110 วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556
The Representation of J.D. Salinger’s Views on Changes in American Society in
the 1940s in The Catcher in the Rye ภาพแทนในทัศนะของเจ.ดี.แซลินเยอร์ต่อความเปลี่ยนแปลง ในสังคมอเมริกันช่วงทศวรรษ 1940
ในวรรกรรมเรื่อง The Catcher in the Rye Jessadaporn Achariyopas
Abstract The findings showed that the protagonist’s The objectives of this study aim to analyze views, J.D. Salinger’s views, and changes in both the protagonist in The Catcher in the Rye American society in the 1940s obviously in terms of conceptual or ideological factors and interrelated. The production of meaning which is narrative techniques which influence the the representation of the protagonist’s views construction of the representation and the was constructed of narrative techniques. J.D. relationship between the representation and J.D. Salinger’s views on changes in American society Salinger’s views on changes in American society in the 1940s were the same antisocial in the 1940s. This area of study might concern perspectives as Holden Caulfield’s which are two theories: namely, a theory of representation phoniness, alienation and meltdown. and narratology. In addition, this research is intended to answer the following three Keywords: Representation, Construction of the questions. Firstly, how is the production of representation, Systems of representation, meaning through language in The Catcher in Phoniness, Alienation, Meltdown the Rye constructed? Secondly, what are J.D. Salinger’s views on changes in American society บทคัดย่อ in the 1940s? Lastly, how is the relationship บทความวิจัยมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อวิเคราะห์ตัวละครหลัก between the representation and J.D. Salinger’s ในนวนิยายเรื่อง The Catcher in the Rye ด้าน views? องค์ประกอบของความคิดและกลวิธีการเล่าเรื่องที่มี อิทธิพลต่อการสร้างภาพแทน และความสัมพันธ์ระหว่าง Jessadaporn Achariyopas Department of Humanities, ภาพแทนกับความคิดของเจ.ดี. แซลินเยอร์ต่อความ Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand, เปลี่ยนแปลงในสังคมอเมริกันช่วงทศวรรษ1940 กรอบ Mobile: 66+81-754-5020 แนวคิดที่ใช้ประกอบด้วยสองทฤษฎี ได้แก่ ทฤษฎีภาพ E-mail: [email protected], แทน และทฤษฎีการเล่าเรื่อง นอกจากนี้การวิจัยยังมี
เจตนาตอบค าถามสามประการ ประการแรกการผลิต ความหมายผ่านภาษาในวรรณกรรมเรื่อง The Catcher วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 111 in the Ryeถูกสร้างขึ้นอย่างไร ประการที่สอง ทัศนะของ Catcher in the Rye has been banned in school เจ.ดี.แซลินเยอร์ต่อความเปลี่ยนแปลงในสังคมอเมริกันช่วง districts in Washington, Ohio, Florida and ทศวรรษ 1940 คืออะไร ประการสุดท้าย ความสัมพันธ์ Michigan (Litcharts, 2011)”. Such a bizarre and ระหว่างภาพแทนกับทัศนะของเจ.ดี. แซลินเยอร์เป็น fantastical world view is of outstanding อย่างไร importance chosen for analysis.
ผลการศึกษาพบว่าทัศนะของตัวละครหลัก ทัศนะของ For readers, it is possible to accept the fact เจ.ดี. แซลินเยอร์ และความเปลี่ยนแปลงในสังคมอเมริกัน that The Catcher in the Rye has been seen as ช่วงทศวรรษ 1940 มีความเกี่ยวข้องสัมพันธ์กันโดยเด่นชัด the teenagers’ bible. It is because J. D. Salinger การสร้างภาพแทนของตัวละครหลักถูกสร้างผ่านกลวิธีการ as an author devoted the entire story to เล่าเรื่อง ทัศนะของเจ.ดี. แซลินเยอร์ต่อความเปลี่ยนแปลง adolescent subject matter concerning teenage ในสังคมอเมริกันช่วงทศวรรษ 1940 เป็นทัศนะเดียวกัน hero’s behaviour towards the norms of American กับทัศนะของตัวละครหลัก ได้แก่ ความจอมปลอม ความ society of the 1940s. Holden Caulfield as a แปลกแยก และภาวะหดหู่ใจ principal character has brought Americans new alienation which represented a casebook of
post-war phenomenon. Evidently, it can verify ค าส าคัญ: ภาพแทนการสร้างภาพแทนระบบของภาพ that the author has provided the reader with แทนความจอมปลอมความแปลกแยกภาวะหดหู่ใจ both denunciation and a controversial
perspective on society. However, there is a บทน า better way of gaining a genuine insight into The Catcher in the Rye “has such a literary work and its social context should rely fascinating impact on Americans on the 20th on various analytical methods such as semiotics, century and today because it subverted so many deconstruction, hermeneutics, or representation. conventions and challenged the conservative The Catcher in the Rye can be demystified and values of the late 1940’s-1950s mainstream considered not only by a mere mimetic (Iduncanoo, 2011)”; it depicts an alienated hero reflection of reality in a positivistic fashion but in a corrupt society who chooses values also by a concept of ‘representation’ which involving personal integrity over those involving emphasizes the construction of the text by public conformity. Most studies of The Catcher selection, exclusion, and enhancement of social in the Rye often show that “the protagonist is elements. faced with the dilemma of psychological situation. Many critics dismissed this novel as There is no study examining a concept of detritus due to its healthy helping of four-letter ‘representation’ which emphasizes the words and sexual situations, and even today The construction of the text to deconstruct The
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Catcher in the Rye. This can be interpreted to Alicia Howe’s thesis (Alicia Howe, 2008), mean that the door into scholarly arena is still Undressing J. D. Salinger : Fashion and open to conduct a study on such a topic. The Psychology in The Catcher in the Rye and “ important aspect of this study is neither the Teddy ”, examines the discourse concerning post-war American culture nor the portrayal of clothing and psychology which are used by J. D. the adolescent hero’s behaviour towards Salinger to hide more information about the changes in American society in the 1940s, rather principal character’s mental state of being in his it explains the constructed representation of the clothing than in his speech and actions. What protagonist. In terms of milieu, this study focuses Alicia Howe found while reading other works of on J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and the Salinger is clothing. She confirmed: theory of representation. In terms of time, it will “clothing, more than anything be specific to American society in the 1940s. The else – setting, facial features, analysis differs from other study in that mine will body types – is what the author discuss solely The Catcher in the Rye in terms of writes about. Hats, jackets, T- the production of meaning through language shirts, pants and dresses, they which is interrelate with J.D. Salinger's views on are all described in detail and changes in American society in the 1940s. are in every works Salinger has กรณีศึกษางานวิจัยที่ผ่านมา ever published. In essence, Ever since its first publication in 1951, J. D. Salinger uses the hunting hat to Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye has attained create a physical symbol of both popular and literary notoriety as a firestorm Holden’s back and forth mindset of controversy and debate. In their book, between becoming an adult and Literature and Its Times: Profiles of 300 Notable staying a child, between adhering Literary Works and the Historical Events that to popular culture and breaking Influenced Them, Joyce Moss and George Wilson away from the “phonies,” write: “The Catcher in the Rye received almost between childlike immaturity instant popular and academic recognition. and an adult responsibility. In Published on July 16, 1951, the novel made the Alicia Howe’s study on Holden’s New York Times bestseller list within two weeks red hunting hat, she also found and remained there for almost thirty (Moss and that it is a symbolic Wilson, 1997) .” representation of his sense of alienation from society. She วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 113
