linnet – Daia  Blackbird – TOTAL  Little owl - Apold  Blackcap – Apold  Marsh warbler - Viscri  Blue tit – Apold  Middle spotted woodpecker - Daia  Chaffinch – Nou Sasesc  Raven - Mesendorf  Chiffchaff – Crit, Mesendorf, Viscri  River warbler - TOTAL  Coal tit – Apold  Robin – Daia, Viscri  Collared dove – Apold  Skylark - Daia  Collared flycatcher – Crit  Spotted flycatcher – Malancrav  Feral pigeon – Apold, Richis, Viscri, TOTAL  Stock dove – Malancrav  Golden oriole – Apold, Crit, TOTAL  Stonechat - Crit  Goldfinch – Apold, Nou Sasesc  Thrush nightingale – Daia  Green woodpecker – Apold, Crit, Daia,  Tree creeper – Apold, Daia, Nou Sasesc and TOTAL Total  Greenfinch – Apold  Turtle dove – Apold, Malancrav, TOTAL  Grey-headed woodpecker – Viscri  White stork – Apold and Viscri  Hawfinch - Daia  White wagtail – Viscri  Hooded crow – Daia, Nou Sasesc, Richis  Woodlark - Richis  Wren – Apold, Daia  Yellowhammer - Crit

Page 26 Table 6.2. Bird abundance per point count (abundance as % of season’s total birds recorded in brackets). Dark green: >= 50% increase in both abundance per point count and % of season’s total. Light green: >= 20% increase. Yellow: <= 20% decrease. Red: <= 50% decrease.

Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Total

2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Barn swallow 2.26 2.73 3.67 7.44 2.47 4.31 3.67 7.1 5.77 5.63 4.05 4.05 3.75 2.27 3.62 2.74 1.7 1.93 2.41 2.67 2.24 3.9 6.38 3.51 2.08 4.26 2.47 3.05 2.07 4.24 3.33 3.51 3.23 4.2 Hirundo rustica (0.54) (0.7) (2.22) (2.4) (1.51) (1.19) (2.26) (0.96) (3.55) (2.12) (1.71) (1.16) (2.17) (0.79) (2.54) (0.74) (1.05) (0.7) (0.79) (0.67) (0.63) (1.36) (2.43) (0.71) (1.04) (1.52) (1.73) (0.58) (1.12) (1.45) (11.25) (6.71) (14.04) (10.34) Barred warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 Sylvia nisoria (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0)

Bee-eater 1.22 2.24 0.17 3.98 0.07 0.08 0.23 1.17 1.73 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.73 0.37 0.01 0 0.02 0.07 0.22 0.22 0.03 0.08 0.81 0.74 0.31 0.21 0.32 0.15 0.18 0.98 0.39 0.65 0.46 0.79 Merops apiaster (0.29) (0.58) (0.11) (1.28) (0.04) (0.02) (0.14) (0.16) (1.07) (0.07) (0.38) (0.26) (0.42) (0.13) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0.07) (0.06) (0.01) (0.03) (0.31) (0.15) (0.15) (0.07) (0.23) (0.03) (0.1) (0.34) (1.33) (1.25) (2.01) (1.95) 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 Bird of prey (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0)

Black redstart 0 0.33 0.27 0.29 0.1 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.2 0.11 0.1 0.18 0.23 0.12 0.04 0.1 0 0.07 0 0.15 0.24 0 0.03 0.23 0.08 0.08 0 0.12 0.02 0.25 0.04 0.18 0.15 0.13 Phoenicurus ochruros (0) (0.08) (0.16) (0.09) (0.06) (0.05) (0.13) (0.03) (0.13) (0.04) (0.04) (0.05) (0.13) (0.04) (0.03) (0.03) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.04) (0.07) (0) (0.01) (0.05) (0.04) (0.03) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0.09) (0.14) (0.35) (0.66) (0.32) Black stork 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ciconia nigra (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) Black woodpecker 0.13 0.25 0.29 0.21 0 0.03 0.05 0 0.03 0.07 0 0.03 0.17 0 0 0.1 0.27 0.15 0 0.11 0.03 0.02 0 0 0.08 0.08 0 0 0.04 0.1 0.01 0.07 0.13 0.09 Dryocopus martius (0.03) (0.07) (0.17) (0.07) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0.02) (0.03) (0) (0.01) (0.1) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.16) (0.05) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.03) (0.03) (0.14) (0.55) (0.22)

Blackbird 0.09 0.64 0.38 0.77 0.37 0.31 0.45 0.69 0.61 0.88 0.22 0.36 0.35 0.62 0.31 0.52 0.67 0.41 0.38 1.04 1.34 0.52 0.27 0.74 0.96 0.25 0.09 0.27 0.23 0.55 0.25 0.55 0.57 0.57 Turdus merula (0.02) (0.16) (0.23) (0.25) (0.23) (0.08) (0.28) (0.09) (0.38) (0.33) (0.09) (0.1) (0.2) (0.22) (0.22) (0.14) (0.41) (0.15) (0.12) (0.26) (0.38) (0.18) (0.1) (0.15) (0.48) (0.09) (0.06) (0.05) (0.13) (0.19) (0.85) (1.05) (2.48) (1.4) Blackcap 0 0.02 0.02 0.13 0.17 0.03 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.24 0.02 0 0.48 0.21 0.31 0.28 0.56 0.09 0.52 0.28 0.1 0 0.42 0.23 0 0.1 0 0.04 0.12 0.13 0.17 0.12 0.2 Sylvia atricapilla (0) (0) (0.01) (0.04) (0.1) (0.01) (0.09) (0.01) (0.03) (0.02) (0.1) (0) (0) (0.17) (0.14) (0.08) (0.17) (0.2) (0.03) (0.13) (0.08) (0.03) (0) (0.08) (0.12) (0) (0.07) (0) (0.02) (0.04) (0.45) (0.33) (0.51) (0.5) Blue tit 0.04 0.13 0.22 0.63 0.08 0.49 0.11 0.34 0.2 0.64 0.17 0.16 0.05 0.17 0.13 0.5 0.17 0.52 0.34 0.39 0.31 0.42 0.08 0.21 0.08 0.23 0.03 0 0 0.67 0.12 0.28 0.13 0.47 Cyanistes caeruleus (0.01) (0.03) (0.13) (0.2) (0.05) (0.14) (0.07) (0.05) (0.13) (0.24) (0.07) (0.05) (0.03) (0.06) (0.09) (0.14) (0.11) (0.19) (0.11) (0.1) (0.09) (0.15) (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) (0.08) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.23) (0.39) (0.54) (0.59) (1.15) Bullfinch 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.01 Pyrrhula pyrrhula (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0.28 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.09 0 0 Buzzard sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.16) (0) (0) Chaffinch 0 0.29 0.1 0.23 0.29 0.68 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.04 0.05 0.23 0 0.35 0.66 0.93 1.17 0.33 0.16 0.17 0.38 0.46 0.32 0.4 0.19 0.58 0.24 4.44 0.16 0.12 0.3 0.83 0.31 0.3 Fringilla coelebs (0) (0.07) (0.06) (0.07) (0.18) (0.19) (0.15) (0.03) (0.12) (0.01) (0.02) (0.07) (0) (0.12) (0.46) (0.25) (0.72) (0.12) (0.05) (0.04) (0.11) (0.16) (0.12) (0.08) (0.1) (0.21) (0.17) (0.85) (0.09) (0.04) (1) (1.58) (1.34) (0.74) Chiffchaff 0.35 0.2 0.13 0.6 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.23 0.12 0.02 0.25 0.23 0.12 0.26 0.41 0.48 0.22 0.76 0.69 0.46 0.05 0.21 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.1 0.11 0.25 0.11 0.21 0.19 0.34 Phylloscopus collybita (0.08) (0.05) (0.08) (0.19) (0.03) (0.02) (0.05) (0.01) (0.02) (0.09) (0.05) (0) (0.14) (0.08) (0.08) (0.07) (0.25) (0.17) (0.07) (0.19) (0.19) (0.16) (0.02) (0.04) (0.06) (0.04) (0.04) (0.02) (0.06) (0.09) (0.38) (0.41) (0.85) (0.83) Coal tit 0 0.04 0.19 0.02 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.07 0 0.01 0 0 0.11 0.13 0 0 0 0.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.03 0 0.04 0.02 Periparus ater (0) (0.01) (0.12) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.04) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.11) (0.01) (0.15) (0.05) Collared dove 0 0.02 0.1 0.33 0.03 0.02 0 0.38 0.14 0.13 0 0.15 0 0.12 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.04 0.24 0.42 0.21 0 0.03 1.27 0 0 0.04 0.23 0.06 0.08 Streptopelia decaocto (0) (0) (0.06) (0.11) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.09) (0.05) (0) (0.04) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.09) (0.08) (0.11) (0) (0.02) (0.24) (0) (0) (0.13) (0.44) (0.25) (0.21)

