NATIONALHumanities ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES VOLUME 10 NUMBER 3 • MAY/JUNE 1989

Jefferson L ecturer Editor's Note

Walker Percy

This issue of Humanities looks at the life and work of novelist Walker Percy, who has been chosen as the 1989 Jefferson Lecturer in the Humanities. He is the eighteenth recipient of the honor, which is the highest official award the federal government bestows for distinguished achievement in the humanities. Percy has been described as both a master storyteller and a diagnostician of the human soul. For the past four decades, after giving up a career in med­ icine, Percy has been writing about the search for self in a vein that is at once Novelist Walker Percy, the 1989 Jefferson Lec­ comic, acerbic, and tragic. "An extraordinary paradox became clear—" Percy turer, in his study in Covington, Louisiana. writes—"that the more science had progressed and even as it had benefited (© Photo by Curt Richter) man, the less it said about what it is like to be a man living in the world." His first published novel, The Moviegoer, appeared in 1961 and won the Humanities National Book Award the next year. Since then there have been The Last Gen­ A bimonthly review published by the tleman (1966), Love in the Ruins (1971), Lancelot (1977), The Second Coming National Endowment for the Humanities (1980), and The Thanatos Syndrome (1987), along with two nonfiction works, The Message in the Bottle (1975), and Lost in the Cosmos (1983). Chairman: Lynne V. Cheney Director, Communications Policy: "His works," says NEH Chairman Lynne V. Cheney, "are important not Marguerite Hoxie Sullivan only for their outstanding literary merit but also for their ethical and philo­ Editor: Mary Lou Beatty sophical dimensions. Percy's writings challenge us to hold fast to love and Assistant Editor: James S. Turner tradition in a world where moral choices are increasingly complex." Production Editor: Scott Sanborn Percy was born in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1916, and with his two Production Assistant: Susan Querry younger brothers grew up in the home of his Uncle Will in Greenville, Mis­ Editorial Assistant: Kristen Hall sissippi. Percy attended the University of North Carolina and Columbia Uni­ Research Assistant: Ellen Marsh versity's College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York; it was while in­ Marketing Director: Joy Evans terning there at Bellevue Hospital that he contracted tuberculosis. A long Editorial Board: recuperation began, during which Percy began studying existentialism and Marjorie Berlincourt, Harold Cannon, developed the overriding interest that took him from medicine into writing. Richard Ekman, Donald Gibson, He and his wife Bunt have lived in Covington, Louisiana, since the 1940s. Guinevere Griest, Jerry Martin Their two daughters, now grown, live nearby. Design: Hausmann Graphic Design, Inc. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the The opinions and conclusions expressed in National Institute of Arts and Letters. Humanities are those of the authors and do not Percy was chosen for the annual honor by the National Council on the Hu­ necessarily reflect Endowment policy. Material manities, the presidentially appointed advisory body of the Endowment. appearing in this publication, except for that already copyrighted, may be freely repro­ Previous lecturers have been Lionel Trilling, Erik H. Erikson, Robert Penn duced. Please notify the editor in advance so Warren, Paul A. Freund, John Hope Franklin, Saul Bellow, C. Vann Wood­ that appropriate credit can be given. The ward, Edward Shils, Barbara Tuchman, Gerald Holton, Emily T. Vermeule, Chairman of the Endowment has determined that the publication of this periodical is neces­ Jaroslav Pelikan, Sidney Hook, Cleanth Brooks, Leszek Kolakowski, Forrest sary in the transaction of the public business McDonald, and Robert Nisbet. required by law of this agency. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the director of the Office of Management —Mary Lou Beatty and Budget through September 1992. Send re­ quests for subscriptions and other communi­ cations to the editor, Humanities, National En­ dowment for the Humanities, 1100 Pennsylva­ nia Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506. Telephone 202/786-0435. Annual subscription rate: $9. (USPS 521-090) ISSN 0018-7526.

2 MAY/JUNE 1989 Contents

A Literature of Ideas

Walker Percy: In Celebration by Cleanth Brooks. The themes and 5 literary style of this year's Jefferson Lecturer.

Questions They Never Asked Me by Walker Percy. A candid self­ 9 interview on the art of novel writing and philosophic matters.

The Unpeaceable Kingdom by James H. Justus. The tension 13 between conscience and race in southern literature.

The Relational Kierkegaard by Hrach Gregorian. A rethinking of 18 Kierkegaard's theory of life stages.

Charles S. Peirce: An American Original by Diana Pabst. A new 19 edition of the writings of America's most versatile philosopher.

A Cautionary Tale: Walker Percy's The Thanatos Syndrome by Phil 32 McCombs. An interview about the novel's "subversive message."

Humanizing the Sciences

Biology and Human Affairs by Leon R. Kass, M.D. How the 21 pursuit of knowledge in the life sciences affects the conduct of life.

Bridging the Two Cultures by James S. Turner. An undergraduate 25 program at Cornell brings together scientists and humanists.

Other Features

Photo Essay: Alabama's Heartland by Frances Osborn Robb. A 28 photography exhibition on Alabama as a microcosm of the South.

In View of Home by Joseph H. Brown. A discussion series in 30 Alabama examines the ethos of the land in southern literature.

31 Calendar

The Humanities Guide

Newly Revised Publication Subvention Guidelines, 35. Current NEH Fellowship Grants, 36. Deadlines, 46.

HUMANITIES 3 WALKER PERCY

BY CLEANTH BROOKS

ROM ALMOST THE begin­ Columbia University. He is a Roman In view of some of the things I ning, Walker Percy has elicited Catholic convert. He is an artist, a mean to say about Percy in what fol­ Fquestions and called attention literary artist, and more particularly lows, I want to ask my reader to put to all sorts of exciting problems, a novelist. It is rare to find a person aside certain falsifying notions that some of them highly contemporary so widely informed about scientific abound in American thought: name­ problems, and problems not easily and artistic matters, and so well ly, that a religious man who is happy solved—indeed, perhaps, insoluble. equipped to deal with the presti­ doesn't take his religion seriously; He has often been interviewed. gious matters of the hard sciences, that to hold transcendental beliefs Some of the questions put to him as well as psychiatry and semiotics. implies that one has evaded the great have had to do with matters of per­ To describe Percy in such terms as intellectual issues of our day; and sonal affairs—with Percy's own life, these, however, is to risk distorting that to be able to see stable relation­ his family background, his modes of the man and thus gravely falsifying ships among serious events means writing, and so forth. But nearly all the kind of human being that he is. that one lacks an adventurous mind. of the questions get quickly into In spite of his solid learning and his Percy is in his own terms a very se­ more general matters: the South, old deep convictions about mankind and rious man; yet, nevertheless, he is and new, questions having to do man's position in the universe, witty, easy, and gracious. with race, with religion, and espe­ Walker Percy is no sharp-featured Percy is especially concerned with cially with the relation of science to dogmatist who peers out on our the state of American culture, which secularism, and the state of our pres­ world with a grim and austere gaze. he finds in very bad state indeed, ent culture. Topics like alienation On the contrary, he impresses one not that he is hopeless about Amer­ and loneliness, and the breakdown as the most amiable of men, courte­ ica or Western culture, but he is of the older institutions, such as ous, pleasant, and civilized. He puts completely aware of the difficulty of marriage, the family, and the co­ the visitor at ease at once. So it was restoring it to good health. He is in­ hesive social community, have come on my first meeting with him in the tensely interested in what is hap­ in for a good deal of questioning. early 1960s, soon after the publica­ pening to our culture under the One can think of a number of people tion of his first novel. pressure of ideas of great power, in the United States who share his I remember well that first visit to though ideas, he would say, much concerns with the problems of our his pleasant house just outside the misunderstood and misapplied. One culture and who recognize their se­ little town of Covington, Louisiana, might argue that his real problem as riousness, people whose notions of across Lake Pontchartrain from the a novelist is to keep the novel, under what needs to be done bear some re­ city of New Orleans. He and his his constant emphasis on the idea, semblance at least to Percy's own. wife—who always went by her nick­ from leveling out into a tract. But they rarely command Percy's au­ name Bunt, just as my wife, a New The most captivating aspect of Per­ dience, in size or in the special quali­ Orleans girl, always clung to hers— cy's work is the sheer enjoyment of ty of his mind. had found what seemed an ideal re­ reading his account of the life Percy is a highly interesting man. treat, though it also could serve as around him. But such reading is not He pursued a scientific course of an excellent observation post on the at all a matter of sorting through a study in college and capped it with great world outside. bag of sugar plums. What we are an M.D. from the medical school of Their house looked out on a shown is verifiable but we must get sleepy little bayou. Their lawn lay much more than a comforting sense within a grove of trees. The air was of how very true all of this is. The Cleanth Brooks is Gray Professor Emer­ warm but fresh. It seemed a place observations derive from a point of itus of Rhetoric at Yale University. He capable of calling forth good talk and view—what might even be called a was the Endowment's 1985 Jefferson good stories. The Percys abounded plan of attack. They may appear to Lecturer in the Humanities. in both. be casual and desultory but they are IN CELEBRATION

HUMANITIES 5 ht b Ssn Querry Susan byPhoto

not merely random. They have been his money. He is an exemplary Cath­ their accuracy as a revelation of the carefully aimed. olic, but it is hard to know why he American scene but that also give Consider, for example, an episode takes the trouble. For the world he authority to Percy's criticism of the from Percy's first novel, The Movie­ lives in, the City of Man, is so pleas­ way in which we are living out our goer. The "impression has been grow­ ant that the City of God must hold lives. Percy can be very funny, aware ing upon [Binx Bolling] that every­ little in store for him." of the little giveaways that witness one is dead." Soon after this intima­ In these episodes, Percy develops our boredom, or our pretentious­ tion has come upon him, Binx meets his criticisms of a society that has al­ ness, or our solicitude for the Ameri­ his friend, Nell Lovell, who has just ways made much of life, liberty, and can dream as it is set forth by our finished reading a celebrated novel the pursuit of happiness, and espe­ politicians and our advertising agen­ which takes a somewhat "gloomy cially of a society that as it has ma­ cies and by the unconscious turns of and pessimistic view of things." tured has come to conceive of these our own daily language. The reader She is angry because she believes goals in purely secularistic terms. knows what Percy is talking about, that the novel gives a radically Binx, in spite of his social connec­ even when forced to view it from an wrong view of life. She, herself, tions, his friends, his healthy body, angle that exposes its hollowness. doesn't "feel a bit gloomy." Indeed, and his good job, is bored, anxious, Percy's language is the kind of in­ she tells Binx how happy she is and and desirous of an escape. For him, strument that any good satirist must how pleased she is with her values, the world of the moving picture has have at hand. Lacking it, criticism of yet the episode ends with "We part become more real ("significant") the society and its behavior dwin­ laughing and dead." than the world outside it. dles into a dreary sociological tract Take another instance: Binx's ac­ Percy's novels have an attractive or else into an excoriation, even into count of his Uncle Jules, who is "as quality, though one so obvious that a hell-fire sermon. Comedy, parody, pleasant a fellow as I know any­ its importance is easily overlooked. witty allusions— these are the sati­ where." Uncle Jules "has made a It is the quality of his writing: a live­ rist's proper modes. great deal of money, he has a great ly, sharply perceptive prose that mir­ Yet the satirist must do more than many friends, he was Rex of Mardi rors the scenes that he presents with carry us along as he gives our world Gras, he gives freely of himself and sufficient faithfulness to validate a proper dressing-down: The empti­

6 MAY/JUNE 1989 ness, the fatuity, the deadening and So a muted, even workaday con­ Percy Walker of Courtesy crippling malignancy must be shown clusion of the novel does not show as such. A clever literary artist can Binx, the searcher, as having suc­ render any situation slightly ridicu­ ceeded: it signifies that he is on the lous, for all our situations, however right path. The reader will have to be highly regarded, have in them ele­ content with that. ments that provoke laughter. Percy's second novel, The Last Gen­ If the satirist does have serious tleman, becomes, among other concerns and if the culture is truly things, a commentary on the folk infected, his style must do more ways of a secularized culture. Will than to keep the reader happy as he Barrett, who has returned to his coasts along. The particular descrip­ native South after several years in tions, characterizations, and observa­ New York City, thinks he has fallen tions must bear upon the problem in love with Kitty Vaught. Kitty is as and show that its banality or silliness confused as Will himself. She and or viciousness is potentially lethal. her siblings represent all the prob­ A satirical job of this sort is much lems and possibilities of choosing to harder to do. It will not be enough live a good (that is, decent, proper, to tick off an oversight or peccadillo; successful) life in the American cen­ such might be sufficient to elicit a tury: Percy uses them well to set up smile. On the other hand, sharp Will's problems as he tries to dis­ The family album: Percy with his brother Roy (left) and condemnations move away from sat­ cover what is wrong with himself friend Shelby Foote in Uncle Will's garden, ca. 1940. ire to direct moralizing. The satirist, and what, if anything, is right about even a Jonathan Swift, must be care­ his advanced technological world. ful not to preach. What happens at the end of The A number of readers have some­ Last Gentleman? Does Will Barrett go times demurred at the way in which back to Alabama and marry Kitty Percy's novels usually end. His con­ Vaught or does he not? As most nov­ clusions do not seem to conclude. els go, such would have to happen. Will the marriage of Binx Bolling and While Will's attempt to describe the Kate be a happy one? The signs are happiness of a "norm al" married life good, but Kate's recovery from her with a position in his father-in-law's illness is still tentative and the au­ automobile business suggests the ro­ thor has been very frank about the mance may not yield much happi­ problems that still confront Binx. ness after all, the hints remain hints, Percy seems to have his own ideas and it is not until many years later, about what constitutes a truly happy in The Second Coming, that we find ending. It has to be earned— out Will did not, in fact, marry Kitty. achieved. It is rarely if ever simply In this novel, Will is fiftyish and the given. Percy's concern is to get the widower of a wealthy northern problem dramatized and his hero woman. He still does not know what tested by his ability to cope with it. to do with himself and is on the Percy prefers to let his stories end road to new and strange encounters. quietly: a gesture, a minor incident, I confess that when I first read The a brief word that indicates that some­ Last Gentleman, I was thrown back thing of importance has happened, hard upon myself by what didn't but that the problem of the culture happen. I felt the story had made an has not thereby been solved and the important point and that the Will seeker himself has not reached nec­ who had been a bemused and con­ essarily a final destination. Thus The fused observer of the human scene Moviegoer ends, not with all of Binx's in his earlier days in New York had Walker Percy with his grandsons David and Jack. confusions neatly sorted out and his become a rather different man be­ way perfectly clear. The reader must cause of what he had seen and expe­ be content with Binx's final conver­ rienced. In short, my interest in the felt good in the North because every­ sation with Kate, now his wife. That novel went far beyond the mere sat­ one else felt so bad." conversation includes a request, a re­ isfaction of the outcome of the plot. Walker Percy knows as much assurance, a pledge that he will be When Will Barrett returns to his about how the people of the Deep always helping her, and ends with a native South, things have changed. South act and speak as anyone that I tenderly spoken command. The lan­ "The South he came home to was can think of. He knows what is lim­ guage is simple, even commonplace, different from the South he had left. ited, narrow-minded, and even but it fully implies what Binx has to It was happy, victorious, Christian, grievously wrong in the social fabric say to her: Face reality; I am trying -rich, patriotic and Republican. of the Old South. But the New to face it myself; and I will try to "The happiness and serenity of South is not necessarily a better help you to do so. the South disconcerted him. He had South. If it has made its improve­

HUMANITIES 7 orey f akr Percy Walker of Courtesy

Percy in Santa Fe, New Mexico, ca. 1945.

ment and has redressed certain tually generate sharp, often witty, patient only if the patient has noth­ wrongs, it has lost also some of the nearly always personal talk. The ing else to do." old virtues the region once pos­ twentieth-century southern artists Or another comment from Dr. sessed and is now in grave danger of have greatly profited from this fact. More, on the pursuit of happiness: accepting uncritically the values of­ Walker Percy knows precisely how "It is not for me to say whether one fered by "Americanism." to use such talk. should try to be happy—though it has Percy is concerned not merely to There is no letup in his wonder­ always struck me as an odd pursuit, observe the qualities of his native re­ fully good talk from the first of his like trying to be blue-eyed—or gion but of the country generally novels right on through the rest of whether one should try to beat all and, even further, the character of them: Love in the Ruins, Lancelot, The the other jay-birds on the block. But Western civilization. Percy's basic Second Coming, and with its release it is my observation that neither pur­ virtues then are grounded in com­ in 1987, The Thanatos Syndrome. From suit succeeds very well. I only know mitments much deeper than those this last volume, for example, here is that people who set their hearts on that define, for example, the conven­ a commentary on one of the most happiness either usually end up tional newspaper editorial on the important instruments in our Ameri­ seeing me or somebody like me, or state of the country. Percy's basic can culture: "TV has screwed up mil­ having heart attacks, or climbing into material, however, is southern, lions of people with their little a bottle." drawn from the society that he per­ rounded-off stories. Because that is Is this observation on the pursuit sonally knows best and in which he not the way life is. Life is fits and of happiness very un-American prefers to live. A society closely affil­ starts, mostly fits." (even subversive) or thoroughly iated by all sorts of relationships and Or Dr. More on his profession: American? In any case, it is typical social ties is not only a society in "There is a slight unpleasantness of Percy's Dr. Thomas More and I which a great many unusual things about doing a psychiatric consulta­ should think typical of Walker Percy happen, it is a society that still likes tion in a small general hospital. Here himself. It is the kind of thing that to talk, notices the little personal de­ a psychiatrist is ranked somewhere gives his novels their special char­ tails through which men and women between a clergyman and an under­ acter and makes them a sheer enjoy­ express themselves and which even­ taker. One is tolerated. One sees the ment to read. □

8 MAY/JUNE 1989 QUESTIONS they never asked me

BY WALKER PERCY

Question: Will you consent to an about the New South. . . . If there is which there is usually a considerable interview? anything more boring than the ques­ element of malice. Like frogging. Answer: No. tions asked about the South, it is the Q: Frogging? Q: Why not? answers southerners give. If I hear A: Yes. Frogging is raising a charley one more northerner ask about good A: Interviewers always ask the same horse on somebody's arm by a skill­ ol' boys and one more southerner questions, such as: What time of day ful blow with a knuckle in exactly give an answer, I'm moving to Man­ do you write? Do you type or write the right spot. aus, Brazil, to join the South Caroli­ longhand? What do you think of the Q: What are your hobbies? nians who emigrated after Appomat­ New South? What do you think of A: I don't have any. tox and whose descendants now southern writers? speak no English and have such Q: What magazines do you read? Q: You're not interested in the names as Senhor Carlos Calhoun. A: None. South? There are no good ol' boys in Q: How would you describe the A: I'm sick and tired of talking Manaus. place of the writer and artist in about the South and hearing about Q: In the past you have expressed American life? the South. admiration for such living writers as A: Strange. Q: Do you regard yourself as a Bellow, Updike, Didion, Mailer, Q: Really, how would you describe southern writer? Cheever, Foote, Barthelme, Gass, the place of the writer and artist in A: That is a strange question, even a Heller. Do you still subscribe to such American life? little mad. Sometimes I think that a list? A: I'm not sure what that means. the South brings out the latent mad­ A: No. Q: Well, in this small Louisiana ness in people. It even makes me Q: Why not? town, for example. feel nutty to hear such a question. A: I can't stand lists of writers. Com­ A: I'm still not sure what you mean. Q: What's mad about such a piling such a list means leaving I go to the barbershop to get a hair­ question? somebody out. When serious writers cut and the barber says: "How you A: Would you ask John Cheever if make a list, they're afraid of leaving doing, Doc?" I say: "Okay." Go to he regarded himself as a northern somebody out. When critics and the post office to get the mail and writer? poor writers do it, they usually the clerk says: "What's up, Doc?" Or Q: What do you think of southern mean to leave somebody out. It I go to a restaurant on Lake Pont- writers? seems a poor practice in either case. chartrain and the waitress says: A: I'm fed up with the subject of Q: Do you have any favorite dead "What you want, honey?" I say: southern writing. Northern writing, writers? "Some cold beer and crawfish." She too, for that matter. I'm also fed up A: None that I care to talk about. brings me an ice-cold beer and a with questions about the state of the Please don't ask me about Dostoev­ platter of boiled crawfish that are novel, alienation, the place of the ski and Kierkegaard. very good, especially if you suck the artist in American society, race rela­ Q: How about yourself? Would you heads. Is that what you mean? tions, the Old South. comment on your own writing? Q: What about living in the South, Q: What about the New South? A: No. with its strong sense of place, of tra­ dition, of rootedness, of tragedy— A: Of all the things I'm fed up with, Q: Why not? I think I'm fed up most with hearing the only part of America that has A: I can't stand to think about it. ever tasted defeat? Q: Could you say something about A: I've read about that. Actually, I the vocation of writing in general? Copyright © 1989, 1977 by Walker Per­ like to stay in motels in places like cy. Revised by the author from material A: No. Lincoln, Nebraska, or San Luis that appeared in Conversations with Q: Nothing? Obispo. Walker Percy, University Press of Mis­ A: All I can think to say about it is Q: But what about these unique sissippi, 1977. All rights reserved. that it is a very obscure activity in characteristics of the South? Don't

HUMANITIES they tend to make the South a more people think it is the perfecting of nothing and make something of it. hospitable place for writers? the ordinary human skills of writing He starts with himself as nothing A: Well, I've heard about that, the down words and sentences—for ex­ and makes something of the nothing storytelling tradition, sense of iden­ ample, in a letter. A book is thought with things at hand. If the novelist tity, tragic dimension, community, to be an expanded and improved let­ has a secret it is not that he has a history and so forth. But I was never ter, the way a pro ballplayer is special something but that he has a quite sure what it meant. In fact, I'm thought to do things with a ball special nothing. Camus said that all not sure that the opposite is not the most men can do, only better. N ot. philosophy comes from the possibili­ case. People don't read much in the so. Or if you have an unusual experi­ ty of suicide. This is probably not South and don't take writers very ence, all you have to do is "write it true, one of those oversimplifications seriously, which is probably as it up," the more unusual and extraor­ to which the French regularly fall should be. I've managed to live here dinary the experience the better, like prey. Suicide, the real possibility of for thirty years and am less well- My Most Extraordinary Experience self-nihilation, has more to do with known locally than the Budweiser in Reader's Digest. Not so. Psychol­ writing poems and novels. A novel­ distributor. The only famous person ogists know even less about writing ist these days has to be an ex-sui- from this town is Isaiah Robertson, a than laymen. Show me a psychol­ cide. A good novel—and, I imagine, great linebacker for the Rams, and ogist with a theory of creativity and a good poem—is possible only after that is probably as it should be, too. I'll show you a bad writer. one has taken a good look at this There are advantages to living an ob­ Q: Can't you say what the knack is? "modern" world, shrugged and scure life and being thought an idler. A: No, except to say that it is a pecu­ turned his back. Then, once one re­ If one lived in a place like France liar activity, as little understood as alizes that all is lost, the jig is up, where writers are honored, one chicken fighting or entrail reading, that after all nothing is dumber than might well end up like Sartre, a kind and that the use of words, sen­ a grown man sitting down and mak­ of literary-political pope, a savant, tences, paragraphs, plots, characters ing up a story to entertain some­ an academician, the very sort of per­ and so forth are the accidents, not body or working in a "tradition" or son Sartre made fun of in Nausea. the substance, of it. "school" to maintain his reputation On the other hand, if one is thought Q: What is it if not the putting to­ as a practitioner of the nouveau roman an idler and a bum, one is free to do gether of words and sentences? or whatever—once one sees that this is a dumb way to live, that all is van­ what one pleases. One day a fellow A: I can't answer that except to say ity sure enough, there are two possi­ townsman asked me: "What do you two things. One is that it is a little bilities: either commit suicide or not do, Doc?" "Well, I write books." "I trick one gets onto, a very minor commit suicide. If one opts for the know that, Doc, but what do you re­ trick. One does it and discovers to ally do?" "Nothing." He nodded. He one's surprise that most people can't former, that is that; it is a letzte losung and there is nothing more to write or was pleased and I was pleased. do it. I used to know a fellow in high say about it. But if one opts for the Q: How did you happen to become school who, due to an anomaly of latter, one is in a sense dispensed a writer? Didn't you start out as a his eustachian tubes, could blow and living on borrowed time. One is doctor? smoke out of both ears. He enjoyed not dead! One is alive! One is free! I A: Yes, but I had no special talent doing it and it was diverting to won't say that one is like God on the for it. Others in my class were watch. Writing is something like first day, with the chaos before him smarter. Two women, three Irish that. Another fellow I knew in col­ and a free hand. Rather one feels, Catholics, four Jews, and ten WASPs lege, a fraternity brother and a what the hell, here I am washed up, were better at it than I. What hap­ trumpet player, could swell out his it is true, but also cast up, cast up on pened was that I discovered I had a neck like a puff adder—the way the the beach, alive and in one piece. I little knack for writing. Or perhaps it old horn player Clyde McCoy used can move my toe up and then down is desire, a kind of underhanded to do when he played Sugar Blues. and do anything else I choose. The desire. The other thing about the knack is possibilities are infinite. Q: What do you mean by knack? that it has theological, demonic, and Q: If writing is a knack, does the A: It is hard to say. sexual components. One is aware on the one hand of a heightened capaci­ knack have anything to do with Q: Try. ty for both malice and joy and, occa­ being southern? A: I suspect it is something all writ­ sionally and with luck, for being able A: Sure. The knack has certain mag­ ers have in greater or lesser degree. to see things afresh and even to ic components that once came in Maybe it's inherited, maybe it's the make things the way the Old Testa­ handy for southern writers. This is result of a rotten childhood—I don't ment said that God made things and probably no longer the case. know. But unless you have it, you'll took a look at them and saw that Q: Why is that? never be a writer. they were good. A: Well, as Einstein once said, ordi­ Q: Can you describe the knack? The best novels, and the best part nary life in an ordinary place on an A: No, except in negative terms. It is of a novel, is a creatio ex nihilo.Unlike ordinary day in the modern world is not what people think it is. Most God, the novelist does not start with a dreary business. I mean dreary.