wrote: “thus, for Holden, his integrity.Dormann concluded hunting hat represents his from her studies that The rebellion against the ideal man Catcher represents existential in the 1950’s and his desire to notions. It is pertinent to the assimilate to such a social role. “ultimate concerns” which are He is in fact wearing a hat, a the themes of death, alienation, stereotypical fashion of the day, integrity versus “phoniness”, yet rebels against typical fashions innocence, and experience. by making it a hunting hat Holden Caulfield is interpreted, instead of a fedora(Alicia Howe, to a certain extent, as an 2008).” existential protagonist. The findings revealed that “Despite Apart from Alicia Howe’s study of fashion- his adolescent insecurity and his psychology relationship inferred from The somewhat erratic thoughts and Catcher in the Rye, Sonja Dormann analyzes conversations, Holden Caulfield “Existential philosophy” or “existential thought” can be regarded, to a certain which is represented in innocence, experience, extent, as an existential hero. and existential concerns. Her dissertation Salinger has created an (Dormann, 2010), The Catcher of Zero existential novel – and one Existentialism in Contemporary U.S.-American which has become, quite Literature, adduces evidence that: understandably, a widely read “The Catcher was not even and much loved classic (Dormann, written by an adolescent or 2010).” young adult writer. She believes
and asserts that The Catcher is not a story of a Bildungsroman วิธีการ hero with his difficulties and The Catcher in the Rye is demystified through serious problems, but rather one both the theory of representation which involves of a personal identity crisis which the meaning process in culture and narratology is exposed by the protagonist’s whose object is to study narrative, narrative narrative frankness which is the structure and the way they affect our expression of high ideals of perception. Those two theories along with the innocence, honesty, and flesh-and-blood author’s experiences reveal a
114 วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 clear manifestation of the representation of J.D. phoniness, alienation and meltdown, as well as Salinger’s views on changes in American society characterization and setting. All these narrative in the 1940s in this novel. The study on The techniques verify, therefore, that the Catcher in the Rye has been arranged in terms of representation of J.D. Salinger's views on changes text analysis according to the extent of direct in American society in the 1940s as reflected in exposure of the protagonist to the subject The Catcher in the Rye emanated from the matter stated in the story to uncover the construction of the representation influenced by representation. In summary, the methodology narrative techniques. And the construction of used in this study aims to put the protagonist’s the representation corresponds presisely to views, narrative techniques, and the ShlomithRimmon-Kenan’s explanation of the representation into perspective by answering real author asserted in her Narrative Fiction, three research questions proposed in the which wrote:“the implication being that a real abstract above: Firstly, how is the production of author can embody in a work his ideas or meaning through language inThe Catcher in the beliefs; he can also embody different ideas, Ryeconstructed? Secondly, what are J.D. beliefs and emotions in different works Salinger’s views on changes in American society (Rimmon-Kenan, 2002)”. Therefore, it can verify in the 1940s? Lastly, how is the relationship that Holden Caulfield’s pessimistic view of life in between the representation and J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is evidently the views? representation of J.D. Salinger’s views on changes in American society in the 1940s which ผลการศึกษา are enumerated as follows : phoniness, From all of the context interpretation upon alienation and meltdown. representation, it illustrates that Holden
Caulfield, who is the protagonist of The Catcher ข้อคิดเห็น in the Rye, exposes his pessimistic view of life The findings will be under discussion about a which is adversely affected by changes in detailed analysis of narrative techniques society. He is obsessed by the representation of beginning with the structure of plot for the the protagonist’s alienation, nonconformity, and theme in order to portray how Holden corruption or ‘phony’ intertwined with Caulfield’s pessimistic view of life is structured. It loneliness and pain. Narratology also shows that will prove that how Holden Caulfield’s Holden Caulfield’s pessimistic view of life is pessimistic view of life and J.D. Salinger’s views structured through the disillusionment plot and on changes in American society in the 1940s the central themes, which focus often on interrelated. วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 115
Disillusionment Plot and Themes Phoniness
An analysis of how the plot of The Catcher in "Phoniness," which is probably the most the Rye is structured will be presented in order prominent idea from The Catcher in the Rye, is to justify the themes of the narrative text of one of Holden Caulfield’s favorite concepts. Holden Caulfield’s story. The themes of The Holden Caulfield reproaches almost everyone Catcher in the Rye are as follows : for "phoniness," except Phoebe, Allie, and himself. He constantly encounters people and Phoniness Alienation and Meltdown Justify the situations that strike him as "phony," a word he Theme of The Catcher in the Rye applies to anything hypocritical, shallow, Themes are the fundamental and often superficial, inauthentic, or otherwise fake. In the universal ideas explored in a literary work. For story, Holden Caulfield perceives such The Catcher in the Rye, there are many themes "phoniness" everywhere in the adult world, and in this novel, as there are in any novel, however, believes adults are so phony that they cannot its central themes focus often on phoniness, even notice their own phoniness. alienation and meltdown. These central themes In Holden Caulfield's view, a "phony" is refer to Holden Caulfield’s perspective on life, someone who embraces and is obsessing about society, and the real world and are his catch-all the world’s mundane, absurd demands and tries for declaring the superficiality, hypocrisy, to make something out of nothing – that is, just pretension, inauthenticity, and shallowness that about everyone who studies in school or who he experiences in the world around him. puts on airs in order to do a job or achieve a According to Norman Friedman’s plot goal. The fact that no one is realizing how trivial typology in Dictionary of Narratology, the plot and fleeting life is, compared with the things used in The Catcher in the Rye is the people tell one another about reality – how disillusionment plot “in which the protagonist is difficult it is to truly love and share oneself with deprived of his/her ideals, possibly loses the people knowing that all, like Allie, will receiver's sympathy and ends up in dejection or eventually die, causes him to be plunging into annihilation. This kind of plot brings about a frustration, even rage. change in the protagonist’s thoughts and feelings On a personal level Holden Caulfield in order to interrelate with the central understands the truths of mortal life : the themes(Prince, 1989)”. superficial matters little because it will not last, yet it is made to seem so much more important