Collared flycatcher 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.06 0 0 0 0.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.01 0.02 Ficedula albicollis (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.03) (0.04) Common buzzard 0.43 0.93 0.44 0.48 0.59 0.29 0.53 0.66 0.33 0.57 0.61 0.28 0.3 0.6 0.37 0.62 0.52 0.46 0.44 1.06 0.66 0.67 0.68 1.3 0.38 1.13 0.21 0.15 0.82 0.51 0.45 0.63 0.48 0.63 Buteo buteo (0.1) (0.24) (0.27) (0.15) (0.36) (0.08) (0.33) (0.09) (0.2) (0.22) (0.26) (0.08) (0.17) (0.21) (0.26) (0.17) (0.32) (0.17) (0.14) (0.27) (0.18) (0.24) (0.26) (0.26) (0.19) (0.4) (0.14) (0.03) (0.44) (0.17) (1.53) (1.21) (2.11) (1.56)

Page 27 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Total

2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Common grasshopper warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 Locustella naevia (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) Common kingfisher 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alcedo atthis (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Common nightingale 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Luscinia megarhynchos (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) Common whitethroat 0.09 0.07 0 0.04 0.08 0.14 0.03 0.38 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.02 0.9 0.12 0.19 0.34 0.24 0.03 0.57 0.17 0.04 0 1.09 0.46 0.15 0.16 0.32 0.2 0.04 0.09 0.32 0.15 0.2 Sylvia communis (0.02) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.05) (0.04) (0.02) (0.05) (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.01) (0.32) (0.08) (0.05) (0.21) (0.09) (0.01) (0.14) (0.05) (0.01) (0) (0.22) (0.23) (0.05) (0.11) (0.06) (0.11) (0.01) (0.29) (0.61) (0.65) (0.5) Corn bunting 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.02 0.01 Emberiza calandra (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0.08) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.08) (0) (0.08) (0.01) Corncrake 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.1 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.03 0.16 0.06 0.04 0 0.04 0 0.1 0 0.02 0 0.06 0 0.17 0 0 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.03 Crex crex (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0.04) (0.04) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.12) (0.04) (0.07) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crake sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Crow sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 Corvus sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0)

Cuckoo 0 0 0 0 0.07 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0.13 0.07 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.14 0 0 0.74 0.38 0.19 0.1 0.07 0.02 0 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.05 Cuculus canorus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.05) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0.15) (0.19) (0.07) (0.07) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.17) (0.17) (0.25) (0.12) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eagle sp (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) Feral pigeon 0 0.4 1.29 4.19 0.41 0.05 0.16 2.52 0.17 1.05 1.46 0.98 0.57 1.88 0.03 0.36 0.94 0.26 0.09 0.61 0.17 0 0 0.26 0.33 3.74 0.69 1.05 1.34 3 0.41 0.65 0.65 1.98 Columba livia (domest.) (0) (0.1) (0.78) (1.35) (0.25) (0.01) (0.1) (0.34) (0.11) (0.4) (0.62) (0.28) (0.33) (0.66) (0.02) (0.1) (0.58) (0.09) (0.03) (0.15) (0.05) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.16) (1.33) (0.48) (0.2) (0.72) (1.03) (1.4) (1.24) (2.82) (4.86) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.66 0 0 0 0.28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.09 0 0 Finch sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0) (0) (0.08) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.17) (0) (0) Gadwall 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 Anas strepera (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) Garden warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 Sylvia borin (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.02) Goldcrest 0 0 0.02 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.01 Regulus regulus (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) Golden oriole 0.13 0.15 0.41 0.56 0.53 0.8 1.16 0.69 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.18 0.35 1.1 0.34 1.07 0.64 0.52 0.38 0.94 0.34 0.88 0.84 0.26 0.5 0.53 0.34 0.54 0.45 0.59 0.46 0.57 0.6 0.7 Oriolus oriolus (0.03) (0.04) (0.25) (0.18) (0.32) (0.22) (0.71) (0.09) (0.47) (0.28) (0.29) (0.05) (0.2) (0.38) (0.24) (0.29) (0.39) (0.19) (0.12) (0.24) (0.1) (0.31) (0.32) (0.05) (0.25) (0.19) (0.24) (0.1) (0.24) (0.2) (1.56) (1.08) (2.62) (1.73) Goldfinch 0.26 0.45 0.78 1.56 0.32 0.36 0.28 0.86 0.3 0.91 0.1 0.08 0.22 0.29 0.18 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.25 0.3 0.55 0.62 0.92 0.58 0.73 0.34 0.26 1.8 0.16 0.1 0.31 0.48 0.38 0.56 Carduelis carduelis (0.06) (0.12) (0.47) (0.5) (0.2) (0.1) (0.17) (0.12) (0.18) (0.34) (0.04) (0.02) (0.13) (0.1) (0.12) (0.03) (0.08) (0.05) (0.08) (0.07) (0.15) (0.22) (0.35) (0.12) (0.37) (0.12) (0.19) (0.35) (0.09) (0.03) (1.04) (0.93) (1.64) (1.37)

Goshawk 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.03 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 Accipiter gentilis (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0.02) (0) Great grey shrike 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.38 0.05 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.04 0.01 0.01 Lanius excubitor (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.03) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.07) (0.03) (0.02)

Page 28 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Total

2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Great reed warbler Acrocephalus 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.06 0 0 0 0.02 arundinaceus (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) Great spotted woodpecker 0.13 0.82 0.3 0.75 0.03 0.8 0.27 0.79 0.22 0.73 0 1.1 0.42 0.29 0 0.83 0.28 0.31 0.19 0.28 0.21 0.87 0.49 0.09 0.13 0.47 0.1 0.24 0.13 0.61 0.11 0.63 0.25 0.57 Dendrocopos major (0.03) (0.21) (0.18) (0.24) (0.02) (0.22) (0.16) (0.11) (0.13) (0.28) (0) (0.31) (0.24) (0.1) (0) (0.22) (0.17) (0.11) (0.06) (0.07) (0.06) (0.3) (0.19) (0.02) (0.07) (0.17) (0.07) (0.05) (0.07) (0.21) (0.37) (1.21) (1.09) (1.41) Great tit 0.65 2.87 1.14 2.06 0.58 2.36 0.95 2.03 0.88 1.57 0.32 3.08 1.4 0.81 0.19 1.67 0.61 1.3 1.63 1.43 0.66 1.29 0.95 0.65 0.79 1.23 0.24 0.88 0.2 2.37 0.54 1.91 0.85 1.51 Parus major (0.15) (0.74) (0.69) (0.67) (0.35) (0.65) (0.59) (0.28) (0.54) (0.59) (0.13) (0.88) (0.81) (0.28) (0.13) (0.45) (0.38) (0.47) (0.54) (0.36) (0.18) (0.45) (0.36) (0.13) (0.39) (0.44) (0.17) (0.17) (0.11) (0.81) (1.84) (3.66) (3.69) (3.71)

Green woodpecker 0.3 0.67 0.68 1.13 0.2 0.42 0.61 0.14 0.48 0.96 1 0.39 1.03 0.85 0.25 0.16 0.42 0.91 0.78 0.83 0.28 1.17 0.49 0.44 0.1 0.36 0.16 0.12 0.32 1.67 0.4 0.41 0.52 1 Picus viridis (0.07) (0.17) (0.41) (0.36) (0.12) (0.12) (0.38) (0.02) (0.3) (0.36) (0.42) (0.11) (0.6) (0.3) (0.18) (0.04) (0.26) (0.33) (0.26) (0.21) (0.08) (0.41) (0.19) (0.09) (0.05) (0.13) (0.11) (0.02) (0.17) (0.57) (1.35) (0.79) (2.24) (2.46) Greenfinch 0 0.02 0.1 0.38 0.05 0.54 0.13 0.45 0.33 0.43 0.05 0.39 0.02 0.04 0 0.14 0.06 0.11 0.09 0.3 0 0.15 0.35 0.6 0.08 0.34 0 0.22 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.32 0.11 0.21 Chloris chloris (0) (0) (0.06) (0.12) (0.03) (0.15) (0.08) (0.06) (0.2) (0.16) (0.02) (0.11) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) (0.03) (0.07) (0) (0.05) (0.13) (0.12) (0.04) (0.12) (0) (0.04) (0.06) (0.01) (0.22) (0.6) (0.48) (0.52) Grey heron 0.04 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 Ardea cinerea (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0)

Grey wagtail 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Motacilla cinerea (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) Grey-headed woodpecker 0 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.21 0.02 0.07 0 0.23 0.03 0.06 0 0.29 0.03 0.3 0 0.11 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.02 0.04 0 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.12 0.04 0.1 Picus canus (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.01) (0.03) (0.03) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0.07) (0.02) (0.02) (0) (0.08) (0.02) (0.11) (0) (0.03) (0.05) (0.04) (0.04) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0.07) (0.24) (0.15) (0.24) Hawfinch Coccothraustes 0.83 0.69 0.76 0.96 0.39 0.03 0.28 0 0.34 0.79 0.2 0 0.27 0.27 0.46 0.07 0.38 0.41 0.22 0 0.31 0.71 2.08 0.09 0.02 0.43 0.06 0 0 1.06 0.52 0.12 0.31 0.66 coccothraustes (0.2) (0.18) (0.46) (0.31) (0.24) (0.01) (0.17) (0) (0.21) (0.3) (0.08) (0) (0.15) (0.09) (0.32) (0.02) (0.23) (0.15) (0.07) (0) (0.09) (0.25) (0.79) (0.02) (0.01) (0.15) (0.04) (0) (0) (0.36) (1.74) (0.22) (1.33) (1.61) Hobby 0.09 0 0 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.07 0.02 0 0.03 0 0.01 0 0 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.06 0 0 0 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.05 Falco subbuteo (0.02) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0.02) (0.04) (0) (0.05) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0.1) (0.04) (0.15) (0.13) Honey buzzard 0 0.04 0 0.23 0 0 0.06 0 0 0.09 0.02 0.07 0 0 0.01 0.05 0 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.13 0 0 0 0.02 0.03 0 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.07 Pernis apivorus (0) (0.01) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.05) (0.04) (0.17)