10 MAY/JUNE 1989 © ht b Cr Richter Curt by Photo

Walker Percy and Sweet Thing on the banks of the Bogue Falaya River.

People will do anything to escape place (Battle Creek?) and sure getting it, sending off to Chicago for this dreariness: booze up, hit the enough, one morning the mailman it, saving up your allowance and road, gaze at fatal car wrecks, shoot would hand you a box. Inside would mailing a postal money order for up heroin, spend money on gurus, be a small jar. You'd make a cup and twenty-three dollars and forty-seven watch pornographic movies, kill in the peculiar fragrance of Postum cents and getting back a gold-filled themselves, even watch TV. Einstein you could imagine an equally fra­ Elgin railroader's pocket watch with said that was the reason he went into grant and magical place where clever an elk engraved on the back. With a mathematical physics. One of the Yankee experts ground up stuff in strap and a fob. few things that diverted me from the great brass mortars. Writing is also going into the dreariness of growing up in a coun- That was called "sending off for magic business. It is a double trans­ try-club subdivision in Birmingham something." action in magic. You have this little was sending off for things. For exam­ It was even better with Sears and workaday thing you do that most ple, sending off for free samples, Roebuck: looking at the picture in people can't do. But in the South such as Instant Postum. You'd fill in the catalog, savoring it, fondling it, there were also certain magic and ex­ a coupon clipped from a magazine sailing to Byzantium with it, then— otic ingredients, that is, magic and and send it off to a magic faraway1 even better than poetry—actually exotic to northerners and Europeans,

HUMANITIES 11 which made the knack even more ferent enough from the main body A: I no longer know what those mysterious. As exotic to a New York­ of writers to give the reader a trian­ words mean. er as an Elgin pocket watch to an Al­ gulation point for getting a fix on Q: Are you a dogmatic Catholic or abama boy. I've often suspected that things. an open-minded Catholic? Faulkner was very much onto this Q: What do you think of reviews? • A: I don't know what that means, ei­ trick and overdid it a bit. A: Very little. Reading reviews of ther. Do you mean do I believe the You write something, send it off your own book is a peculiar experi­ dogma that the Catholic Church pro­ to a publisher in New York and back ence. It is a dubious enterprise, a poses for belief? it comes as a—book! Print! Cover! no-win game. If the review is flatter­ Binding! Scribble-scratch is turned Q: Yes. ing, one tends to feel vain and un­ into measured paragraphs, squared- A: Yes. easy. If it is bad, one tends to feel ex­ off blocks of pretty print. And even Q: How is such a belief possible in posed, found out. more astounding: In the same mail this day and age? A rave review makes me feel even that brought the Elgin pocket watch more uneasy. It's like being given an A: What else is there? come reviews, the printed thoughts A plus by the teacher or a prize by Q: What do you mean, what else is of faraway people who have read the the principal. All you want to do is there? There is humanism, atheism, book! grab your report card and run—be­ agnosticism, Marxism, behaviorism, The less the two parties know fore you're found out. materialism, Buddhism, Muham­ about each other, the farther apart madanism, Sufism, astrology, oc­ they are, the stronger the magic. It Q: Found out for what? cultism, theosophy. must be very enervating to be a writ­ A: Found out for being what you are er in New York, where you know all (and what in this day and age I think A: That's what I mean. about editing and publishing and re­ a serious writer has to be): an ex-sui- Q: To say nothing of Judaism and viewing, to discover that editors and cide, a cipher, naught, zero—which Protestantism. publishers and reviewers are as bad is as it should be because being a A: Well, I would include them along off as anyone else, maybe worse. naught is the very condition of mak­ with the Catholic Church in the Being a writer in the South has its ing anything. This is a secret. People whole peculiar Jewish-Christian special miseries, which include isola­ don't know this. Even distinguished thing. tion, madness, tics, amnesia, alco­ critics are under the misapprehen­ Q: I don't understand. Would you holism, lust, and loss of ordinary sion that you are something, a sub­ exclude, for example, scientific hu­ powers of speech. One may go for stance, that you represent this or manism as a rational and honorable days without saying a word. that tradition, a skill, a growing store alternative? It was this distance and magic of wisdom. Whereas in fact what that once made for the peculiarities you are doing is stripping yourself A: Yes. of southern writing. Now the dis­ naked and putting yourself in the Q: Why? tance and magic are gone, or going, eye of the hurricane and leaving the A: It's not good enough. and southern writers are no better rest to chance, luck or providence. Q: Why not? off than anyone else, perhaps worse, I take a dim view of tradition. because now that the tricks don't Look at the great tradition of the an­ A: This life is much too much trou­ work and you can't write strange tebellum South that we set so much ble, far too strange, to arrive at the like Faulkner, what do you do? Write store by. Name one good writer who end of it and then to be asked what like Bellow? But before—and even came from it. Poe? Well, he turned you make of it and have to answer now, to a degree—the magic his back on it. "Scientific humanism." That won't worked. You were on your own and do. A poor show. Life is a mystery, Q: Do you regard yourself as a Cath­ love is a delight. Therefore I take it making up little packages to send to olic novelist? faraway folk. As marooned as Cru­ as axiomatic that one should settle A: Since I am a Catholic and a novel­ soe, one was apt to be eccentric. for nothing less than the infinite ist, it would seem to follow that I am That's why Poe, Faulkner, O'Connor, mystery and the infinite delight, a Catholic novelist. The expression is and Barthelme are more different i.e., God. In fact I demand it. I re­ a little odd, however, and I can do from one another than Bellow, Up­ fuse to settle for anything less. I without it. Just as it would be odd to dike, and Cheever are. don't see why anyone should settle think of Updike as a Presbyterian (if The southern writer at his best for less than Jacob, who actually that is what he is) novelist. was of value because he was some­ grabbed aholt of God and wouldn't what extraterrestrial. (At his worst Q: What kind of Catholic are you? let go until God identified himself he was overwhelmed by Faulkner: A: Bad. and blessed him. there is nothing more feckless than Q: No. I mean are you liberal or Q: Grabbed aholt? imitating an eccentric.) He was dif­ conservative? A: A Louisiana expression. □

12 MAY/JUNE 1989 The Literature of the Southern Renascence THE UNPEACEABLE KINGDOM

BY JAMES H. JUSTUS

AS THE SOUTHERN Re­ Art American of MuseumWhitney nascence ended? And if so, when? HThe term refers to the remarkable flowering of literary talent that be­ gan around 1920 and includes such diverse figures as John Crowe Ran­ som and the Fugitive poets of Ten­ nessee, Thomas Wolfe of North Car­ olina, Katherine Anne Porter of Texas, and William Faulkner and Eu- dora Welty of Mississippi. That the South has generated, sta­ tistically, more writers since World War II than in the era between the wars is a nagging fact for those who think the Renascence has ended. Granted, some of those "younger" writers who came to prominence during the 1950s seemed different from their elders in their emphases and in their regional self-conscious- ness. But if Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote, Carson McCullers, and William Styron seemed differ­ ent, what of the gap between the first generation of Renascence writ­ ers and those southern authors who have come into their literary matu­ rity since the 1960s—Reynolds Price, Walker Percy, Flannery O'Connor, Madison Jones, George Garrett, and dozens of other talents known mostly to readers of the little maga­ zines and literary quarterlies? In colloquia, symposia, and pro­ fessional meetings since the 1960s, southern writers and critics have Eastern Barn by Romare Bearden (1968) continued to debate these questions. The traits that made the work of glish; the perception that the family nists on their mission in a here-and- the early Renascence writers so dis­ in its caring network suffocates as now that we can all recognize—a tinctive can also be found in such well as nourishes; the tensions be­ landscape disfigured by Disney books as The Moviegoer, The Surface of tween the eccentric assertiveness of World as well as KAO Kampgrounds. Earth, and A Cry of Absence: the sen­ the individual and the protective The Southern Renascence did not sitive ear discriminating among the conventions of the group; the stub­ end suddenly in 1954 with the Su­ idioms and cadences of spoken En- born preference for the concrete and preme Court decision of Brown v. the tangible over the abstract and the Board of Education, even though the ideological. The worlds of Price, familiar structures of society visibly James H. Justus is Distinguished Pro­ Percy, and Jones are just as fallen as and noisily changed. Neither did the fessor of English at Indiana University those in Allen Tate, Robert Penn movement end with the passing of in Bloomington and the author of The Warren, and William Faulkner; and William Faulkner in 1962, even Achievement of Robert Penn Warren for all their intellectual search for re­ though the sudden absence of the (Louisiana State University Press, 19.81). demption, Percy sends his protago­ South's greatest writer made his

HUMANITIES achievement conspicuously histor­ allowing authors within their books Men and indeed the lack of race rela­ ical. The political agonies that fol­ to extend and withhold approval just tions as a factor in the dynamics of lowed the region's revolution in ra­ as they could as men and women the novel are themselves significant cial arrangements became topics to outside them. statements. Warren accurately per­ be analyzed in op-ed pages long be­ The Fugitives gave little credence ceived the paltry impact of blacks on fore they became subjects to be ex­ to the machinery of a segregated so­ American politics in the 1930s (the plored in art, but if life during the ciety, such as the codification of Jim time of the primary action) and the integration battles was larger than Crow laws and the coercive role of' scarcely changed situation in the art—melodramatically so—the art of the church and the school in main­ years following World War II (the Faulkner had always seemed a little taining a system based on race and time of publication of the novel). We larger than life. Taken together, the class. Their works, however, show know from many sources that Loui­ death of segregation and the death of no hard-edged skepticism about the siana blacks had a significant influ­ Faulkner were signal events, occasions major article of faith that justified the ence in the ongoing Long regime; for regret and loss that a newer gen­ traditional southern system—that but Warren's Willie Stark is not Huey eration of writers was alert enough blacks in the South were better off Long, and fiction is not history. to transform into opportunities. than those in the North because of Those caveats aside, however, au­ courtesy, good manners, and charity thors can no more generate their fic­ ertain assumptions about inherent in a homogeneous society. tions than readers can consume personal and social conduct Except for William Faulkner—who them in some autonomous vacuum. are as evident in the works of is customarily the exception for most Specific time and place, like a liter­ contemporaryc southern writers as in generalizations—the earliest Rena­ ary genetic code, lace every piece of those of their predecessors. The offi­ scence writers assumed but rarely art that issues from them. The cul­ cial end of segregation in the South sought to address the role of blacks tural matrix that for Warren fully en­ did not unleash a spate of guilt- and their cultural impress on white gages the matter of race and society ridden white-bashing books in the society, a presence that contributed is most effectively suggested in his 1950s: The change in the social real­ to the stability, if not the prosperity, fictions set back in time as in Band of ity had a much subtler effect. If a of their region. When blacks were Angels and Brother to Dragons. In­ down-home noblesse oblige, based on the focus of white writers, as they deed, the only significant black char­ the assumption of a hierarchical so­ occasionally were, they tended to be acter in All the King's Men is a domes­ cial system, continued as a code fashioned after familiar stereotypes: tic slave betrayed by her mistress in among those writers in the 1950s the tragic mulatto, the bad nigger, the story within the story, a Civil and 1960s, it also lost some of its ca­ the faithful domestic. In the hands War narrative that the protagonist sual complacency, its unthinking of DuBose Heyward (Porgy) and Julia Jack Burden is trying to shape into a condescension. Peterkin (Scarlet Sister Mary), they doctoral dissertation in history. What the Nashville poets had in became touching exotics. The matter of racial relations hard­ mind when they issued their cheeky ly appears in the social, political, little magazine in 1922— " The Fugitive few years ago, in the dis­ and economic agenda set forth so flees from nothing faster than from cussion period following a vigorously in 1930 by the twelve the high-caste Brahmins of the Old A series of scholarly presenta­ southerners in I'll Take My Stand South"—was the repudiation of the tions on All the King's Men, a mem­ (only Warren's essay confronts the sentimental romanticism of the ber of the audience complained that issue); but the topic hovers on the Thomas Nelson Page school of fic­ blacks were underrepresented in the peripheries of nearly every other tion and the languid piety of lady 1947 Warren novel about a southern topic. One of the cultural givens poets throughout the South. They demagogue. Underrepresentation, haunting the literary careers of War­ wanted an art that was hard-edged, she argued, was misrepresentation. ren's generation is the unresolved skeptical, aggressively aesthetic—in If the ill-disguised story of Huey matter of a system of black-white re­ other words, a modernist art that Long was to have any credibility, she lationships widely perceived as mor­ gave craft and individual vision a contended, it had to acknowledge ally flawed. Much of the tension, higher priority than regional piety. the role of blacks in the heady mix even the anguish, of such books as But the early work of Ransom, Tate, that made possible one man's reign Tate's The Fathers and Faulkner's Light Warren, and Donald Davidson and the delicate balance of rewards in August has an ultimate source in shows little evidence that they were and punishments that accompanied the private struggle of the writer be­ fleeing from the traditional attitudes it. The late Hugh Holman pointed tween adherence to a code sanc­ of racial and class consciousness that out—correctly, of course—that no tioned by the regional community had hardened into social dogma in single novel, even one with the most (one that included the genteel re­ the three decades after,the Civil War. realistic of surfaces, was obliged to sponsibility of a superior class for Those attitudes, most forcefully ex­ incorporate everything comprising so­ blacks, women, and deserving emplified by Page, are the quiet un­ cial reality. But the very absence of poorer whites) and adoption of a derpinnings of southern literature, blacks as characters in All the King's policy dictated by reason and con-

14 MAY/JUNE 1989 The Mansion by Paul Rohland science and sanctioned by national whatever changed environment they and women." That in full measure is custom and law. find themselves. Percy's theme. The earliest complaints within the Fifteen years ago Rubin and The enigma of faith, not the tan­ South about Faulkner stem from the Cleanth Brooks were among the few gled problem of race, is the focus for dirty-linen syndrome: Respectable critics who insisted on seeing the that theme, but if Percy is the novel­ southerners do not betray their re­ texture of southern life in the fiction ist as diagnostician, as one critic sev­ gion by exaggerating its flaws. Social of Walker Percy. While other voices eral years ago called him, the mal­ stability was the single most potent now echo that view, most readers, aise that he examines is social and illusion fostered by white southern­ regarding Percy as "not really" a political as well as spiritual and psy­ ers prior to the mid-1950s, when the southern writer, choose to read his chological. His targets are pornogra- desegregation battles challenged the works as treatises expounding Chris­ phers, reincarnationists, religious conventional wisdom. The literature tian existentialism, phenomenology, ecumenicists, Carl Sagan, and the of the region in the years before the and semiotic theory in fictional sappy good-will merchants of the Supreme Court decision reflects the modes. But Percy's novels—even contemporary South. His "Feliciana" official piety as well as the troubling those set in the future—are snap­ is a melting pot Dixie style, with doubts that occasionally disturbed shots of how we live now. They re­ "too many malls, banks, hospitals, the surface. cord the nuances of how class- and chiropractors, politicians, lawyers, But for all the adjustments to a race-conscious men and women con­ realtors and condos with names like changed social picture, southern tinue to accommodate traditional Chateau Charmant." If Manhattan in writers continued to write as south­ patterns of moral and social conduct The Last Gentleman is glumly realized erners. The Old South, the New to their actual relationships. The re­ by a spiritless Central Park and a South, the New-New South were current theme in southern literature YMCA television room, Percy's Delta never static regions, as Louis Rubin is, in Rubin's words, "the task of rec­ is also East of Eden, exuding an am­ has most often reminded us, and onciling individual and private vir­ biguous fecundity that Will Barrett their writers continue today to tackle tue with an inescapable need for ful­ associates with violence and death. the old problem of self-definition in fillment within a community of men Percy allows his sick hero in Lancelot

HUMANITIES 15 I

portunate bonus." The nameless black is a kind of surrogate for Binx, who must acknowledge that an alert­ ness to grace is a gift of humility and openness that is not only possible but also likely for the self-serving. What Percy's era of southern writ­ ers represents is a considerable for­ ward movement—from avoidance on the one hand and exacerbated analy­ ses on the other—to one in which "the black problem" is subordinated into the larger moral texture, as one more example of the human prob­ lem. In The Last Gentleman Percy sug­ gests equal opportunity for both gesture-glutted liberals and bigot-led racists in the "fake Negro" detail: A white man pretends to be black in order to do research in more inti­ mate glimpses of how blacks really live. In The Thanatos Syndrome he cre­ ates a young black woman whose lifelong ambition—to be a television anchorperson—may be jeopardized by her addiction to speaking the truth. With both her Emersonian faith in self-reliance and her "un­ mannerly" bouts of anger, this char­ acter challenges not merely the premises of domestic protocol in southern race relations but those of Family by Charles H. Alston (1955) corporate America in general. As more than one southern intel­ to engage in a down-the-drain di­ ander Percy. In Lanterns on the Levee lectual has observed, the end of seg­ atribe against Washington, D.C., (1941), an eloquent memoir of a regation was a liberation for the but, closer to home, New Orleans southern stoic, the elder Percy de­ whites as well as the blacks. That has "an effluvium all its own"—a scribes the rise of the redneck politi­ sentiment seems especially relevant "lively fetor." cian as the death of public honor. for the writers whose most impor­ Even as early as The Moviegoer Aunt Emily, perceiving the relentless tant work began to appear in the (1961), his protagonist confronts the continuation of that democratic phe­ 1950s. It remains to be seen whether changed and changing social climate nomenon, calls it "the going under that liberation has markedly in­ of a desegregated South, but the old of the evening land." Percy's central creased the range of black portrai­ traditional struggle between private characters are mostly freed from the ture by white southern writers or and public needs is what is drama­ aristocratic fortitude that he associ­ has generated themes that have sig­ tized. Binx Bolling's Aunt Emily in­ ates with stoicism. Binx reflects the nificantly altered the aesthetic and carnates the kind of Confederate traditional bias of his upbringing moral models that we find most con­ stoicism occasionally attributed to when he observes an urban black spicuously in Faulkner. No southern southern planters just before and man emerging from a church on Ash writer of this half-century has been after the Civil War: If apocalypse, Wednesday. That a black should seek able to ignore the anxiety of that in­ even the domestic variety, is inevita­ out a liturgy that provides the im­ fluence. "You can't beat the Old Man ble, the appropriate mode of behav­ position of ashes has a social mean­ at his own gam e," a contemporary ior is an insistence upon good man­ ing ("coming up in the world"), but writer recently confided. ners and honorable conduct. Percy Percy also allows Binx to interpret That game from 1929 to 1961 was gives to this admirable but flawed the scene as a "dim dazzling trick of nothing less than the aesthetic ap­ character the same philosophical grace" in which selfish social aims propriation of the anxiety of tradi­ posture of his uncle, William Alex- are transposed into "God's own im- tion in novel after compulsive novel

16 MAY/JUNE 1989 and a score of short stories, a direct the halting spiritual progress of his to be liberated by desegregation, not grappling with such issues as in­ obsessive God-seekers. A sly black so his younger successors. Having justice based on race, gratuitous vio­ character may just as readily connote met this disruption as a present op­ lence against blacks, the use of Percy's half-playful concept of a sly portunity, they absorbed it and its blacks as scapegoats for the econom­ God as it does his appreciation of a implications, and now continue on ic and political sins of the white rul­ wily accommodation to the old their common journey to reconcile ing class, the reduction of blacks planters' stoic code. self and society, private desire and from full human agents to psycho­ At a recent symposium, one writ­ public obligation. It is what southern logical surrogates, literary symbols, er, who is still working on his first writers finally have always done cultural icons. Among those who novel, remarked, "Better that our best. Many—and Walker Percy is the followed Faulkner, none could or burden is literary than racial." What most distinguished among them— would play that game of total and di­ he had in mind was, again, the have raised piecework to a high rect engagement. looming figure of Faulkner. But of level. And if the epic dimensions of Flannery O'Connor's blacks are course the burdens of a single pre­ Yoknapatawpha were possible only often agents of spiritual realism, cursor and the social system that in the ambivalences and ambiguities plain-spoken truth-sayers who con­ produced him are related. Faulkner's of a biracial society at its functioning tribute marginally to the theological achievement stands as a kind of re­ height, there are sufficient strains drama of complacent Christians buke to some of his successors, who and rages left over in southern soci­ brought low. Some of Peter Taylor's feel obliged somehow to do piece­ ety to catalyze a hundred large stories are little parables of moral ex­ work in the very hall where the Old works. Redneck, patrician, and black haustion among whites, whose defi­ Man hung his tapestry But the tap­ may ultimately lie down together, ciencies are highlighted by blacks, estry itself is not perfect, as some of but no contemporary southern writ­ with their vitality ("A Friend and these successors readily point out. er that I know envisions the coming Protector"), their identification with The social upheaval that ended one of that peaceable kingdom anytime community ("What You Hear from way of life and seriously damaged a soon and, further, would refuse to 'Em?"), and their rage-limned truth- way of thinking came about only in recognize it if it did. Being at ease in telling ("Cookie"). And the role of the last six years of Faulkner's career. Zion, as Percy would acknowledge, blacks in Percy, as well, punctuate If the Old Man was too past-haunted is the death of art. □ orey f e Bian uem f mrcn Art American of Museum Britain New ofCourtesy

Arts of the South by Thomas Hart Benton

HUMANITIES 17 The Relational Kierkegaard

BY HRACH GREGORIAN

I think Kierkegaard ANISH religious philoso­ ethical stage, where the individual is was simply wrong or pher Soren Kierkegaard still in large measure self-regarding, D (1813-1855), a critic of sys­ carried his opposition Kierkegaard emphasizes mutual ob­ tematic rational philosophy, particu­ to Hegel’s system— ligation, a distinctly reciprocal phe­ larly Hegelianism, regarded philo­ nomenon, according to Dunning. Fi­ objectivity— too far.... sophical inquiry not as the creation nally, in the religious stage, Kierke­ of objective or abstract systems but He talks about sub­ gaard claims a unity of the divine as the expression of individual expe­ jectivity, inwardness, and the human without relinquish­ rience. As such, he is considered a ing the opposition between them. and so forth, yet never forerunner of the existentialists and This paradoxical "unity," for Kierke­ other twentieth-century figures. makes any provisions, gaard, is the stuff of religious faith. Many of Kierkegaard's works were as far as I can tell, It is, says Dunning, a "reconciliation published under a pseudonym. of self and divine in a paradox of in­ for understanding or These pseudonymous works offer ward and external otherness." the most thorough discussion of an explanation of inter­ The self/other theme, which Dun­ Kierkegaard's famous theory of subjectivity— caring for ning develops, counters much of the stages of human existence. A sepa­ prevailing interpretation of Kierke­ another person, or how rate kind of consciousness obtains at gaard as a proponent of solitary self­ each of the three stages: aesthetic, to know other people. hood. That solitude, Dunning ethical, and religious. —Walker Percy writes, "is always a moment in a de­ The first stage, which deals with from The Journal of Religion velopment that embraces interper­ different expressions of desire, is the (July 1974) sonal relations that can be contradic­ aesthetic. Here, according to Kierke­ tory (the aesthetic stage), reciprocal gaard, different desires can lead to (the ethical stage), or paradoxically pain, boredom, and, ultimately, per­ both incommunicable and reciprocal dition. The second, or ethical, stage mark of authentic selfhood. Not all (the religious stage)." Rather than constitutes the sphere of duty, of commentators have seen the prob­ solitary suffering, there is, he writes, universal rules. But the essentially lem in this light, however. "a bond of sympathy among Chris­ contractual nature of the ethical In Kierkegaard's Dialectic of In­ tians. . . . It is this community of stage still presupposes that the self is wardness: A Structural Analysis of the selves, united in the love of God, concerned primarily with itself, even Theory of Stages (Princeton University that crowns both the religious stage though it expresses that concern in Press, 1985), Stephen Dunning, a and the entire development of the language that is often religious. In professor of religious studies at the theory of stages." the third, or religious, stage, the in­ University of Pennsylvania, offers a Dunning addresses misgivings dividual strives for self-denial by different interpretation. Supported about Kierkegaardian radical subjec­ means of resignation and finds that by an NEH Fellowship for Indepen­ tivism by pointing out the relational even this noble effort brings suffer­ dent Study and Research, Dunning aspects of Kierkegaard's concept of ing and guilt. Only by receiving the found that, although Kierkegaard's self. He provides a method for rein­ grace of God as given in the para­ rhetoric is indeed highly individu­ terpreting the theory of stages by doxical religion of Christianity can a alistic, the fictive pictures he draws identifying in the structure of Kier­ genuine unity of self-fulfillment and are often of individuals in relation to kegaard's writings a dialectic of rela­ self-denial be attained. others. As Dunning puts it, the self tional selfhood, and thus questions Given Kierkegaard's emphasis on is distinct from—but significant only the notion of Kierkegaard's individu­ the individual self, the existentialist in relation to—the "other." al as acutely, if poignantly, alone. □ interpreters view him as affirming For example, in the aesthetic anguished personal isolation as a stage, which is characterized by self­ Stephen Dunning received $22,000 in involvement of an immature, egoistic 1982 from the Fellowships for University nature, Kierkegaard describes indi­ Teachers Program of the Division of Fel­ viduals as exploiting or manipulating lowships and Seminars to complete the Hrach Gregorian is director of grant pro­ one another. This, says Dunning, is project "A New Interpretation of grams at the U.S. Institute of Peace in essentially an interpersonal rather Kierkegaard’s Theory of the Stages of Washington, D.C. than solitary phenomenon. In the Spiritual Development."