116 วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 to the story. Meanwhile, all around him, he is on Mrs. Morrow. It is because he would like made outsider by his not wishing to receive the people, who listen to his story, to believe that occurrence of superficial people win honors he is a paragon of virtue in a world of phoniness. through their cunning in too cavalier a fashion or Therefore,Holden Caulfield is his own to seem to have connived. He thus holds his counterevidence, although he would like to deepest contempt for those who succeed as believe that the world is a simple place, and phonies :Stradlater, Ackley, the Headmaster, and that virtue and innocence rest on one side of all the boys in school who treat peoples as the fence while artifice, superficiality and being subject to the status discrimination views. phoniness rest on the other.
Holden Caulfield is right to have an insightful Alienation and Meltdown analysis. Many of the characters in The Catcher What makes The Catcher in the Rye unique is in the Rye, from Ackley and Stradlater, to Sally, not the fact that Holden Caulfield is an to Mr. Spencer are often phony, and say, act, alienated teenager, but it is extremely accurate and do things that keep up appearances rather and nuanced portrayal of the protagonist’s than reflect what they truly think and feel. Yet personal counter-cultural which interrelates with even though Holden Caulfield is right that his isolation. From the very first scene of The people are phony, The Catcher in the Rye makes Catcher in the Rye, when Holden Caulfield it clear that Holden Caulfield’s hatred of decides not to attend the football game that the phoniness is self-destructive. Though, in the rest of his school is attending, it is clear that he story, Holden Caulfield is constantly pointing out does not fit in. the phoniness in others, he is himself often phony. At various times in his story, Holden Besides, Holden Caulfield cannot bear to Caulfield tells worthless lies, claims to like or accept the death of his beloved brother, Allie. In agree with statements or ideas he detests, goes Holden Caulfield’s eyes, Allie is not phony, while out with girls he does not like;actually, all was everyone else outside his spiritual perspective is subconsciously conducted to try to feel less "phony". This means that he cannot bear to lonely or to avoid direct confrontations. accept the harsher reality; it brings its own harms. Then people whom he encounters often In summary, Holden Caulfield’s deceptions continue to disappoint him; the prostitute and phoninesshave generally no sense, although demands more money for nothing, the man who he notes that he is a compulsive liar. For takes him in seems like a paedophile, and the example, on the train to New York, he cab driver berates him as stupid when he asks perpetrates a mean-spirited and needless prank วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 117 simple questions about the birds in the winter in accept the complexities of the world around the park. Consequently, Holden Caulfield’s him, he will end up, at best, bitter and alone. memories of Allie can help him preserve his Alienation both protects and harms Holden isolation when he cannot find real love in the Caulfield. It protects him by ensuring that he will outside world. not ever have to form connections with other When the entire world around him and the people. Just as Holden Caulfield wears his red reality of the world do not accept his demand, hunting cap as a sign of independence, Holden Caulfield feels dejected and tries to save separation, and protection from the world, he his entire soul from being in flux as it comes to therefore creates his own alienation for the grips with reality; he perceives that the reality of same purpose. Holden Caulfield may wish that the world is its very irrationality. Further, he he did not need human contact, but inevitably constantly dreams up schemes to escape he does. So while his alienation protects him, it alienation, such as fleeing to a New England also severely harms him by making him intensely cabin or working on a ranch out West. In lonely and depressed. He therefore reaches out, addition, the only role – catching children before to Mr. Spencer, or Carl Luce, or Sally, but then they fall off a cliff – which Holden Caulfield his fear of human interaction reasserts itself and envisions for himself in life is symbolic of his he does his best to insult or make the very wish to save himself and other children from people he wants to connect with angry at him. having to one day grow up to live with rootless In short, Holden Caulfield has gotten himself alienated people. caught in a cycle of self-destruction : his fear of Holden Caulfield’s view of perfect world is as human contact leads to alienation, which leads incorrect as his view of the adult world which is to loneliness, which causes him to reach out to entirely "phony," and it just helps Holden another person. It increases his fear of human Caulfield hide from the fact that the complex contact and leads to a terrible experience that human issues ranging from intimacy, death, or all convinces him that people are no good and of which he will have to face in the real world irrationality which leads to alienation and terrify him. However, this form of delusional self- meltdown. protection can only last so long. Holden According to the disillusionment plot, Holden Caulfield will live out his life in the real world, Caulfield’s pessimistic view of life is structured whether he likes it or not. Mr. Antolini and by Holden Caulfield who chronologically Phoebe make it clear that unless he learns to conveys his own story along with a stream of