Hooded crow 0.04 0 0 0 0.24 0.39 0.02 0 0.27 0.36 0 0 0 1.19 0.12 0 0.16 0.04 0 0.02 0.1 0.62 0.41 0.77 0.96 10.49 6.79 31.37 2.21 0 1.52 3.28 0.45 1.84 Corvus cornix (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.14) (0.11) (0.01) (0) (0.16) (0.13) (0) (0) (0) (0.42) (0.08) (0) (0.1) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.22) (0.15) (0.15) (0.48) (3.74) (4.77) (6.01) (1.19) (0) (5.16) (6.28) (1.97) (4.52) Hoopoe 0 0 0.02 0.06 0.02 0 0.02 0 0 0.23 0 0.03 0 0 0.06 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0.02 0.04 0 0.1 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.05 Upupa epops (0) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.07) (0.01) (0.04) (0.01) (0.14) (0.04) (0.08) (0.11) House martin 0.65 0.53 0.03 2.79 1.64 0.41 1.92 2 1.06 0.21 0.17 1.64 6.05 0.33 0.01 0 0.05 0.22 0.13 0 0.1 0 1.08 0.3 0.1 0.47 0.4 0 0 3.29 0.58 0.55 1.25 1.01 Delichon urbica (0.15) (0.14) (0.02) (0.9) (1) (0.11) (1.18) (0.27) (0.65) (0.08) (0.07) (0.47) (3.49) (0.11) (0.01) (0) (0.03) (0.08) (0.04) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.41) (0.06) (0.05) (0.17) (0.28) (0) (0) (1.13) (1.97) (1.05) (5.46) (2.47) House sparrow 1.52 1.69 1.16 3.79 1.73 0.76 2.36 3.72 1.16 4.13 4.54 1.1 3.82 1.33 2.91 0.86 2.78 0.44 3.47 0.3 1.17 4.1 2.7 1.28 1.52 5.08 6.06 1.63 0.86 4.1 3.49 1.22 1.92 3.27 Passer domesticus (0.36) (0.43) (0.7) (1.22) (1.05) (0.21) (1.45) (0.51) (0.71) (1.55) (1.92) (0.31) (2.2) (0.46) (2.04) (0.23) (1.71) (0.16) (1.14) (0.07) (0.33) (1.43) (1.03) (0.26) (0.76) (1.81) (4.25) (0.31) (0.46) (1.4) (11.8) (2.34) (8.34) (8.04) Icterine warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 Hippolais icterina (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0)

Jackdaw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.66 0 0 0 0.14 0 0 0.01 Corvus monedula (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.46) (0) (0) (0) (0.46) (0) (0) (0.03) Jay 1 1.2 0.43 1.21 0.37 0.59 0.38 0.38 0.36 0.59 0.32 0.82 0.82 0.02 0.32 0.26 0.16 0.76 1.34 0.41 0.07 0.42 0.19 0.26 0.08 0.23 0.04 0.07 0.07 1.27 0.41 0.52 0.32 0.63 Garrulus glandarius (0.24) (0.31) (0.26) (0.39) (0.23) (0.16) (0.23) (0.05) (0.22) (0.22) (0.13) (0.23) (0.47) (0.01) (0.23) (0.07) (0.1) (0.28) (0.44) (0.1) (0.02) (0.15) (0.07) (0.05) (0.04) (0.08) (0.03) (0.01) (0.04) (0.44) (1.37) (1) (1.38) (1.56)

Page 29 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Total

2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Kestrel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.83 0.03 0 0.11 0 0.01 0 0.01 0.13 Falco tinnunculus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.3) (0.02) (0) (0.06) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.06) (0.31) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 Lark sp (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) (0) Lesser grey shrike 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.05 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.04 Lanius minor (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.09) Lesser spotted eagle 0.17 0.07 0.02 0.15 0.07 0 0.06 0 0.05 0.04 0 0.02 0 0 0.1 0.03 0.11 0 0 0 0 0.19 0.05 0 0 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.07 Aquila pomarina (0.04) (0.02) (0.01) (0.05) (0.04) (0) (0.04) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0.01) (0.07) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.07) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.25) (0.04) (0.14) (0.18) Lesser spotted woodpecker 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.1 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.08 0.03 0 0 0.07 0.06 0 0.03 0.15 0 0 0 0.02 0.03 0 0 0.1 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.08 Dendrocopos minor (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01) (0.05) (0.03) (0.03) (0.02) (0.01) (0.03) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.14) (0.07) (0.11) (0.2) Lesser whitethroat 0.22 0.04 0 0 0 0.05 0 0.14 0 0.14 0 0 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.1 0.03 0 0.03 0.09 0.14 0 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.04 0 1.15 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.17 0.03 0.04 Sylvia curruca (0.05) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.05) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0.04) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0.22) (0.01) (0.01) (0.08) (0.32) (0.13) (0.09) Linnet 0.09 0.16 0 0.13 0.15 0.05 0.06 0 0.06 0.27 0 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.04 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.05 0 0.27 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.13 Carduelis cannabina (0.02) (0.04) (0) (0.04) (0.09) (0.01) (0.04) (0) (0.04) (0.1) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.03) (0.01) (0.03) (0.03) (0.08) (0.01) (0) (0.09) (0.26) (0.09) (0.12) (0.32) Little owl 0 0.02 0.02 0.1 0 0 0 0.14 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0.04 0 0.02 0 0.01 0.01 0 0.03 Athene noctua (0) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.03) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.03) (0.02) (0.02) (0.07)

Long-tailed tit 0.3 0.27 0 0 0.25 0 0.03 0.28 0.47 0.2 0.12 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.08 Aegithalos caudatus (0.07) (0.07) (0) (0) (0.15) (0) (0.02) (0.04) (0.29) (0.07) (0.05) (0.03) (0.06) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.08) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.36) (0.14) (0.37) (0.2) Magpie 0.17 0.15 0.3 0.56 0.19 0.24 0.2 1.76 0.59 1.3 0.32 0.39 0.42 0.29 0.04 0.09 0 0.24 0.16 0.19 0.31 0.17 0.89 0.67 0.33 2.51 2.82 2.63 1.93 0.65 0.8 0.61 0.51 0.83 Pica pica (0.04) (0.04) (0.18) (0.18) (0.11) (0.07) (0.13) (0.24) (0.37) (0.49) (0.13) (0.11) (0.24) (0.1) (0.03) (0.02) (0) (0.09) (0.05) (0.05) (0.09) (0.06) (0.34) (0.14) (0.16) (0.89) (1.98) (0.51) (1.04) (0.22) (2.69) (1.16) (2.2) (2.04) Mallard 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.02 0 0.05 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 Anas platyrhynchos (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.01) Marsh harrier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Circus circus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) Marsh tit 0.78 0.78 0.24 0.73 0.31 0.76 0.22 1 0.09 0.29 0.41 1.15 0.23 0.04 0.5 0.36 0.03 0.28 0.53 0.56 0.24 0.27 0.51 0 0.17 0.06 0.09 0.1 0 0.27 0.39 0.59 0.15 0.27 Poecile palustris (0.19) (0.2) (0.14) (0.24) (0.19) (0.21) (0.13) (0.14) (0.06) (0.11) (0.18) (0.33) (0.13) (0.01) (0.35) (0.1) (0.02) (0.1) (0.18) (0.14) (0.07) (0.09) (0.2) (0) (0.09) (0.02) (0.06) (0.02) (0) (0.09) (1.33) (1.13) (0.65) (0.67) Marsh warbler 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.05 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0.54 0.01 0 0.02 0.11 0.16 0 0.14 0.02 0.14 0 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.12 Acrocephalus palustris (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.19) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.04) (0.05) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0.05) (0) (0.06) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01) (0.05) (0.04) (0.14) (0.03) (0.16) (0.29) Meadow pipit 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Anthus pratensis (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) Middle spotted woodpecker 0.39 0.02 0.17 0.21 0.34 0.14 0.14 0 0.17 0.21 0.27 0.05 0.15 0.15 0.72 0.07 0.17 0.22 0.41 0 0.07 0.52 0.22 0 0.02 0.13 0.06 0 0.13 0.16 0.35 0.04 0.13 0.23 Dendrocopus medius (0.09) (0) (0.11) (0.07) (0.21) (0.04) (0.09) (0) (0.11) (0.08) (0.11) (0.01) (0.09) (0.05) (0.51) (0.02) (0.11) (0.08) (0.13) (0) (0.02) (0.18) (0.08) (0) (0.01) (0.05) (0.04) (0) (0.07) (0.05) (1.18) (0.07) (0.59) (0.56) Mistle thrush 0 0.05 0.48 0 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.13 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.02 Turdus viscivorus (0) (0.01) (0.29) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.02) (0.31) (0.05)