18 MAY/JUNE 1989 T AN INTERNATIONAL lated, forgotten by his contempo­ conference in Europe in the raries, and dependent on the gener­ early 1870s, the young ous support of his loyal friend Harvard-educated scientist Charles William James. Peirce (pronounced "purse") as­ Today, a growing number of schol­ tounded geodetic experts with his ars regard Peirce as America's most discovery of a flaw in standard pen­ original and versatile thinker. The dulum experiments and soon won surge of interest in Peirce is fueled in broader respect for other scientific part by the growing popularity of se­ achievements. In 1877, the noted miotics—analyzing the nature of British mathematician and philoso­ signs and symbols in everyday lan­ pher W.K. Clifford remarked, guage to "decode" culture and its "Charles Peirce is the greatest living communications. Researchers in an American Original

. . . the self becomes itself only through a transaction of signs with other selves— and does so, moreover, without succumbing to the mindless mechanism of the behaviorists. — Walker Percy from “A Semiotic Primer of the Self” Lost in the Cosmos

logician, the second man since Aris­ fields as diverse as law, art, political totle who has added to the subject science, drama, marketing, and ani­ something material" (the other, for mal communication have made semi­ Clifford, being George Boole, a pio­ otics a hotbed of academic interest. neer in modern logic). Indiana University-Purdue Univer­ Widely regarded as brilliant, sity at Indianapolis (IUPUI), where Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) the NEH-supported Peirce Edition spun a legacy of ideas that left his Project was established in 1976, has mark on a dozen disciplines. Most become the primary center for Peirce notably, he was the father of Ameri­ studies. According to Christian J. W. can pragmatism. If Peirce had done Kloesel, director of the project, nothing more than originate the scholars from around the world have method of pragmatism, his place in visited the university to consult the the history of American philosophy extensive Peirce collection. would be secure. But his importance Although Peirce's published writ­ extends as well to his work in logic, ings total more than 10,000 pages, the philosophy of science, mathe­ and several collections have ap­ matics, and semiotics, which is peared since his death, the bulk of equally original and philosophically his work remains unpublished. significant. He was a prolific writer "There is no comprehensive edition whose work appeared in publica­ that exhibits the amazing depth and tions ranging from dictionaries and breadth of his thought and work," encyclopedias to popular journals like Kloesel says. So far researchers have The Nation and Popular Science Monthly. tracked down more than 90,000 un­ By the end of his life, however, published manuscript pages, on file Peirce already suffered the obscurity at Harvard and other repositories. that would shadow his intellectual Many of these manuscripts will be legacy for decades. At his death, in included in the Writings of Charles S. Milford, Pennsylvania, he was iso- Peirce: A Chronological Edition (Indi­ ana University Press), now being produced in Indianapolis. Three vol­ Diana Pabst is a freelance writer in umes of the projected thirty have Washington, D.C. been published— Volume I, 1857-1866

HUMANITIES 19 (1982), Volume II, 1867-1871 (1984), those consequences will constitute the joyed the patronage of some of Volume III, 1872-1878 (1986)—and entire meaning of the conception. America's most influential men of three more should be in print by the The complexity and scope of science, he had a careless regard for middle of 1991. Kloesel estimates Peirce's ideas makes his thought dif­ manners that made him something that another fifteen years will be ficult to grasp even for those who of an enfant terrible in the halls of aca­ needed to complete the edition. come eagerly to the task. His writing demia. Still, Peirce lectured for a The new critical edition, Kloesel is sometimes obscure and technical, while at Harvard and Johns Hopkins says, is a major improvement over and he often uses diagrams, sym­ but was never able to secure the aca­ the eight-volume Collected Papers bols, and mathematical equations. demic career that presumably would published more than fifty years ago. He even coined neologisms to make have provided greater institutional In that edition, some of Peirce's most conceptual distinctions when exist- support for his work. Instead, he creative years are poorly represent­ earned his livelihood for thirty years ed, and many of the selections are at the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Sur­ inaccurately dated and incomplete. vey, before retiring to the country, Most important, they are textually where he continued his philosoph­ unreliable. Says Kloesel, "One can't ical pursuits at the expense of finan­ be sure, reading these volumes, that cial prudence and died, impover­ this is actually what Peirce wrote." ished, of cancer. Each volume of the new edition in­ He left no single published work cludes a historical introduction, and that provides a coherent introduc­ Volume I sketches the rigorous intel­ tion to his ideas. Indeed he pub­ lectual tutoring Peirce received un­ lished only a single monograph in der his famous mathematician- his lifetime, a scientific treatise based father. The boy showed a fascination on astronomical observations made for puzzles, mathematical games, while he worked at the Harvard Ob­ and code languages. By the age of servatory. Yet his total extant writ­ twelve, he was devouring his broth­ ings, both published and unpub­ er's logic textbook and working se­ lished, are an extraordinarily rich, if riously at chemistry, in which he la­ sometimes rough, gold mine. A sig­ ter earned his degree at Harvard. nificant part of the corpus will be That which may be thought-of— His early encounter with logic and which is a source of influx— represented in the new critical edi­ fundamental questions of scientific I call a thing. tion, which, Kloesel says, will enable inquiry shaped the course of his Whatever is not a thought scholars "to read in a single chrono­ I call unthought. life's thought. Despite his scientific logical order the most important and mathematical achievements, portion of Peirce's philosophical and Peirce always referred to himself as a Peirce sometimes coined words to express his logical writings, as well as those sci­ logician. As one scholar notes, thought precisely or used diagrams, such as entific and mathematical papers that this one from an 1859 essay on "the Limits of Peirce's initial concern as a logician shed light on the development of his Religious thought written to prove that we was with the forms of language, can reason upon the nature of God." thought." which led him eventually to view In addition, the Peirce Edition logic as lying within a philosophical ing words failed. For example, years Project is a major resource in helping framework he named "semeiotic" after Peirce had originated the term IUPUI deepen its commitment to in­ (his preferred spelling). Starting "pragmatism" to signify a method terdisciplinary learning and research from the claim that all thought is in for logically determining the mean­ in the liberal arts, says William M. signs, he developed a triadic sign ing of concepts, William James began Plater, IUPUI executive vice chancel­ theory, consisting of sign, referent, using the term as a label for his own lor and dean of the faculty. "Because and interpreter, that he explored in theory, in which the truth of an idea our institution is only twenty years nearly all his later work. is construed as its usefulness in ad­ old, we have the opportunity to Peirce originated pragmatism as a dressing human problems. Conse­ build by design a graduate liberal method for determining the mean­ quently, Peirce, somewhat indig­ arts program that will complete our ing of ideas or intellectual concep­ nant, coined the term "pragmati- undergraduate offerings," he ex­ tions, and he insisted that this cism" to distinguish his logically plains. "The Peirce project is an es­ meaning resides in its conceivable grounded method from James's psy­ tablished and distinguished research effects. To conceive of what a thing chologically grounded one. activity that will allow us to attract is, then, is to conceive of what ef­ "Peirce never developed during faculty with expertise in mathemat­ fects it could have. Pragmatically, for his lifetime a large readership," ics, philosophy, literature, and other example, motion is as motion does Kloesel notes. "He wasn't a popular disciplines related to Peirce's work." □ or might do. Peirce formulated his writer like William James, who al­ pragmatic rule as follows: ways wrote in a beautiful, pleasing In 1987, Dr. Christian J. W. Kloesel was In order to ascertain the meaning of an style." This may help explain why awarded $130,000 in outright funds and intellectual conception one should con­ James, and not Peirce, is more com­ $30,000 in gifts and matching funds sider what practical consequences might monly associated with pragmatism. from the Texts category of the Division of conceivably result by necessity from the Peirce's personality may have also Research Programs to complete an edi­ truth of that conception; and the sum of helped seal his fate. Although he en­ tion of the writings of Charles S. Peirce.

20 MAY/JUNE 1989 BIOLOGY & Human Affairs

BY LEON R. KASS, M.D.

HE PROMISE AND the peril greater powers to alter directly and of our time are inextricably deliberately the bodies and minds of T linked with the promise and human beings, as well as many of the peril of modern science. On the If the first great the naturally given boundaries of one hand, the spread of knowledge human life. To be sure, many of has overcome superstition and re­ intellectual discovery these powers will be drafted for the duced fear born of ignorance, and of my life was the battle against disease, somatic and the application of science through beauty of the scientific psychic. But their possible and likely technology has made life less poor, uses extend beyond the traditional nasty, brutish, and short. As one of method, surely the medical goals of healing; they prom­ my colleagues puts it: Before the second was the ise—or threaten—to encompass new twentieth century, human life was discovery of the meanings of health and wholeness, simply impossible. new modes of learning and acting, Yet, on the other hand, new tech­ singular predicament feeling and perceiving—ultimately, nologies have often brought with of man in the very perhaps, new human beings and them complex and vexing moral and world which has been ways of being human. social difficulties, and the scientific The advent of these new powers is discoveries themselves sometimes transformed by this not an accident; they have been pur­ raise disquieting challenges to tradi­ science. sued since the beginnings of modern tional notions of morality or of man's —Walker Percy science, when its great founders, place in the world. Moreover, thanks from an interview in Bookweek Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes, to science's contributions to modern projected the vision of the mastery warfare, before the end of the twen­ of nature. Indeed, such power over tieth century human life may be­ nature, including human nature, has come literally and permanently im­ been a goal, perhaps the primary possible. The age-old question of the goal, of modern natural science for relation between the tree of knowl­ life—between science and ethics, three centuries, though the vision edge and the tree of life now ac­ each broadly conceived—has in re­ has materialized largely only in our quires a special urgency. cent years been greatly complicated century. By all accounts, what we The relation between the pursuit by developments in the sciences of have seen thus far is only the begin­ of knowledge and the conduct of life: biology, psychology, and medi­ ning of the biological revolution. . . . cine. Indeed, it is by now common­ The practical problems—moral, place that the life sciences present legal, social, economic, and politi­ Leon R. Kass is professor in the College new and imposing challenges, both cal—deriving from the new bio­ and the Committee on Social Thought, to our practice and to our thought. medical technologies have attracted University of Chicago, and a member of New biomedical technologies widespread attention and concern. the National Council on the Humanities. (e.g., of contraception, abortion, and Over the past decade there has been This essay is from Toward a More Nat­ laboratory fertilization and embryo much public discussion about such ural Science, by Leon R. Kass. © 1985 transfer; of genetic screening, DNA by The Free Press, a division of Mac­ recombination, and genetic engi­ millan, Inc. Reprinted by permission. neering; of transplanting organs and prolonging life by artificial means; of modifying behavior through drugs and brain surgery) provide vastly

HUMANITIES matters as the legality and morality especially, the profession of medicine, present troublesome ethical and po­ of abortion, the definition of clinical which already faces new dilemmas of litical dilemmas; but the underlying death, the legitimacy of research on practice and new challenges to the scientific notions and discoveries call fetuses, the morality of "test-tube meaning of physicianship. into question the very foundations of babies" and surrogate motherhood, None of these problems is easily our ethics and the principles of our the propriety of sperm banks, the resolved. Neither will they go away. political way of life. right to refuse treatment, the ra­ On the contrary, we must expect tionale for psychosurgery, justice in them to persist and increase with the odern liberal opinion is the distribution of medical resourc­ growth of biomedical technologies. sensitive to problems of es, the dangers and benefits of gene But the biological revolution poses Mrestriction of freedom and splicing, and the use and abuse of an even greater challenge, though abuse of power. Indeed, many hold psychoactive drugs. Important prac­ one much less obvious and largely that a man can be injured only by tical challenges to individual free­ neglected. This challenge comes not violating his will, but this view is dom and dignity arise at every turn, so much from the technologies as much too narrow. It fails to recog­ most often as inescapable accom­ from the scientific findings them­ nize the great dangers we shall face paniments of our ability to do good. selves. The spectacular advances in in the uses of biomedical technology genetics and molecular biology, in that stem from an excess of freedom, n the one hand, freedom is evolutionary biology and ethology, from the uninhibited exercise of will. challenged by the growing and in neurophysiology and psycho­ In my view, our greatest problem— Opowers that permit some pharmacology, seem to force upon and one that will continue to grow in men to alter and control the behav­ man a transformation—or at least a importance—will be voluntary self­ ior of others, as well as by the com­ serious reconsideration—of his self- degradation, or willing dehumaniza­ ing power to influence the genetic understanding and his view of his tion—dehumanization not directly makeup of future generations. On place in the whole. . . . chosen, to be sure, but dehumaniza­ the other hand, even the voluntary Here is a challenge to our thinking tion nonetheless—as the unintended use of powers to prolong life, to ini­ that has potentially vast practical yet often inescapable consequence of tiate it in the laboratory, or to make consequences, very possibly more relentlessly and successfully pursuing it more colorful or less troublesome profound and far-reaching than our humanitarian goals. through chemistry carries dangers of those of any given group of technol­ Certain desired and perfected degradation, depersonalization, and ogies. The technologies do indeed medical technologies have already general enfeeblement of soul. Not had some dehumanizing conse­ only individuals, but many of our quences. Improved methods of re­ social and political institutions may suscitation have made possible hero­ be affected: families, schools, law en­ ic efforts to "save" the severely ill forcement agencies, the. military and, and injured. Yet these efforts are sometimes only partly successful: They may succeed in salvaging indi­

22 MAY/JUNE 1989 hldlha uem f Art of MuseumPhiladelphia

viduals, but these individuals may alienated members of our society: have severe brain damage and be ca­ Not yet ready for the world of the The series of four engravings known as "The Medical Professions" was published by pable of only a less-than-human, dead, not deemed fit for the world of Hendrik Goltzius at Haarlem in 1587. The vegetating existence. Such patients, the living, they are shunted aside. allegorical figure of the physician—as god, found with increasing frequency in More and more of them spend the ■ angel, man, and devil—is in the center the intensive care units of university extra years medicine has given them foreground of each print, with his instrument hospitals, have been denied a death in "homes for senior citizens," in case strapped to his waist. Tools and books lie on the platform at his feet. with dignity. Families are forced to hospitals for chronic diseases, and in In the first engraving, the physician is suffer seeing their loved ones so re­ nursing homes—waiting for the end. regarded by the gravely ill patient as Christ- duced and are made to bear the bur­ We have learned how to increase like, capable of effecting miraculous cures. In den of a protracted "death watch." their years, but we have not learned the second, the crisis is past and the patient Even the ordinary methods of treat­ how to help them enjoy their days. sees the doctor as an angel. The third, when the patient is recovering, shows the doctor as ing disease and prolonging life have Yet we continue to bravely and re­ a mere man—but an invaluable man. The last changed the context in which men lentlessly push back the frontiers scene shows the doctor, who has come to die. Fewer and fewer people die in against death. . . . collect his fee, as a devil. The last caption the familiar surroundings of home or cautions doctors to choose patients carefully in the company of family and onsider next the coming and to collect fees during treatment. friends. At that time of life when power over reproduction and there is perhaps the greatest need genotype. We endorse the sonalization of procreation . . . shall for human warmth and comfort, the projectc that will enable us to control be in itself seriously dehumanizing, dying patient is kept company by numbers and to treat individuals no matter how optimum the prod­ cardiac pacemakers and defibrilla­ who have genetic diseases. . . . But uct. It should not be forgotten that tors, respirators, aspirators, oxy­ the price to be paid for the optimum human procreation not only issues genators, catheters, and his intra­ baby is the transfer of procreation new human beings, but is also in it­ venous drip. Ties to the community from the home to the laboratory and self a human activity. Would the lab­ of men are replaced by attachments its coincident transformation into oratory production of human beings to an assemblage of machines. manufacture. Increasing control over still be human procreation? Or would This loneliness, however, is not the product can only be purchased not the practice of making babies in confined to the dying patient in the by the increasing depersonalization laboratories—even perfect babies— hospital bed. Consider the increas­ of the process. The complete deper- mean a degradation of parenthood? ing number of old people still alive The dehumanizing consequences thanks to medical progress. As a of programmed reproduction extend group, the elderly are the most beyond the mere acts and processes of giving life. Transfer of procreation to the laboratory will no doubt weak­ en what is for many people the best

HUMANITIES 23 remaining justification and support brain to reduce anxiety, to heighten from appreciating the fact that the for the existence of marriage and the pleasure, or to create visual and au­ use of the technology of man, unin­ family. Sex is now comfortably at ditory sensations unavailable formed by wisdom concerning prop­ home outside of marriage; child- through the peripheral sense organs. er human ends, and untempered by rearing is progressively being given Once these techniques are perfected an appropriate humility and awe, over to the state, the schools, the and safe, is there much doubt that can unwittingly render us all irrever­ mass media, the child-care centers. they will be desired, demanded, sibly less than human. Some have argued that the family, and used? long the nursery of humanity, has What ends will these techniques hat is to be done? First, outlived its usefulness. To be sure, serve? Most likely, only the most ele­ we sorely need to recover laboratory and governmental alter­ mental, those tied to bodily pleas­ W some humility in the face natives might be designed for pro­ ures. What will happen to thought, of our awesome powers. The argu­ creation and child-rearing. But at to love, to friendship, to art, to judg­ ments I have presented should make what cost? ment, to public-spiritedness in a so­ apparent the folly of arrogance, of ciety with a perfected technology of the presumption that we are wise his is not the place to conduct pleasure? What kinds of creatures enough to remake ourselves. Be­ a full evaluation of the biolog­ will we become if we obtain our cause we lack wisdom, caution is our T ical family. Nevertheless, pleasure by drug or electrical stim­ urgent need. . . . some of its important virtues are, ulation without the usual kind of Practically, this means that we nowadays, too often overlooked. The human efforts and frustrations? should shift the burden of proof to family is rapidly becoming the only What kind of society will we have? the proponents of a new biomedical institution in an increasingly imper­ We need only consult Aldous technology—at least those that di­ sonal world where each person is Huxley's prophetic novel Brave New rectly challenge fundamental aspects loved not for what he does or makes, World for a likely answer to these of human life. Concepts of risk and but simply because he is. The family questions. There we encounter a so­ cost need to be broadened to include is also the institution where most of ciety dedicated to homogeneity and some of the social and ethical conse­ us, both as children and as parents, stability, administered by means of quences discussed earlier. The prob­ acquire a sense of continuity with instant gratifications, and peopled by able or possible harmful effects of the past and a sense of commitment creatures of human shape but of the widespread use of a new tech­ to the future. stunted humanity. They consume, nique should be anticipated, and in­ Without the family, we would fornicate, take "soma," and operate troduced as costs to be weighed in have little incentive to take an inter­ the machinery that makes it all pos­ deciding about the first use. The reg­ est in anything after our deaths. sible. They do not read, write, think, ulatory institutions should be en­ These observations suggest that the love, or govern themselves. Creativi­ couraged to exercise restraint, and to elimination of the family would ty and curiosity, reason and passion, formulate the grounds for saying no. weaken ties to past and future, and exist only in a rudimentary and mu­ We must all get used to the idea that would throw us, even more than we tilated form. In short, they are not biomedical technology makes possi­ are now, on the mercy of an imper­ men at all. ble many things we should never do. sonal, lonely present. True, our techniques, like theirs, But caution is not enough, nor are Neurobiology and psychobiology may enable us to treat schizophre­ clever institutional arrangements. In­ probe directly into the distinctively nia, to alleviate anxiety, and to curb stitutions can be little better than the human. The technological fruit of aggressiveness. And we, like they, people who make them work. How­ these sciences is likely to be more may be able to save mankind from it­ ever worthy our intentions, we are tempting than Eve's apple and more self, but it will probably be at the deficient in understanding. In the momentous in its result. One need cost of our humanness. In the end, long run, our hope can only lie in only consider current drug use to the price of relieving man's estate education: in a public educated see what people are willing to risk or might well be the abolition of man. about the meanings and limits of sci­ sacrifice for novel experiences, There are, of course, other routes ence and enlightened in its use of heightened perceptions, or just to the abolition of man, and there technology; in scientists better edu­ "kicks." The possibility of drug-in- are other and better-known causes of cated to understand the relation­ duced instant and effortless gratifica­ dehumanization. Disease, starvation, ships between science and technolo­ tion will be welcomed—and one mental retardation, slavery, and bru­ gy on the one hand and ethics and must not forget the possibilities of tality—to name a few—have long politics on the other; in human voluntary self-stimulation of the prevented many, if not most, people beings who are as wise in the latter from living a fully human life. We as they are clever in the former. □ should work to reduce and, where possible, eliminate these evils. But their existence should not prevent us

24 MAY/JUNE 1989 T CORNELL UNIVERSITY, a history student decides Athat the history of science is a key to understanding the modern world. An astronomy student finds that she is more interested in the history of astronomy than in tech­ nical research. A biology student wants to be a biologist but is con­ cerned about the social and ethical issues that biotechnology raises. What connects these students? They are taking Cornell's new inter­ disciplinary concentration—the his­ tory and philosophy of science and technology—which serves as a meet­ ing ground for the "two cultures" of science and the humanities.