118 วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 consciousness technique which takes the reader “there are two basic types of inside the narrating character’s mind, where he textual indicators of character: reflects on the world of the story through the direct definition and indirect thoughts and senses of the central character. presentation. The first type J.D. Salinger’s arrangement of the events that names the trait by an adjective make up The Catcher in the Rye helps support (e.g. ‘he was good-hearted’), an the function of the central character, Holden abstract noun (‘his goodness Caulfield, who is designed to represent the knew no bounds’), or possibly themes of the story systematically. It means that some other kind of noun (‘she Holden Caulfield has his own function as the was a real bitch’) or part of central character to reflect his concern about speech (‘he loves only himself’). the entire world around him. Consequently, The second type, on the other Holden Caulfield’s concern is arranged to hand, does not mention the trait construct the plot perfectly and transforms into but displays and exemplifies it in a world of make-believe which nourishes the various ways, leaving to the themes of the story which are phoniness, reader the task of inferring the alienation and meltdown. quality they imply (Rimmon- Kenan, 2002)”. Characterization Besides ShlomithRimmon-Kenan, Kathleen Apart from the structure of plot for the Morner and Ralph Rausch explain quite theme and the protagonist’s roles which merge differently that:“basically, there are three into the themes, characterization also plays an methods of characterization: important function as a means to relay Holden Caulfield’s appearance and personality to 1.Direct Description of physical Caulfield himself in order to make him interact appearance and explanation of well with the themes and the plot embedded in character traits and attributes. The Catcher in the Rye. Characterization in The This description may occur either Catcher in the Rye distinctively impacts upon in an introduction or in how Holden Caulfield’s pessimistic view of life is statements distributed structured, as well as exposing the throughout the work. Essentially, representation of J.D. Salinger’s views on the author tells the reader what changes in American society in the 1940s. sort of person the character is. ShlomithRimmon-Kenan explains that: วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 119
2.Presentation of the character in inner self (method 3) results action, without interpretive when an author chooses a third- comment by the author. person point of view that is Essentially, the author shows the limited to the internal responses reader what sort of person the of a single person, often character is through what the revealed through interior character says and does and monologue (Morner and Rausch, what is said by other characters. 1991).” As a "witness" to the character’s Evidently, Holden Caulfield is conveyed in actions, the reader is free to the form of indirect presentation, according to draw his or her own conclusions. ShlomithRimmon-Kenan’s explanation, and 3.Representation of the direct description (method 1 -when the story is character’s inner self. Essentially, told from the first-person point of view), along the author describes the with representation of the character’s inner self thoughts and emotions triggered (method 3), according to Kathleen Morner and in the character by external Ralph Rausch’s. Even though the reader cannot events. A classic example is actually see or hear the narrator, he/she can Molly Bloom’s stream-of- hear a textual voice or the narrator’s voice that consciousness soliloquy in James seems to be voice of a teenage boy. (If the Joyce’s Ulysses. reader is familiar with the text he/she will know that the narrator, Holden Caulfield, is actually In extended fiction, such as the seventeen.) These methods of characterization novel, all three of these appear distinctively in a textual narrator as from approaches may be used. the beginning of Chapter One of The Catcher in However, the method of the Rye: characterization is often the result of an author’s choice of “If you really want to point of view. Direct description hear about it, the first thing (method 1) usually occurs when you’ll probably want to know is the story is told from the first- where I was born, and what my person point of view or the lousy childhood was like, and omniscient point of view. how my parents were occupied Representation of a character’s and all before they had me, and
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all that David Copperfield kind applied to the following explanation to expose of crap, but I don’t feel like how Holden Caulfield is constructed. going into it, if you want to know the truth. In the first place, that The Story Is Told from the First-person stuff bores me, and in the Point of View second place, my parents would have about two haemorrhages J.D. Salinger writes The Catcher in the Rye in apiece if I told anything pretty first-person point of view from the perspective personal about them. They’re of the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, who quite touchy about anything like narrates what he himself sees and experiences that, especially my father. or whom he encounters, and provides his own They’re nice and all – I’m not commentary on the events and people he saying that – but they are also describes; it makes the reader feel like Holden touchy as hell. Besides, I’m not Caulfield is real. Although Holden Caulfield's going to tell you my whole perspective on matters seems to persuade the goddam autobiography or listener (who may be a psychoanalyst in the anything. I’ll just tell you about hospital where Holden is hospitalized.) to this madman stuff that believe what he thinks of the people, events, happened to me around last places, weather, or the readers might be never Christmas just before I got pretty sure how much to trust him or cannot be sure run-down and had to come out about him or the people he describes as here and take it easy (Salinger, moronic phonies because they are confined to 2001).” Holden Caulfield’s point of view, it is possible to trust this method of characterization. Then, in order to explain how characterization is as a means to present the Because of the first-person point of view (or a representation of J.D. Salinger’s views on first-person narrator) used in this novel, this changes in American society in the 1940s with method provides insights into Holden Caulfield’s Holden Caulfield’s pessimistic view of life and views of the world around him. Holden Caulfield can interrelate with the plot and themes of The cannot possibly address the readers because he Catcher in the Rye. The basic concepts of does not know they exist. Conversely, the characterization by both ShlomithRimmon-Kenan readers cannot talk to Holden Caulfield because and Kathleen Morner and Ralph Rausch will be they know he does not exist. Consequently, it is วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 121 possible to sense Holden Caulfield’s discontent speculates that people are so crass that which markedly resonates with the readers who someone will probably write "fuck you" on his try to understand and are tempted to revel in tombstone, or when he asks simple questions his cantankerousness and try to deduce what is about the birds in the park. Holden Caulfield wrong with him. applies the term "phony" not to people who are insincere but to those who are too conventional There are obvious signs manifested or too typical – for instance, teachers who "act everywhere in the novel showing that Holden like" teachers by assuming a different Caulfield is a troubled and unreliable narrator. demeanour in class than