Montagu's harrier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Circus pygargus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) Nuthatch 1.3 1.89 0.44 0.98 0.61 1.29 0.3 0.48 0.39 0.64 0.37 1.38 0.2 0.38 0.84 0.95 0.44 0.59 1 0.87 0.24 0.75 0.46 0.35 0.21 0.26 0.19 0.05 0.09 0.59 0.61 0.97 0.3 0.6 Sitta europaea (0.31) (0.49) (0.27) (0.32) (0.37) (0.36) (0.18) (0.07) (0.24) (0.24) (0.15) (0.39) (0.12) (0.13) (0.59) (0.26) (0.27) (0.22) (0.33) (0.22) (0.07) (0.26) (0.18) (0.07) (0.11) (0.09) (0.13) (0.01) (0.05) (0.2) (2.06) (1.86) (1.3) (1.47)

Page 30 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Total

2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Olivacious warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 Iduna pallida (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.02) (0) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Owl sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Pheasant 0.04 0.04 0.05 0 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.14 0.05 0 0.03 0 0.13 0 0.02 0 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.24 0.06 0.03 0.09 0.23 0 0.01 0.24 0 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.05 Phasianus colchicus (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.09) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.02) (0.01) (0.07) (0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0.12) (0) (0.01) (0.05) (0) (0.01) (0.07) (0.11) (0.31) (0.11) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 Picus sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 Pigeon sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) Quail 0 0.02 0.16 0 0.02 0 0 0.1 0.13 0.05 0 0 0 0 0.19 0.38 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.03 0.16 0.04 0.02 0.06 2.85 0.09 0 0.06 0.37 0.07 0.01 Coturnix coturnix (0) (0) (0.1) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.08) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.13) (0.1) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.02) (0.01) (0.04) (0.55) (0.05) (0) (0.2) (0.7) (0.29) (0.03) Raven 0.39 0.24 0.46 0.63 0.53 0.14 0.84 0.24 0.14 0.52 0.88 0.15 0.22 0.29 0.22 0.26 0.39 0.46 0.41 1.15 0.31 1.48 0.3 0.77 0.33 0.83 0.13 0.66 0.05 0.45 0.38 0.43 0.35 0.66 Corvus corax (0.09) (0.06) (0.28) (0.2) (0.32) (0.04) (0.52) (0.03) (0.09) (0.19) (0.37) (0.04) (0.13) (0.1) (0.15) (0.07) (0.24) (0.17) (0.13) (0.29) (0.09) (0.52) (0.11) (0.15) (0.16) (0.3) (0.09) (0.13) (0.03) (0.15) (1.28) (0.81) (1.53) (1.63) Red-backed shrike 1.26 1.93 1.35 2.73 1.71 1.49 1.41 4.86 2.13 3.8 0.32 1.2 1 0.62 0.9 1.29 0.5 0.61 1.88 1.5 1.03 1.33 1.35 1.44 0.31 1.21 1.06 1.76 0.95 0.8 1.18 1.71 1.11 1.59 Lanius collurio (0.3) (0.5) (0.82) (0.88) (1.04) (0.41) (0.87) (0.66) (1.31) (1.43) (0.13) (0.34) (0.58) (0.22) (0.63) (0.35) (0.31) (0.22) (0.62) (0.38) (0.29) (0.46) (0.52) (0.29) (0.15) (0.43) (0.74) (0.34) (0.51) (0.28) (3.98) (3.26) (4.83) (3.92)

Red-breasted flycatcher 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ficedula parva (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Reed warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0.07 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.09 0 0 0 0.09 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 Acrocephalus scirpaceus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0.14) (0) (0) River warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.23 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.05 Locustella fluviatilis (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.08) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.1) (0.13) Robin 0.13 0.11 0.29 0.73 0.08 0 0.09 0.03 0.19 0.54 0.07 0.07 0.25 0 0.26 0.16 0.06 0.33 0.06 0.02 0.14 0.65 0.11 0.09 0 0.21 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.24 0.11 0.07 0.14 0.38 Erithacus rubecula (0.03) (0.03) (0.17) (0.24) (0.05) (0) (0.06) (0) (0.12) (0.2) (0.03) (0.02) (0.14) (0) (0.19) (0.04) (0.04) (0.12) (0.02) (0) (0.04) (0.23) (0.04) (0.02) (0) (0.07) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.08) (0.37) (0.13) (0.6) (0.94) Rook 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.19 21.47 7.37 15.5 0 4.45 0.74 1.92 2.78 Corvus frugilegus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (6.84) (15.06) (1.41) (8.36) (0) (15.06) (1.41) (8.36) (6.84) Sand Martin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 Riparia riparia (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) Scops owl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 Otus scops (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) Sedge warbler Acrocephalus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 schoenobaenus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) Serin 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 Serinus serinus (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.02) (0.1) (0.01)

0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 Shrike sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) Skylark 0 0.02 0 0 0.17 0.02 0.03 0 0.06 0.14 0.02 0.03 0 0.04 0.21 0.5 0.83 0 0.03 0.02 0 0.54 0 0 0 0.4 1.04 0.83 1.8 0 0.3 0.17 0.35 0.16 Alauda arvensis (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.1) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.04) (0.05) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.14) (0.14) (0.51) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.19) (0) (0) (0) (0.14) (0.73) (0.16) (0.97) (0) (1) (0.32) (1.54) (0.4)

Page 31 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Total

2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Song thrush 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.12 0.02 0.05 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.23 0.06 0 0.06 0.31 0 0 0.09 0.08 0 0.03 0 0.13 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.02 Turdus philomelos (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.01) (0.07) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01) (0.14) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.09) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.04) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.07) (0.01) (0.14) (0.06) (0.39) (0.05) Sparrow sp. 2.17 0 0 0 0 1.75 0 3.48 0 0 0 3.43 0 0 0.96 0.66 0 0 0 0.56 0 0 0 1.3 0.15 0 0 4.02 0 0 0.35 1.72 0.02 0 Passer sp. (0.52) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.48) (0) (0.47) (0) (0) (0) (0.98) (0) (0) (0.67) (0.18) (0) (0) (0) (0.14) (0) (0) (0) (0.26) (0.08) (0) (0) (0.77) (0) (0) (1.19) (3.28) (0.08) (0) Sparrowhawk 0.04 0.04 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.03 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0.06 0 0 0 0.04 0.01 0 0 0.02 Accipiter nisus (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.04) (0.01) (0.02) (0.05) Spotted flycatcher 0.17 0.05 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.08 0.13 0 0 0 0.03 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.01 0 0.01 Muscicapa striata (0.04) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0.09) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.14) (0.03) (0.01) (0.03) 0 0 0 0 0 0.14 0 0.24 0 0 0 0.13 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0.22 0 0 0 0.19 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.13 0 0 Spotted woodpecker Sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0.06) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.25) (0) (0) Starling 9.35 0.02 0.03 7.85 1.1 45.78 0.28 15.69 0.03 0.29 0.39 0.66 0 4.38 0.21 3.88 0.39 0.7 0 7.15 0.1 0 0 5.91 4.5 23.68 1.1 115.66 0.21 1 1.17 21.53 0.65 5.37 Sturnus vulgaris (2.22) (0) (0.02) (2.53) (0.67) (12.63) (0.17) (2.13) (0.02) (0.11) (0.17) (0.19) (0) (1.53) (0.14) (1.05) (0.24) (0.26) (0) (1.81) (0.03) (0) (0) (1.19) (2.25) (8.43) (0.77) (22.17) (0.12) (0.34) (3.97) (41.17) (2.85) (13.21) Steppe buzzard 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Buteo buteo vulpinus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Stock dove 0.57 0.05 0.13 0.85 0.17 0.05 0.06 0.79 0.13 0.36 0.05 0.13 0.13 0.19 0.1 0.12 0.08 0.22 0.13 0.07 0.69 0.38 0.03 0 0.02 0.11 0.26 0.05 0 0.02 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.3 Columba oenas (0.13) (0.01) (0.08) (0.28) (0.1) (0.01) (0.04) (0.11) (0.08) (0.13) (0.02) (0.04) (0.08) (0.07) (0.07) (0.03) (0.05) (0.08) (0.04) (0.02) (0.19) (0.13) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.04) (0.19) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.57) (0.23) (0.52) (0.74)