The Myth of Two Cultures According to L. Pearce Williams, "The Progress of the Century. The Lightning Steam Press. The Electric Telegraph. The professor of the history of science at Locomotive. The Steamboat." A Currier and Ives print extolls the bright new age of industrial Cornell and the director of the three- technology in America's centennial year. year-old concentration, a paradox lies at the heart of undergraduate ed­ nical courses to the exclusion of the in problem solving and in tech­ ucation in the arts and sciences. Sci­ human ingredients of their fields. niques showing that scientific results ence and technology have histories In turn, humanities students, are reproducible. Science and engi­ and cultural contexts and are shaped daunted by arguments based on neering students enjoy the certainty by political, economic, and social mathematical reasoning, shun the and apparent objectivity of their sub­ factors, even by the personal values hard sciences, leaving humanists ject matter, which they see as re­ and religious beliefs of inventors and and scientists with no common lan­ moved from human values, emo­ theoreticians, he says. Yet science guage and often with mispercep­ tions, politics, and economics. and engineering students are not tions about each other. Yet these factors regularly inform often formally acquainted with these As Williams sees it, two root scientific developments and engi­ histories, concentrating instead on causes underlie this apparent gap neering decisions. For example, an mathematical, scientific, and tech- between science and the humanities engineering decision not to launch in undergraduate education. First, the space shuttle Challenger made the teaching of science is essentially on the eve of its scheduled takeoff James S. Turner is assistant editor of misleading, he contends. It is taught was overruled by management when Humanities. as a closed system involving training NASA asked for a review of the deci-

HUMANITIES sion. Students will learn about this history and philosophy of science. human element not in a physics In 1986, the concentration was initi­ course such as electromagnetic theo­ ated to encourage interested stu­ ry, Williams says, but in a course in dents to examine, in some depth, the history or philosophy of science. the nature and place of science and "The greatest error we make in the technology in the modern world. It education of scientists," says Wil­ approaches science and technology liams, "is that we fail to teach them through the methodologies of the subjects in which the imagination is humanities: narrative history, study stimulated. Science is not merely a of the rhetoric of scientific texts, and matter of getting ever more sophisti­ philosophy. Students taking the con­ centration must meet a broad re­ quirement, which consists of four electives in the historical, philosoph­ The joys of science and the joys of life as a human are not ical, and social dimensions of science necessarily convergent. and technology. — Walker Percy Hierarchically structured, the con­ from “A Semiotic Primer of the Self” centration begins with a freshman- Lost in the Cosmos year general introduction to the his­ tory of Western civilization, which highlights major scientific and tech­ nological developments. The second cated computers. Human beings level consists of general electives in make science out of humanistic ma­ the history and in the philosophy of terials. It seems to me that the imag­ science and technology, which pro­ ination and the ability to make anal­ vide an overview of these fields with ogies stand at the foundation of constant reference to social, political, scientific creativity." and economic influences. The third The other cause of the supposed level consists of seminars in which science-humanities gap, according to students research and document Williams, is the misconception specific problems they have studied among humanities students that in earlier courses. they cannot understand the sci­ A sample distribution might in­ ences. However, many scientific con­ clude "Science in Western Civiliza­ cepts, as well as the history and phi­ tion" or "History of Biology," losophy of science and technology, "Philosophy of Science," "Building are accessible without mathematical Technology in Western Civilization" reasoning, he points out. Morever, or "Social History of Western Tech­ he says, humanities students, nology," and an advanced seminar. trained to weigh different interpreta­ tions of events in history or liter­ NEH Support ature, may have insights into the his­ tory of science that science students To broaden the concentration, in do not readily apprehend. 1987 three new NEH-supported pro­ Williams believes that Cornell's fessorships were created in the phi­ new concentration can help dispel losophy of modern physics, the his­ the myth of "two cultures" by expos­ tory of technology, and the commu­ ing their specious academic isolation nication of scientific thought. from one another and by training Jon Jarrett, assistant professor of "The electric light in houses—laying the tubes for wires in historians and philosophers of sci­ philosophy in the College of Arts the streets of New York." Harper's Weekly, June 24, 1882 ence and technology to complement and Sciences, has taught two new the technical thrust of the many sci­ courses: "Metaphysics and Epis­ entists and engineers already at the temology," which examines the service of society. nature of scientific laws, and "Prob­ lems in the Philosophy of Science," which examines the foundations of Origins and Structure quantum mechanics. The latter is de­ Since the end of World War II, Cor­ signed for philosophy students with nell has been offering courses in the minimal background in mathematics

26 MAY/JUNE 1989 ainl Archives National

m m

Telephone operators, photographed by Louis R. Bostwick, April 7, 1927. and physics and for physics students dents' awareness of history as a dis­ science writing and is predicated on well versed in formal theory but in­ cipline, he says, and directly makes the recognition that effective science terested in philosophical debates them more aware of the role of sci­ writing requires an understanding of over the structure of matter. Next ac­ ence and technology in society the methods, philosophy, and histo­ ademic year, he will teach "Philos­ Next academic year, in addition to ry of science. Lewenstein also teach­ ophy of Physics." a course on engineering ethics, Kline es a freshman writing seminar on Ronald R. Kline, assistant pro­ will teach "History of Technology "Writing for the Biological Sciences" fessor of the history of technology in and Engineering," a survey that will and will teach "Perspectives on Sci­ the College of Engineering, has compare Chinese and European ence Writing" next academic year. taught "History of Electrotechnolo­ technology before the Renaissance gy," which covers the technical, and focus on American technology "Modern science is the supreme business, and social history of tele­ after 1800, including topics such as achievement of the human mind and communications, nuclear power, ra­ the origins of the factory system and the unique creation of Western civi­ dio and television, microelectronics, the spread of automobile culture. lization," says Williams. Yet Williams and computers. "Ironically, engi­ Bruce Lewenstein, assistant pro­ makes no facile equation of "highest" neering students take the course out fessor of science communication in with "best." That debate, he says, of interest in the historical and philo­ the College of Agriculture and Life turns on how well scientists and hu­ sophical aspects of science, while Sciences, has taught "Science Writ­ manists understand the world and humanities students see the course ing for the Mass Media" to address their ability to communicate knowl­ as a way to approach some technical issues in communicating the impact edgeably with one another. Cornell's aspects of science," Kline says. In ex­ of scientific developments to human­ concentration aims vigorously at a ploring the historical role of govern­ ists, social scientists, and public offi­ positive outcome. □ ment, the patent system, corpora­ cials responsible for technological tions, and politics in technology, decisions and science policy. De­ Cornell University received $44,253 in many engineering students are sur­ signed for students interested in be­ outright funds and $500,000 in gifts and prised that most engineering deci­ coming physicians, environmental matching funds in 1981 for this project sions are made for nontechnical rea­ lawyers, or science journalists, the through the Promoting Excellence in a sons, he points out. The course course examines techniques and Field Program of the Division of Educa­ indirectly raises engineering stu- , conventions that have developed in tion Programs.

HUMANITIES 27

lbm Dprmn o Archive of Department Alabama s n History and

Bibb Graves Bridge, Wetumpka by Lewis Arnold (1931)

N 1886, on a sandy flat in Au­ eyes, hearts, and minds of fifty- resonates against that in Viola Goode tauga County, where the Appa­ seven photographers, natives and in­ Liddell's memoir, A Place of Springs. lachians yield to the coastal comers, from 1886 to the present. In 1933, apprehensively moving to a plain,I three members of the Ala­ small town, Liddell crosses the Ala­ On a purely aesthetic level, the bama Geological Survey parked their photographs repay close attention. bama River on its new bridge. Re­ Studebaker wagon and staged a pho­ In Geological Survey Camp (1886), for membering the ferry and skiff of her tograph. The men—driver Jefferson example, the wagon tongue echoes childhood, Liddell sees the bridge as Davis Jackson, director Eugene A. the line of the tent and explorers. a symbol of technology harnessing Smith, and chemist and photogra­ nature to "shake and remake this Because every landscape photo­ pher R. Shattuck Hodges—were not quiet, drowsy land"; crossing the graph is a unique imprint of real­ the first to explore and photograph river "so easily, so quickly, seemed ity—a specific time and place, the Alabama landscape, but they an omen, and a good one. Things chosen and captured by a specific were among the most assiduous. Trav­ did change, and for the better." artist—each is an intriguing place for eling slowly, in every season and Other images may recall the fic­ the visual arts to meet the human­ weather, by ferry and wagon, they tion of Walker Percy. Telescope ities. Alabama's places attract writers came to know their extraordinarily di­ sharply focused, The Last Gentleman's as well as artists; their sensibilities verse state as few before or since. hero, Will Barrett, is as consummate are often in accord. Many works in Mountains, bayous, caves, cane- an observer as any photographer. the exhibition were made by photog­ brake and plantation countries, pea­ Many of the novel's picaresque epi­ raphers who are also writers, includ­ nut farms and cattle ranches, forests sodes take place in roadscapes, not ing Kathryn Windham, whose ghost and prairie, flat coves and deep ra­ the banal interstates but the richly stories are southern classics. Her vines—Alabama is a microcosm of characterful national highways. The Gravemarker (1971) from a rural Black the South. The eighty photographs road signs Barrett sees, luring the Belt cemetery shows an astonishing in the unprecedented Alabama traveler to wondrous places, have sculptural form topped by the death Landscape Photography Exhibition, the big shield, tin arrow, and mask of the woman who lies be­ organized jointly by the Alabama mileage markers like that commemo­ neath. In its mottling of lichen, it Humanities Foundation and the rated in Rowland Scherman's High­ melds into its light-dappled, leafy Huntsville Museum of Art, celebrate way 11 Sign (1986). setting, recalling the words of Ala­ Alabama's diversity through the The exhibition is part of the bama poet David Scott Ward: "Na­ NEH-supported state program "In ture makes all things mesh." Even View of Home: Twentieth-Century the granite marker is "painted with Views of the Alabama Landscape," soft moss/that melts into stone." Frances Osborn Robb is guest curator of which includes a reading and discus­ the Alabama Landscape Photography Ex­ The proud new Coosa River sion series in southern literature at hibition, organized at the Huntsville bridge in Lewis Arnold's 1931 photo­ several Alabama locations (see "In Museum of Art. graph, Bibb Graves Bridge, Wetumka, View of Home," p. 30). □

HUMANITIES 29 NE HALLMARK of the Agee found to be quintessentially southern literary tradition southern," Quinlan says. "The pro­ has been the varied ways IN gressive South is uncomfortable with that writers have drawn upon south­ its rural heritage. Our program is an erners' almost instinctive relation­ attempt to look squarely at its com­ ship to their surroundings. Working plicated past." within a land-oriented cultural VIEW Participants are learning that ethos, southern writers have evoked southern writers do not present a a familiar, often haunting sense of uniform view of "home." Among place that gives the South a distinc­ the works being read is William tive regional identity. Writers as well OF Faulkner's The Bear (1942), which de­ as artists have variously envisioned picts a mythic landscape and treats the land as a nostalgic emblem of the the theme of humanity's withdrawal past, a source of goodness or a re­ from civilization. Jean Toomer's Cane flection of the divine, a product of HOME (1923) portrays the spiritual land­ decay, an exemplar of the bizarre, scape and the folk rhythms of rural and a symbol of the human condi­ black life in Georgia. And the Agrar­ tion. Their portrayals range from the ians, represented by John Crowe mythic and romantic to the factual Landscape in Ransom's essay "Reconstructed but and realistic. Southern Literature Unregenerate" (1930) and Andrew "What is distinctive about the Lytle's short story "Jericho, Jericho, South," says Robert C. Stewart, ex­ BY JOSEPH H. BROWN Jericho" (1984), present the rural ecutive director of the Alabama Hu­ South as the philosophic preserve of manities Foundation, "and about the Jeffersonian values that first southerners' response to it, is that it Alabama Landscape formed this nation. Photography Exhibition remained primarily agricultural well With Walker Percy's The Last Gen­ Schedule into the twentieth century, long after tleman (1966) and Mary Ward the rest of the nation had become ur­ Brown's Tongues of Flame (1986), banized. This has kept much of the Through June 11, 1989 southern literature reaches the point South poor economically, though not The Huntsville Museum of Art at which it ceases to be distinctively poor in spirit. Memories of defeat in June 25-August 6, 1989 southern and becomes broadly the Civil War and of poverty during Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts American, says Quinlan. the Reconstruction and Depression August 20-0ctober 1, 1989 As chronicled in the works of eras have sometimes figured pre­ Anniston Museum of Natural History these and other contemporary dominantly in the southern con­ October 18-November 26, 1989 southern writers, the South is mov­ sciousness. Consequently, southern­ The Fine Arts Museum ing inexorably into the urban, indus­ ers have had mixed feelings about of the South in Mobile trial mainstream. With fewer people the land rather than purely idealized living close to the land, the experi­ reactions, with pastoral myths often ences that in many ways made giving way to hard reality." southerners "southern" are becom­ To help Alabamians examine their tieth-century southern literature and ing alien. "This program enables traditional relation to the land, Stew­ to a renewed sense of their roots in participants to think about some cru­ art directed the development of "In the land and its continuing vitality. cial cultural issues now that the great View of Home: Twentieth-Century In selecting readings, Stewart majority of Alabamians are living in Visions of the Alabama Landscape," worked with Kieran Quinlan, an as­ urban areas," says Stewart. "As we a public program that combines a sistant professor of English at the move farther from the land of our traveling photography exhibition University of Alabama at Birming­ parents and grandparents, we need (see "Alabama's Heartland," p. 28) ham. Southern literature, Quinlan to reflect on their special relationship with a seven-week series of reading says, is a particularly effective tool with the land, whether we still have and discussion programs, continu­ for grappling with a sense of region­ it today, and what will become of it ing through May at eight public li­ al identity: "Southern literature came as we move into the 1990s." braries across the state. Funded by into its own after the First World "In View of Home" is part of Ala­ an NEH exemplary grant, the pro­ War, when southern writers stopped bama Reunion, a year-long, state­ gram introduces participants to blaming the northeast for the South's wide celebration. □ some of the major works of twen- problems and instead turned a crit­ ical eye on themselves." In 1988, through the Division of State What these writers found in the Programs, the Alabama Humanities Joseph H. Brown is a freelance writer South, however, makes today's Foundation was awarded $71,000 to currently living in Hammond, southerner uncomfortable. "There is complete "In View of Home: 20th Cen­ Louisiana. a tendency to deny what Faulkner or tury Visions of the Alabama Landscape."

30 MAY/JUNE 1989 CALENDAR May ♦ June

Celebrating the French Bicentennial:

"The Maritime History of Maine," opens in June at The Maine Maritime Museum in Bath.

• "Revolution in Print" a col­ lection of printing presses, songsheets, pamphlets, broadsides, and books, orig­ inated at the New York Pub­ lic Library; exhibitions of facsimilies traveling in late "Education and Society in Late May to public libraries in Al­ Imperial China," a conference buquerque, Kansas City, covering the period 1664-1911, Milwaukee, and Baltimore. is being held at La Casa de Mar­ ia in Santa Barbara, California, • Scholars from around the June S-14. world evaluate the state of scholarship on the French Chief Justice William Rehnquist speaks at a Dartmouth College Revolution May 3-6 at conference May 12-13 marking Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. publication of the final two vol­ umes of the Papers of Daniel Webster.

Freer Gallery of Art Smithsonian Institution

"Art, Culture, and Patronage in the Midwest in the Late 19th Century," opens in May at the Milwaukee Art Museum.

Continuing exhibition: "Chattahoochee Legacy," at the Columbus Museum in Colum­ bus, Georgia.

HUMANITIES 31 A Cautionary Tale: THE THANATOS SYNDROME

BY PHIL McCOMBS

Author's Note: The Thanatos Syn­ Thanatos is probably your most political drome is nothing less than a frontal novel. assault on many easily imagined, or already current, ideas of social engi­ Yes . . . to date, that is. neering and improvement. It has been called Dr. Percy's "most ex­ Well then, back to this question of how plicitly Catholic" novel, and the au­ far do you go. Your idea is that you've thor himself acknowledges it is his Like the early got to have a caring heart. But doesn't most political novel to date. I inter­ there come a moment when you've got to viewed him at home in Louisiana. twentieth-century pick up a gun and kill the bad guys—the psychologist Freud, he Nazis? Where's the line? believed that there is In The Thanatos Syndrome, was the I guess so, as I told some interviewer scene with the Nazi doctors real, with no end to the mischief when she asked if this was a caution­ actual names? and hatred which men ary novel. I said yes, but novel writ­ harbor deep in ing is a rather humble vocation, that Yes, those are all historical charac­ is, making up stories to give people ters, including Dr. Jung. I'm not say­ themselves and pleasure. That's the main business a ing he was a collaborator, but he unknown to novelist is doing—he's making up a wrote about Nazi Germany in terms themselves story to divert the reader. And if he of the archetypes and was not exact­ can do that he's succeeded, but even ly condemnatory of it. and a novelist has a right to issue a warn­ no end to their ing. It's a noble tradition, going back Didn't you visit Germany in the 1930s? capacity to deceive to Dostoevski. . . . I guess the great saying of Dostoevski he put in the Yes, after my freshman year at UNC- themselves mouth of Ivan Karamazov. Ivan was Chapel Hill. My uncle, Will Percy, and arguing with his younger brother thought it would be great to go to that though they loved Alyosha, who was a young monk. Europe for a year, since he was a big Alyosha was trying to convert Ivan. Francophile. I went to Germany life, they probably Alyosha says, "You don't believe in instead. . . . loved death more and God" and Ivan says, "If God didn't in the end thanatos exist, all things are permitted." So So some observations in the book come there's no reason not to use technol­ from direct experience, including the feel­ would likely win over ogy to improve society, even if it ing of evil within oneself that Father eros. means killing people. Anything is Smith felt, or not? permitted in order to achieve these —Walker Percy goals. The shocker here is that the from “A Space Odyssey (II)” Well, yes, some observations, but Lost in the Cosmos enemy is the present state. nothing so dramatic as Father I don't know whether I should be Smith's. I was only eighteen years telling you this or not. (laughs) A old. But, as I think I mentioned in the book, no one thought much about the Nazis. Hitler had just Phil McCombs © 1988. McCombs is a come in during the early thirties; he writer for The Washington Post and had been elected, after all, and there coauthor of The Typhoon Shipment. was no great thought of the menace This interview is excerpted from The of the Nazis. . . . Southern Review.

32 MAY/JUNE 1989 novelist ought to keep his mouth shut. It's supposed to be picked up in the book, but anyway the subver­ sive message is the danger to the present state of the scientific com­ munity and the medical community in this country The comparison is not with the Nazi doctors, but with the Weimar doctors, who were just before the Nazis. The doctors I name here were real doctors in the Weimar Republic. They were not Nazis; they would have no use for the Nazi bru­ tality and the killing of Jews and the Holocaust, but they were saying what's wrong with these humane ideals, the abstract ideal of improv­ ing society, improving the quality. They were qualitarians—improving the quality of life—either by trying to cure people, or if you can't cure Percy in the Black Forest, Germany, in 1934. them, you get rid of them. It's better for society. So that is the subversive all the way from tremendous mis­ Something new was happening in message, the comparison of our sci­ sionary efforts, the foundations, the the world. So you have this, two entific community with the pre-Nazi hospitals, to helping the Third things happening—a humane sci­ doctors. So far the doctors haven't World, FDR's New Deal to help the ence which was improving the lot of picked up on it. . . . poor people. But at the same time it mankind, and tremendous humane is the century in which men have efforts from Albert Schweitzer on It all goes to scientific humanism. Binx, killed more of each other than in all up, or on down, helping the poor with his merde detector, says that people other centuries put together, and people, at the same time you have are dead, dead, dead. And Thanatos em­ this before the atom bomb. what Freud would call the "spirit of braces spiritual death, too—the way peo­ thanatos." He said you have eros ple are closed off to one another. . . . And your idea is that there's a connection and thanatos going together. I guess between those two opposites. the implicit warning is that Father Well, "thanatos" is a big term. It cov­ Smith says the American medical ers the twentieth century, and the Yes, when, in 1916 in the Battle of profession is, in many ways, the main thing is the peculiar paradox. the Somme and the Battle of Verdun, most admirable in the world, yet he The twentieth century is without a two million young men from the is attacking Thomas More. He says, doubt the strangest century that I've three or four most civilized nations "Look you guys, for the last 2,500 ever heard or read about, what little in the world, the French, German, years you have taken the Hippocratic I know of history. We have the appo­ and English, were killed in one sum­ oath never to perform an abortion, sition, the coming together of these mer. Here they were, people who and now nobody thinks anything of two extraordinary occurrences—this were from the same culture, even it. Two million abortions a year and is the most humanitarian century in the same kings, royal families, kin to you guys haven't turned a hair, with history—more people have helped each other, the same science, the a couple of exceptions. Not one sin­ other people, more money has been same backgrounds, same Christen­ gle letter of protest in the august spent, more efforts have been made, dom. Something had happened. New England Journal of Medicine."

HUMANITIES 33 That's the only time abortion is men­ Like I say, the novelist's vocation is a Kierkegaard, if I had to blame it on tioned in the book. So the compari­ modest one. . . . somebody. son is there to be drawn, which I don't draw—it's just not my place as So what's the next age, the new age, He wasn't Catholic. a novelist. Father Smith hints at it, going to be? says there's a certain similarity be­ He certainly was not. Karl Barth said tween the American medical profes­ I'm not in that business, (laughs) I'm that he had to rule him out of the sion now and the German Weimar not a prophet. The most I attempt to great Protestant theologians because Republic medical profession, who do is to say this is the way it could if he'd lived long enough he would did what they thought was the best be, this is what could happen. I'm have become Roman, (laughs). . . . thing for mankind. not getting into any debate about pro-life or pro-choice. I'm not getting What's your next book? What is the "spirit of thanatos"? into media polemics. But in the novel I am uttering a warning. Look I usually alternate from fiction to I guess originally the idea came from what happened to the Weimar doc­ nonfiction, and right now I'm think­ Freud, who made the polarity, eros tors and to Germany. I will admit ing of something in the line of semi­ and thanatos. I changed the context. the idea came not from me; it's Dos­ otics, something about human com­ He certainly would have disregarded toevski's idea. He said even a novel­ munication, about language, in any Judeo-Christian background, ist can raise a warning flag and say connection with literature, with and he certainly had no use for the this is what can happen. Ivan Ka­ maybe Scripture. My own theory is idea of the great prince Satan. ramazov says without God all things that even after all these years and all are permitted. But not even Dos­ the linguistics, all the behavioristic What's the message? The way to keep sci­ toevski imagined what man without psychology, nobody knows what entific humanism from becoming Pol Pot- God is capable of. . . . language is. Nobody knows how it ism is to draw the line somewhere, have works. As I have said before, I think moral courage? Is that what appeals to You converted to Catholicism when you Charles Peirce, the American philos­ you about Thomas More? returned from Santa Fe. Why did you opher, maybe had the best clue convert? about it, which has not been pur­ I'm not so sure how much moral sued or developed. So what I would courage he had. It's very difficult to Right. These things are both myste­ like to do is something like J.D. Sal­ do such things in a novel now. You rious and commonplace. Of course, inger did, that is, go into absolute know what Flannery O'Connor the technical answer is always that seclusion, become a recluse for the said—she said beware of writing edi­ faith is a gift, a gratuitous gift. But next four years and work on Charles fying novels. She was always saying, there I was living in New Orleans, Peirce's triadic theory of language. "These ladies are coming up to me married, happy, had two little girls. That may come to nothing at all, I and saying why aren't your novels Who was the philosopher, was it don't know. I should live so long. more uplifting?" And Flannery said Nietzsche, who said, well, what do But anyway you asked me what I something like if you get fifty wom­ we do next? (laughs) What do we do was thinking about. . . . en who read uplifting novels what now? So I decided well. . . . And my you've got is a book club. So the Uncle Will was a Catholic, a lapsed novelist is very limited in what he or Catholic; he didn't go to church but Your novel is comic. she can do. The most that I ventured he was always talking about the to do here was to have Thomas More great Catholic tradition. I was Thank you. It's supposed to be. I serve Mass with Father Smith on the brought up Presbyterian. So I don't was aware of the risk of having com­ Feast of Epiphany on top of his tow­ know except to say that I decided to edy juxtaposed with high se­ er. He doesn't experience any great do it. I remember walking up to the riousness. There's nothing funny return to religion. Maybe there's a rectory door—I'd never spoken to a about what Father Smith is talking hint there. Catholic priest in my life—walking about, but I hope the two work to­ up to the rectory door of the Jesuit gether. My justification is that Soren So you have your somewhat ambiguous church on St. Charles Avenue, and Kierkegaard said true comedy is deep­ ending that you seem to like so much. asking for a priest and saying, "I'd ly related to religion. He didn't quite like to be a Catholic, what am I sup­ explain why, but I think I understand Well, I was content to have Dr. More posed to do?" what he means. The comic condition end up where he started off, getting is the last stage before the religious a patient to talk about herself, back You did that? Just like that? condition or religious stage, he called with her old anxieties, back with her it. People have the wrong idea about depression, back with her disloca­ (Laughs.) And said, "What do I do comedy. People think the comic is the tion which is where she should be, next?" opposite of the serious, but that's not dislocated. They're both more true at all. The comic can also be part human and he is trying to help her. How did you get to that decision? of high seriousness. □

34 MAY/JUNE 1989 THE Humanities

for those who are thinking GUIDE of applying for an NEH grant

he Endowment's Publication Sub­ work GU to scholarship in the GRANTS humanities, DEADLINES PROPOSALS vention category is now operating the diversity and size of its intended au­ T with revised guidelines and appli­ dience, and its relationship to larger is­ cation instructions. The new procedures sues or themes in the humanities. To be will permit publishers greater flexibility competitive, an application must con­ in selecting manuscripts to submit for tain a clear and convincing statement support, allow the Endowment's eval­ and full analytical appraisals of the uators to focus solely on the significance manuscript from qualified scholars in of a project, and reduce the time re­ the field. quired to prepare an application. The program seeks through its new A press will no longer be asked to application materials to support the pub­ show an anticipated financial loss on the lication of the best scholarly books in all title for which a subsidy is requested. fields of the humanities. Applications The criteria of evaluation will now be are particularly encouraged for support the significance of the work and its im­ of books that will be of lasting value. A pact on the intended audience. Several book that is the subject of an application other important changes are reflected in should be important to scholars and, if the new application materials: possible, nonspecialists. Reference • Grants are now made in the amount works, interpretive works, editions, and of $7,000 with a limit of $28,000 regional titles are all eligible projects. Publication (four awards) for any single press in Examples of important books that an application cycle. have recently received Endowment sup­ port are a three-volume edition of the Subvention • The completion of the application's letters of Jack London; an atlas of Ameri­ budget page is now greatly simplified. can Indian history in the Great Lakes re­ Because a projected loss need no lon­ Guidelines gion; a study of the origins of the English ger be demonstrated, the applicant novel; an illustrated work on the nine­ must simply show how $7,000 in teenth-century photographer of the grant funds will be spent in publishing American West, William Henry Jackson; the work. a guide to the medieval and Renaissance • Presses are no longer required to have manuscripts in the Huntington Library; a book under contract when applying and a translation of the diaries of Hans to the Endowment. Christian Andersen. Applicants must be established pub­ Two other changes in the Publication lishers. Trade publishers of scholarly Subvention guidelines have been made. books, university presses, and scholarly First, the Endowment will no longer of­ publishers of other sorts, such as muse­ fer support for special issues of journals. ums, historical societies, and publishers Second, proposals for the purchase of of monograph series, are all eligible to automated equipment should now be apply. As usual, no special preference directed to the Endowment's Office of will be given to projects that have re­ Challenge Grants (202/786-0361). ceived previous NEH support. The next deadline in this category is Perhaps the two most important parts April 1, 1990. Staff members will be of an application to the Publication Sub­ happy to discuss ideas for proposals vention category are the "Statement of with potential applicants. For further in­ Significance and Impact of the Project" formation, please write to the Texts Pro­ prepared by the author of the manu­ gram, Division of Research Programs, script, and the readers' reports solicited Room 318, National Endowment for the by the publisher. Consideration of sig­ Humanities, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, nificance includes the importance of the N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506. □