they do in He fails out of four schools. He is in a fog of conversation, or people who dress and act like mental apathy and confusion and not willing to the other members of their social class. While make any effort to improve things towards his Holden Caulfield uses the label “phony” to future. He is hospitalized, and visited by a imply that such people are superficial, his use of psychoanalyst, for an unspecified complaint the term actually indicates that his own against the world around him. And he is unable perceptions of other people are superficial as to socialize with other people. Holden Caulfield well. as a first-person narrator implies that two traumas in his past clearly affect his emotional Holden Caulfield’s attitude towards sex is state : the death of his brother Allie and the another aspect that deserves comment. Holden suicide of one of his schoolmates. But, even with Caulfield is a virgin, but he is very obsessing that knowledge, Holden Caulfield’s peculiarities about sex, and, in fact, he spends much of his cannot simply be explained away as symptoms story telling his attempt to lose his virginity. He of a readily identifiable disorder. asserts strongly that sex should happen between people who care deeply about and respect one Holden Caulfield’s most marked another, and he is upset by the realization that "peculiarities" is how extremely judgmental he is sex can be casual – for instance, Stradlater’s of almost everything and everybody he date with Jane does not just make him jealous; encounters. He criticizes, sympathizes, and it infuriates him to think of a girl he knows well philosophizes about people who are boring, having sex with a boy she doesn’t know well. people who are insecure, and, above all, people That should not be casual sex. Moreover, he is who are "phony." Holden Caulfield takes this disturbed by the fact that he is aroused by penchant for passing judgment to such an women whom he does not respect or care for, extreme case that it often becomes extremely like the blonde tourist he dances with in the funny and ridiculous, such as when he
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Lavender Room, or like Sally Hayes, whom he Phoebe Caulfield refers to as "stupid" even as he arranges a date Phoebe Caulfield is Holden Caulfield’s ten- with her. Finally, he is disturbed by the fact that year-old sister, whom he loves dearly. But she is he is aroused by kinky sexual behaviour – considerably more mature and intelligent than particularly behaviour that is not respectful of Holden Caulfieldand than her age implies. She is one’s sex partner, such as spitting in one’s obviously a voice of reason throughout the partner’s face. Although Holden Caulfield refers novel, both in Holden Caulfield’s thoughts and to such behaviour as "crumby," he admits that it in the advice she gives to him in person. She is pretty fun, although he does not think that it does not perceive that Holden Caulfield is the should be. only noble character in a world of superficial Holden Caulfield’s appearance and and phony adults. On the contrary, Phoebe is an personality is portrayed by characterization to unusually perceptive and sophisticated young expose his pessimistic view of life. It is clearly girl who is sensitive to the extent of Holden evident that J.D. Salinger is successful in using Caulfield’s misanthropy and hatred of almost the first-person narrator in this novel to make everything. the protagonist’s roles interrelate with the plot Phoebe is depicted as Holden Caulfield’s and themes of The Catcher in the Rye. beloved sister. In the story, Holden Caulfield appreciates every minute detail of her existence Other Characters’ Point of View Underscores and treats her with more respect and kindness Holden Caulfield’s Characterization than any other character. But conversely, she exhibits great maturity and even chastises her Holden Caulfield’s pessimistic view of life elder brother for his immaturity. Therefore, there pertaining to characterization is revealed seems to be a dichotomy between the sweet additionally through other prominent characters’ world of make-believe, where Holden Caulfield point of view. The fact that J.D. Salinger’s some wants to stay, and the cruel world of shallow characters can effectively mirror Holden adult hypocrisy, where he is afraid to go. Caulfield’s personal traits affirms why Holden Caulfield criticizes, sympathizes, and Phoebe also complicates Holden Caulfield’s philosophizes about people who are boring, or fantasy world of his own narrative. With her insecure, or, above all, "phony." In this case, level-headed attitude, instead of sympathizing there are two key minor characters who with Holden Caulfield’s refusal to face the real underscore Holden Caulfield’s characterization. world, she recognizes how tenuous Holden วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 123
Caulfield’s grasp on reality is, but she becomes is mature enough to reflect and declare that angry with him. Phoebe understands that Holden Caulfield’s pessimistic view of life struggles against the outside world around her interrelates with the plot and themes of The brother is a necessary process and also Catcher in the Rye. understands that Holden Caulfield’s stunted emotional maturity and stubborn outlook seem irresponsible, less charming, and more foolish. Mr. Antolini Phoebe makes Holden Caulfield’s picture of childhood romping through a field of rye – Mr. Antolini is Holden Caulfield’s former seemingly oversimplified, an idealized fantasy. It English teacher at the ElktonHillsSchool, now an asserts that Phoebe’s character challenges instructor at New YorkUniversity. He is a clever, Holden Caulfield’s view of the world; she is a sympathetic, friendly, likable, young teacher who child, but she does not fit into Holden is one of the few adults Holden Caulfield Caulfield’s romanticized vision of childlike respects. Mr. Antolini is the adult who is willing innocence. Although she never explicitly states to both come closest to reach Holden Caulfield it, Phoebe seems to realize that Holden and to engage with him in order not to let Caulfield’s bitterness towards the rest of the Holden Caulfield commit self-destructive world is really bitterness towards himself. She impulses with any of his psychological tricks. Mr. could sense that Holden is a deeply depressed, Antolini manages to avoid alienating Holden insecure young man who needs love and Caulfield and he is not a hypocrite. Holden does support. When she shows up at the museum not label him a "phony" because he does not and demands to come with him, she seems not behave conventionally and insincerely. so much to need Holden Caulfield as to Mr. Antolini does not speak to Holden understand that he needs her. Phoebe proposes Caulfield in the persona of a teacher or an that she is willing to go to the ends of the earth authority figure, as Mr. Spencer, who tries with her brother, and her willingness wakes him unsuccessfully to motivate Holden Caulfield to up to the impossibility of his self-destructive "play by the rules" and to take more impulses and finally makes him succumb to the responsibility for himself and his academic real world; Holden Caulfield cannot bear to commitments, does. Mr. Antolini is simply witness Phoebe’s suffering. concerned to warn Holden Caulfield that Holden In short, Holden Caulfield’s characterization is Caulfield is headed for a "terrible fall" and tells revealed through Phoebe’s point of view which