Stonechat 0 0.07 0.05 0.38 0.07 0.08 0.13 0.07 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.31 0.07 0.15 0.03 0.17 0.02 0.2 0.16 0.3 0.07 0.12 0.22 0.51 0 0.19 0.12 0.22 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.21 0.08 0.19 Saxocola torquatus (0) (0.02) (0.03) (0.12) (0.04) (0.02) (0.08) (0.01) (0.13) (0.07) (0.02) (0.09) (0.04) (0.05) (0.02) (0.05) (0.01) (0.07) (0.05) (0.07) (0.02) (0.04) (0.08) (0.1) (0) (0.07) (0.08) (0.04) (0.06) (0.03) (0.3) (0.41) (0.36) (0.46) Swift 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 Apus apus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) Tawny owl 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Strix aluco (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) Tawny pipit 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 Anthus campestris (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) Thrush nightingale 0.48 0.11 0.03 0.38 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.21 0 0 0.15 0 0.04 0 0.05 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.08 Luscinia luscinia (0.11) (0.03) (0.02) (0.12) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.08) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.14) (0.03) (0.16) (0.2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tit sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) Tree pipit 0.26 0.11 0 0.15 0.14 0.17 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.13 0.1 0.11 0 0.04 0.07 0.05 0 0.3 0.25 0.35 0.21 0.19 0.11 0.05 0.21 0.15 0.07 0.22 0 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.04 0.15 Anthus trivialis (0.06) (0.03) (0) (0.05) (0.08) (0.05) (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0.05) (0.04) (0.03) (0) (0.01) (0.05) (0.01) (0) (0.11) (0.08) (0.09) (0.06) (0.07) (0.04) (0.01) (0.11) (0.05) (0.05) (0.04) (0) (0.03) (0.41) (0.27) (0.19) (0.36) Tree sparrow 2.13 0.62 1.89 2.29 0.1 0.03 0.14 5.21 1.66 2.27 3.95 0.08 1.28 1.69 0.49 0.22 0.28 0.93 1.75 0.22 0.59 0.27 4.86 2.63 0.52 1.66 4.93 1.1 2.59 2.88 2.5 0.92 1.15 1.7 Passer montanus (0.51) (0.16) (1.15) (0.74) (0.06) (0.01) (0.09) (0.71) (1.02) (0.85) (1.67) (0.02) (0.74) (0.59) (0.34) (0.06) (0.17) (0.34) (0.58) (0.06) (0.16) (0.09) (1.86) (0.53) (0.26) (0.59) (3.46) (0.21) (1.4) (0.99) (8.47) (1.75) (4.99) (4.19) Treecreeper 0 0.04 0.21 0.29 0 0.03 0 0 0.08 0.18 0 0.02 0.05 0 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.02 0 0.02 0.03 0.12 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.12 0 0.02 0.06 0.1 Certhia familiaris (0) (0.01) (0.13) (0.09) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.07) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.05) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0.04) (0.26) (0.26)

Turtle dove 0 0 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.13 0.24 0.31 0 0 0 0.02 0.35 0.01 0 0.02 0.09 0 0.06 0.03 0.1 0.11 0.23 0.06 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.09 0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.1 Streptopelia turtur (0) (0) (0.03) (0.02) (0.04) (0.01) (0.08) (0.03) (0.19) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.12) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.04) (0.05) (0.03) (0.03) (0.02) (0.01) (0.05) (0) (0.11) (0.11) (0.4) (0.24) 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 Warbler sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) Water rail 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0.01 Rallus aquaticus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) Page 32 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Total

2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 Whinchat 0 0.16 0 0.02 0.14 0.2 0.02 0.79 0.08 0 0.02 0.1 0 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.02 0 0.19 0.06 0.03 0.06 0 0.12 0.04 0.04 0 0.05 0.13 0.06 0.05 0.16 0.04 0.03 Saxicola rubetra (0) (0.04) (0) (0.01) (0.08) (0.06) (0.01) (0.11) (0.05) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0.02) (0.01) (0) (0.06) (0.01) (0.01) (0.02) (0) (0.02) (0.02) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.07) (0.02) (0.18) (0.3) (0.16) (0.07) White stork 0 0.11 0.14 0.33 0.2 0.12 0.16 0.03 0.02 0.11 0 0.02 0 0.15 0.31 0.17 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.14 0.09 0 0.38 0.01 0.22 0.45 0.02 0.12 0.09 0.1 0.15 Ciconia ciconia (0) (0.03) (0.09) (0.11) (0.12) (0.03) (0.1) (0) (0.01) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.22) (0.05) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.05) (0.02) (0) (0.13) (0.01) (0.04) (0.24) (0.01) (0.4) (0.18) (0.44) (0.38) White wagtail 0.13 0.47 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.11 0.38 0.27 0.59 0.12 0.13 0.07 0.15 0.25 0.24 0.41 0.11 0.09 0.2 0.59 0.25 0.11 0.26 0.23 0 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.24 0.14 0.23 0.22 0.22 Motacilla alba (0.03) (0.12) (0.12) (0.05) (0.09) (0.05) (0.07) (0.05) (0.16) (0.22) (0.05) (0.04) (0.04) (0.05) (0.18) (0.07) (0.25) (0.04) (0.03) (0.05) (0.16) (0.09) (0.04) (0.05) (0.12) (0) (0.05) (0.01) (0.05) (0.08) (0.47) (0.44) (0.96) (0.54) White-backed woodpecker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 Dendrocopos leucotos (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.01) Willow warbler 0.04 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0.07 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.01 0 0.01 Phylloscopus trochilus (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.06) (0.01) (0) (0.03) Wood pigeon 1.65 1.05 1.27 0.71 0.19 0.12 0.19 0.62 0.48 0.59 0.49 0.7 0.57 0.1 0.21 0.36 0.23 0.44 0.16 0.43 0.31 0.37 0.22 0.44 0.27 1.34 1.01 0.39 0.46 0.61 0.5 0.5 0.49 0.59 Columba palumbas (0.39) (0.27) (0.77) (0.23) (0.11) (0.03) (0.12) (0.08) (0.3) (0.22) (0.21) (0.2) (0.33) (0.03) (0.14) (0.1) (0.14) (0.16) (0.05) (0.11) (0.09) (0.13) (0.08) (0.09) (0.13) (0.48) (0.71) (0.07) (0.25) (0.21) (1.7) (0.96) (2.13) (1.46) Wood warbler 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.01 0 0 0.01 Phylloscopus sibilatrix (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0.01) (0.01) Woodlark 0 0 0 0.02 0.03 0.32 0.02 0.1 0.22 0 0.05 0.1 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.12 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.35 0.1 0.02 0 0 0.06 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.05 0 0.05 0.14 0.06 0.05 Lullula arborea (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0.09) (0.01) (0.01) (0.13) (0) (0.02) (0.03) (0.01) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.01) (0.03) (0.01) (0.09) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.06) (0.08) (0.02) (0.03) (0) (0.17) (0.28) (0.25) (0.13)

Woodpecker sp. 0 0.22 0 0 0.02 0.42 0 1.07 0 0 0 0.31 0 0 0.01 0.31 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0.05 0.07 0 0 0 0.17 0 0 0.01 0.32 0 0 Picidae (0) (0.06) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.12) (0) (0.14) (0) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.08) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.61) (0) (0) Wren 0 0.02 0.05 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.05 0.14 0 0.02 0 0 0.01 0 0.05 0.04 0.03 0 0 0.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.02 0.07 Troglodytes troglodytes (0) (0) (0.03) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.06) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0.09) (0.16) Wryneck 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.01 Jynx torquilla (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.06) (0) (0.01) (0.01) Yellow wagtail 0.04 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.17 0.21 0 0.05 0 0.06 0 0.01 0.02 Motacilla flava (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.06) (0.14) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.2) (0.01) (0.03) (0.06) Yellowhammer 0.09 0.07 0.11 0.4 0.49 0.29 0.25 0.48 0.13 0.14 0.63 0.18 0.13 0.94 0.44 1 0.58 1.04 0.31 0.78 0.72 0.98 0.46 1.21 0.63 0.85 0.43 1.05 0.79 0.14 0.44 0.59 0.38 0.64 Emberiza citrinella (0.02) (0.02) (0.07) (0.13) (0.3) (0.08) (0.15) (0.07) (0.08) (0.05) (0.27) (0.05) (0.08) (0.33) (0.31) (0.27) (0.36) (0.38) (0.1) (0.2) (0.2) (0.34) (0.18) (0.24) (0.32) (0.3) (0.3) (0.2) (0.42) (0.05) (1.47) (1.13) (1.68) (1.58) 32.87 26.73 21.32 56.02 18.8 68.64 19.66 65.69 24.3 35.25 24.54 28.51 26.17 26.27 18.41 24.74 17.41 18.74 21.28 29.28 17.62 27.9 30.19 32.84 19.79 86.49 55.53 190.07 35.84 35.35 29.56 52.29 22.98 40.65 Total (7.8) (6.87) (12.93) (18.07) (11.44) (18.94) (12.11) (8.91) (14.97) (13.27) (10.38) (8.13) (15.12) (9.18) (12.91) (6.71) (10.72) (6.8) (7.02) (7.39) (4.92) (9.75) (11.52) (6.6) (9.91) (30.81) (38.95) (36.44) (19.32) (12.12) (100) (100) (100) (100)