HUMANITIES 35 GRANTS 36 36 rpi Poes n Nrhr Gek Town Greek Northern a in Process graphic Anthropology and Archaeology William O. Beeman, Beeman, O. William Mexico Guanajuato, of State inthe Drama of Festival Ethnography Performance-Centered and Production- n xlrto o eae icus ad Ethno­ and Discourse Female of Exploration An Cowan, K. Jane plines TEACHERS UNIVERSITY foAeia Wmn rahr i Nw Orleans: New in Preachers Women Afro-American Moresby: Narrative and the Representation of Self Trobrianders of Urban Representation among the and Narrative Moresby: Religious Reform and Social Transformation among Transformation Social and Reform Religious Sys­ Symbolic of Reconstruction the to Approaches Jacobson, VasesEsther Greek in Function and Imagery RI, Bauman, Richard MAY/JUNE1989 ONE SCHOLARS YOUNGER Nationality Spanish of Imagery David C. Estes, Estes, C. David South Hadley, MA, MA, Hadley, South Battaglia, Debbora Society Guinea New Jolla, La Tuzin, F. Donald Manuscript Huarochiri the of Meanings The Salomon, L. Frank Ferrari-Pinney, Gloria John F. Szwed, Szwed, F.John Perspective Cross-Cultural in Humor TEACHERS Mickelson, M. Andrew Legend CA, les, Tai Siamese the of History TN, O'Connor, Sewanee, A. Richard Tax Freeman, Susan Discourse Inspired and Gender COLLEGE TEACHERS AND INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS INDEPENDENT AND TEACHERS COLLEGE Nepal of Sherpas the Ortner, B. Sherry tems UMR STIPENDS SUMMER Culture and History Its of View Comparative Rosen, Lawrence Herz, L. Carey Andrei Simic, Simic, Andrei Law to Approaches logical Brandes, H. Stanley COLLEGE FOR An­ SEMINARS SUMMER Contemporary in Fieldwork Ethics thropological of Development Tourist Productions and the Reconstruction of of Histo­ Reconstruction the and Tourist Productions Bruner, M. Edward Understanding Culture through Visual Media Visual through Culture Understanding efrac Ter i te uaitc Disci­ Humanistic the in Theory Performance Gender, Religion, and Human Values in a in Values Human and Religion, Gender, ig rhr n te eeomn of Development the and Arthur King Marlborough School, Los Ange­ Los School, Marlborough Yale U., New Haven, CT, Haven, New Yale U., iis n Tmls A Cultural A Temples: and Cities ooa . Nw ren, LA, Orleans, New U., Loyola U. College, Swansea, Wales, Wales, Swansea, College, U. U. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, of U. U. of California, San Diego, Diego, San California, of U. Indiana U., Bloomington, Bloomington, U., Indiana U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Arbor, Ann Michigan, of U. rneo U, NJ, U., Princeton U. of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, of U. U. of Oregon, Eugene, Eugene, Oregon, of U. Trobrianders at Home in Port in Home at Trobrianders U. of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, of U. on Hloe College, Holyoke Mount U. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, of U. U. of Illinois, Urbana, Urbana, Illinois, of U. Bryn Mawr College, PA, College, Mawr Bryn Brown U., Providence, Providence, U., Brown Beloit College, WI, WI, College, Beloit . f h South, the of U.

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Judith L. Goldstein, Goldstein, L. Judith Age Village: An Analysis of Ceramics from Tell el- Tell from Ceramics of Analysis An Village: Age Anthony H. Galt, Galt, H. Anthony Influences and Traditions Black of History NC, Boone, Conway, Cecelia Study E. Case a as Salem New Lincoln's ry: ayt Jordan Hayyat, Judith O. Becker, Becker, O. Judith FL, LiPuma, Edward Life NY, keepsie, oil Perspective Social in Societies Secret Italian South 19th-Century Early oes y oten easac Composers Renaissance Northern by Motets ee PA, lege, Archetypes ukr ad h 1t-etr Lied 19th-Century the and Ruckert WI, WI, Tibet in Synthesis Cultural Magness-Gardiner, S. Bonnie Study Case Parisian and Parisians of Descriptions 19th-Century James E. B. Breslin, Breslin, B. E. James City York New 19th-Century Early and Avant-Garde Aesthetic Musical Illustrated Apocalypse and Its 13th-Century English 13th-Century Its and Apocalypse Illustrated 4 Volume Billings, William of Works Complete Herbert Kellman, Kellman, Herbert Chant Liturgical MA, NY, Hughes, G. David Flushing, College, Queens g, NY, ogy, Mumford, R. Stan Lotto: A Critical, Monographic Study of His Art in Art His Context of Study Monographic Critical, A Lotto: TEACHERS UNIVERSITY and Arts—History Ecuador Zumabagua, of Women the among Class, CA, Angeles, Weismantel, J. Mary NY, um, Wall, diZ. Diana Saunders, R. George Scotland Border in Ceremony Town TX, town, Neville, K. Gwen eit ad eosrcin Bacs ad the and Brancusi Reconstruction: and Rebirth Chave, C. Anna County, Broyles, E. Michael Rothko Mark of Biography A Suzanne E. Lewis, Lewis, E. Suzanne Kroeger, Karl Rufus E. Hallmark, Jr., Jr., Hallmark, E. Rufus Helen Goodman, Goodman, Helen Java of Arts Performing the and Tantrism Charles E. Cohen, Cohen, E. Charles aia Ilmntd aucit fMse and Masses of Manuscript Illuminated Vatican Criticism Culture and Class in Spain: Modern Aldan as a as Aldan Modern Spain: in Class and Culture rtsat etcsaim n ahlc Italy Catholic in Pentecostalism Protestant tl, oain adTasiso i Western in Transmission and Notation, Style, otn n te ogn o n American an of Forging the and Boston h Rdfnto o edr n ae 18th- Late in Gender of Redefinition The Economy and Society in a Middle Bronze Middle a in Society and Economy h At fRs O'Neill Rose of Art The ii Rta i te rtsat World: Protestant the in Ritual Civic African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia: A in Appalachia: Echoes Banjo African oil ye ad oil Knowledge: Social and Types Social doois f edr Rc, and Race, Gender, of Ideologies U. of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, of U. Harvard U., Cambridge, MA, MA, Cambridge, U., Harvard Fashion Institute of Technol­ of Institute Fashion U. of Miami, Coral Gables, Gables, Coral Miami, of U. U. of Wisconsin, Green Bay, Green Wisconsin, of U. . fMcia, n Arbor, Ann Michigan, of U. Muse­ Seaport Street South Stanford U., CA, CA, U., Stanford otwsen . George­ U., Southwestern U. of Illinois, Urbana, Urbana, Illinois, of U. U. of Chicago, IL, IL, Chicago, of U. . fMrln, Baltimore Maryland, of U. we Bir olg, VA, College, Briar Sweet . fClfri, Berkeley, California, of U. Harvard U., Cambridge, Cambridge, U., Harvard Lawrence U., Appleton, Appleton, U., Lawrence Occidental College, Los Los College, Occidental asr olg, Pough­ College, Vassar Appalachian State U., U., State Appalachian

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n Sacp i 1t-etr Aeia Painting American 19th-Century in Seascape and n rcie n h i-6h Century Mid-16th the in Practice and Germany 15th-Century in Music ley, Lovell, M. Margaretta George H. List, List, H. George Arbor, Arbor, William Keith Polk, Polk, Keith tblt n Vrain n oi Song Hopi in Variation and Stability ston, ston, Zanten, Van T. David Theories iletad aln: tla Cmoiinl Theory Compositional Italian Zarlino: and Willaert Rivera, V. Benito James Brydges, Earl of Carnarvon and First Duke of Duke First and Carnarvon of Earl Brydges, James Anthony Vidler, Vidler, Anthony Architecture French tury COLLEGE TEACHERS AND INDEPENDENT INDEPENDENT AND TEACHERS COLLEGE An­ of Music the of Analysis Historical and Critical 1800^48 Regional Elements of Western Greek Architecture of Architecture Greek Western of Elements Regional ua Smoim ad ieay ers n France, in Genres Literary and Cul­ Symbolism, Monuments, tural Historical Romanticism: of ture mont, CA, CA, mont, Jr., Beeks F. Graydon Period Archaic the Barletta, A. Barbara SCHOLARS Webern ton Wason, W. Robert ai Mren, 1588-1648 Mersenne, Marin 1750-1950 Architecture, NY, Campus, Main Cromley, C. Elizabeth Hollywood in Production Film dent Bernstein, H. Matthew Collins, Ben-Zvi, M. Linda Cannons at Chandos, Jennifer C. Post, Post, C. Jennifer sance Rivals His and Friends, His Takashi, Masuda Grossman, G. Elizabeth Design, Providence, Providence, Design, Ewens, E. Thomas Athens, lege, David Indepen­ and Wanger Walter Cooperation: Defiant cnetls Msc rtcs, 1839-49 Criticism, Music scendentalist 1850-1950 England, New Northern Industrialist Japan: Modern Early in Collecting and Work of Philip Johnson Philip of Work and NY, Long, B. William Highways Urban of History A Cars: NY, Brooklyn, Company, Krogius, E. A. Henrik Guth, M. Christine Cret P.Paul Providence, Design, of Education c olg, NY, College, uch Saloman, F. Ora in Rural Community and Family, Traditional Music, Franz Schulze, Schulze, Franz Interpreting a Continent: Landscape, Cityscape, Landscape, Continent: a Interpreting Playhouse Manuscripts in the English Renais­ English the in Manuscripts Playhouse IL, Reaiain f irrhcl Musical Hierarchical of Reexamination A A. A. ua Gapl: ine Playwright Pioneer Glaspell: Susan N. N. The Professional Structure of 19th-Cen­ of Structure Professional The Duncan, Duncan, Suy f h Msc upre by Supported Music the of Study A U. of New Hampshire, Durham, Durham, Hampshire, New of U. Rothstein, Rothstein, Science and Music in the Thought of Thought the in Music and Science Lake Forest College, IL, IL, College, Forest Lake CUNY Res. Fdn./Bernard Bar­ Fdn./Bernard Res. CUNY rneo . NJ, U., Princeton John Sullivan Dwight and Tran- and Dwight Sullivan John Indiana U., Bloomington, Bloomington, U., Indiana AMS Press, Inc., Brooklyn, Brooklyn, Inc., Press, AMS Indiana U., Bloomington, Bloomington, U., Indiana ideuy olg, VT, College, Middlebury oetcSae n American in Space Domestic ense Wsea Col­ Wesleyan Tennessee U. of Florida, Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, of U. . f ohse, NY, Rochester, of U. Independent Scholar, Scholar, Independent Colorado State U., Fort Fort U., State Colorado Rhode Island School of of School Island Rhode icpie n r ad Art and Art in Discipline otwsenU, Evan­ U., Northwestern SUNY Res. Fdn./Buffalo Fdn./Buffalo Res. SUNY ooa olg, Clare­ College, Pomona . fClfri, Berke­ California, of U. The Civic Architecture of Architecture Civic The U. of Michigan, Ann Ann Michigan, of U. National Broadcasting Broadcasting National Independent Scholar, Scholar, Independent Cityways for People People and for Cityways Rhode Island School School Island Rhode

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Catherine P. Smith, U. of Nevada, Reno, A bitions and the French State, 1751-1889 from Florence, Italy History of American Music in Los Angeles, 1918-45 Brian R. Mann, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, Rebecca Runnels, College of the Holy Cross, Wayne A. Vitale, Gamelan Sekar Jaya, NY, Madrigals by Michelangelo Rossi: Edition of Worcester, MA, Education and Rhetoric in Plato Oakland, CA, The Lelambatan Music of Bali, and Commentary on a Manuscript at the University and Isocrates Indonesia of California-Berkeley Mary K. Welch, Colorado College, Colorado Christopher K. Wilson, Middlebury College, Patrick R. McNaughton, Indiana U., Bloom­ Springs, Livy, Machiavelli, and the Impact of His­ VT, The Battlefield and the Bible: Religious Ty­ ington, Art, Entrepreneurship, and History in West torical Writing on the State pologies in the Art of Civil War America Africa Artis Wodehouse, Independent Scholar, Kathy A. Perkins, California Afro-American SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE George Gershwin and the Novelty Ragtime Style Museum, Los Angeles, Behind the Scenes: Non- TEACHERS Performing Black Women Artists in American The­ Eleanor W. Leach, American Academy in HBCU GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS ater Rome, NY, Roman Art in Its Social Context Sean N. Shesgreen, Northern Illinois U., De- Alvia J. Wardlaw, Texas Southern U., Houston, Sarah B. Pomeroy, CUNY Res. Fdn./Grad. Kalb, Purveyors of Popular Art: Depictions of Lon­ Art History School & Univ. Center, NY, The Family in Clas­ don Criers from the 17th Century to the Victorian sical and Hellenistic Greece Age YOUNGER SCHOLARS Larry A. Silver, Northwestern U., Evanston, SUMMER STIPENDS Julie A. Bibb, Columbia U., NY, The Reception IL, Peter Bruegel, Capitalism, and Religion of Francisco Goya in America, 1880-1930 Gil R. Smith, Ball State U., Muncie, IN, Rome's Marilyn B. Arthur, Wesleyan U., Middletown, Stephanie Chidester, Dixie College, St. Accademia di San Luca and Its Influence on Euro­ CT, Female Sexuality in Ancient Greece: A Psycho­ George, UT, Acting Utopia: Prospero's Power on pean Architecture, 1675-1775 analytical and Literary Understanding Stage Timothy J. Standring, Pomona College, Clare­ Thomas M. Falkner, College of Wooster, OH, Leslie K. Gazaway, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY, The mont, CA, Patronage in 17th-Century Rome: The Concepts of Old Age and Aging in Classical Greek Search for Identity in the Films of Wim Wenders Picture Collection of Cassiano dal Pozzo Literature Matthew T. Theeke, Greenhills School, Ann Josephine von Henneberg, Boston College, Christopher A. Faraone, Virginia Polytechnic Arbor, MI, The Vanishing Barns of Salem Town­ Chestnut Hill, MA, Master Drawings by Giorgio Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, Talismans and ship, Michigan: A Study of a Disappearing Way of Vasari and His Circle Trojan Horses: Magical Statues in Early Greek Life John M. Wasson, Washington State U., Culture Ian F. Verstegen, U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Pullman, Records of Early English Drama: West Christopher J. Haas, Villanova U., PA, The Bernard Berenson’s "Tactile Values" Theory Riding of Yorkshire Alexandrian Christian Community in Late Antiq­ Eric F. Witt, U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, The Susan M. White, U. of Arizona, Tucson, The uity: A Social and Economic Portrait Role of Satie's Music in "Parade" Cinema of Max Ophuls: Magisterial Vision and the Christina S. Kraus, New York U., NY, Livy's Figure of Woman Use of the Roman Historiographical Tradition SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE Bell Yung, U. of Pittsburgh, PA, The Role of the Thomas A. J. McGinn, Vanderbilt U., Nash­ TEACHERS Seven-String Zither in the Musical Culture of China ville, TN, Prostitution and the Law: The Formation of Social Policy in Early Imperial Rome Lewis Lockwood, Harvard U., Cambridge, Josiah Ober, Montana State U., Bozeman, MA, The Beethoven String Quartets: History and SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL Interpretation TEACHERS Athenian Critics of Popular Rule Holt N. Parker, U. of Arizona, Tucson, Metro- Stephen Murray, Columbia U., NY, Gothic in Theodore J. Albrecht, Park College, Kansas the Ile-de-France dora's 6th-Century Medical Text: An Edition and City-Parkville, MO, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony: Translation A Historical Perspective SUMMER STIPENDS Robert G. Calkins, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY, The SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL Julia F. Andrews, Ohio State U., Columbus, Gothic Cathedral as a Mirror of Medieval Culture TEACHERS Government Art Policies and the Development of Howard Stein, Columbia U., NY, Masterworks Charles D. Hamilton, San Diego State U., CA, Regional Schools of Painting in China, 1949-79 of American Drama Greek Values in Crisis: Thucydides, Sophocles, and George R. Barth, Stanford U., CA, The Pianist Toby S. Zinman, U. of the Arts, Philadelphia, Plato as Orator: Beethoven's Transformation of the De­ PA, The Plays of Samuel Beckett Hubert M. Martin, Jr., University of Kentucky, clamatory Style Lexington, Plutarch and Athens M. Elizabeth C. Bartlet, Duke U., Durham, James M. May, Saint Olaf College, Northfield, NC, Art and Revolution: The Paris Opera and Its Classics MN, Marcus Tullius Cicero: Orator, Philosopher, Repertory, 1789-95 Politician, Patriot Peter A. Bloom, Smith College, Northampton, UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Marsh H. McCall, Jr., Stanford U„ CA, MA, A Critical Edition of Berlioz's Lelio ou le Retour James J. O'Donnell, U. of PA, Philadelphia, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides: The Performance a la Vie The Confessions of Augustine and Interpretation of Greek Tragedy Julianne Burton, U. of California, Santa Cruz, Pietro Pucci, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY, Greek Mark P. O. Morford, U. of Virginia, Charlottes­ Changing Images and Ideologies of Gender in Latin Tragedy, Epic, and Ritual ville, Tacitus: Historian of the Early Roman Em­ American Film, 1940-90 perors John R. Clarke, U. of Texas, Austin, Social COLLEGE TEACHERS AND INDEPENDENT Gregory Nagy, Harvard U., Cambridge, MA, GRANTS Change, Patronage, and Style in Late Roman Art SCHOLARS Principles of Classical Lyric: A Comparative Ap­ William T. Dargan, Saint Augustine's College, proach Raleigh, NC, C. /. Johnson and the African-Ameri­ James H. Dee, U. of Illinois, Chicago, can Sacred Song Humanitas Romana: The Origins and Development of the Classical and Modern Concepts Patrick M. de Winter, Independent Scholar, Guy M. Rogers, Wellesley College, MA, The French Renaissance Art: A Synthetic History History—Non-U.S. Festival of the Mysteries of Artemis at Ephesos Jerrilynn D. Dodds, Columbia U., NY, The UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Earliest Romanesque Architecture of the Spanish YOUNGER SCHOLARS Christian Kingdoms Peter J. Bakewell, U. of New Mexico, Albu­ Paula M. Higgins, Duke U., Durham, NC, Ryan K. Balot, U. of North Carolina, Chapel querque, A Personal and Political Biography of Don Music in the Loire Valley in the 1460s Hill, Guilt and Justice in Sophocles's Electra and Francisco de Toledo, Fifth Viceroy of Peru, 1569-81 Jeffrey G. Kurtzman, Washington U., St. Euripides's Electra Daniel E. Bornstein, U. of California, San Di­ Louis, MO, Italian Liturgical and Devotional Mu­ Michael R. Booth, Laramie Senior High ego, La Jolla, A Social and Religious History of the sic, 1542-1725: A Catalogue School, WY, Soundplay and Wordplay in Vergil Diocese of Cortona in the 14th and 15th Centuries Malena Kuss, U. of North Texas, Denton, The Stephan A. Fiedler, Robert E. Lee High School, James Brow, U. of Texas, Austin, Images of the Music of Alberto Ginastera (1916-83): Nationalism San Antonio, TX, Heroism in the Aeneid Peasantry in the Construction of Sinhalese Nation­ and Cultural Identity in 20th-Century Music Trista A. Giovanniello, Miss Porter's School, alism Barbara M. Lane, Bryn Mawr College, PA, Farmington, CT, The Evolution of a Hero: The Stanley J. Chojnacki, Michigan State U., East National Romanticism in European Architecture, Greek Hero Theseus and his Influence in the Roman Lansing, Marriage, Social Relations, and Patrician 1880-1914 World Culture in Venice, 1300-1550 Patricia Leighten, U. of Delaware, Newark, Art Joshua A. Himwich, W.T. Woodson High Gregory R. Claeys, Washington U., St. Louis, and Social Radicalism in France, 1900-14 School, Fairfax, VA, Heroes and Heroines of Livy's MO, "William Godwin and the French Revolutionary Charles R. Mack, U. of South Carolina, Colum­ Early History of Rome Debate bia, Spa Architecture in 15th-Century Italy Andrea L. Murschel, Lawrence U., Appleton, Robert O. Collins, U. of California, Santa Bar­ Patricia M. Mainardi, CUNY Res. Fdn./Brook­ WI, De Latina Florentina: A Grammatical and His­ bara, Thunder on the Nile: The Sudan in Conflict, lyn College, NY, The Politics of Display: Art Exhi­ torical Explanation of Selected Latin Inscriptions 1956-86