124 วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 him that he envisions Holden Caulfield dying times since he was a kid. Besides, there is little nobly for an unworthy cause. evidence to suggest that Mr. Antolini is making a sexual overture as Holden Caulfield thinks and Mr. Antolini welcomes Holden Caulfield with hurriedly leaves the house, and much evidence open arms and hints at no objection to Holden that Holden Caulfield misinterprets his action. Caulfield’s calling him in the middle of the night Holden Caulfield indicates in Chapter 19 that he or Holden Caulfield’s being drunk or smoking. is extremely nervous around possible Instead, by opening his door to Holden Caulfield homosexuals and that he worries about on the spur of the moment, Mr. Antolini shows suddenly becoming one. It is because he has no reservations about exposing his private self, been thinking about sex constantly since leaving with his messy apartment, his older wife with her Pencey. hair in curlers, and his own heavy drinking. That is why Holden Caulfield really and greatly Holden Caulfield finally regrets his hasty admires Mr. Antolini; what Holden Caulfield judgment of Mr. Antolini, but this mistake seems admires most about Mr. Antolini is his sincerity very important to him because he is beginning to and compassion. Mr. Antolini realizes that question his own practice of making snap Holden is different from other students, so his judgments about people. Holden Caulfield advice to Holden Caulfield about why he should realizes that even if Mr. Antolini is homosexual, apply himself to his studies is so he can’t simply be dismissed as a "flit" since he unconventional. He represents education not as has been kind and generous. a path of conformity but as a means for Holden In summary, Mr. Antolini’s point of view Caulfield to advance his unique inner voice and is not significantly different from Phoebe’s point to find the ideas that are most appropriate to of view because it also reveals Holden him. Caulfield’s characterization. Although Mr. There is one case which reflects Holden Antolini never explicitly states that Holden Caulfield’s pessimism. When Holden Caulfield Caulfield is antisocial, the readers can perceive awakens to find Mr. Antolini patting him on the his advice to Holden Caulfield about why he head, he interprets it as a homosexual advance. should apply himself to his studies which However,it can be interpreted that Mr. Antolini indirectly reveals Holden Caulfield’s pessimistic may overstep a boundary in his display of view of life. From every facet of Mr. Antolini’s concern and affection. And Holden Caulfield point of view, it validates Holden Caulfield’s says afterward that this type of perverse characterization which interrelates with the plot advance has happened to him about twenty and themes of The Catcher in the Rye. วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 125
Setting b. Setting as an antagonist
The term "setting" refers to "the general The setting of the story often locale and the historical time in which a story shapes the characters’ identities occurs (Delaney et al. 1, 2003)." Denis Delaney and destinies – making people and others explain: what they are. Someone growing up in an inner city slum is likely “some settings are relatively to have a different outlook on unimportant. They serve simply and approach to life than as a decorative backdrop helping someone who has grown up in the reader to visualize the action wide open rural spaces, in close and adding authenticity to the contact with nature. Stories story. Other settings are closely sometimes show us characters linked to the meaning of the that are direct products of their work: the author focuses on environment, reflecting its elements of setting to create moods and values. Often, atmosphere or mood, or the however, stories depict setting plays a major role in characters who rebel against shaping the characters’ identity their restrictive settings and fight and destiny. Some of the main to break free of their stifling functions of setting are : environment. a. Setting as a mirror c. Setting as a way of revealing The setting may reflect a character prevailing mood or reinforce the emotions felt by a character; The manner in which a character barren landscapes may mirror perceives the setting may tell despair and desperation; stormy the reader more about the weather may provide a suitable character and his or her state of backdrop for emotional turmoil. mind than about the setting However, the setting may also itself. When, for example, an be ironic or comment on the urban landscape is described by characters’ state of mind or a character as ‘desolate’ and behaviour in an indirect way. ‘ominous’, the writer may be
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telling us more about how the the setting. The fact, for character is feeling rather than example, that most of a story’s accurately describing the setting. action takes place at night may The writer is using the outer create an atmosphere of world setting to give us an insight mystery, violence or conspiracy. into the character’s inner world. Authors often use the traditional associations with the seasons d. Setting as a means of reinforcing and the cycle of the day to theme create appropriate time settings The setting may also reinforce for their work, for example spring and clarify the theme of a novel – morning – youth. or short story. The physical Social setting. While the setting setting in which the action takes refers to the time and place in place may symbolically which the action occurs, the represent the central ideas of term social setting is used to the work. A solitary house in indicate the social environment bleak, hostile surroundings may in which a story takes place. The reinforce the theme of man’s social setting of a novel or story struggle against nature. Many may be explicitly indicated by modern novels take place in the author or it may be what are termed ‘alien settings’, conveyed through the use of where even the familiar seems social or class markers, i.e., the unfamiliar. The characters are way the characters talk, where often exiles, tourists or and how they live, the clothes expatriates, and the inhospitable they wear, how they eat, and so setting reinforces the theme of on. Like the physical and loss of roots and loss of home temporal setting, the social which is common to much setting may be relatively modern fiction. unimportant or it may play a Setting in time. The historical determining role in a novel or period, time of year and time of story. In many novels characters day are all important features of are presented as products of วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 127