Page 33 Table 6.3. Number of individuals ringed for each species at each village and overall. Dark green: >= 50% increase in number of individuals. Light green: >= 20% increase. Yellow: <= 20% decrease. Red: <= 50% decrease. Grey: none ringed two consecutive years. Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Species Total 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 Barn swallow 0 32 0 0 0 0 138 3 8 0 3 0 11 4 0 0 0 0 5 11 8 179 28 Barred warbler 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 3 4 5 7 Bee-eater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Black redstart 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 6 Blackbird 1 1 1 2 8 6 3 5 0 3 1 7 28 3 7 0 6 3 2 8 12 27 56 Blackcap 11 10 9 5 5 1 2 2 3 17 3 1 4 3 2 0 9 1 1 0 21 39 29 Blue tit 13 7 4 0 5 0 0 0 2 2 4 4 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 15 18 12 Chaffinch 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Chiffchaff 11 4 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 12 9 10 Coal tit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Collared flycatcher 0 1 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 3 Common nightingale 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Common redstart 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 Common whitethroat 7 8 0 0 0 31 25 31 1 1 5 25 19 0 2 7 23 62 41 56 101 107 136 Corncrake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Garden warbler 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 6 5 5 Golden oriole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Goldfinch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 Great reed warbler 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 5 Great spotted woodpecker 0 2 1 2 2 1 5 2 5 2 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 12 12 Great tit 23 8 19 16 24 19 6 16 27 4 27 3 16 14 19 2 12 11 0 11 96 61 120 Green woodpecker 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 8 2 Greenfinch 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 2 0 15 Hawfinch 0 3 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 4 2 0 14 0 0 0 0 9 22 Hobby 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Hoopoe 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 House sparrow 0 0 0 2 4 10 1 1 0 0 0 7 18 0 6 11 0 15 2 1 27 25 26 Icterine warbler 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 Jay 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 4 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 6 2 11 Kingfisher 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Lesser grey shrike 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 8 Lesser spotted woodpecker 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 Lesser whitethroat 5 4 1 1 0 2 8 1 0 8 2 0 5 9 0 5 5 9 3 4 17 37 18 Linnet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 Long-eared owl 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 Long-tailed tit 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Magpie 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Marsh tit 13 9 4 3 7 0 0 3 10 6 6 0 2 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 26 22 23 Marsh warbler 5 11 8 2 1 26 40 18 0 0 0 10 4 27 8 7 14 37 12 9 70 108 61 Middle spotted woodpecker 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 Nuthatch 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 2 Quail 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Red-backed shrike 0 15 1 25 38 43 60 61 12 1 4 12 24 15 13 1 2 12 26 38 92 168 143 River warbler 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 Robin 3 3 1 3 6 0 0 2 0 2 3 0 5 1 2 0 3 1 0 0 7 12 16 Scops owl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 Sedge warbler 0 2 4 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 5 Serin 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Song thrush 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 4 Sparrowhawk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Page 34 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Species Total 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 Spotted flycatcher 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Starling 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 2 0 15 3 0 22 Stonechat 0 0 11 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 18 Thrush nightingale 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 6 Tree pipit 0 0 1 0 3 1 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 8 8 Tree sparrow 0 0 0 0 1 14 34 26 7 25 37 26 15 90 98 6 6 60 6 1 81 188 183 Treecreeper 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 Whinchat 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 19 5 0 0 0 0 6 3 1 7 23 7 White wagtail 25 1 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 2 3 Willow warbler 25 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 13 0 Wood warbler 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 1 Woodlark 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 4 1 3 Wryneck 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 Yellowhammer 3 0 5 3 0 2 4 0 1 0 0 11 5 0 2 0 1 7 8 4 16 23 17 Village Total 156 147 84 73 123 179 344 194 93 89 119 141 189 177 183 41 111 240 117 194 741 1179 1074

Page 35 7.0 Small mammals

In 2016 there was a recovery in the numbers of several species at several villages after 2015’s extreme decrease in the number of small mammals captured. The total number of captures had dropped from 386 to 49, but rose back to 384 in 2016. There was a slightly lower number of trap nights in 2016 (2135 in 2016, 2540 in 2015, and 2500 in 2014). Such a wide-spread and general decline and then recovery is most likely due to an environmental factor such as weather conditions. An extended period of persistent rain and cool weather in June 2015 may have caused a population crash. The reds and oranges in Table 7.1 indicate that there are also several species in several villages with reduced numbers in 2015 and 2016. These should be monitored to see how well the small mammal community recovers from the 2015 crash.

Table 7.1. Small mammal captures per 1000 trap days, for each species, for each village, in total and for each habitat type (2014 value : 2015 value : 2016 value). Species abbreviations: AA Apodemus agrarius Striped field mouse; AF A. flavicollis Yellow-necked mouse; AS A. sylvaticus Wood mouse; CL Crocidura leucodon Bi-coloured white toothed shrew; CS C. sauveolens Lesser white toothed shrew; MA unidentified vole; MAG Microtus agrestis Field vole; MAR M. arvalis Common vole; MG Myodes glareolus Bank vole. Habitat abbreviations: L/M/HNV - low/medium/high nature value grassland; RE - river edge; SC - scrub; WE -woodland edge. Grey - zero captures in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Dark green – increasing captures 2015 and 2016. Red – reducing captures in 2015 and 2016. Light green – the same then higher, or higher then the same. Orange – the same then lower, or lower then the same.

Apold Crit Daia Malancrav

LNV MNV SC/WE Total LNV MNV SC Total LNV HNV SC Total LNV MNV SC Total AA 40:20:13 40:0:0 30:20:0 37:13:4 20:0:-- 0:25:-- 140:25:-- 53:17:-- 0:0:60 80:0:0 80:0:0 53:0:21 0:0:50 0:0:13 40:0:0 13:0:24

AF 0:0:88 0:0:13 10:50:413 3:17:171 0:0:-- 0:0:-- 40:0:-- 13:0:-- 0:0:10 0:0:0 0:0:222 0:0:74 0:0:140 0:0:0 0:13:0 0:5:56

AS 50:0:25 90:0:50 160:40:50 100:13:42 60:0:-- 100:0:-- 90:0:-- 83:0:-- 0:0:10 30:0:21 50:0:0 27:0:11 130:0:0 60:0:0 150:0:0 113:0:0

CL 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:-- 0:0:-- 10:0:-- 3:0:-- 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0

CS 0:0:0 10:0:0 10:0:0 7:0:0 0:0:-- 0:0:-- 0:0:-- 0:0:-- 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 10:50:0 30:0:0 10:0:0 17:15:0

MA 20:0:0 20:0:13 0:0:0 13:0:4 40:0:-- 40:0:-- 30:0:-- 37:0:-- 10:0:0 20:0:0 30:0:0 20:0:0 0:0:0 10:0:0 0:0:0 3:0:0

MAG 0:0:0 20:0:0 0:0:0 7:0:0 0:0:-- 0:13:-- 0:50:-- 0:21:-- 10:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 3:0:0 0:0:0 10:0:0 0:0:0 3:0:0

MAR 20:0:100 270:10:63 20:0:0 103:3:54 40:0:-- 10:0:-- 0:0:-- 17:0:-- 10:0:80 20:0:42 10:0:11 13:0:46 10:0:550 0:0:53 10:0:0 7:0:238

MG 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 10:0:-- 0:0:-- 40:0:-- 17:0:-- 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 Site Total 130:20:250 450:10:138 230:110:463 270:47:283 170:0:-- 150:38:-- 350:75:-- 223:38:-- 30:0:160 150:0:63 170:0:244 117:0:154 150:50:750 110:0:79 210:13:0 157:20:327

Table 7.1. cont.

Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Grand LNV MNV SC/WE Total LNV MNV WE Total LNV HNV WE Total LNV MNV SC Total Total 0:0:0 20:0:11 0:0:80 7:0:31 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:50 0:0:17 40:21:100 230:14:0 160:57:70 108:31:57 0:0:13 0:0:42 0:8:88 0:3:47 37:9:26 AA 0:0:0 0:0:189 0:0:50 0:0:76 10:0:0 0:0:10 0:0:20 3:0:10 0:0:0 20:0:0 60:0:0 20:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:13 0:0:4 6:2:48 AF 0:0:10 20:0:11 80:0:50 33:0:24 10:0:0 210:0:50 0:0:10 73:0:20 70:0:20 80:0:0 360:7:20 133:2:13 0:0:0 0:0:28 20:0:0 7:0:9 74:2:15 AS 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 CL 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 3:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 3:1:0 CS 0:0:0 10:0:0 0:0:0 3:0:0 10:0:10 0:0:0 0:0:0 3:0:3 0:0:40 0:0:0 0:0:220 0:0:87 0:0:0 0:0:0 10:0:0 3:0:0 10:0:13 MA 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 20:0:10 0:0:10 7:0:7 0:43:70 30:7:0 0:0:230 8:17:100 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 4:5:15 MAG 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 10:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 3:0:0 10:0:0 20:0:0 20:0:0 13:0:0 0:0:300 0:0:14 0:0:213 0:0:181 19:0:59 MAR 0:0:0 0:0:11 0:0:0 0:0:3 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 0:0:0 2:0:0 MG Site 0:0:10 50:0:222 80:0:180 43:0:134 40:0:10 230:0:70 0:0:90 90:0:57 120:64:230 380:21:0 600:64:540 283:50:257 0:0:313 0:0:97 30:8:313 10:3:246 154:19:179 Total

Page 36 8.0 Large Mammals

8.1 Camera Trap Survey Table 8.1 summarises the large mammals recorded by the camera traps, per village. 2016 had the greatest number of total hours of recording of the three years, mainly due to a greater number of cameras being used. The overall number of records per 24 hours was lower in 2016 than previous years, and declined in 5 of the 7 villages. Mesendorf and Richis had the most frequent records.

Roe deer Capreolus capreolus was the most frequently recorded species in all years, and was recorded at every village every year. Four villages had a notable decrease in roe deer recordings (red shading), while only Mesendorf had a notable increase (green shading). There were notable decreases in the number of recordings of red deer, badger and bear. Edible dormouse Glis glis was recorded for the first time.

The number of records is relatively low and the changes from year to year must be interpreted with great caution. The differences should not be seen as evidence of significant shift in large mammal populations of the studied villages.

Page 37 Table 8.1. Summary of the large mammals recorded by the camera trap survey. Records per 24 hours per camera (records). Grey cells are less than 3 records in two consecutive years. Red - a 50% decrease or more. Green - a 50% increase or more. Species abbreviations are explained in Table 8.2.

Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Species Total SPECIES 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016

0.41 0.44 0.19 0.28 0.31 0.14 0.58 0.2 0.74 0.5 0.1 0.78 0.18 0.85 0.38 0.21 0.04 0.8 0.34 0.5 0.77 0.54 0.5 0.57 0.39 0.34 CC (4) (8) (5) (4) (9) (2) (17) (9) (11) (11) (4) (19) (5) (32) (6) (5) (1) (15) (11) (7) (12) (21) (20) (73) (87) (78)

0 0.06 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0.05 0.18 0 0.46 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.51 0.1 0 0.06 0.1 0.03 CE (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (3) (0) (0) (1) (7) (0) (13) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (8) (4) (0) (8) (22) (8)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 0 0.03 0.04 0 0.01 FSS (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (4) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (1) (5) (0) (2)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 0.11 0 0.07 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 GG (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (3) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (2) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (5) (0) (1)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 0.11 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.04 0 0.01 LE (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (3) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (5) (0) (2)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0.31 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.06 0 0.11 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.05 MF (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (9) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (1) (0) (3) (0) (0) (7) (0) (0) (0) (2) (9) (11)

0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.02 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.05 0 0 0.02 0 MF/MM (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (1) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (2) (0) (0) (5) (1)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 MM (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (2) (0) (1)

0 0.61 0.08 0 0.03 0 0.2 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0.19 0.06 0 0 0.16 0.09 0 0 0.1 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.04 MMS (0) (11) (2) (0) (1) (0) (6) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (7) (1) (0) (0) (3) (3) (0) (0) (4) (1) (4) (26) (10)

0 0.11 0.38 0.14 0 0.07 0 0.11 0.2 0.18 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.1 0 0.06 0.05 0.07 SS (0) (2) (10) (2) (0) (1) (0) (5) (3) (4) (0) (2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (4) (0) (8) (11) (15)

0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0.07 0 0 0.12 0 0.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0.02 SV (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (3) (0) (4) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (5) (0) (4)

0 0.33 0 0 0 0.07 0.1 0.02 0.07 0 0.03 0.12 0.07 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0.04 0.05 0.01 UA (0) (6) (0) (0) (0) (1) (3) (1) (1) (0) (1) (3) (2) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (5) (12) (3)

0.21 0.56 0.19 0 0.03 0 0.24 0.02 0 0.05 0 0.25 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.04 0.21 0.06 0 0.06 0.05 0.2 0.12 0.14 0.08 VV (2) (10) (5) (0) (1) (0) (7) (1) (0) (1) (0) (6) (3) (4) (2) (4) (1) (4) (2) (0) (1) (2) (8) (15) (30) (19)

Village 0.62 2.11 0.83 0.42 0.42 0.28 1.53 0.4 1.08 0.86 0.33 1.39 0.81 1.35 1.01 0.38 0.19 1.44 0.56 1.15 1.53 0.98 0.78 1.04 0.91 0.68 Total (6) (38) (22) (6) (12) (4) (45) (18) (16) (19) (13) (34) (23) (51) (16) (9) (5) (27) (18) (16) (24) (38) (31) (133) (202) (156) Installation time (hr) 233.0 432.1 634.4 340.9 687.0 349.0 706.3 1076.9 354.9 528.0 952.4 586.1 683.2 904.3 378.9 572.4 634.9 451.4 775.3 334.0 375.4 926.0 956.7 3069.5 5310.4 5493.4

Page 38 Table 8.2. Key to large mammal names. Code Latin Species Code Latin Species CC Capreolus capreolus Roe deer MM Martes martes Pine marten CE Cervus elaphus Red deer MMS Meles meles European badger EC Erinaceus concolor Eastern hedgehog MN Mustela nivalis Weasel EE Erinaceus europaeus European hedgehog MP Mustela putorius Polecat FSS Felis silvestris silvestris European wildcat SS Sus scrofa Wild boar GG Glis glis Edible dormouse SV Sciurus vulgaris Red squirrel LE Lepus europaeus Brown hare UA Ursus Arctos Brown bear ME Mustela erminea Stoat VV Vulpes vulpes Red fox MF Martes foina Beech marten

8.2 Observation of large mammal signs Table 8.3 summarises the results of the large mammal transect surveys per village. Weasel Mustela nivalis and polecat Mustela putorius signs were recorded for the first time in 2016. There were more signs overall in 2016 than in 2015 or 2014, with a notable greater than 50% increase at Apold, Daia, Malancrav, Mesendorf, Nou Sasesc and Richis, but a slight decrease at Viscri. Apold, Daia and Mesendorf had the greatest frequency and abundance of signs in 2016, followed by Malancrav. Daia, Mesendorf and Malancrav have maintained this abundance in comparison to other villages for all three years. Roe deer, red deer, badger, wild boar (except Richis in 2016) and red fox signs (except Viscri in 2014) were seen at all eight villages, in all three years. There were many more badger signs in 2015, compared to 2014 and 2016, at all eight villages. Roe deer, beech marten, wild boar, brown bear and red fox notably increased overall and at four villages in 2016. Such species changes may partly be due to differences in surveyor interpretation of the signs. The large number of green- and red-shaded pairs of cells in Table 9.3 illustrates how number of track signs fluctuates a lot between years. This is probably mostly due to natural variability in the abundance of large mammals.

Page 39 Table 8.3. Summary of the large mammal signs observed on transect surveys – number of signs per km (number of signs). Greyed out cells are either uncertain species, or less than 3 signs in two consecutive years. Red - a 50% decrease or more. Green - a 50% increase or more. See table 8.2 for species abbreviations. Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Species Total Species 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 0.85 0.15 4.61 2.69 1.98 1.7 0.62 2.78 1.72 0.3 1.72 1.66 2.38 3.72 0.91 0.99 0.99 1.38 1.54 1.7 0.24 1.18 1.65 1.37 1.14 2.11 CC (11) (2) (60) (38) (28) (22) (8) (36) (23) (4) (23) (21) (30) (47) (11) (12) (12) (17) (19) (21) (4) (20) (28) (147) (123) (227) 0 0 0 0.28 0.07 0 0 0 0.22 0 0 0.08 0.08 0 0 0.08 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.07 0.04 0 CC/CE (0) (0) (0) (4) (1) (0) (0) (0) (3) (0) (0) (1) (1) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (8) (4) (0) 0.38 0 0 0 0 0.23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 CC/CE/SS (5) (0) (0) (0) (0) (3) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (8) (0) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 CC/LE (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (3) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (4) (0) (0) 0.23 0.15 0.38 1.34 0.42 0.23 0.46 0.31 0.22 0.07 0.22 1.19 1.03 1.9 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.16 0.41 0.49 0.06 1.12 0.59 0.46 0.51 0.49 CE (3) (2) (5) (19) (6) (3) (6) (4) (3) (1) (3) (15) (13) (24) (3) (3) (1) (2) (5) (6) (1) (19) (10) (49) (55) (53) 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.04 EC (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (3) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (1) (1) (4) 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.16 0 0 0.08 0 0 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 0 EE (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (2) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (6) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 FSS (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 Hedgehog sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (8) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (8) 0.15 0 0.08 0.14 0.07 0 0 0.15 0 0 0.07 0.08 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.06 LE (2) (0) (1) (2) (1) (0) (0) (2) (0) (0) (1) (1) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (2) (1) (1) (7) (3) (6) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0.07 0 0 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.01 0 ME (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (1) (0) (0) (2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (3) (1) (0) 0 0.08 0.15 0 0 0 0 1.39 0.07 0.37 0.15 0 0 0.71 0 0.17 0.25 0.08 0 0 0 0.06 0.18 0.02 0.08 0.34 MF (0) (1) (2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (18) (1) (5) (2) (0) (0) (9) (0) (2) (3) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1) (3) (2) (9) (37) 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0.07 0.07 0 0 0 0.48 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.04 0.06 MM (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (1) (1) (0) (0) (0) (6) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (4) (6) 0.08 0 0.08 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.15 0.32 0 0.32 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0.06 0.18 0.18 0.07 0.03 0.1 MM/MF (1) (0) (1) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (2) (4) (0) (4) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1) (3) (3) (7) (3) (11) 0.31 0.77 0.23 0.28 1.13 0.15 2.86 0.15 0.45 1.2 0.22 0.4 2.22 0.08 0.08 1.4 0.17 0.16 1.22 0.08 0 1.71 0.06 0.22 1.56 0.12 MMS (4) (10) (3) (4) (16) (2) (37) (2) (6) (16) (3) (5) (28) (1) (1) (17) (2) (2) (15) (1) (0) (29) (1) (24) (168) (13) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 MMS/MM/MF (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 MMS/MS (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 MMS/MS/MM (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) 0.15 0 0 0.07 0.07 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.01 0 MMS/UA (2) (0) (0) (1) (1) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (4) (1) (0) 0 0.15 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 MMS/VV (0) (2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (3) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 MN (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 MP (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 OC (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) 0.54 0.15 1.92 1.13 0.42 1.62 0.46 0.23 0.67 0.37 1.42 0.63 0.48 1.82 0.5 0.08 0.41 0.16 0.32 0 0.12 0.35 0.29 0.66 0.33 0.74 SS (7) (2) (25) (16) (6) (21) (6) (3) (9) (5) (19) (8) (6) (23) (6) (1) (5) (2) (4) (0) (2) (6) (5) (71) (36) (80) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 SS/MMS (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (4) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (4) (0) (0) 0 0 0 0.42 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 SS/UA (0) (0) (0) (6) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (7) (0) (0) Page 40 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Species Total Species 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 SV (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) 0 0.15 0.15 0.07 0.42 0.54 0.23 0.77 0 0.15 0.07 0.32 0 0.79 0 0 0.83 0 0 0.41 0 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.14 0.36 UA (0) (2) (2) (1) (6) (7) (3) (10) (0) (2) (1) (4) (0) (10) (0) (0) (10) (0) (0) (5) (0) (2) (1) (12) (15) (39) 0.31 0.15 0.23 0.21 0.07 0.69 0.15 2.08 0.67 0.52 0.67 0.95 0.32 0.48 0.41 0.08 1.32 0.32 0.16 1.3 0 0.35 0.18 0.43 0.23 0.74 VV (4) (2) (3) (3) (1) (9) (2) (27) (9) (7) (9) (12) (4) (6) (5) (1) (16) (4) (2) (16) (0) (6) (3) (46) (25) (80) 3 1.92 7.99 6.71 4.66 5.41 5.02 7.88 4.48 3.14 5.38 6.42 6.81 10.78 2.15 3.14 4.13 2.27 4.06 4.22 0.59 5.12 3.3 3.8 4.27 5.28 Village Total (39) (25) (104) (95) (66) (70) (65) (102) (60) (42) (72) (81) (86) (136) (26) (38) (50) (28) (50) (52) (10) (87) (56) (409) (459) (568) Transect 13.01 14.15 12.95 13.38 12.62 12.1 12.32 16.99 107.52 length (km)