HUMANITIES 37 Robert O. Crummey, U. of California, Davis, Asheville, The Latitudinarian Moment: Anglican Karen Offen, Stanford U., CA, The Woman The Russian Old Believers: A Cultural History Thought in the Early Enlightenment, 1660-1700 Question in an Age of Revolutions: Europe and Gregory L. Freeze, Brandeis U., Waltham, MA, James C. VanderKam, North Carolina State U., America, 1750-1880 Church, Religion, and Society in Imperial Russia, Raleigh, A History of the Jewish High Priesthood in Robin W. Winks, Yale U., New Haven, CT, The 1750-1914 the Second-Temple Period, 516 B.C. to A.D. 70 1Historian as Detective Alfred M. Gollin, U. of California, Santa Bar­ Neil B. Weissman, Dickinson College, Carlisle, bara, German Air Attacks against Britain, 1914-18 PA, Policing Soviet Russia, 1917-30 SUMMER STIPENDS Gordon L. Kipling, U. of California, Los Ange­ Andrew E. Barshay, U. of Wisconsin, Madison, les, The Medieval Royal Entry: A Civic Festival YOUNGER SCHOLARS The Democratic Enlightenment: Modernism, Marx­ Norma B. Landau, U. of California, Davis, The Elizabeth A. Bloomfield, Western Reserve ism, and Social Science in Postwar Japan, 1945-60 Justices of Metropolitan London in the 18th Century Academy, Hudson, OH, The True Heroine in Marjorie R. Becker, U. of Southern California, Moshe Lewin, U. of Pennsylvania, Philadel­ Chretien de Troyes's "Yvain" Los Angeles, Lazaro Cardenas and the Mexican phia, Russian Society and the State between the Paul H. Bradley, Brookfield Academy, WI, Counter-Revolution: The Struggle over Culture in World Wars Patrick Pearse: Man, Messiah, Martyr Michoacan, 1934—40 Jeffrey W. Merrick, Barnard College, NY, Yvonne Chan, U. of California, Berkeley, The Giovanna Benadusi, U. of South Florida, Tam­ Patriarchalism in Early Modern French Politics Forms and Function of Calligraphy in Classical Japan pa, State Building in the Tuscan Provincial Commu­ Barbara D. Metcalf, U. of California, Davis, Edward M. Gutting, St. Joseph's High School, nity of Poppi, 1440-1700: A Case Study in Rural The Pilgrimage Remembered: South Asian Accounts South Bend, IN, Greeks, Trojans, and Hittites: The Society of the Hajj Scholarly Debate over the Trojan War Philip P. Boucher, U. of Alabama, Huntsville, Jeffrey D. Needell, U. of Florida, Gainesville, Andrew T. Harris, Pomona College, Clare­ European-Carib Relations, 1500-1763: Realities and Social Thought and the Brazilian Historical Imagina­ mont, CA, Public Opinion and Foreign Policy in Images tion, 1830-1940 Great Britain, 1898-1904 Frans Coetzee, Yale U., New Haven, CT, The Kurt A. Raaflaub, Brown U., Providence, RI, David E. Hughes, College of William and Reconstitution of British Conservatism, 1867-1918 The Beginnings of Political Thought in Ancient Mary, Williamsburg, VA, Self and Other: Latin Sheila M. Cooper, Indiana U., Bloomington, Greece American Travel Accounts, 1890-1914 Kinship in Early Modern England Priscilla R. Roosevelt, Catholic U. of America, Sharon L. Huntsman, Castilleja School, Palo Douglas R. Cope, Brown U., Providence, RI, Washington, DC, The Russian Country Estate, Alto, CA, Personalities in a Power Struggle: The The Mexico City Riot of 1692: Fault Lines of a Colo­ 1770-1850: A Social and Cultural History Soviet Union in the 1920s nial Society Richard J. Salvucci, U. of California, Berkeley, Ann E. Jankowski, Fairview High School, Melvin A. Edelstein, William Paterson Col­ Between Iturbide and Diaz: The Mexican Economy, Boulder, CO, Balzac and Stendhal: Contrasting lege, Wayne, NJ, Apprenticeship in Citizenship: 1823-76 Visions of Church and State in the Wake of the French Electoral Participation in the French Revolution Robert A. Schneider, Brandeis U., Waltham, Revolution James A. Epstein, Vanderbilt U., Nashville, MA, Pierre Barthes's 18th Century: Social Drama in E.E. Kronzek, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY, TN, The Constitutionalist Idiom: Radical Reason­ Old Regime Toulouse Persuasion and Propaganda in Early Tudor England ing, Rhetoric, and Action in England, 1790-1850 Barry S. Strauss, Cornell U ., Ithaca, NY, Michael Lovano, Loyola Marymount U., Los William W. Farris, U. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Fathers and Sons and the Crisis of Athenian Ideology Angeles, CA, Was the Spartacan Revolt a Factor in The Evolution of Japan's Warrior Class, 500-1300 Steven C. Topik, U. of California, Irvine, The the Fall of the Roman Republic? Margery A. Ganz, Spelman College, Atlanta, Economic Role of the State in Mexico and Brazil, Sophie Y. Moochhala, Mount Holyoke Col­ GA, Conspiracy as Civic Responsibility in Medicean 1888-1910 lege, South Hadley, MA, British Women Workers Florence: The Plot to Overthrow Piero de'Medici Judith R. Walkowitz, Rutgers U., New and the First World War Mary S. Gibson, CUNY Res. Fdn./John Jay Brunswick, NJ, An Analysis of Social Narratives of FSul W. Petrequin, U. of Oregon, Eugene, May College, NY, Positivist Criminology in Italy, Late Victorian London FA A4 1968, and the Politics of Intellectuals 1880-1935 Kathleen Wilson, Harvard U., Cambridge, Mona Selim, Lawrence High School, Wendy Z. Goldman, Carnegie-Mellon U., MA, Theater, Culture, and Politics in Provincial Cedarhurst, NY, Shakespeare's Henry VI Trilogy: Pittsburgh, PA, Revolution in the Family: Soviet England, 1720-1800 Chronology of Fact or Fiction? Law and Social Change, 1917-36 COLLEGE TEACHERS AND INDEPENDENT Wendy Elizabeth Sellers, Harpeth Hall School, Craig E. Harline, U. of Idaho, Moscow, The SCHOLARS Nashville, TN, Women's Role in the Enlighten­ Bishop and the Catholic Reformation: Mathias ment: Controversial Yet Significant Hovius and Religious Life in the Spanish Nether­ Vladimir N. Brovkin, Oberlin College, OH, Lecia R. Smith, Lowell High School, San Fran­ lands Political Parties and Social Movements in the Rus­ cisco, CA, Ends Versus Means: A Historical Exam­ William A. Hoisington, U. of Illinois, Chicago, sian Civil War ination of the Murder of Ernst vom Rath by Herschel French Imperialism in Morocco, 1912-25: The Role Anton W. DePorte, U.S. Department of State, Grynszpan of Marshall Hubert Lyautey Washington, DC, A History of the Fourth Republic Alexander C. Sweda, U. of Michigan, Ann Frank L. Holt, U. of Houston-U. Park, TX, of France, 1944-58 Arbor, The Digby Mary Magdalene: A History of Ancient Bactria: The History of Hellenism in Central Andrew Ezergailis, Ithaca College, NY, The Medieval Drama Asia Holocaust in Latvia, 1941-45 John D. Teehan, Rhode Island College, Provi­ James H. Jackson, Jr., Point Loma College, San Regis A. Factor, U. of South Florida, St. Pe­ dence, The Descriptive Language of the Sacred and Diego, CA, Migration and Urbanization in the tersburg, Catholic Scholars in Central Europe and Secular Court in the Poetry of the Old English Exeter Ruhr Valley, 1810-1910 the Challenge of Modernity, 1890-1931 Book Ellen E. Kittell, U. of Oregon, Eugene, Legal Bertram M. Gordon, Mills College, Oakland, Jeffrey W. Vanke, Duke U., Durham, NC, The Guardianship over Women in 13th- and 14th-Cen­ CA, The Theory and Practice of the Radical Right in Edict of Nantes: A Reflection of the Interests of Henri tury Flanders Postwar France of Navarre Jeffrey D. Knapp, Harvard U., Cambridge, Chang-tai Hung, Carleton College, Northfield, Joel D. Wine, Columbia U., NY, The History and MA, The Tudor Literary Imagination and the Colo­ MN, Intellectuals, Resistance, and Popular Culture Development of Jewish Militancy: An Examination nization of America in Modern China, 1937-45 of the Philosophy of Vladimir Jabotinsky Thomas J. Kuehn, Clemson U., SC, Illegitimacy Lidwien E. Kapteijns, Wellesley College, MA, Ilyon Woo, Buckingham, Browne & Nichols in Renaissance Florence Women's Roles in Somali Society, 1800-1940 School, Cambridge, MA, The Cold War and Korea Gary L. Lease, U. of California, Santa Cruz, Alfred H. Kelly, Hamilton College, Clinton, Rebecca E. Zorach, Harvard U., Cambridge, Between Judaism and the 20th Century: A Biography NY, Images of the Franco-Prussian War: The Ger­ MA, Damsels in Distress: Women's Roles in 12th- of Hans-Joachim Schoeps (1908-80) man Memory of 1870-71 Century Chivalric Romance John A. Lynn, U. of Illinois, Urbana, Positional Cheryl E. Martin, U. of Texas, El Paso, Popular SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE Warfare and the Growth of Armies, 1495-1715 Attitudes and Ideology in Northern Mexico, TEACHERS 1650-1850 Dennis D. Martin, Associated Mennonite Bib­ Raymond A. Mentzer, Jr., Montana State U., Robert Babcock, Yale U., New Haven, CT, lical Seminaries, Elkhart, IN, The Contemplative Bozeman, The Lacqer Family: Ideology and Surviv­ Paleography and Codicology: Manuscript Books in Life and Social Engagement on the Eve of the Refor­ al in France the Middle Ages and Renaissance mation Jonathan K. Ocko, North Carolina State U., Leonard Barkan, Northwestern U., Evanston, Susan P. McCaffray, U. of North Carolina, Raleigh, Concepts of Justice in Late Imperial China IL, Imitation, Influence, and Inspiration: The Theo­ Wilmington, The Politics of Industrialization in David W. Pankenier, Lehigh U., Bethlehem, ry and Practice of Artistic Relations in the Renais­ Tsarist Russia: The Association of Southern Coal and PA, From Revelation to Revolution: The Mandate of sance Steel Producers, 1874-1914 Heaven in Ancient China Gregory L. Freeze, Brandeis U., Waltham, MA, Robert A. Nye, U. of Oklahoma, Norman, Ellen Ross, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Church and Religion in Imperial Russia Dueling and Male Codes of Honor in Modern Mahwah, Wives and Mothers in Working-Class Richard Herr, U. of California, Berkeley, Group France, 1800-1930 London, 1870-1918 Loyalties: The Conflict Between Individual Hap­ Jane E. Phillips, U. of Kentucky, Lexington, William M. Spellman, U. of North Carolina, piness and General Welfare in Western Societies Erasmus of Rotterdam's Paraphrase on Luke: A

38 MAY/JUNE 1989 Translation and Annotation Public Life in Early America American Urban History: Cities and Neighborhoods Marvin A. Powell, Northern Illinois U., De- Deborah D. Moore, Vassar College, Pough­ Olivier Zunz, U. of Virginia, Charlottesville, Kalb, Agriculture in Sumerian and Akkadian Liter­ keepsie, NY, A History of Jewish Migration and Urban History: Places and Process ature Community in Postwar. Miami and Los Angeles SUMMER STIPENDS David S. Powers, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY, Legal Philip B. Scranton, Rutgers U., Camden, NJ, Documents from 14th- and 15th-Century Spain and Endless Novelty: Flexible Production and American Doris E. Andrews, California State U., Hay­ North Africa: A Study of al-Wansharisi's Kitab al- Industrialization ward Foundation, Religion and Revolution: The Mi'yar Reed Ueda, Tufts U., Medford, MA, The Asian Rise of the Methodists in America Robert J. Smith, SUNY Res. Fdn./College at Immigrant in American History: A Comparison of Michael A. Bellesiles, Emory U., Atlanta, GA, Brockport, NY, Bouchayer-Viallet, a Metal-Work- Asian Ethnic Groups, 1850 to 1980 The Economic Development of the Colonial Frontier, ing Firm of Grenoble, 1870-1972 Roy T. Wortman, Kenyon College, Gambier, 1740-1830 Judith E. Tucker, Georgetown U., Washington, OH, Populism's Stepchildren: A History of the Na­ Michael A. Bernstein, U. of California, San DC, A History of the Arab Family, 1700-1900 tional Farmers Union from the New Deal to the Great Diego, La Jolla, American Economics in the Ameri­ R. Bin Wong, U. of California, Irvine, Society can Century: The State and Modern Economic Commerce in the Qing Dynasty: Grain Prices and Thought Food Supplies in the Provinces of Hunan and Hubei YOUNGER SCHOLARS Daniel W. Bjork, Mercy College of Detroit, MI, B. F. Skinner■; A Biography Lori L. Bogle, Missouri Southern State College, SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL Casey N. Blake, Indiana U., Bloomington, IN, Joplin, Desegregation in a Border State Town: Im­ TEACHERS Liberalism and Social Hope: Walter Rauschenbusch, plementing the Brown versus Board of Education James Rorty, and Richard Rorty Theodore M. Andersson, Stanford U., CA, Decision in Joplin, Missouri James M. Clifton, Southeastern Community Germanic Epic: Beowulf, Nibelungenlied, and Bruce E. Boyden, U. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, College, Whiteville, NC, The Rice Kingdom, Ljosvetninga Saga The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral: An Examination of 1680 to the Present William R. Cook, SUNY/College at Geneseo, the Historical Context Paul J. Croce, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, NY, The 13th-Century "Lives" of St. Francis of Dominic S. Carreira, Northridge Preparatory The Intellectual Maturation of William James Assisi School, Des Plaines, IL, Columbus versus His Carol Devens, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, David R. Costello, Canisius College, Buffalo, "Flat-Earth" Critics: A Myth for American School­ Female Missionaries and Their Encounter with NY, Camus, Koestler, Orwell, and Silone: The children Lakota (Sioux) Women Quest for a Democratic Humanism in 20th-Century Andrew W. Cohen, Columbia U., NY, Racial Lisa E. Emmerich, Kenyon College, Gambier, Europe Segmentation in the Washington, D.C., Home Rule OH, A Clash of Cultures: The Office of Indian Charles M. Edmondson, Rollins College, Movement Affairs "Save the Babies" Campaign, 1912-16 Winter Park, FL, The Russian Revolution in Christopher H. Edmonston, Episcopal High Marc S. Gallicchio, Northeast Missouri State Memoir Histories School, Baton Rouge, LA, The Populist Huey U., Kirksville, Mid-Level American Military Offi­ Felix K. Ekechi, Kent State U., OH, African Long: Hero and Antihero cers and the Formulation of American Policy in East Culture and European Encounter Donald S. Goggans, Emory U., Atlanta, GA, Asia, 1945-55 Felix K. Ekechi, Kent State U. Main Campus, The White Response to Civil Rights Protest in Savan­ James M. Gallman, Loyola College, Baltimore, OH, African Culture and European Encounter: nah, Georgia, 1960-64 MD, Receiving Erin's Children: Irish Immigrants in Achele, Kenyatta, Blyden, and Hayford Silvia Groner, Richland Northeast High Philadelphia and Liverpool Sylvia Huot, Northern Illinois U., DeKalb, School, Columbia, SC, German and Swiss Influ­ Danney G. Goble, Tulsa Junior College, OK, Women in the Middle Ages: Literary and Historical ences in the Midlands of South Carolina, 1820-60 The "Historic and Fabulous" 89th Congress Perspectives Karen P. Idra, Forest Hills High School, NY, Sally F. Griffith, Villanova U., PA, The Booster William A. Stephany, U. of Vermont, Bur­ Abraham Lincoln: The Forgotten Whig Ethos in American Culture: 18th-Century Founda­ lington, Dante's Divine Comedy Charles E. King, U. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, tions U.S. Portuguese-Angolan Relations, 1974—75: In­ Elizabeth A. Jameson, U. of Wisconsin, La History—U.S. terests Created or Discovered? Crosse, Working-Class Politics and Culture in the Pehr S. Luedtke, Polytechnic School, Pasade­ Cripple Creek District: A Synthesis of Social and na, CA, George Donner: The Making of a Legend UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Political History Sarah K. McDermott, Hamilton College, Clin­ Joan M. Jensen, New Mexico State U., Las Gary C. Anderson, Texas A&M U. Main Cam­ ton, NY, The Congressional-Executive Conflict: Cruces, Women on the Wisconsin Frontier, pus, College Station, An Ethnohistorical Study of Roosevelt, the Dies Committee and the Federal Loy­ 1850-1920 American Indian-Hispanic-Anglo Relations in Texas alty Program, 1938-41 William H. Kenney, Kent State U., OH, City and the New Southwest Michael D. Muzzie, Windber Area High Culture and Chicago Jazz: The Cabaret, 1915-30 Paul H. Avrich, CUNY Res. Fdn./Queens Col­ School, PA, The Role of the Jesuits in the French Jack T. Kirby, Miami U., Oxford, OH, Rural Life lege, Flushing, NY, A Reappraisal of the Sacco and Habitation of the Eastern Ohio River Valley and Labor in the James River-Albermarle Sound Re­ Vanzetti Case Caroline J. Parente, U. of Scranton, PA, The gion, 1600-1960 Richard R. Beeman, U. of PA, Philadelphia, Politics of the Cult of Columbus in Eastern Pennsyl­ Brian M. Linn, Old Dominion U., Norfolk, VA, The Evolution of American Political Culture, vania, 1876-1970 The U.S. Army in Asia: Military Thought and Anti- 1789-1801 Travis T. Pearce, Cyprus High School, Magna, Colonial Resistance in the Philippines, 1902-17 Gerald N. Grob, Rutgers U., New Brunswick, UT, Steel, Ideology, and the Economic Order in George T. Mcjimsey, Iowa State U., Ames, The GRANTS NJ, A History of Mental Health Policy in the United Utah, 1942-88 Life of Sam Rayburn States, 1940-70 Marc N. Roston, Carnegie-Mellon U., Pitts­ Robyn L. 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HUMANITIES 39 GRANTS 40 40 rm h Iein Peninsula Iberian the from NVRIY TEACHERS UNIVERSITY nr o mrc, NY, America, of inary Carlson, Maria Interdisciplinary mrcn ieay Study Literary American France Medieval in Women of Images Gravdal, Louise Kathryn Gampel, R. Benjamin and Occultism les, les, of Ideologization New the and Pragmatism Critical Gunn, B. Giles Phillip Phillip tor Commenta­ Historian, Diplomat, F.George Kennan: Neu, E. Charles 0h Century 20th Jacoby, M. Sanford oit, lvr, n Cvl War Civil and Slavery, Society, Peter el, el, Kaplan, B. Steven 1930-60 Technology, Pasadena, Pasadena, Technology, Hill, el Rhoden, K. Nancy History, Mask: Initiation Horned Senegambian The Janice H. Harris, Harris, H. Janice Robert Robert Evolution and Symbolism, y n od: h Calneo h Vsa ei to Media Visual the of Challenge The Words: in ry ore 1900-14 course, ar, Communities Healing Faye M. Getz, Getz, M. Faye ee NY, lege, Beckson, Karl Continuum the of Problem the to Solution Leibniz's Arthur, T. Richard SCHOLARS INDEPENDENT AND TEACHERS COLLEGE 1792-1832 World, His and Morocco of DC, Washington, Schroeter, J. 1918-88 Daniel Estate, Luhan Dodge Mabel the of History Rudnick, P. Lois Past the of Idea Our Long Beach Foundation, Mythology Foundation, american Beach Long Peter T. Markman, Markman, T. Peter Israel, Beersheva, Negev, Liberies, S. Robert Dis­ Feminist Edwardian of Study A Debate: Great Robert A. Hamburger, Jr., Jr., Hamburger, A. Robert the and Empiricism, Physic, England: Medieval in 1890s MAY/JUNE1989 Julie P. Winch, Winch, P. Julie Tolson, J. John 1830-1986 in Niger, Family Songhay A Sahel: the of 1914^41 Ideal, of New a Emergence The Woman: can Sacks, L. Howard of Creation The Gender- a Capital: Labor,Gender,and Roberta H. Markman, Markman, H. Roberta Mythology Mesoamerican in Themes History Jewish of Study VA, Tanner, H. Helen Stoller, A. Paul OH, College, Walters mond Simmons, C. Frontier Christina Northern the on Whites and Blacks OH, Britain 19th-Century in Force Labor Segregated Rose, O. Sonya rfl fa lc edr ae Fre, 1766-1842 Forten, James Leader: Black a of Profile Southwest American the in Frontier River Red the on People Caddo the of tory Hsoy fte ea sal Flsa utl the until (Falasha) Israel Beta the of History A The Life and Work of Charles Erskine Scott Wood Scott Erskine Charles Work of and Life The aaes n Wres n ouin Firms, Nonunion in Workers and Managers Borpy f akr Percy Walker of Biography A Way Up North in Dixie: A Study of Music by Music of Study A Dixie: in North Up Way A. A. A. A. Ciiu o ea Bioethics Legal of Critique A S. S. Mark, Mark, Clua Hsoy f odn n the in London of History Cultural A Paludan, Paludan, Rosenstone, Rosenstone, Fin-de-Siecle Fin-de-Siecle CUNY Res. Fdn./Brooklyn Col­ Fdn./Brooklyn Res. CUNY elynU, ideon CT, Middletown, U., Wesleyan U. of California, Santa Barbara, Barbara, Santa of California, U. Independent Scholar, Scholar, Independent Colby College, Waterville, ME, Waterville, College, Colby etCetrU, PA, U., Chester West U. of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, of U. Wilson Quarterly, Arlington, Arlington, Quarterly, Wilson U. of Wyoming, Laramie, Laramie, Wyoming, of U. U. of MA, Boston, Boston, MA, of U. U. of Kansas, Lawrence, Lawrence, Kansas, of U. Meir Macnin: The “Court Jew" “Court The Macnin: Meir Brown U., Providence, RI, RI, Providence, U., Brown Independent Scholar, Scholar, Independent Hebrew U., Jerusalem, Isra­ Jerusalem, U., Hebrew U. of North Carolina, Chap­ Carolina, of North U. U. of California, Los Ange­ Los California, of U. eyn olg, Gambiei^" College, Kenyon U. of Kansas, Lawrence, Lawrence, Kansas, of U. ideuy olg, VT, College, Middlebury George Washington U., U., Washington George Jewish Theological Sem­ Theological Jewish Fullerton College, CA, CA, College, Fullerton Ben Gurion U. of the the of U. Gurion Ben The Expulsion of the Jews the of Expulsion The itr nIae, Histo­ Images, in History

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HBCU GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS GRADUATE HBCU icism LA, Rouge, Baton College, Johnson, W. Eloise GA, ta, History Alsept, E. Paula SCHOLARS YOUNGER GA, ta, Maclachlan, E. Gretchen Carey, A. Stephen geles, CA, CA, geles, Arens, of B. Bosmi Philosophy the on Debate A Braudel: Fernand Mark E. Byington, Byington, E. Mark Interdisciplinary Dependency in Neo-Gothic Archi­ Neo-Gothic in Dependency Interdisciplinary Buffamanti, V. Suzanne California Southern n srnmr Jh A Brashear A. Crafter John Lens Astronomer: Century and the of Turn a of Meditations Caplan, Tyana mana sonville, Novel Gothic the and tecture a Discourse cal Neurologi­ the within Work Early His Foundations: Chachkin, L. Myra Mi- of Town Walled Ancient the of Significance the oes yAiaa o Fall Sow Aminata by Novels Heidi M. Creamer, Creamer, M. Heidi Century 19th the in lege MA, Chase, P. Lisa Jordan Jordan Urbanization American in Two to Periods Responses MA, Genesis and Sumer of ology DC, ton, Contemporary Senegal: Women's Balance of Women'sinof Power Balance Senegal: Contemporary Melissa B. Hall, Hall, B. Melissa Rachel Eisendrath, Eisendrath, Rachel aa neo' Work Angelou's Maya FL, Tampa, Reform WI, School, Hero? Richard American An Columbus: Christopher Kempton, B. Kip in America Experiments Communal and Wilderness Martin Luther King, Jr., as Heroes, Using a Univer­ a Using Heroes, as Jr., King, Luther Martin h Sca Rl o te ahlc hrh n Mexico in Church Metzger, Catholic O. Nzinga the of Role Social The Mattiace, L. Shannan Identity Victor in Architecture and Art in Changes the on Influence CA, Jose, San Christina H. Morrey, Morrey, H. Christina er F Obr' Tere o ua Evolution Human of Theories Osborn's F. Henry Heroism of Definition sal Gresham, OR, OR, Gresham, LA, Orleans, Olella A. Nyiendo, Nyiendo, A. Olella Mid-1800's the Jennifer K. Sun, Sun, K. Jennifer Jonathan L. Schwarz, Schwarz, L. Jonathan Communities WI, Rodefeld, C. Nels Ogilvie, Wendell Brian Jennifer L. Tiedeman, Tiedeman, L. Jennifer Alexander P. Shashko, Shashko, P. Alexander LA, Natchitoches, & Arts, Sci., 1300-1500 Sunil K. Saluja, Saluja, K. Sunil s Ntoa Smo i te epes eulc of Republic People's the in Symbol National a as ulm World Muslim China NY, Cedarhurst, WI, School, Louisiana South on Impact Their and nities h Meia Rsos t Ifciu Disease, Infectious to Response edical M The per School, NC, NC, School, per ehooy Is fet n amr ad Their and Farmers on Effect Its Technology: itr fLnsae eina mt Col­ Smith at Design Landscape of History A ae Fnmr Coe ad at Whitman: Walt and Cooper Fenimore James J. J. S. S. rs n Humanities and Arts mrcn Studies American Narcisse, III, III, Narcisse, The Role of Women in the Creation Myth­ Creation the in Women of Role The nin Jpns-oen eain and Relations Japanese-Korean Ancient C. C. Kemper, Kemper, The Contemporary Mural Movement in Movement Mural Contemporary The uhr n Caatr: eos in Heroism Characters: and Author Kopitzke, Kopitzke, lxs e oqeil i America in Tocqueville de Alexis rnic Gy: ins t Social to Witness Goya: Francisco The Modern Black Hero's Quest for Quest Hero's Black Modern The An Assessment of Malcolm X and X Malcolm of Assessment An Harvard U., Cambridge, MA, MA, Cambridge, U., Harvard h Sii o Cag: Napoleon's Change: of Spirit The mt Clee Northampton, College, Smith Fairfax High School, Los An­ Los School, High Fairfax OR, Portland, College, Reed The Re-Emergence of Yat-sen Sun of Re-Emergence The Emmanuel College, Boston, Boston, College, Emmanuel U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Arbor, Ann Michigan, of U. Monona Grove High School, School, High Grove Monona oeos Clee Atlan­ College, Morehouse h Sau o Wmn n the in Women of Status The Lewiston High School, ME, ME, School, High Lewiston The Field School, Washing­ School, Field The Arizona State U., Tempe, Tempe, U., State Arizona . f ot Foia Jack­ Florida, North of U. Chamberlain High School, School, High Chamberlain U. of Chicago, IL, IL, Chicago, of U. Sam Barlow High School, School, High Barlow Sam Lawrence High School, School, High Lawrence Southern U. and A&M A&M and U. Southern mes Clee MA, College, Amherst Central U. of Iowa, Pella, Pella, Iowa, of U. Central Louisiana Sch. for Math, Math, for Sch. Louisiana Jesuit High School, New New School, High Jesuit Blackford Blackford Durham Academy Up­ Academy Durham Monona Grove High High Grove Monona lr olg, Atlan­ College, Clark . f ohse, NY, Rochester, of U.