their social class, and many where he takes Phoebe to the carousel, and a authors have explored the sanatorium where he is hospitalized. themes of conformity to or For the historical time, Holden Caulfield's rebellion against the values and story takes place only three days, from Saturday mores of specific social settings afternoon to Monday around 1 p.m. In Chapter (Delaney et al. 1, 2003)”. Two, Holden Caulfield mentioned that he is Holden Caulfield’s Pessimistic View of Life Is seventeen now (as he is telling a listener his Direct Product of Social Setting story) and was sixteen "last year around Christmas" when he left Pencey and bummed It is clearly evident that social setting in The around the city for a while. In Chapter Five, Catcher in the Rye is as an antagonist which when Holden Caulfield talks about Allie's influences Holden Caulfield to be consumed baseball mitt, he says Allie died on July 18, 1946 with pessimistic view of life. He begins his story when Allie was eleven and Holden Caulfield was in Agerstown, Pennsylvania, at his former school, thirteen. Consequently, the year of the Pencey Prep and then recounts his adventures in December, his New York City escapades are Manhattan, New York City during a long weekend either 1948 or 1949, depending on when Holden in either 1948 or 1949. Caulfield's birthday falls or what the exact date For the locale, Pencey Prep is the high is of his story-telling. It means that Holden school that Holden Caulfield has just been Caulfield tells a listener his story in either 1949 kicked out of. Although a few of the chapters or 1950. take place here, in Holden Caulfield’s view, this From facets of social milieu, the significance school is the same land of phonies as New York of 1948, 1949, or 1950 is that of post-World War City. Holden Caulfield thinks that by switching II.Holden Caulfield talks about the war and the location he can avoid the people and attitudes effect it has had on his brother D.B. with a he detests. Conversely, his internally-generated slightly detached air. He mentions the Atomic isolation and alienation keep on going with him. bomb, which the U.S. busted out in August of It seems likely that there have no peaceful 1945, four to five years earlier than Holden places for Holden Caulfield to shelter from the Caulfield's narration. He mentions the movie hypocritical world around him, even Mr. star, who is hypocrite. He consistently detests Antolini’s swanky apartment, except his the movie which is lousy. Both the movie stars unoccupied brother's room where Holden and the movies are referred to “a range of films Caulfield spends the short night in, the zoo in the 1940s, which dealt with class conflict and
128 วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 the effects of economic scarcity” (Halliwell. War II, the film industry was at its 2007), which undoubtedly is the social setting in zenith. The film historian Robert Holden Caulfield’s story. According to Paul Sklar says:In 1946, the first full Levine and Harry Papasotiriou,: peacetime year, American movies attained the highest level
of popular appeal in their half- “in the 1930s, motion pictures, century of existence. Total along with radio, became the weekly attendance climbed to prime form of entertainment in nearly three-fourths of their America : more people went to ‘potential audience’ – that is, the movies every week than the movie industry’s estimate of attended church. As movies rose all the people in the country in popularity, the large film capable of making their way to a studios flourished. The motion box office, leaving out the very picture industry became young and very old, the ill, those increasingly a vertical monopoly, confined to institutions, and with large studios controlling the others without access to movie production, distribution and theaters.Moreover, the rich exhibition of films. In order to fill European markets, which had the expanding theater chains accounted for almost 40 percent they owned, the studios of Hollywood’s earnings before transformed the system of film the war, now reopened with production. The older method of sensational results. For instance, individual film-making was Italy imported more than 1200 replaced by a new industrial Hollywood movies between system where movies were 1946 and 1948, almost twice as manufactured by an army of many films as were actually workers using mass production produced in those years.But techniques. Soon the larger there were clouds on the studios were producing one Hollywood horizon. In October picture a week and Hollywood 1945, the Justice Department was turning out one picture reopened its anti-trust suit every day. At the end of World against the large studios for their วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 129
monopoly of the production, because they are inherently phony and, in the distribution and exhibition of case of Broadway theater, validate others' films. In 1949, the Justice notions of their own sophistication. Department won its case and the Holden Caulfield’s red hunting hat can be studios were dismantled. By interpreted as a social setting as well. He often 1948, Britain, France and wears this hat when he feels depressed. It is a Italyreimposed quotas on the symbol of his alienation. It protects him, and importation of American films in makes him feel unique, but also singles him out order to encourage their own as strange, which in turn reinforces his alienation. domestic production. Meanwhile, The hat is also a symbol of Holden Caulfield’s American attendance began to struggle with a changing mass society – it is the fall after 1946 as the suburban kind of goofy accessory that a proper adult building boom and the new would not wear. He also may be rebelling baby boom changed American against the growing conformism and recreational habits. Soon consumerism of America as depicted in Chapter Hollywood began to feel the Ten which surfaces that the three women in the heat of a new competitor Lavender Room are significant examples of breathing down its neck: Holden Caulfield’s derision. Holden Caulfield television (Levine and finds Bernice's insistence on propriety laughable, Papasotiriou, 2005).” and dismisses her and her companions' tourist Additionally, the social setting in Holden activities. For Holden Caulfield, their actions are Caulfield’s story explicitly reveals that Holden trite, simplistic, and meaningless, while they Caulfield is getting at some of the general have a purpose and a plan. feelings of isolation and disillusionment of his In summary, it is clearly evident that the generation as portrayed in Chapter Sixteen which general locale and the historical time in which indicates that although Holden can himself be a Holden Caulfield’s story occurs reflect Holden snob because he seems to belong to the middle Caulfield’s antisocial behaviour. However, social class, he detests social pretension as manifested setting in The Catcher in the Rye certifies that it by the Lunts (Alfred Lunt and Joan Fontanne, has immense influence over Holden Caulfield considered the prominent couple in Broadway who is consumed with pessimistic view of life theater) and Laurence Olivier. Like so many which interrelates with the plot and themes of other things, he dislikes both film and theater the story.