Page 41 9.0 Orthoptera The trial orthopteran survey took place at the 12 sites at Mesendorf used by the butterfly and botany teams. The survey recorded 13 species. The species, total abundance and site frequency are shown in table 9.1. Another 6 species were found in the previous week of methodology tests, and are listed in the lower part of table 9.1.

Table 9.1. Orthoptera species, abundance and site frequency. Scientific species name Common name Total Number abundance of sites Chorthippus parallelus Meadow grasshopper 86 12 Omocestus viridulus Field grasshopper 28 10 Leptophyes punctatissima Common green grasshopper 18 7 Leptophytes albovittata Speckled bush cricket 17 9 Tettigonia viridissima Great green bush cricket 15 9 Chorthippus brunneus Roesel’s bush cricket 9 7 Decticus verrucivorus Wartbiter bush cricket 7 7 Conocephalus dorsalis Short-winged conehead 4 3 Chorthippus albomarginatus Lesser marsh grasshopper 1 1 Chrysochraon brachypterus Small gold grasshopper 1 1 Myrmeleotettix maculatus Mottled grasshopper 1 1 Stenobothrus lineatus Stripey-winged grasshopper 1 1 Chrysochraon dispar giganteus Large gold grasshopper Conocephalus discolor Long-winged conehead Euchorthippus pulvinatus elegantulus Jersey Grasshopper Meconema meridionale Southern Oak bush cricket Pholidoptera griseoaptera Dark bush cricket Polysarcus denticauda Large Sword-tailed bush cricket

Page 42 10.0 References

Van Swaay, C. A. M., Van Strien, A. J., Aghababyan, K., Åström, S., Botham, M., Brereton, T., … Warren, M. S. (2016). The European Butterfly Indicator for Grassland species: 1990-2015. Wageningen. Retrieved from http://www.vlindernet.nl/doc/vs2016- 019_european_butterfly_indicator_1990-2015_v3.pdf

Page 43 Appendix 1

Report on Orthoptera Survey for Transylvania 2016, 29th June to 11th July.

Introduction The grasshopper team operating in the Opwall Transylvania 2016 expedition had much success in trialling an orthopteran survey. Several authors in the literature argue over the best method and tools for determining diversity and abundance of grasshoppers and bush crickets so there is no definitive or standardised approach. The aim of this report is to decide upon improvements that can be made to the methodology (in terms of accuracy, reliability and ease) for future Operation Wallacea expeditions to carry out the Orthoptera survey.

Measuring Diversity of Orthoptera The methods used for the pilot study were developed in the first week of the grasshopper survey project, in Nou Sasesc, by testing on student groups (around 5-8 in size). Each student in the group walked a set number of paces parallel along a line (altogether they sampled a diagonal lines of an imaginary square) and collected the first 2 grasshopper or bush cricket specimens they could find upon stopping. The main observer would identify the individuals using keys and this was repeated for the adjacent side of the square, giving 2 intersecting diagonal lines for sampling. Expeditions catch grasshoppers were carried out in 2 time slots between 10am and 4pm (at 9.30-12.30 and 2.30-5.30) as this accounts for the different species and numbers of each caught at different times of the day, as outlined by Whipple et al., (2010). This methodology was used in Mesendorf for 12 selected survey sites, with 6 along each of the 2 transects. The pacing and collecting method used may lead to some of the smaller species and morphs being missed by the observers, as they might not see it or be able to catch them. However the week spent trialling methodology also found the rough number of collections required before the number of species found plateaus off towards a total species number for that site (around 15-25). One suggestion is to increase the number of specimens caught to around 30 from each site, to give an accurate reflection of diversity and relative abundance.

Measuring Abundance of Orthoptera In the pilot study, differing counts of species indicated the relative abundance of species between sites. A crude measurement of general orthopteran abundance was measured for each site using a ‘difficulty to catch’ score out of 5, which was averaged across participants for each site. This value could differ based on weather conditions, ability of the observers and is therefore recommended to be replaced in the formal survey with a more accurate method. Transect monitoring has been criticised by authors for the ease at which cyptic, small or hidden individuals can be missed in the count. (Gardiner and Hill 2006). Absolute population estimates for density are possible using mark and recapture methods, but these are time-consuming, require multiple visits in good weather and are only useful for small-scale measures (Gardiner et al., 2005). A population estimate for density could be found using a systematic sweep net sampling protocol (Browde et al., 1992), which would also include smaller specimens and morphs in the count and not rely on quick identification by participants. Sweep-netting to determine grasshopper community composition is the quickest, least-expensive and most commonly used method, and provides a good estimate of the number of each species (Larson et al., 1999). One drawback with the sweep sampling method however is the disturbance caused by beating the meadow, although this could be limited in scope to reduce the impact. Browde et al., (1992) also

Page 44 argues that night sweeping is more effective than day sweeping for catching grasshoppers, also either method can adequately reflect population estimates. Gardiner et al., (2005) recommend using quadrat and transect counts that involve ‘flushing out’ grasshoppers from the sward at lower heights (<50cm) and densities (<2 adults per m2), although at a higher sward height (>50cm) capture by box quadrats and sweep nets are more appropriate. Taller vegetation sampling is more problematic as the efficiency of techniques may be reduced by vegetation structure. Gardiner et al., (2005) recommend timed counts when population densities are low (<2 adults per m2), and night trapping when populations are higher (>2 adults per m2). Other methods to estimate orthopteran abundances include using the ‘cage bag’ technique (Browde et al., 1992), box quadrats and open quadrats counts (Gardiner and Hill 2006) and a D-Vac (Gillespie and Kemp 1996). However box and open quadrats were found to provide underestimates of total orthopteran diversity, Chorthippus nymph density Chorthippus parallelus adult density when compared with other techniques (Gardiner and Hill 2006), as trapping methods that constrain the movement of individuals typically catch more than those that don’t.

Recommendations  An accurate measure of abundance should be combined with the methodology used to investigate diversity, into one sampling technique.  Systematic sweep netting by students would be an ideal improvement to the current method of pacing and collecting, as this will collect more specimens and give a more reliable estimate of relative abundances.  The sweeping protocol would be limited to once per area of meadow, to limit the level of disturbance this may cause. Pots would be required to collect specimens out of nets for ID.  Laminated handbooks made by the chief surveyor (similar to those used by the Botany and Bird Point Count surveys) would allow each student to contribute to the ID of specimens in their sweep net.  As well as the flipbook guide to most common species, a guide to Eastern European Orthoptera would a good supplement for rarer species (if one exists).

References Browde, J.A., Pedigo, L.P., Degooyer, T.A., Higley, L.G., Wintersteen, W.K. and Zeiss, M.R., 1992. Comparison of sampling techniques for grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in soybean. Journal of economic entomology, 85(6), pp.2270-2274. Gardiner, T. and Hill, J., 2006. A comparison of three sampling techniques used to estimate the population density and assemblage diversity of Orthoptera. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 15(1), pp.45-51. Gardiner, T., Hill, J. and Chesmore, D., 2005. Review of the methods frequently used to estimate the abundance of Orthoptera in grassland ecosystems. Journal of Insect Conservation, 9(3), pp.151-173. Gillespie, R.L. and Kemp, W.P., 1996. Sampling method assessment and quantification of temporal shifts in densities of grasshopper species (Orthoptera: Acrididae) between winter wheat, Triticum aestivum, and adjacent rangeland. Environmental entomology, 25(3), pp.559-569. Larson, D.P., O’Neill, K.M. and Kemp, W.P., 1999. Evaluation of the accuracy of sweep sampling in determining grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) community composition. J. Agric. Urban Entomol, 16(3), pp.207-214. Whipple, S.D., Brust, M.L., Hoback, W.W. and Farnsworth-Hoback, K.M., 2010. Sweep sampling capture rates for rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) vary during morning hours. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 19(1), pp.75-80.

Page 45