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' Old Westbury, NY, ' Westbury, Old SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS COLLEGE FOR SEMINARS SUMMER mrcn nin ieaue: rl n Written and Oral Literatures: Indian American to Approaches Afghanistan: to Route Silk the From Naby, Contexts N. Eden Cultural and Historical in Biology ers, 1920-70: A Collection of Heroes and Heroines and Heroes of Collection A 1920-70: ers, Turner, K. William & State Univ., Blacksburg, Blacksburg, Univ., State & Burian, M. Richard Mary E. Warren, Warren, E. Mary NC, Salem, Winston H.S., A. LaVonne B. Ruoff, Ruoff, B. LaVonne A. Asia Central of Study the ln ad h Uie States United the and gland oprsn fIes n h Ntr ad iis of Anita Limits England and 17th-Century Nature in the Change on Ideas of Comparison IL, IL, mrcn nin ad h mrcn Revolution American the and Indians American En­ in Organization Social and Function Rhetorical in Possession Bargen, G. Doris STIPENDS SUMMER Baruch College, NY, College, Baruch Bazerman, Charles Middle Class: The Idea of the Family Home Family the of Idea The Class: Middle UT, rtns fRihl Niebuhr Reinhold of Writings James A. Gross, Gross, A. James Croce, J. Ann Clark, D. Gregory Calloway, G. Colin Approaches to Insanity: Frieda Fromm-Reichmann's Frieda Insanity: to Approaches of Making The 1947-74 Policy, Board: Labor American Relations Labor National MA, MA, Flower, Dean Arbor, DeWoskin, J. Kenneth American 19th-Century the and Sentimentalism America Early in Narratives Travel tion: VA, Johnston, A. Patricia Debate the in Role MA, Hadley, South Canada, Halpern, Baruch Life American of Moralists and ics bridge, MA, MA, bridge, TEACHERS NY, Mobley, E. Marilyn Barcelona Modern in Sarasota, McDonogh, W. Gary Langley, D. Lester Photography Commercial Steichen's Edward Hornstein, A. Gail Judah B.C. tury Everett T. Mendelsohn, Mendelsohn, T. Everett Frazier, Holocaust the of Literature M. Allie SCHOOL FOR SEMINARS SUMMER Tradi­ Pre-Literate Autobiography: American Native Wong, D. Humor National Hertha the on Ethnics and Immigrants PA, Mark B. Winokur, Winokur, B. Study Mark Critical Literary A 1692-Present: o, NY, ton, Rosenthal, Bernard Origins Its of Study NY, search, Proctor, N. Robert Paquette, L. Robert rison's rgn f Species of Origin 1945 since Mexico and States United in ad otmoay Innovations Contemporary and tions oiia Ato ad hita Ehc i the in Ethics Christian and Action Political h Reoia Fnto o artv Descrip­ Narrative of Function Rhetorical The mrcn agtr Te osiuie fet of Effect Constitutive The Laughter: American Voice, Community, and Dialogue in Toni Mor­ in Dialogue and Community, Voice, The Great Louisiana Slave Revolt of 1811 of Revolt Slave Louisiana Great The Vladimir Nabokov and Alfred Hitchcock: Crit­ Hitchcock: Alfred and Nabokov Vladimir Song of Solomon Solomon of Song S. S. h Msc utr o al China Early of Culture Music The Yarbery, The Sociology of Monotheism in 7th-Cen- in Monotheism of Sociology The Cultural Discourse and Urban Planning Urban and Discourse Cultural h Slm ic Til Mythologized, Trials Witch Salem The The Tale of Genji Genji of Tale The h Iel f VleFe Sine: A Science": "Value-Free of Ideal The et n Cnet Cals Darwin's Charles Context: and Text U. of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, of U. Smith College, Northampton, Northampton, College, Smith York U., North York, Ontario, Ontario, York, North York U., Stetson U ., DeLand, FL, FL, DeLand, ., U Stetson Northwestern U., Evanston, Evanston, U., Northwestern onl U, taa NY, Ithaca, U., Cornell UY e. d.Clee at Fdn./College Res. SUNY Independent Scholar, Scholar, Independent Anne Conway and John Ray: A Ray: John and Conway Anne Dickinson College, Carlisle, Carlisle, College, Dickinson George Washington Carver Washington George California State U., Chico, Chico, U., State California Brigham Young U., Provo, Provo, U., Young Brigham Hamilton College, Clinton, Clinton, College, Hamilton e Sho fr oil Re­ Social for School New SUNY Res. Fdn./Bingham­ Res. SUNY Somatic Versus Psychological CUNY Res. Fdn./Bernard Fdn./Bernard Res. CUNY U. of Wyoming, Laramie, Laramie, Wyoming, of U. Who Talked about Electricity: Talked about Who George Mason U., Fairfax, Fairfax, U., Mason George Virginia Polytechnic Inst. Inst. Polytechnic Virginia Mount Holyoke College, College, Holyoke Mount Salem State College, MA, MA, College, State Salem U. of Georgia, Athens, Athens, Georgia, of U. Hollins College, VA, VA, College, Hollins U. of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, of U. U. of South Florida, Florida, South of U.

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Ruth Anna Putnam, Wellesley College, MA, Georges May, Yale U., New Haven, CT, The Depth Psychologies in Hebrew Literature and Ralph Waldo Emerson and William James: Represen­ Imaginary Voyage in 18th-Century French Fiction Culture tative Americans John Felstiner, Stanford U., CA, Translating Arthur Zilversmit, Lake Forest College, IL, SUMMER STIPENDS Paul Celan: The Strain of Jewishness American History IAmerican Autobiography Jan Fergus, Lehigh U., Bethlehem, PA, The William G. Boltz, U. of Washington, Seattle, Audience for New Forms of Prose Fiction in 18th- Reading the Past: Ancient Chinese Writing and In­ Century Provincial England scriptions David T. Gies, U. of Virginia, Charlottesville, Jurisprudence Lawrence K. Carpenter, U. of North Florida, A History of the 19th-Century Spanish Theater Jacksonville, Creation Cycle Myths in Lowland UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Nancy E. 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Mosser, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & 1850-1930 State Univ., Blacksburg, The Alpha Manuscripts tion, 1660-1730 of The Canterbury Tales Jacqueline V. Brogan, U. of Notre Dame, IN, Political Contexts of Modern American Poetry: COLLEGE TEACHERS AND INDEPENDENT HBCU GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS Bishop, Stevens, and Williams SCHOLARS Margaret R. Brose, U. of California, Santa Joseph E. Abraham, Southern U. and A&M Edna Aizenberg, Marymount Manhattan Col­ Cruz, History, Memory, and the Poetic Imagination College, Baton Rouge, LA, Applied Linguistics lege, NY, Themes in Third-World Literature: A in Italian Romanticism Comparison of Latin-American and African Novels YOUNGER SCHOLARS Frederick E. Brown, SUNY Res. Fdn./Stony Robert H. Bell, Williams College, Wil- Brook Main Campus, NY, A Critical Biography of liamstown, MA, The Comic and the Serious in Patricia W. 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HUMANITIES 41 GRANTS 42 42 Joyce O. Lowrie, Wesleyan U., Middletown, Middletown, U., Wesleyan Lowrie, O. Joyce Testimonies caust arne . agr Smos olg, Bos­ College, Simmons Langer, L. Lawrence and Romantic Literary Ambition Literary Romantic and ature Fiction French n oe' Cohn: tak gis te Theater, the Against MA, Attacks Clothing: Women's College, in Wellesley Levine, E. Laura ton, MA, MA, ton, John C. O'Neal, Hamilton College, Clinton, Clinton, College, Hamilton O'Neal, C. John ee T Mrh, ilas olg, Wil­ College, Williams MA, Murphy, liamstown, T. Peter NJ, Camden, U., Rutgers McColley, K. Diane CT, 1579-1642 brary, Washington, DC, DC, Washington, brary, NY, Waterville, College, Colby ME, Nutting, W. Peter od ad ui i 1t-etr Egih Liter­ English 17th-Century in Music and Words n Psclna Literature Postcolonial and MA, MA, MA, MA, Impact of Empire on Consciousness and Literature in Literature and Consciousness on Empire of Impact mrcn Culture American CA, Francisco, San of U. Robertson, Duncan Nicolson, and NY, Weidenfeld Polizzotti, A. Mark MA, Medford, U., Tufts Pollina, J. Vincent Li­ Shakespeare Folger Orlin, Cowen Lena Enlightenment French the in thetics dies Come­ Moliere's in Spoil-Sport as Character Female oan D Llne Lfyte olg, Eas­ College, PA, Lafayette ton, Lalande, orth­ D. N Roxanne College, Smith MA, Gorra, ampton, E. 1127-1279 ichael M Period, Song Southern the of Poetry Northampton, College, Smith Fong, S. Grace Ruth S. El Saffar, U. of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, of U. Saffar, El S. Ruth France 19th-Century Williamstown, College, Williams Dunn, Susan icn B Ser, ilnv U, PA, U., Villanova Sherry, B. Vincent Britain Century Tech­ Cambridge, of nology, Institute Massachusetts Ritvo, Harriet NJ, Camden, U., Rutgers Reynolds, S. French David 12th-Century The Lives Saints' Spirituality: Literary Troubadours the of Art Melodic and Verbal Renaissance English the in Tragedy h Saih odn Age Golden Spanish the ONE SCHOLARS YOUNGER Clare­ College, Pomona Eld, Young, T. George of Howard House Printing the of Vermillion, Practices Dakota, South of U. Weiss, Adrian tpe J Tif, ilas olg, Wil­ College, Williams ifft, T MA, liamstown, J. of Stephen Modernism Radical The Politics: and Speech, Times: His in Whitman Walt NE, NE, Madison, Wisconsin, Women of of Role the U. of Vision Fern's Fanny Bloedel, L. NY, Kari Rochester, of. U. Aponte, Lionel Wayne PA, U., Lincoln Nigro, A. Marie FELLOWSHIPS GRADUATE HBCU 1930-46 CA, mont, 1603-09 Crisis Political in Comedy of tique Jones David and Pound, Ezra Lewis, Wyndham Grace A. Carle, Brighton High School, Salt Salt School, High Brighton UT, City, Lake Carle, A. Grace LA, Orleans, New of U. Cao, P. Nghia Tallahas­ U., M see, & A Florida Thomas, Leesther mnaJ Cabuh Od il ih School, High Mill Old Claybaugh, J. Amanda Works His School, High East Lincoln Cheng, L. Patricia Douglass Frederick of Sensibility Literary The o adhp n h Wiig o il Gather Willa of Writings the in Hardship to odwrh Sca ad oiia Reformer Political and Social Wordsworth: MAY/JUNE1989 h irr n h Tx: hatc tutrs in Structures Chiastic Text: the in Mirror The Theories of Sensation, Epistemology, and Aes­ and Epistemology, Sensation, of Theories Borpy fAde Breton Andre of Biography A lw Fgrs n h Wiig fFaz Kafka Franz of Writing the in Figures Clown Vonnegut as Rationalist: Myths and Order in Order and Myths Rationalist: as Vonnegut Pity and Politics: Interpretations of Regicide in Regicide of Interpretations Politics: and Pity oit, oiis adAshtc i Cia Cl China: in Aesthetics and Politics, Society, rts Literature British The Ruins of Memory: Interpreting Holo­ Interpreting of Memory: Ruins The nrdr i te ice f h Pa: The Play: the of Circle the in Intruders T.S. Eliot and Modern Hispanic Poetry, Hispanic Modern and Eliot T.S. After Empire: Contemporary British Contemporary Empire: After Personal Development as a Response as Development Personal Selling Romanticism: Popularity Romanticism: Selling lyn Hsoy as: h Cri­ The False: History Playing aoois fLf i 19th- in Life of Taxonomies

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Millersville, MD, MD, Millersville, lottesville, lottesville, Hero bor, Faulkner MA, MA, ahrn Drein U o Vrii, Char­ Virginia, of U. Derderian, Katharine School, High East Rich IL, Forest, Park Dehnert, R. Amanda Stage Ar­ Ann Michigan, of William U. of Conrad, Work A. Kathryn the in Decline Once": Brave DePere, WI, WI, DePere, otmoayAmna-mrcn Poets Three Armenian-American and Tekeyan Contemporary Vahan of Poetry The Genocide: oe ad Fielding and Pope, Marguerite Liao, Hunter College High School, High NY, College Hunter Liao, Marguerite Conrad and Browning of Reading Poughkeep­ College, Vassar Lehrer, C. David Cambridge, U., Harvard Farber, H. Lianna Shaw to Shakespeare MA, From School, Cleopatra: High School, Lexington Duncan, E. High Anne Hills Writings roll's Forest NY, Queens, Doran, Susan ns Novels en's TwoWom­ in Narrative and Self Writing: Rewriting MA, Cambridge, U., Harvard Love, K. Heather Napoleon as a Role Model in Dostoevsky and Balzac and Dostoevsky in Model Role a as Napoleon Lynette D. Hovelson, South Puget Sound Sound Puget South Hovelson, D. MA, Lynette College, Wellesley Hickson, J. Dorothy College, Norbert Saint Hartford, T. Michael Poems rative Campus, Main U. State OH, Kent Hart, L. George Dryden, in Study A Poetics: 18th-Century Early i, NY, sie, Bernadette E. May, Tappan Zee High School, NY, School, High Zee Orangeburg, Tappan May, E. Bernadette Propriety of Terms Jendi B. Reiter, St. Ann's School, Brooklyn, Brooklyn, School, Ann's St. Reiter, B. Jendi School, High NY, Nottingham Syracuse, McKay, A. David Williams­ MA, College, town, Williams McGee, T. PA, Daniel College, Swarthmore McClure, M. Ellen text Brian R. Howe, Don Bosco Prep School, School, Prep Bosco Don NJ, Howe, Ramsey, R. Brian Lear King in Cursing and Patriarchy Increase": of "Organs WA, the Olympia, College, Community Fiction Utopian in Equality of Visions Kerouac Jack on ture MD, MD, Berkeley, California, of U. Jackson, S. Tamara MN, School, High Brainerd Jackson, N. Laura Molly A. Robb, Saint Vincent College, La- La- Opera College, Sailor's Vincent The Saint PA, Robb, trobe, A. Molly Analysis NY, Poetry Herbert's George College, IL, Christian Heights, Trinity Palos Nimmer, A. Kathy Study Comparative A Juan: Don of Literature Dramatic the Beckett Samuel Con­ Historical and Philosophical a in Hell Viewsof Maria P. Laughlin, Evergreen High School, Truth School, with High Struggle Evergreen WA, Seattle, Laughlin, P. Maria Flannery of O'Connor Writings the in Biblical CT, the and Haven, Gothic New U., Yale Kreilkamp, Ivan Steinbeck School, in High Park Severna and Kishan, Sandeep Browning Barrett Rossetti Christina Elizabeth Poets: Women Victorian Two City, of Major Iowa Attitudes Social Iowa, the of of Study U. Jacobson, A. Carolyn in the Dynamics Social and Roles Gender Victim Social a as Twist Oliver hitn M Set, . f ohse, NY, Rochester, of U. Sheets, M. Christine The Myth of the Revolution on the Modern Irish the Modern on of Revolution the The Myth Jane Austen's Concept of the Heroine Defined in Defined the Heroine of Concept Austen's Jane .. lo' "or ures: Nonacademic A Quartets": "Four Eliot's T.S. The Lyric Intrusions in Robinson Jeffers's Nar­ Jeffers's Robinson in Intrusions Lyric The axs n mrcn omns Elements Communist American and Marxist h Bre o te at n etrto and Restoration in Past the of Burden The The Act of Interpretation: A Hermeneutic A Interpretation: of Act The Perspectives on Armenian Ethnicity and Ethnicity Armenian on Perspectives Ciia Eiin fToa Rhodes's Thomas of Edition Critical A medd artv i te ly of Plays the in Narrative Embedded h Efcs fFec-aain Cul­ French-Canadian of Effects The h Eouin fte eoc Ideal Heroic the of Evolution The leHrie fEiaeh akl: A Gaskell: Elizabeth of Heroines Tlie h Ue fLnug i Lws Car­ Lewis in Language of Use The The Changing Role of the Servant in Servant the of Role Changing The Sartre and the Existentialist tragic Existentialist the and Sartre Plain Speech and Symbolism in Symbolism and Speech Plain Bod hc ws od and Good was which "Blood at ad ate Personal Sartre: and Dante

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■Sarah L. Stein, South Eugene High School, School, High Eugene South Stein, L. ■Sarah artv a a ol o Hsoia Epoain of Exploration Historical for Tool a as Narrative Rock, AR, AR, Rock, Jennifer L. Sundick, Kalamazoo Central High High Central Kalamazoo Sundick, L. Jennifer Jeffrey J. Tsai, Pittsford Mendon High School, School, High Mendon Pittsford Tsai, J. Jeffrey Scott E. Standridge, Mills High School, Little Little School, High Mills Standridge, E. Scott Wordsworth's Crime and Punishment, The Stranger, Stranger, The Punishment, and Crime MI, School, Conflict OR, and Chinese Literature as Reflections of Social Values Social of Reflections as Literature Chinese and NY, Blood Cold Pamela K. Walter, Churchill High School, School, Marriage High on spective Churchill Walter, K. Pamela So. of U. Sarasota, the of Florida, College New Volkman, Karen Rio Rico, Puerto of U. Piedras, Vazquez, A. Miguel aeR Zne, . fClfri, at Barba­ Santa California, of U. Zunkel, R. Jane Poetry Berryman's John Woolf Virginia and Lawrence D.H. of FL, Tampa, Preparatory College The Wright, S. Elizabeth NY, Rochester, of U. Wilson, M. Lisa MI, Livonia, Bulgakov's of Case The Persian the Hardy: Major Themes and Adaptations of the Lyric the of Adaptations and Themes Major Hardy: Char­ Virginia, of U. lottesville, Yasinski, A. Nicholas School, Preparatory Berkeley Wyly, F. Susan Auden W.H. of Poetry CA, Oakland, School, Poem ra, Age Jazz the of Women John J. Allen, U. of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, of U. Allen, J. John Circles His and Jerome C. Christensen, Johns Hopkins U., Bal­ U., Hopkins Johns Christensen, C. Jerome TEACHERS ail . lrgt U o ohse, NY, Rochester, of U. Albright, F. Daniel COLLEGE FOR SEMINARS SUMMER John Miles Foley, U. of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, of U. Foley, Miles John White and Black in Portraits Literature: American Byron and James A. W. Heffernan, Dartmouth College, College, Dartmouth Heffernan, W. A. James odn Age Golden speare ley, Reading Interpretive and Theoretical History: Lawrence, Poetry Spanish Kansas, of to 20th-Century Approaches U. Critical Debicki, P. Andrew MD, timore, Politics and Charlottesville, Shakespeare Virginia, of U. Cantor, A. Paul ihe G Coe Yl U, e Hvn CT, Haven, New U., Yale Cooke, G. Michael oe Oi t Boccaccio to Ovid Love, cer's CT, Haven, New U., Yale Fry, H. Paul Literature in Tradition Oral The utr ad oit i Egad 14-90 An 1840-1900: Approach England, Interdisciplinary in Society and Culture NH, Hanover, Literature in Postmodernism of Milwaukee, Question Wisconsin, of U. Hassan, Ihab oet . ann, ouba . NY, U., Columbia Hanning, W. Robert Berke­ California, of U. Greenblatt, J. Stephen mrcn oty Nw Perspectives New Poetry: American fia Novelists African Imagination American the and Warren Penn Robert NJ, U., Princeton Knoepflmacher, C. Ulrich Republic Weimar the in Anton Kaes, U. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, of U. Kaes, Anton RI, Providence, U., Brown Henkle, B. Roger Arts Visual Anne K. Mellor, U. of California, Los Angeles, Angeles, Los California, of U. Mellor, K. Anne rhr atn iz Pictn . NJ, U., Austin, Princeton Litz, Texas, Walton of Arthur U. CT, Lindfors, Haven, Olof New U., Bernth Yale Lewis, B. W. R. 1840-1920 Tales: Fairy Children's of Emergence The nity and Its Discontents: Film, Literature, and Myth and Literature, Film, Discontents: Its nity and nls Rmniim n Gender and Romanticism English The Portrayal of Women in the Poetry of Thomas of Poetry the in Women of Portrayal The Troilus and Criseyde Criseyde and Troilus oprtv tnad fHrim n Western in Heroism of Standards Comparative rb n e: Suy fFcin n Social and Fiction of Study A Jew: and Arab The New Historicism: The Example of Shake­ of Example The Historicism: New The The Death Process in the Story of Silman of Story the in Process Death The Comedia Comedia otin' Ifune n Shakespeare on Influence Montaigne's h Cmatn o nlec: oc in Voice Influence: of Combatting The Male and Female Visions in the Novels the in Visions Female and Male The Prelude Prelude The oiia Mtvto: Suy of Study A Motivation: Homicidal Romantic Literary Careers: Coleridge Careers: Literary Romantic Per­ Female The Literature: Russian English Romantic Literature and the and Literature Romantic English rt ad h artv Voice: Narrative the and Truth Master and Margarita Margarita and Master n Stage on h Tee fLv i the in Love of Theme The

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Gary S. Morson, Northwestern U., Evanston, Laura L. Knoppers, Pennsylvania State U., Ronald B. Herzman, SUNY Res. Fdn./College IL, The Prosaics of the Russian Novel: Theory and University Park, The Constructs of Covenant: John at Geneseo, NY, Dante's Divine Comedy Practice Milton and Puritan Discipline Hamlin L. Hill, Elmira College, NY, The Heri­ John Richetti, U. of Pennsylvania, Philadel­ Elizabeth Kowaleski-Wallace, Simmons Col­ tage of Huckleberry Finn phia, Social Change in Early Modern Britain and lege, Boston, MA, The Theme of Fatherhood in Carl F. Hovde, Columbia U., NY, The Poetry of the Rise of the Novel British Romantic Literature Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Steven P. Scher, Dartmouth College, Hanover, Theresa M. Krier, U. of Notre Dame, IN, The Lewis Kamm, Southeastern Massachusetts U., NH, Literature and Music Dynamics of Vision in Works by Edmund Spenser N. Dartmouth, Balzac and Zola: Esthetics and Eugene A. Vance, Newberry Library, Chicago, Holly A. Laird, U. of Tulsa, OK, Extensions of Ethics IL, The Poetics of Sign and Discourse in Medieval the Lyric: Victorian and Modern Poetics of Time Walter G. Langlois, U. of Wyoming, Laramie, Literature Jann A. Matlock, U. of Rochester, NY, The Ethical Dimensions of the Modern French Novel: John M. Wallace, U. of Chicago, IL, Literature Relationship between Censorship and Aesthetics in Gide, Malraux, Sartre, Camus and Politics in 17th-Century England 19th-Century France Paul L. Mariani, U. of Massachusetts, Am­ William T. McClellan, CUNY Res. Fdn./Ber- herst, The Modern American Lyric Tradition: Wil­ nard Baruch College, NY, The Middle English liam Carlos Williams and Wallace Stevens SUMMER STIPENDS Manuscript HM 140: A Codicological and Literary Bruce K. Martin, Drake U., Des Moines, IA, Jeffrey T. Adams, U. of North Carolina, Evaluation George Eliot's Middlemarch: The Novel as Worlds Greensboro, Goethe and Morike: A Study in Liter­ Louise B. Mirrer, Fordham U., Bronx, NY, Carol A. Martin, Boise State U., ID, Reading ary Reception Widows in Medieval Castilian Literature Victorian Novels as Victorian Readers Did Cristina Bacchilega, U. of Hawaii at Manoa, Wesley T. Mott, Worcester Polytechnic Insti­ Karen A. Newman, Brown U., Providence, RI, Honolulu, Postmodern Rewritings of the Marchen: tute, MA, Emerson's Complete Sermons: An Edi­ Shakespeare: Othello and The Winter's Tale Challenges to the Rules of Narrative Production tion August J. Nigro, Kutztown U., PA, Thomas Brigitte G. Bailey, U. of New Hampshire, Dur­ Bradford K. Mudge, U. of Colorado, Denver, Hardy and T.S. Eliot: Literature and Landscape ham, Pictures of Italy: American Aesthetic Re­ Sara Coleridge: A Selected Edition of Her Letters Donald Pizer, Tulane U., New Orleans, LA, sponses and the Romantic Travel Sketch Anne M. O'Donnell, Catholic U. of America, American Realist Fiction: Howells, James, Dreiser, Angelika Bammer, Emory U., Atlanta, GA, Washington, DC, William Tyndale's An Answer Chopin, and Wharton Mother Tongues and Other Strangers: Discourses of to Sir Thomas More's Dialogue: An Edition Noel E. Polk, U. of Southern Mississippi, Hat­ Foreignness in 20th-Century Literature Julian Olivares, Jr., U. of Houston-U. Park, TX, tiesburg, William Faulkner's Major Fiction John B. Bender, Stanford U., CA, Impersonal Castilian Women Poets of the 17th Century: An An­ David M. Robinson, Oregon State U., Nature Narration and the Construction of Modern Character thology of Their Work and Society in American Transcendentalism: Emer­ in Novelistic Discourse, 1750 to the Present Leonard M. Olschner, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY, son, Fuller, and Thoreau Carol L. Bernstein, Bryn Mawr College, PA, Discontinuity and Continuity in German Lyric Poet­ Gene W. Ruoff, U. of Illinois, Chicago, Jane Relations between the Political and the Aesthetic in ry, 1929-56 Austen: Divided Society, Divided Self Theories of the Sublime Thomas C. Pinney, Pomona College, Clare­ Peter M. Schaeffer, U. of California, Davis, Thomas Caramagno, U. of Hawaii at Manoa, mont, CA, Letters of Rudyard Kipling: An Edition Goethe's Faust: Quest and Fulfillment Honolulu, Virginia Woolf: An Interdisciplinary Maria C. Quintero, U. of Southern California, Daniel R. Schwarz, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY, Study of Her Life and Work Los Angeles, Hapsburg Politics and the Palace Reading Joyce's Ulysses William C. Carroll, Boston U., MA, Vagrancy Theater of Francisco Bances Candamo John E. Sitter, Emory U., Atlanta, GA, Swift and Marginality in Tudor-Stuart Culture Jesper Rosenmeier, Tufts U., Medford, MA, and Twain: Satiric Contrasts Robert F. Casillo, U. of Miami, Coral Gables, The Use of Memory in John Cotton's English Ser­ Helen Vendler, Harvard U., Cambridge, MA, FL, John Ruskin, Ezra Pound, and Modern Culture mons Shakespeare, Keats, Whitman, Yeats: Parent Tradi­ Edward M. Cifelli, County College of Morris, Nancy Ruttenburg, Harvard U., Cambridge, tion in Colonial Response Randolph, NJ, The Selected Letters of John Ciardi: MA, A Nation's Character: Literary Identity in Albert Wertheim, Indiana U., Bloomington, An Edition 19th-Century Russia and America Modern Literary Classics from Africa, the West In­ Gregory J. Clingham, Fordham U., Bronx, NY, Melita C. Schaum, U. of Michigan, Dearborn, dies, and the Pacific Boswell's Life of Johnson The Shifting Parameters of American Cultural Crit­ Robert F. Yeager, U. of North Carolina, Ashe­ Tom C. Conley, U. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, icism: Mina Loy, Lola Ridge, and Laura Riding Jack­ ville, Chaucer and the World of The Canterbury Late 16th-Century French Literature as Influenced by son Tales Spanish Accounts of the New World Robert E. Spoo, U. of Tulsa, OK, H.D.'s As­ Robert DeMaria, Vassar College, Poughkeep­ phodel: An Edition of Hilda Doolittle's Autobio­ sie, NY, What Samuel Johnson Read graphical Novel Philosophy Kathleen E. Diffley, U. of Iowa, Iowa City, The Jeffrey A. Steele, U. of Wisconsin, Madison, American Civil War, Narrative Structures, and Pop­ Symbols of Transformation in Margaret Fuller's UNIVERSITY TEACHERS ular Stories, 1861-76 Writing Dianne M. Dugaw, U. of Colorado, Boulder, Josephine K. Tarvers, Rutgers U., New Bruns­ Michael R. DeP&ul, U. of Notre Dame, IN, John Gay and Lower-Class Culture in 18th-Century wick, NJ, The Influence of Classical Rhetoric on Balance and Refinement: Beyond Coherentism in England Anglo-Saxon Narrative Moral Inquiry Caroline D. Eckhardt, Pennsylvania State U., Maryann Weber, Notre Dame College, Cleve­ George T. Dickie, U. of Illinois, Chicago, The