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Holden Caulfield’s pessimistic view of life is so on. It’s no surprise, then, that structured through the disillusionment plot and Salinger’s experience in World the central themes, which focus often on War II should cast a shadow over phoniness, alienation and meltdown, as well as Holden’s opinions and characterization and setting. All these narrative experiences in The Catcher in techniques verify, therefore, that the the Rye. World War II robbed representation of J.D. Salinger's views on changes millions of young men and in American society in the 1940s as reflected in women of their youthful The Catcher in the Rye emanated from the innocence. Salinger himself construction of the representation influenced by witnessed the slaughter of narrative techniques. thousands at Normandy, one of the war’s bloodiest battles. In
Catcher we see the impact of The Representation of J.D. Salinger's Views in Salinger’s World War II The Catcher in the Rye experience in Holden’s mistrusting, cynical view of adult According to ShlomithRimmon-Kenan’s society. Holden views growing up explanation of the real author asserted in her as a slow surrender to the Narrative Fiction, therefore, it can verify that "phony" responsibilities of adult Holden Caulfield’s pessimistic view of life in The life, such as getting a job, serving Catcher in the Rye is evidently the in the military, and maintaining representation of J.D. Salinger’s views on intimate relationships. World War changes in American society in the 1940s. They I was supposedly "the war to end are enumerated as follows: phoniness, alienation all wars"; World War II proved and meltdown. They are consistent with Richard that this claim was as hollow as Lacayo and BrindaAdhikari’s explanation of part the "phony" ideas adult of experiences of J.D. Salinger’s youth. It asserts: characters impose on Holden “Many parallels exist between throughout The Catcher in the Holden Caulfield, the protagonist Rye (Litcharts, 2011).” of The Catcher in the Rye, and J. And they are also consistent with Warren D. Salinger: both grew up in French’s opinion which asserts: upper class New York, both flunked out of prep schools, and วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 131
“J. D. Salinger has provided the reader with a transmitted to Holden’sbehaviour. Therefore, controversial look at society which is greatly J.D. Salinger’s experiences in his youth evidently enhanced by the integration of his own life make J.D. Salinger’s views on changes in experiences, dialect and religious philosophies American society in the 1940s be the same into his stories (French)." In addition, in a 1953 antisocial perspectives as Holden Caulfield’s. interview with a high-school newspaper, Salinger Consequently, J.D. Salinger’s views on changes in admitted that the novel was "sort of" American society in the 1940s are phoniness, autobiographical, explaining that "My boyhood alienation and meltdown. was very much the same as that of the boy in The last question asks how the relationship the book ... [I]t was a great relief telling people between the representation and J.D. Salinger’s about it (Wikipedia, 2011).” views is. All things considered, it is theoretically possible for the relationship to be organized by two systems of representation. According to ข้อสรุป Stuart Hall,:“two systems of representation According to Stuart Hall, the production of consist in conceptual maps and signs. We can meaning through language is representation understand or interpret the world and are able (Hall, 1997). Therefore, as question (I) asks how to communicate because of the conceptual the production of meaning through language in maps which are concepts organized, arranged J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is and classified into complex relations with one constructed, it is found that representation in another(Hall, 1997).”Therefore, J.D. Salinger’s this novel is constructed of narrative techniques views on changes in American society in the which are the disillusionment plot and the 1940s depend on Holden Caulfield’s antisocial central themes, as well as characterization and perspectives which are phoniness, alienation and setting. And all these narrative techniques are meltdown. And then the concepts of phoniness, relevant to the protagonist’s pessimistic view of alienation and meltdown share their meanings life which focuses often on phoniness, alienation through signs or language which involve in the and meltdown. overall process of constructing meaning. As a To answer question (II) asking what J.D. result of an interrelationship between Salinger’s views on changes in American society conceptual maps and signs, the concepts of in the 1940s are, it must necessarily focuses on phoniness, alienation and meltdown are major changes in American society in the 1940s correspondingly constructed of narrative which impact on J.D. Salinger’s views which are techniques which are literary language.
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The Catcher in the Rye is narrated by Holden the important aspect of this acclaimed novel, Caulfield who is currently recuperating from The Catcher in the Rye should, therefore, be some illness or breakdown in psychiatric care. examined in terms of semiology and signification. He recalls what happened to him just before the previous Christmas. Throughout his story, in References contrast to all adults who are perceived as being [1] Delaney, Denis, et al. Fields of Vision riddled with flaws and phoniness, Holden Literature in the English Language.2 vols. Caulfield recognizes that children are pure, England. Pearson; 2003. p.35. gentle, innocent, and perfect. The characters [2] Halliwell, Martin. AmericanCulture in the Holden Caulfield speaks most fondly about in 1950s. Edinburgh. EdinburghUniversity Press; his story are all children: Allie, Phoebe, and the 2007. p.175. poor boy he hears singing the song about the [3] Levine, Paul, and Papasotiriou, "catcher in the rye." The only role that Holden Harry.AmericaSince 1945: The American Caulfield envisions for himself in life is to be the Moment. catcher to catch children before they fall off a [4] Great Britain. Palgrave Macmillan; 2005. cliff. Readers can interpret the meaning of the pp.41, 42-43. catcher which means that Holden Caulfield [5] Morner, Kathleen, and Rausch, Ralph. wishes to save himself and other children from NTC’s Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York. having to one day grow up. In addition, NTC PublishingGroup; 1991. pp.33-34. according to Pamela Hunt Steinle, The Catcher [6] Moss, J. and Wilson, G. The Catcher in the in the Rye embraces 237 goddams, 58 bastards, Rye by J. D. Salinger In Literature and Its 31 Chrissakes, and 1 fart (Steinle, 2000). And Times: Profiles of 300 according to Richard Lacayo and BrindaAdhikari [7] Notable Literary Works and the Historical in LitChart.com, “Many critics dismissed the book Events that Influenced Them Vol. 4: World as trash due to its healthy helping of four-letter War II to the Affluent Fifties (1940-1950s). words and sexual situations, and even today Detroit. Gale; 1997. pp.73-78. Catcher in the Rye has been banned in school [8] Prince, Gerald. Dictionary of Narratology. districts in Washington, Ohio, Florida and USA. University of Nebraska Press; 1989. pp. Michigan (LitChart, 2011).”From that noteworthy 72-73. information, consequently, in this novel, the [9] Rimmon-Kenan, Shlomith. Narrative Fiction. question is what happens to a dichotomy 2nd ed. London: Routledge; 2002. pp.59-60, between the profanity and four-letter words and 87-88. the protection of childhood and growing up. In วารสารวิจัยและพัฒนา มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา ปีที่ 5 2556 133
[10] Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye. New [17] Litcharts. The Catcher in the Rye: York: Back Bay Book; 2001. p.3. Background Info. (2011 November 6)Retrieved [11] Steinle, Pamela Hunt. In Cold Fear: The from
[13] Dormann, S. The Catcher of Zero Existentialism in Contemporary U.S.- American Literature. (2011, February 7) Retrieved from http://othes.univie.ac.at/8077/1/2010-01- 12_9604310.pdf [14] Howe, A. Undressing J. D. Salinger: Fashion and Psychology in The Catcher in the Rye and“Teddy ”. (2011, January 22). Retrieved from http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/ etd/archive/spring2008/alicia_v_howe/ howe_alicia_v_200801_ma.pdf[15] French, Warren. The Catcher in the Rye and David Jerome Salinger. (2011, December 17) Retrieved from http://www.directessays.com /viewpaper/54215.html [16] Iduncanoo. Why did the catcher in the rye have such and impact on Americans of the 20th century and today? (2011, December 12) Retrieved from