Main Campus, University Park, The Middle En­ land, OH, The Hypothetical Characters in La Co- Theory of Taste in the 18th Century GRANTS glish Poem Castleford's Chronicle: An Edition medie Humaine Richard F. Foley, U. of Notre Dame, IN, Ratio­ John D. Erickson, Rice U., Houston, TX, Ben Phillip F. Williams, Arizona State U., Tempe, nality and Belief Jelloun's The Sand Child: A Study of Third-World Roots Astir Beneath Moldering Walls: Wu Zuxiang's Michael Frede, Princeton U., NJ, Aristotle's Discourse Vision of Rural China DeAnima SallyAnn H. Ferguson, North Carolina A&T John P. Zomchick, U. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Paul D. Guyer, U. of Pennsylvania, Philadel­ State U., Greensboro, The Published Essays of The Legal Foundations of Character in the 18th- phia, Immanuel Kant's Critique and Reconstruction Charles Waddell Chesnutt: An Edition Century English Novel of Traditional Metaphysics Barbara T. Gates, U. of Delaware, Newark, Patricia W. Kitcher, U. of California, San Diego, Women and Nature in Victorian and Edwardian En­ SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL La Jolla, Freud's Dream: A Complete Interdisciplin­ gland TEACHERS ary Theory of Mind Thomas B. Gustafson, U. of Southern Califor­ Aloysius P. Martinich, U. of Texas, Austin, nia, Los Angeles, Politics, Literature, and the Edward J. Ahearn, Brown U., Providence, RI, Thomas Hobbes's Philosophy of Religion American Language, 1776-1865 Fictions of the City: Balzac, Dickens, Dostoevsky Gareth B. Matthews, U. of Massachusetts, Am­ Timothy Hampton, Yale U., New Haven, CT, Herbert R. Coursen, Bowdoin College, Bruns­ herst, Augustine and Descartes: Two First-Person Poetic Description and Civic Consciousness in Re­ wick, ME, Hamlet: Text, Criticism, and Perfor­ Perspectives naissance Lyon mance Patrick T. Riley, U. of Wisconsin, Madison, The Ruth S. Hoberman, Eastern Illinois U., Robert J. Daly, SUNY/Buffalo Main Campus, Groundwork of Kant's Political Philosophy Charleston, Narrative Perspective and Gender in NY, Nathaniel Hawthorne: In Detail and in Context David H. Sanford, Duke U., Durham, NC, An Women's Historical Novels, 1920-60 Robert Felgar, Jacksonville State U., AL, The Analysis of Causation and the Concept of Mechanism Romana C. Huk, U. of New Hampshire, Dur­ Achievement of Richard Wright in Philosophy ham, The Leeds University Poets: Geoffrey Hill, Jon Merlin H. Forster, Brigham Young U., Provo, Samuel Scheffler, U. of California, Berkeley, A Silkin, Tony Harrison, Ken Smith, and Jeffrey Wain- UT, Fiction of Fictions: Reading Jorge Luis Borges Philosophical Study of the Relation between the Mor­ wright Miriam Gilbert, U. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, al Point of View and the Point of View of the Individu­ Walter B. Kalaidjian, Mercer U., Macon, GA, Shakespeare: Text and Theater al Agent Interpreting the Avant-Garde: American Poetry and Giles B. Gunn, U. of California, Santa Barbara, Dennis W. Stampe, U. of Wisconsin, Madison, the Visual Arts, 1915-40 Herman Melville's Moby-Dick The Freedom of the Will

HUMANITIES 43 Stephen J. Yablo, U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, SUMMER STIPENDS James C. Livingston, College of William and Essence, Cause, and Mind: A Defense of Pluralism David M. Braun, Chapman College, Orange, Mary, Williamsburg, VA, English Religious Peter van Inwagen, Syracuse U., NY, Being: An CA, Is Belief Content Causally Relevant to Behav­ Thought, 1860-1910 Essay in Ontology ior? A Metaphysical Study Gilbert C. Meilaender, Oberlin College, OH, Daniel P. Brudney, U. of Chicago, IL, Marx's The Character of Christian Ethics: Public or Private? COLLEGE TEACHERS AND INDEPENDENT Break with His Philosophical Past: Another Look at Joseph Runzo, Chapman College, Orange, SCHOLARS the Works of Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer CA, Rationality and Theism: God and the Modern Andrew J. Buchwalter, U. of North Florida, Mind Robert M. Gordon, U. of Missouri, Saint Jacksonville, Hegel and the Priority of the Right Karen P. 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Tracy, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, Johnson City, Experts, Trust, and Ethics in Epis­ The “Sanctity of Life": A History of the Concept Philosophical Quandaries: Narrative Theology and temology Eugene Garver, Saint John's U., Collegeville, Divine Action in the World Eli Hirsch, Brandeis U., Waltham, MA, MN, Aristotle's Rhetoric and Practical Reason Dividing Reality: A Philosophical Examination of Herbert Granger, Wayne State U., Detroit, MI, Language, Classification, and Individuation YOUNGER SCHOLARS Aristotle's Psychology Pamela A. Kraus, Saint John's College, Main Glenn A. Hartz, Ohio State U. Mansfield Karla S. Baedorf, Steinmetz High School, Chi­ Campus, Annapolis, MD, Rene Descartes's Phi­ Branch, Space, Time, and Matter in the Philosophy cago, IL, Resurrection and Salvation in Ancient losophy of Human Nature of G. W. Leibniz Egypt Terrance C. McConnell, U. of North Carolina, Mark L. Johnson, Southern Illinois U., Carbon- David K. Bissinger, U. of Iowa, Iowa City, Greensboro, Gratitude and Moral Theory dale, A Meaning-Based Critique of Relativism Perfect Being Theology and the Doctrine of Divine Mark L. McPherran, U. of Maine at Farm­ Jarrett Leplin, U. of North Carolina, Greens­ Simplicity ington, Socratic Philosophy and Socratic Religion boro, The Role of Predictive Novelty in Establishing Eliot M. Brenner, U. of Chicago, IL, Gnosticism Jerry H. Samet, Brandeis U., Waltham, MA, Scientific Knowledge and Psychology in Carl Jung's "Seven Sermons to the The Controversy over Innate Ideas Robert B. Louden, U. of Southern Maine, Port­ Dead" Talbot J. Taylor, College of William and Mary, land, Morality and Morality Theory: A Reappraisal J. Spencer Downing, U. of Chicago, IL, The Williamsburg, VA, The Influence of Locke's Puzzle and Reaffirmation Political Ideology of the Millerite Movement on Linguistic Ideas, 1689-1953 Alfred R. Mele, Davidson College, NC, Eric W. Gisler, U. of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Intentions as Executive States: A Metaphysical WA, Religious Reformation in Medieval Japan: YOUNGER SCHOLARS Study Dogen's Notion of the Unity of Practice and En­ Jacob W. Owensby, Jacksonville U., FL, lightenment Neil J. Brenner, Yale U., New Haven, CT, A Wilhelm Dilthey's Hermeneutics and Postmoder­ Beth P. Kissileff, Columbia U., NY, “And the Study of the Concept of Authenticity in Heidegger's nism: Redefining Historical Understanding Women Went Out after Her . . A Study of Being and Time Robert L. Perkins, Stetson U., DeLand, FL, Miriam the Prophetess in the Hebrew Bible and Rab­ Karen M. Cinorre, Westfield Senior High Soren Kierkegaard as Social Critic binic Literature School, NJ, Albert Camus's Philosophy of the Ab­ William J. Prior, U. of Santa Clara, CA, The William A. Stock, College of Saint Thomas, St. surd: An Emergence of Meaning Concept of Episteme in Plato's Early Dialogues Paul, MN, The Letters of Paul in Jewish-Christian Steven T. Cottreau, Greenfield High School, Nicholas O. Smith, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & Dialogue: A New Basis for Discussion WI, Justice as a Virtue and Its Relation to Happiness State Univ., Blacksburg, The Socratic Doctrine of Eric A. Youngstrom, Emory U., Atlanta, GA, Tonya S. Geckle, U. of Toledo, OH, Mathemat­ "Persuade or Obey" Jungian Archetypes in the Gospel of John: A Compar­ ical Aspects of Plato's Philosophy Terry L. Smith, U. of the District of Columbia, ison of Psychology and Religion Michael N. Goldman, Miami Killian High Washington, D.C., Cognitive Psychology versus School, FL, The Justification of Paternalism Operant Psychology: A Study of the Claims for Each Michael V. Griffin, U. of Vermont, Burlington, SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE John L. Tienson, Memphis State U., TN, TEACHERS Autonomy and Moral Evil: A Problem in Kantian Representations without Rules and the Common Ethics Sense Conception of the Mental: A Study in the Louis H. Feldman, Yeshiva U., NY, The Greek Lindsay A. Holt, Dartmouth College, Hanover, Philosophy of Mind Encounter with Judaism in the Hellenistic Period NH, The Idea of Equality in Alexis de Tocqueville's Paul J. Weithman, Loyola Marymount U., Los William R. LaFleur, U. of California, Los Ange­ Old Regime, Democracy in America, and Recol­ Angeles, CA, The Possibilities for Political Obliga­ les, Buddhism and Culture: China and Japan lections tion in a Pluralistic Society: A Question of Moral John Van Seters, U. of North Carolina, Chapel Christopher S. Kippes, Kansas State U., Man­ Legitimacy Hill, History Writing in Ancient Greece, the Near hattan, Wittgenstein's Ethical Theory in the Trac- East, and Israel: A Comparative Study tatus Logico-Philosophicus SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL John R. Kroger, Yale U., New Haven, CT, TEACHERS Genealogy: Nietzsche and Foucault SUMMER STIPENDS Shami J. Patel, Trinity U., San Antonio, TX, J. David Blankenship, Boston U., MA, Aristo­ James S. Cutsinger, U. of South Carolina, Co­ Toward an Ethical Theory: An Examination of the tle's Nicomachean Ethics and Politics lumbia, Contemporary Esoteric Thinkers: Owen Relationship between Ethics and Identity Clyde Lee M iller, SUNY/Stony Brook, NY, Barfield, Martin Lings, and Marco Pallis J. Colin Sample, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Learning and Teaching in Plato's Protagoras and John D. Dawson, Haverford College, PA, ME, The Revival of the Aristotelian Concept of Meno Modes of Interpreting Scripture in Ancient Alex­ Equity in Medieval Legal Philosophy andria Kathleen M. Erndl, Lewis and Clark College, SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE Portland, OR, Seranvoli, the Lion-Riding Goddess TEACHERS Religion of Northwest India: Myth, Ritual, and Symbol Stanley S. Harakas, Hellenic College-Holy E. Maynard Adams, U. of North Carolina, UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Cross Sch. of Theol., Brookline, MA, The Chapel Hill, Metaphysics, Morality, and Moral Skiagraphiai: A 17th-Century Greek Handbook on Theory Bernadette J. Brooten, Harvard U., Cambridge, Preaching MA, The Historical Context of Early Christian Re­ Jules L. Coleman, Yale U., New Haven, CT, Eugene J. McBride, College of Wooster, OH, sponses to Gender New Directions in the Philosophy of Law: Civil Lia­ Walter Benjamin's Concept of Messianic Redemption Jacob Neusner, Brown U., Providence, RI, The bility and Individual Responsibility Carole A. Myscofski, U. of Missouri, Colum­ Philosophy of Judaism: The Misnah and the Second Larry Laudan, U. of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolu­ bia, Women and Religion in Colonial Brazil: The Sophistic lu, Naturalistic Epistemology Persistence of the Roman Catholic Tradition, Amelie O. Rorty, Radcliffe College, Cam­ David L. Petersen, Iliff School of Theology, 1500-1650 Denver, CO, Commentary on Zechariah 9-14 and bridge, MA, Virtues and Their Vicissitudes: Theo­ William J. Wainwright, U. of Wisconsin, Mil­ Malachi for The Old Testament Library Series ries of Human Virtue waukee, Jonathan Edwards and the Concept of Richard L. Schacht, U. of Illinois, Urbana, Reason Nietzsche's Philosophical Thought and Its Interpreta­ COLLEGE TEACHERS AND INDEPENDENT Mark I. Wallace, Georgia State U., Atlanta, SCHOLARS tion Paul Ricoeur’s Philosophy of Religion Stephen P. Stich, U. of California, San Diego, Alfred J. Hiltebeitel, George Washington U., Aryeh J. Wineman, Independent Scholar, La Jolla, The Philosophical Implications of Cognitive Washington, DC, Ritual and Folk Epic in Two Narratives and Narrative-Art in the Zohar, a Late Science South Indian Cults of the Goddess 13th-Century Text of Jewish Mysticism

44 MAY/JUNE 1989 SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL Erwin C. Hargrove, Vanderbilt U., Nashville, Roger Waldinger, CUNY Res. Fdn./City Col­ TEACHERS TN, Leadership and Organizational Creation and lege, NY, Ancestry Differences and Ethnic Identity among Black New Yorkers Walter H. Capps, U. of California, Santa Barba­ Adaptation: The Tennessee Valley Authority as a ra, Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America: Case Study E. Roy Weintraub, Duke U., Durham, NC, The Religion in a Democratic Society Mark E. Kann, U. of Southern California, Los Creation of Modern Economics, 1935-55 Ewert H. Cousins, Fordham U., Bronx, NY, Angeles, The Other Liberal Tradition in Early Kerry H. Whiteside, Franklin and Marshall Augustine, Bonaventure, and Teresa of Avila: The America: Civic Virtue and Gender College, Lancaster, PA, From Literature to Politi­ Mystical Journey Susan E. Marshall, U. of Texas, Austin, The cal Theory: Maurice Merleau-Ponty and the Fiction Thomas V. Morris, U. of Notre Dame, IN, Pas­ American Antisuffrage Movement, 1890-1930 of Andre Malraux and Simone de Beauvoir cal's Pensees: Faith, Reason, and the Meaning of Martha B. Olcott, Colgate U., Hamilton, NY, Life Soviet Central Asia in Modern Times SUMMER SEMINARS FOR SCHOOL Steven B. Smith, Yale U., New Haven, CT, TEACHERS Jewish Responses to Liberalism: From Spinoza to Leo Social Science Strauss Kathleen B. Jones, San Diego State U., CA, Ralph A. Thaxton, Brandeis U., Walthman, Authority, Democracy, and the Citizenship of Wom­ UNIVERSITY TEACHERS MA, The Formation of Collective Protest in Rural en: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Wollstonecraft North China before the Revolution of October 1,1949 Kenneth J. McCormick, U. of Northern Iowa, Waller R. Newell, U. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lise Vogel, Rider College, Lawrenceville, NJ, Cedar Falls, The Works of Adam Smith Studies in the Meaning of Tyranny and Princely The Phenomenon of Pregnancy and the Dilemmas of Wilson Carey McWilliams, Rutgers U., New Virtue Equality: An Interdisciplinary Investigation Brunswick, NJ, Federalists and Anti-Federalists

COLLEGE TEACHERS AND INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS Piers Beirne, U. of Southern Maine, Portland, The Development of Science and the Rise of Sociologi­ cal Criminology, 1820-1920 Lowell S. Gustafson, Villanova U., PA, From Personalism to System: Democratic Leadership in Argentina, 1983-89 Howard L. Kaye, Franklin and Marshall Col­ lege, Lancaster, PA, Freud and Social Theory Elizabeth Long, Rice U., Houston, TX, Reading at the Grassroots: Local Book Discussion Groups, Social Interaction, and Cultural Change

HBCU GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS Cynthia Ann McKinney, Clark College, Atlan­ ta, GA, International Relations Glenda E. Suber, Benedict College, Columbia, SC, Political Science

YOUNGER SCHOLARS Edward W. Lipman, Teachers College, Colum­ bia U., NY, The Role of Greek and Latin at Columbia College, 1754^-1954 Michael J. Miller, Marquette U., Milwaukee, WI, The House of Representatives: Founders' Expec­ tations and Modern Reality Wynn M. Shuford, U. of Mississippi Medical Center, University, The Influence of John Locke on the Opinions of Chief Justice John Marshall Deborah M. Williams, West-Oak High School, Westminister, SC, Duces Feminae Factorum: Dido, Medea, and Antigone

SUMMER SEMINARS FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS

Bernard E. Brown, CUNY Res. Fdn./Grad. GRANTS School & Univ. Center, NY, Modern French Pol­ itics Irving L. Markovitz, CUNY Res. Fdn./Queens College, NY, Power and Class in Africa James W. Schmidt, Boston U., MA, What is Enlightenment? An 18th-Century Question and Its 20th-Century Implications Michael S. Schudson, U. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, American Journalism in Historical Perspective Edward A. Tiryakian, Duke U., Durham, NC, Generations, Cycles, and Modernity: The Effects of Generational Change in Modern History Aaron Wildavsky, U. of California, Berkeley, Political Cultures: A Comparative Study of Societal Values

SUMMER STIPENDS Diane E. Davis, New School for Social Re­ search, NY, Political Crisis in Contemporary Mex­ ico: The Case of the Partico Revolucionario Institu- cional James P. Henderson, Valparaiso U., IN, Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work: The Early Debate, 1891-1923

HUMANITIES 45 DEADLINES 46 46 Area MAY/JUNE1989 Teacher-ScholarTeachers—ProgramSchool Secondary Elementaryandfor Travel toCollections— lmnayad eodr dcto inHumanities—theEducation Elementary Secondary and inEducationHumanities—Higherthe Summer Stipends—Summer SummerSeminars forTeachers— College YoungerScholars— FellowshipstheFoundationson Society— of American FellowshipsTeachersfor College IndependentandScholars— FellowshipsTeachers— University for aut rdaeSuyPormfrHsoial lc olgsad Universities—Collegesand Black ProgramStudyFaculty Graduate for Historically SummerSeminarsTeachers— forSchool iiin f dcto Programs Education of Division Division of Fellowships and and Fellowships of Division Humanities Projects Libraries—Humanitiesin Projects—Humanities Public ProjectsHumanities inMuseum’s Organizations— Historicaland ProjectsHumanities Media— in iiin fGnrl Programs-D0na/d General of Division code for all telephone numbers is 202. is numbers telephone all for code Directors Participants Directors Participants Implementation Planning oeh . vle 786-0466 eville N B. Joseph en rmo 786-0463 Bramson Leon ahen thl 786-0463 itchell M Kathleen loi Cer 786-0271 Cherry ilsonia W James Dougherty 786-0278 Dougherty James hms hls 786-0271 Phelps Thomas id Sor 786-0377 Spoerl Linda ae D Hrig 786-0466 Herring D. Maben Maben D. Herring 786-0466 Herring D. Maben Lyn Maxwell White 786-0380 White Maxwell Lyn cal l 786-0463 all H ichael M tpe Rs 786-0463 Ross Stephen nars-Guinevere a in m Griest e S ae D Hrig 786-0466 Herring, D. Maben — id Sor 786-0377 Spoerl Linda Ken Koil on, Acting Director Director Acting on, Koil Ken Karen Fuglie 786-0466 Fuglie Karen a b so n , Director Director , n so b a asa eml 786-0284 Semmel Marsha 786-0257 786-0373 D irecto r r irecto D Deadline y , 1990 1, ay M coe 1 1989 1, October ue , 1989 1, June eebr 15,1989 December ue , 1989 1, June ue , 1989 1, June rh 5 1990 15, arch M 1989 15, July 1989 1, ctober O pi 1 1990 1, April 1990 1, arch M 1990 1, arch M 1990 1, arch M oebr , 1989 1, November etme 1, 1989 15, September etme 15,1989 September 1989 4, August ue , 1989 9, June etme 15,1989 September 786-0453 pi 1 1990 1,April aur 1 1990 1, January beginning projectsFor uy 1990 July aur 1 1990 1, January aur 1 1990 1,January ue , 1990 1,June etme 1 1991September 1, etme , 19911,September 1990 1, May umr 1991Summer umr 1991Summer 1990Summer 1990Summer eebr , 1989 1, December pi 1 1990 1,April aur , 19901,January aur , 19901,January pi 1 1990 1,April pi 1 1990 1,April DEADLINES For projects Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. Deadline beginning

Division of Research Programs— Richard Ekman, Director 786-0200

Texts— Margot Backas 786-0207

Editions— David Nichols 786-0207 June 1, 1989 April 1, 1990

Translations— Martha Chomiak 786-0207 June 1, 1989 April 1, 1990

Publication Subvention— Margot Backas 786-0207 April 1, 1990 October 1, 1990

Reference Materials— Charles Meyers 786-0358

Tools— Helen Aguera 786-0358 September 1,1989 July 1, 1990

Access—lane Rosenberg 786-0358 September 1, 1989 July 1, 1990

Interpretive Research— Daniel Jones 786-02 10

Projects— David Wise 786-0210 October 15, 1989 July 1, 1990

Humanities, Science and Technology— D a n ie l)ones 786-0210 October 15,1989 July 1, 1990

Regrants— Christine Kalke 786-0204

Conferences— Christine Kalke 786-0204 July 1, 1989 April 1, 1990

Centers for Advanced Study— David Coder 786-0204 December 1, 1989 July 1, 1990

Regrants for International Research— David Coder 786-0204 March 15, 1990 January 1, 1991

Division of State Programs— Marjorie A. Berlincourt, Director 786-0254 Each state humanities council establishes its own grant guidelines and application deadlines. Addresses and telephone numbers of these state programs may be obtained from the division.

OfflCe Of Challenge Grants— Harold Cannon, Director 786-0361 M ay 1, 1990 December 1, 1990

Office Of Preservation— George F. Farr, Jr., Director 786-0570

Preservation— George F. Farr, Jr. 786-0570 June 1, 1989 January 1, 1990

U.S. Newspaper Program—Jeffrey Field 786-0570 June 1, 1989 January 1, 1990

Guidelines are available from the Office of Publications and Public Affairs two months in advance of the application deadlines.

Telecommunications device for the deaf: 786-0282.

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